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id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thaksin_asset_seizure_court_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thaksin_asset_seizure_court_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Thaksin asset seizure court case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thaksin_asset_seizure_court_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_leading_up_to_14_March_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_leading_up_to_14_March_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Events leading up to 14 March protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_leading_up_to_14_March_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 March protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 April violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions to clashes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions_to_clashes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions to clashes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explosions_and_pro-government_rallies_in_Bangkok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosions_and_pro-government_rallies_in_Bangkok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Explosions and pro-government rallies in Bangkok </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosions_and_pro-government_rallies_in_Bangkok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceasefire_offer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceasefire_offer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ceasefire offer </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ceasefire_offer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ceasefire offer subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ceasefire_offer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_resumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_resumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Conflict resumes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_resumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Election proposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 May violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-May_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle May violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-May_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Fabio_Polenghi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Fabio_Polenghi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Death of Fabio Polenghi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Fabio_Polenghi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19_September_2010_rally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19_September_2010_rally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 19 September 2010 rally </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19_September_2010_rally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">2010 Thai political protests</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_2010" title="الاحتجاجات التايلندية 2010 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاحتجاجات التايلندية 2010" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_n%C3%AE_Th%C3%A0i-kok_ho%C3%A1n_ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA_kh%C3%B2ng-g%C4%AB" title="2010 nî Thài-kok hoán chèng-hú khòng-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="2010 nî Thài-kok hoán chèng-hú khòng-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepokoje_v_Thajsku_2010" title="Nepokoje v Thajsku 2010 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepokoje v Thajsku 2010" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruhen_in_Bangkok_2010" title="Unruhen in Bangkok 2010 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unruhen in Bangkok 2010" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_protestado_en_Tajlando_en_2010" title="Politika protestado en Tajlando en 2010 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika protestado en Tajlando en 2010" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestations_politiques_tha%C3%AFlandaises_de_2010" title="Manifestations politiques thaïlandaises de 2010 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manifestations politiques thaïlandaises de 2010" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%EB%85%84_%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD_%EC%8B%9C%EC%9C%84" title="2010년 태국 시위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2010년 태국 시위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_politiche_tailandesi_del_2010" title="Proteste politiche tailandesi del 2010 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteste politiche tailandesi del 2010" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(2010)" title="Политички протести во Тајланд (2010) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политички протести во Тајланд (2010)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantahan_politik_Thai_2010" title="Bantahan politik Thai 2010 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantahan politik Thai 2010" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%83%87%E3%83%A2" title="2010年タイ反政府デモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2010年タイ反政府デモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppr%C3%B8ret_i_Thailand_i_2010" title="Opprøret i Thailand i 2010 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opprøret i Thailand i 2010" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83_%E1%9E%9F.%E1%9E%80.%E1%9F%A2%E1%9F%A0%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A0" title="ប្រកែកនយោបាយថៃ ស.ក.២០១០ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រកែកនយោបាយថៃ ស.ក.២០១០" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protesty_polityczne_w_Tajlandii_(2010)" title="Protesty polityczne w Tajlandii (2010) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protesty polityczne w Tajlandii (2010)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestos_pol%C3%ADticos_tailandeses_de_2010" title="Protestos políticos tailandeses de 2010 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protestos políticos tailandeses de 2010" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaimaan_mielenosoitukset_2010" title="Thaimaan mielenosoitukset 2010 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thaimaan mielenosoitukset 2010" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiska_protesterna_i_Thailand_2010" title="Politiska protesterna i Thailand 2010 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politiska protesterna i Thailand 2010" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2553" title="การชุมนุมของแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2553 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การชุมนุมของแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2553" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_(2010)" title="Політичні протести в Таїланді (2010) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політичні протести в Таїланді (2010)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83u_t%C3%ACnh_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_Th%C3%A1i_Lan_2010" title="Biểu tình chính trị Thái Lan 2010 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biểu tình chính trị Thái Lan 2010" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:2010_Thai_political_protests" title="Talk:2010 Thai political protests">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. 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The UDD called for Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolve parliament</a> and hold elections earlier than the end of term elections scheduled in 2012. The UDD demanded that the government stand down, but negotiations to set an election date failed. The protests escalated into prolonged violent confrontations between the protesters and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">military</a>, and attempts to negotiate a ceasefire failed. More than 80 civilians and six soldiers were killed, and more than 2,100 injured by the time the military <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">violently put down the protest</a> on 19 May. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Popular opposition to Abhisit Vejjajiva's government rose <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932010_Thai_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2010 Thai political crisis">throughout 2009</a>, due to the controversial 2008 "judicial coup" that banned the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Thailand)" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)">Palang Prachachon Party</a> and "silent coup" that allowed the Democrats to form a coalition government.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In February 2010, Abhisit tightened security in anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme Court's</a> ruling to seize former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>'s bank accounts, frozen since the <a href="/wiki/2006_Thailand_military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Thailand military coup">2006 military coup</a>. The UDD did not protest, but announced protests on 14 March in Bangkok to call for new elections. Abhisit further tightened security. <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Thailand" title="Censorship in Thailand">Censorship</a> was heightened, and radio, TV stations and websites sympathetic to the UDD were closed. Estimates of the number of protesters on 14 March ranged from 50,000 (by the government) to 300,000 (by the UDD).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At the beginning, protests were mostly peaceful, and initially centred at <a href="/wiki/Phan_Fa_Lilat_Bridge" title="Phan Fa Lilat Bridge">Phan Fa Lilat Bridge</a>. Many protesters came from outside Bangkok, including from numerous provinces in the North and Northeast.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After initial UDD unilateral demands for an early election were unsuccessful, dozens of <a href="/wiki/M79_grenade_launcher" title="M79 grenade launcher">M79</a> <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> attacks occurred far from Phan Fa, but there were no injuries and no arrests. In April, protesters shifted to <a href="/wiki/Ratchaprasong" title="Ratchaprasong">Ratchaprasong</a> intersection. A <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was declared in Bangkok on 8 April, banning political assemblies of more than five persons. On 10 April, troops unsuccessfully cracked down at Phan Fa, resulting in 24 deaths, including a <a href="/wiki/Hiro_Muramoto" title="Hiro Muramoto">Japanese journalist</a> and five soldiers, and more than 800 injuries. The Thai media called the crackdown "Cruel April" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: เมษาโหด).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Further negotiations failed to set an election date. On 22 April, grenade attacks suspected to have been launched from <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulalongkorn Hospital">Chulalongkorn Hospital</a> killed one and wounded 86. UDD members invaded Chulalongkorn Hospital in an unsuccessful search for the attackers, drawing widespread condemnation from the Thai press, as the protests started to become substantially more siege-like, with barricades and armed guards creating a UDD fortress in the Ratchaprasong vicinity. <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">Forensics</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Pornthip_Rojanasunand" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornthip Rojanasunand">Pornthip Rojanasunand</a> later indicated that the hospital might or might not have been the origin of the grenade attacks. No arrests were made for either the grenade attack or the invasion of hospital.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A UDD proposal for elections in three months was rejected by Abhisit. On 28 April, the military and protesters clashed in northern Bangkok, wounding at least 16 protesters and killing one soldier. The UDD moved out of Phan Fa and consolidated at Ratchaprasong. On 3 May, Abhisit announced a reconciliation road map and elections on 14 November. The roadmap was tentatively accepted by the UDD, but after they included additional conditions, the government cancelled negotiations. By mid-May, the Ratchaprasong protest site camp was surrounded by armoured vehicles and snipers were positioned in case they were needed.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On the evening of 13 May, General <a href="/wiki/Khattiya_Sawasdiphol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khattiya Sawasdiphol">Khattiya Sawasdiphol</a> ("Seh Daeng"), security advisor to the protesters and leader of the armed "Ronin" guards known as the black shirts, was shot in the head by a <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a>'s bullet while he was giving an interview to press. It is unclear who fired the shot; speculation was it was ordered either by the army, by Thaksin to keep him quiet, or was simply a stray bullet. Thereafter, a state of emergency was expanded to 17 provinces and the military cracked down, dubbed by the Thai media as "savage May" (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: พฤษภาอำมหิต). An additional 41 civilians were killed (including one Italian journalist) and more than 250 were injured by 20:30, including soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> One military death was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The government claimed that the civilians killed were either armed terrorists or were shot by terrorists, and insisted that some civilians were shot by terrorists disguised in army uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The military declared the area a "<a href="/wiki/Free-fire_zone" title="Free-fire zone">free-fire zone</a>", in which anybody, be they protester, resident, tourist or journalist would be shot on sight, with medics banned from entering.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 14 May, United Nations Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> encouraged protesters and the government to reopen talks.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> On 16 May, UDD leaders said again they were ready for talks as long as the military pulled back, but the government demanded the unconditional dispersal of the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A state of emergency was declared in five <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">northeastern provinces</a> on 16 May. The government rejected a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a> call for a ceasefire and Senate-mediated negotiations. On 17 May, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> called for the military to stop using live ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Armored vehicles led the final assault into Ratchaprasong in the early morning of 19 May, killing at least five, including an Italian journalist.<a href="#cite_note-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok-24">[24]</a> Soldiers were reported to have fired on medical staff who went to the aid of the shooting victims.<a href="#cite_note-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok-24">[24]</a> By 13:30, UDD leaders surrendered to police and told protesters to give themselves up. Dozens of arson attacks soon broke out nationwide on Red Shirt targets including the CentralWorld building, various banks and civic buildings and government buildings. People arrested and charged for arson included a number of Red Shirt supporters. A curfew was declared and troops were authorised to shoot on sight anybody inciting unrest.<a href="#cite_note-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok-24">[24]</a> An undisclosed number of arrests and detentions occurred. Fifty-one protesters remained missing as of 8 June.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The government claimed the protests cost 150 billion <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a> (approximately US$5 billion) to organise.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vejjajivacropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vejjajivacropped.jpg/220px-Vejjajivacropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Vejjajivacropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a>, assumed office in December 2008</figcaption></figure> In 2009, Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva faced rising public discontent with his government and near-constant rumours of a <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> entered the hospital in September, silencing a unifying force for the country. In December 2009, pro-Abhisit academic <a href="/wiki/Jermsak_Pinthong" title="Jermsak Pinthong">Jermsak Pinthong</a> wrote an influential article in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naew_Na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naew Na (page does not exist)">Naew Na</a> [<a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" class="extiw" title="th:แนวหน้า">th</a>] newspaper where he said that the nation was already in a state of civil war, although the slaughter had yet to begin.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Abhisit enacted numerous security measures throughout February and March 2010 to suppress the Red Shirt protests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thaksin_asset_seizure_court_case">Thaksin asset seizure court case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thaksin asset seizure court case">edit</a>]</div> In February 2010, Abhisit established 38 security centres in the north and northeast to crack down on anti-government and anti-coup protesters. Five thousand troops (54 companies) were deployed at 200 checkpoints to prevent protesters from entering Bangkok. In total, about 20,000 security personnel were deployed.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Abhisit also escalated efforts to monitor <a href="/wiki/Community_radio_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Community radio stations">community radio stations</a>, which were often used by rural residents to voice discontent and by activists to organise protests.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> On 7 February 2010, Abhisit's spokesperson, <a href="/wiki/Thepthai_Senapong" title="Thepthai Senapong">Thepthai Senapong</a>, compared Red Shirts to dogs and vowed to use the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) to crack down on Red Shirt community radio stations. He noted that if using the NTC to enforce the media crackdown was illegal, the government would try to pass a special law that would make such a crackdown legal.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The NTC acting secretary-general was a member of the government-appointed Situation Monitoring Committee in the run up to Thaksin's February court verdict.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg/220px-Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg/330px-Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg/440px-Judgment-of-the-Supreme-Court-of-Thailand-26022010-firstlastpages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>The first and last page of the Thaksin verdict signed by the nine supreme court judges</figcaption></figure> The government claimed to foreign diplomats that the National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) would "spark violence" and "intensify its agitation and step up protests in Bangkok and around the country in order to disrupt the work of the government and the judiciary" in the period leading up to 26 February. On that date, the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions was scheduled to deliver its verdict on whether to seize former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>'s 76 billion baht (US$2.36 billion) in assets that the military junta had frozen years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Abhisit's father, a director of <a href="/wiki/CP_Foods" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Foods">CP Foods</a>, announced that he was spending 300,000 baht (US$9,300) a month to provide supplementary security for the premier.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> At noon of 1 February, bags of human excrement and fermented fish, were thrown at Abhisit's house. Abhisit linked the incident to Thaksin's assets seizure trial.<a href="#cite_note-BKKPost20100202-34">[34]</a> The Deputy Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Suthep_Thaugsuban" title="Suthep Thaugsuban">Suthep Thaugsuban</a>, (in charge of security), blamed the UDD for the incident.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The perpetrator was arrested; he confessed and claimed that he threw the bags because he was fed up with police indifference to his complaints of people smoking cigarettes near his house.<a href="#cite_note-BKKPost20100202-34">[34]</a> On the evening of 15 February, police and soldiers established scores of checkpoints and organised special patrols in inner Bangkok as reports from government security agencies continued to play up fears of anti-government rallies.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Abhisit's government expected major UDD-led unrest immediately following the announcement of the Supreme Court's 26 February verdict. However, the UDD said they did not protest against the verdict.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Instead they announced that they would hold a one million person protest in Bangkok on 14 March to call for elections. Rumours and suspicions that the protest was financed by Thaksin, as he had been found guilty, were widespread both in the media and among the population. The protesters arrived in Bangkok in smaller numbers than announced, wearing Thaksin face designs on their red tee shirts, flags, and banners. Estimates of the overall cost of the protest, given the number of protesters and the estimated sum that Thaksin had dedicated to it, led observers to guess that it could not last longer than two months. Although the number of protesters decreased from around 150,000 on the first weekend to no more than 5,000 on 19 May at the <a href="/wiki/Ratchaprasong" title="Ratchaprasong">Ratchaprasong</a> intersection, the two month estimates of duration of the protest proved to be accurate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_up_to_14_March_protests">Events leading up to 14 March protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events leading up to 14 March protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg/180px-Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg/270px-Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg/360px-Suthep_Thaugsuban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suthep_Thaugsuban" title="Suthep Thaugsuban">Suthep Thaugsuban</a>: relieved of security portfolio on 16 April 2010</figcaption></figure> Days prior to the planned protest on 14 March, checkpoints were set up to inspect caravans of protesters journeying to Bangkok. Police were given orders to detain any protester with weapons. Suthep Thaugsuban warned members of Cabinet that they and their families might become targets of UDD attacks. He denied the existence of a so-called <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklist</a> "with 212 names of Thaksin's close relatives and associates, UDD leaders and activists, politicians from the opposition <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a>, and even monks who appeared sympathetic to the Red Shirt cause".<a href="#cite_note-BKKPost20100305-38">[38]</a> Suthep however admitted that the government had at least 10 key leaders of the Red Shirts under surveillance.<a href="#cite_note-BKKPost20100305-38">[38]</a> Suthep accused the Pheu Thai Party of hiring people to participate in the protests. Prompong Nopparit, a spokesman of the Pheu Thai Party, denied the allegation and requested evidence that backed the accusation. Nopparit called on the prime minister to dissolve the House as demanded by the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-TAN20100319-39">[39]</a> In anticipation of the protests, the government set up a <a href="/wiki/Tactical_operations_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical operations centre">tactical operations centre</a>—called the Centre for the Administration of Peace and Order (also known as <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ศอ.รส.)—at the <a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Regiment_(Thailand)" title="11th Infantry Regiment (Thailand)">11th Infantry Regiment</a> in Bangkhen under the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" title="Internal Security Operations Command">Internal Security Operations Command</a> (ISOC). <a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In northeast Thailand, supporters of Abhisit's government issued threats against protesters to deter them from travelling to the Bangkok and provincial governors were ordered to obstruct the movement of people.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Abhisit informed the Democrat Party-led <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</a> that he had intelligence of planned bomb attacks at two locations and grenade attacks in 30–40 locations in Bangkok. He claimed that the protesters would include 2,000 "well-trained hardliners".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> He also claimed to have received intelligence that there was a terrorist threat of sabotage to take place on 14 March, but did not give details of the nature of the plot. When questioned about the matter, army spokesman Colonel Sansern Kaewkamnerd said the army had no such intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The UDD denied Abhisit's allegations and challenged him to reveal any evidence backing his claims. Suthep claimed that the UDD protesters planned to "besiege government offices and residences of important figures".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> On 7 March, it was reported that 6,000 assault rifles and explosives had been stolen from Engineer Regiment 401, part of the 4th Army Engineer Battalion in <a href="/wiki/Phatthalung_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phatthalung Province">Patthalung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Anonymous sources claimed that the weapons were moved to Bangkok where they would be used to incite unrest.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> UDD leader <a href="/wiki/Nattawut_Saikua" title="Nattawut Saikua">Nattawut Saikua</a> voiced suspicion that the army had staged the theft to pin blame on the UDD for any violence.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A government raid on a car component factory found parts that could potentially be used to launch M79 grenades. Democrat Party spokesman Buranaj Smutharaks claimed that this showed that "there are violent elements" among the UDD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Government spokesperson Panitan later admitted that there was no evidence of a link between the parts and the UDD.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 9 March, the government issued an Internal Security Act (ISA) for the period 11 to 23 March.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A 50,000-strong security force was deployed in Bangkok. Suthep and Abhisit announced that they were moving into an army safe house at the Peace-keeping Operations Command for the duration of the ISA.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> On 12 March, Suthep announced that all police forces deployed in the capital would be only lightly armed – female officers would carry no weapons, while male officers would only carry batons and shields. He also announced that only <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> teams and rapid-response units would be heavily armed, and that they would be dispatched only in the event of an emergency.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> As of Friday 12 March, police and military checkpoints were set up along all main routes leading to Bangkok to inspect protesters approaching the capital. The police issued a warning that bus operators transporting people to Bangkok without official permission could have their concessions revoked.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Five bombs exploded in <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a>, a Democrat Party stronghold, in the early morning of 12 March. Nobody was injured or killed. It was not clear who was behind the bombings. No arrests were made. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>14 March 2010: Red Shirts converge on Bangkok, hold first big rally, occupy government district. Participation below the one million expected people.</li> <li>16 March 2010: Protesters splash their own blood at Government House</li> <li>30 March 2010: A round of talks with the government ends in deadlock</li> <li>3 April 2010: Red Shirts occupy Bangkok shopping district</li> <li>7 April 2010: PM Abhisit orders state of emergency</li> <li>10 April 2010: Troops try to clear protesters; 25 people are killed and hundreds injured</li> <li>22 April 2010: Grenade blasts kill one and injure 85 near protest hub; each side blames the other</li> <li>28 April 2010: Policeman shot in clashes in northern Bangkok<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li>13–17 May 2010: 36 killed in Bangkok clashes<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li>19 May 2010 : Army storms protesters camp resulting in six deaths. Red Shirt leaders surrender and are arrested.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="March_protests">March protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: March protests">edit</a>]</div> The protests on Sunday 14 March were large and peaceful.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Thailand's free-to-air TV channels, all controlled by the government or military, claimed that there were only 25,000 protesters in the main protest site at Phan Fa Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor.com-59">[59]</a> On 15 March, tens of thousands of protesters moved in a caravan to the 11th Infantry Regiment, prompting Abhisit to leave the military base in a military helicopter to "observe traffic". On 16 March, UDD protesters announced that they collect 10 cubic centimetres of blood from volunteers and symbolically pouring the blood at Government House and other sites in Bangkok. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg/220px-2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg/330px-2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg/440px-2010_0320_bkk_red_shirt_demonstration_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>Rally in Bangkok, 20 March 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UDD_political_protests,_Red_Shirts_2,_Bangkok,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/250px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/375px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/500px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts_2%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in Bangkok, 28 March 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UDD_political_protests,_Red_Shirts,_Bangkok,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/250px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/375px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg/500px-UDD_political_protests%2C_Red_Shirts%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in Bangkok, 28 March 2010</figcaption></figure> Negotiations between the protesters and the government failed to resolve the situation. The protesters insisted that Abhisit dissolve parliament and call fresh elections. The government refused to do so before it had amended the constitution. An estimated 100,000 demonstrators turned out on 20 March to parade 46 kilometres through Bangkok in a 10 kilometre-long convoy. This demonstration was peaceful, and aimed at gaining the support of local residents. As usual, the majority of the crowd were UDD Red Shirt activists who travelled from northern provinces to demonstrate, but there also appeared to be some local support lining the streets. However, critics claimed that demonstrators had been bribed by the organisation's leadership and that this was a common practice that characterised the polarity of class divisions within the UDD.<a href="#cite_note-Thailand's_Blood_Red_Protest-60">[60]</a> On 27 March, protesters marched to seven locations in Bangkok where troops were stationed, convincing the troops to withdraw. Suthep Thaugsuban called the withdrawal a temporary "adjustment" and insisted that they would return to their positions later.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Protesters expanded their protest to Ratchaprasong intersection, a major Bangkok commercial zone, in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a>'s (PAD) large-scale <a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis#After_the_2006_election" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2006 protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The government claimed that the protests were illegal and attempted to evict the protesters without a court order, as the Civil Court had ruled that the prime minister is already empowered to do so.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Abhisit's government alleged that the Red Shirt protesters were "rented". Shortly after the demonstrations in mid-March, state spokesman Thepthai scoffed at the apparent support for the UDD, claiming that each protester was given between 2,000 and 3,000 baht for participating. Bystanders, he alleged, were given 500 baht each. Thai English-language newspapers had claimed that protesters from rural areas had been paid to travel to Bangkok, just as previous Yellow Shirt protest organisers had also compensated protesters.<a href="#cite_note-Thailand's_Blood_Red_Protest-60">[60]</a> There were dozens of bombings in Bangkok during the weeks of the protest, with nobody claiming responsibility and no arrests made[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. No one was killed in the bombings. In two separate incidents, a car was driven into a group of protesters, causing injury to people. One of the incidents occurred[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] at Ratchaprasong intersection[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the other at Silom Road.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="April_violence">April violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: April violence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg/220px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg/330px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg/440px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/File:UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg/220px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg/330px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg/440px-UDD_Redshirts_Protest_Bangkok_26_April_2010_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a>UDD barricades in the Ratchaprasong shopping district</figcaption></figure> On 3 April protesters occupied the shopping district of <a href="/wiki/Ratchaprasong" title="Ratchaprasong">Ratchaprasong</a>. The government declared a state of emergency on the evening of 8 April. The state of emergency permitted the military to detain people it considered a threat to national security, censor the media, and forbid gatherings of more than five persons. Troops barricaded the <a href="/wiki/Uplink" class="mw-redirect" title="Uplink">uplink</a> station for the <a href="/wiki/Thaicom" title="Thaicom">Thaicom</a> satellite to prevent it from airing <a href="/w/index.php?title=People_Channel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People Channel (page does not exist)">People Channel</a>, a TV station operated and initiated by the UDD that had been broadcasting freely for a year, urging listeners to join the UDD and voicing anti-government sentiments. Protesters surrounded the station on the afternoon of 9 April. Tear gas was fired into the crowd, prompting the protesters to storm the station and the troops to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> After negotiations, security forces allowed the station to resume broadcasting and protesters left the uplink station. The government again blocked the station's broadcasts soon after protesters left the scene.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On the afternoon and evening of 10 April, violent clashes occurred when government troops unsuccessfully tried to take back control of the <a href="/wiki/Phan_Fa_Lilat_Bridge" title="Phan Fa Lilat Bridge">Phan Fa Lilat Bridge</a> protest site.<a href="#cite_note-9_dead-69">[69]</a> Shots and tear gas grenades were fired near the <a href="/wiki/Makkhawan_Rangsan_Bridge" title="Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge">Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge</a> close to the United Nations Bangkok Headquarters Building during the afternoon as troops unsuccessfully attempted to take back the protest area. The troops retreated to the Ministry of Education after several hours. Later that evening, the violence escalated on <a href="/wiki/Khao_San_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao San Road">Khao San Road</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Khok_Wua_Intersection" class="mw-redirect" title="Khok Wua Intersection">Khok Wua Intersection</a>, with automatic fire, explosions, and tear gas being used. The violence died down by the early morning, with the temporary result being that the military was not able to seize the protest site. According to the Erawan Bangkok Emergency Medical Service Center, 25 people were killed in the clashes. The dead included Japanese cameraman <a href="/wiki/Hiro_Muramoto" title="Hiro Muramoto">Hiro Muramoto</a>, 10 protesters, nine civilians and five uniformed soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Center noted more than 800 people injured.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Autopsies revealed that 9 of the 10 dead protesters died of gunshots.<a href="#cite_note-theaustralian1-73">[73]</a> The military reported that the soldiers killed died from <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">cerebral edema</a> after being hit on the head by thrown rocks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Following the clashes government troops withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-9_dead-69">[69]</a> The military initially claimed that it used rubber bullets and tear gas in the clash, while firing live rounds only into the air. However, video footage from the international media showed soldiers firing assault rifles in fully automatic fire mode in the direction of protesters. Protest leaders claimed that a number of protesters were hit by army snipers from nearby buildings.<a href="#cite_note-theaustralian1-73">[73]</a> The military later admitted that troops fired live rounds directly at protesters, allegedly shooting only single rounds to protect injured troops retreating from the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-LiveRoundsandSnipers-75">[75]</a> Protesters allegedly used rocks, sticks, petrol bombs, but the military reported attacks involving also guns and grenades. Doctored video footage also purported to show people of an unknown affiliation but in support of the protesters (often referred to as "Black Shirts") firing weapons from the tops of buildings.<a href="#cite_note-LiveRoundsandSnipers-75">[75]</a> At the height of the clash, it is reported that the Thai Army was met by "Black Shirts", a trained militia armed with <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16s</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47s</a>, and M-79 grenade launchers, which came in support of Red Shirt protesters.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Thai Army commander Colonel Romklao Thuwatham was killed by a grenade attack (filmed by Reuter's journalist <a href="/wiki/Hiro_Muramoto" title="Hiro Muramoto">Hiro Muramoto</a>, who died later that night from a bullet wound), which also wounded several top Army officers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> That event induced an army retreat, leaving weapons and vehicles behind. Protesters seized a large quantity of military equipment left behind by retreating troops, including nine M16 assault rifles, 25 <a href="/wiki/Tavor_TAR-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavor TAR-21">Tavor TAR-21</a> assault rifles, six <a href="/wiki/.50_calibre" class="mw-redirect" title=".50 calibre">.50 calibre</a> machine guns, 116 riot shields, 105 batons and 80 suits of body armour. Troops also abandoned six <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a> and three high-mobility multi-purpose vehicles. Ammunition also went missing, including 580 rubber bullets, 600 .50 calibre rounds, and 8,182 5.56 mm M16 rifle rounds.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg/220px-2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg/330px-2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg/440px-2010_Bangkok_unrest_aftermath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>11 April: candles commemorating the casualties suffered by the protesters on 10 April</figcaption></figure> Protesters remained unwilling to end their protest, and they vowed to continue their rally until the prime minister dissolved the House of Representatives and scheduled elections. One Red Shirt leader said that after Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva dissolves the parliament, he must leave the country as soon as possible. Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban said the government has no plans to back down either. "The government will continue the operation to take back the roads from the protesters because their occupation is unlawful," he said.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions_to_clashes">Reactions to clashes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions to clashes">edit</a>]</div> On 12 April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Election Commission of Thailand</a> called for the dissolution of Abhisit's Democrat Party.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Meanwhile, Thai troops advanced on protesters in the early morning firing live ammunition. Protesters were repeatedly dispersed and driven back, but kept regrouping behind burning barricades, and threw numerous objects at the soldiers. By daybreak, the soldiers continued to charge the protesters, while being pelted with petrol bombs.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Anti-government protesters said on 14 April 2010, they would all congregate at a single site in a Bangkok shopping district, preparing for a "final battle" with the authorities. On 16 April, Thai security service officers entered the SC Park Hotel to arrest the protest leaders whom the Deputy Prime Minister, Suthep Thaugsuban, called "terrorists". One of the opposition leaders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arisman_Pongruangrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arisman Pongruangrong (page does not exist)">Arisman Pongruangrong</a>, escaped by a rope from a window of the hotel as forces laid siege to the hotel. He said "[They] wanted to kill me. The policeman tried to kill me." Although government officials admitted the raid was unsuccessful there were rumours that this was the start of a wider crackdown. Suthep said, "Innocent people should leave the protests because the authorities have to take decisive measures against terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On 16 April, Prime Minister Abhisit relieved Suthep from his security responsibilities and replaced him with the Commander of the Royal Thai Army, General <a href="/wiki/Anupong_Paochinda" title="Anupong Paochinda">Anupong Paochinda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In the subsequent week, several M-79 grenades were fired at government buildings, although no injuries were reported.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> Protesters, meanwhile, built barricades with sharpened bamboo in the Ratchaprasong tourist district.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> On 21 April anti-government protesters stopped a train carrying military vehicles in northeastern Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> Protesters, fearing the equipment was being moved to Bangkok, attacked the train in <a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a>, about 280 miles north of Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> They demanded that 10 Red Shirt members accompany the train on its journey to ensure it did not reach Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> Fritz Yee, a Filipino member of the Red Shirts, commented that the situation was becoming more and more uncontrollable among the Red Shirts and said while we "do not condone but we cannot control. There's no more control in the followers."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosions_and_pro-government_rallies_in_Bangkok">Explosions and pro-government rallies in Bangkok</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explosions and pro-government rallies in Bangkok">edit</a>]</div> On the days leading up to 22 April, pro-government ("no color" or "<a href="/wiki/Network_of_Citizen_Volunteers_Protecting_the_Land" title="Network of Citizen Volunteers Protecting the Land">multicolor shirts</a>")<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> rallies appeared in Bangkok alongside anti-government demonstrations for the first time. Some of the demonstrators were clearly pro-government, while others were just citizens weary of the disruption in their lives caused by the Red Shirts.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> On Wednesday, 21 April, the two groups clashed near the start of <a href="/wiki/Silom_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Silom Road">Silom Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> On 22 April, the two groups clashed again.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> According to BBC reporter Alastair Leithead, a small group of people "walked through police lines and started throwing bottles and stones towards barricades manned by Red Shirt protesters." The Red Shirts responded by launching fireworks into the air.<a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> Pro-government protesters urged the military to attack, shouting "Fight, fight!"<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> The police did not respond to the exchange.<a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> Anti-Thaksin Yellow Shirt protesters threatened "to step into the conflict and push out the Red Shirts themselves if the army doesn't take firmer action" against the Red Shirt protesters, who are being encouraged by Thaksin Shinawatra from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> Early on 22 April, the army warned Red Shirt protesters that their chances to cease and desist were "running out".<a href="#cite_note-warning-88">[88]</a> Ten thousand troops were moved to central Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-warning-88">[88]</a> The military threatened to "use tear gas, rubber bullets, and live ammunition, if necessary", to combat the UDD protesters.<a href="#cite_note-warning-88">[88]</a> "If we move in, we will attempt to arrest the leaders," said army spokesman Colonel Sunsern Kaewkumnerd. "The government will be very decisive but in the beginning of the operation there may be chaos."<a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> UDD leaders remained defiant, saying it was up to General Anupong Paochinda "whether to kill people or to stop the killing."<a href="#cite_note-warning-88">[88]</a> On the evening of 22 April, around 20:00,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">[85]</a> a series of explosions in Bangkok alleged by the government to have been the work of Red Shirt protesters killed one person and injured 86 more, including at least four foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-deputy_PM-90">[90]</a> The explosions were caused by at least five M-79 grenades.<a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> Three of the grenades exploded at the <a href="/wiki/Sala_Daeng_BTS_station" title="Sala Daeng BTS station">Sala Daeng BTS station</a>, one near the <a href="/wiki/Dusit_Thani_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusit Thani Hotel">Dusit Thani Hotel</a>, and one near a bank.<a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> It was the first time during the protests that a grenade attack occurred in a densely populated area and the first time that serious injuries occurred, although dozens of grenade attacks had occurred since the protest started.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a> The government did not blame the Red Shirt movement for the attack, but rather unspecified "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-Terrorists-91">[91]</a> Suthep stated, "the M79 launcher had a 400-metre shooting range and it was clear that it was shot from behind the King <a href="/wiki/Rama_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Rama VI">Rama VI</a> Monument where the Red Shirts are rallying".<a href="#cite_note-deputy_PM-90">[90]</a> Red Shirt leaders denied responsibility for the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorists-91">[91]</a> Following the blasts, Abhisit called an emergency meeting with security chiefs to assess the worsening crisis.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-blast-87">[87]</a> Thaugsuban said the government had no immediate plans to crack down on the protester encampment because there are a large number of women and children at the site.<a href="#cite_note-deputy_PM-90">[90]</a> A multi-agency investigation into the 10 and 22 April violence was announced.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorists-91">[91]</a> United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon called the situation "a moment requiring restraint on all sides".<a href="#cite_note-Terrorists-91">[91]</a> Early on 23 April, riot police went to the edge of the protesters' barrier and demanded it be dismantled. After a short standoff, both sides backed away from the barrier.<a href="#cite_note-Terrorists-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceasefire_offer">Ceasefire offer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ceasefire offer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG/220px-2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG/330px-2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG/440px-2010_0513_corner_rama_4_and_silom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Barricades, Rama 4 and Silom Roads</figcaption></figure> On 23 April, Red Shirt leader Veera Musikapong offered to end the protests if the government agreed to dissolve parliament within 30 days and hold elections within days. "If the government accepts and is open to the talks, we are ready to disperse to restore peace in the country," he said.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20100423-92">[92]</a> He further implied that protest sites must not be attacked during any potential negotiations, and that an independent inquiry into the recent violence must be conducted. The offer marked a change from the protesters previous demand that parliament be dissolved immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20100423-92">[92]</a> After talking with the opposition, Abhisit rejected their offer saying "Because they use violence and intimidation I cannot accept this [offer]".<a href="#cite_note-BBC20100424-93">[93]</a> "The 30-day ultimatum is not an issue," he added. "The dissolution [of parliament] must be done for the benefit of the entire country, not just for the Red Shirts, and it must be done at the right time."<a href="#cite_note-BBC20100424-93">[93]</a> Abhisit promised to clear up the situation when he gave his weekly address on 25 April.<a href="#cite_note-BBC20100424-93">[93]</a> On 26 April 2010, the Election Commission's request to dissolve the Democrat Party was forwarded to the Constitutional Court.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The move prompted King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> to break his silence on the protests, telling the group of newly appointed judges of courts of justice to show steadfastness and to carry out their duties "strictly and honestly."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_resumes">Conflict resumes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conflict resumes">edit</a>]</div> A soldier was killed and 18 protesters wounded in clashes between security forces and UDD members on Wednesday, 28 April. The clashes had started when troops and riot police blocked UDD protesters from going to Talad Thai to campaign for the anti-government rally. Protesters had attempted to advance on the security forces, but were repelled by troops and police officers using tear gas and rubber bullets. Security forces then began to push forward, and drive protesters back down the highway using live ammunition, and fighting resumed after a temporary calm. After several hours, security forces regained control of the area, and dispersed the protest.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The soldier who died was shot in the head, apparently by accidental friendly fire,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> during a tense confrontation. It was the 27th fatality since UDD supporters set up their protest camp on the streets of Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> On 30 April, more than 200 Red Shirt protesters<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2010-04-30-99">[99]</a> forced their way into <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Chulalongkorn Hospital">Chulalongkorn Hospital</a>, which was close to the main protest camp, searching for soldiers they claimed were hiding there. No soldiers were found in an hour of searching, during which time nurses were threatened and many patients frightened.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2010-04-30-99">[99]</a> The next day, some 600 patients were evacuated to hospitals far from the protest site. UDD leader <a href="/wiki/Weng_Tojirakarn" title="Weng Tojirakarn">Weng Tojirakarn</a>, himself a medical doctor, apologised for the assault on the hospital, calling it "inappropriate" and "unreasonable".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> described the incident as "a clumsy storming of a hospital that raised questions over whether the movement is losing direction".<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2010-04-30-99">[99]</a> On 2 May, Abhisit said that his government was preparing to end the standoff. A special cabinet meeting ruled out declaring martial law, but authorised US$8 million to upgrade the police force in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-preparing-101">[101]</a> Abhist told reporters, "We are sending a clear signal that we've given a lot of time for people to leave Ratchaprasong ... we are now in the process of cutting off support and seal the area off before we actively move in."<a href="#cite_note-preparing-101">[101]</a> He declined to be more specific about when troops would move in.<a href="#cite_note-preparing-101">[101]</a> "We continue to exercise restraint and patience ... but the public patience is running out and the government has to ... uphold the law [for] the majority of Thai society," he added.<a href="#cite_note-preparing-101">[101]</a> By 2 May, as many as 100,000 people had lost their jobs, gone bankrupt, or both, as a result of the protests shutting down Bangkok. The government is planning on providing special assistance for those affected.<a href="#cite_note-preparing-101">[101]</a> The actions taken by the Red Shirts were described by an <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>, as more than mere protesting, but even as "insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> However, the number of protesters was decreasing and rumours spread that the protesters were financed by former PM Thaksin to get his conviction revoked. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_proposal">Election proposal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Election proposal">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Thai general election">2010 Thai general election</a></div> On 3 May, Abhisit proposed to dissolve parliament in September and hold an election on 14 November if the protesters were willing to stand down.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The following day Red Shirt leaders expressed qualified support for the plan, but wanted more information about when parliament would be dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> On the morning of 8 May, two policemen were killed and several bystanders were injured by a drive-by shooting near the Silom financial district. Red Shirt leader Weng Tojirakarn denied any involvement: "We are very sorry and we want to condemn the ones who were behind the attacks."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Protesters demanded that Thailand's deputy prime minister be arrested for causing the deaths of 25 protesters when troops were used against protests on 10 April.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20100514-107">[107]</a> The protesters refused to end the rally, and on 13 May, the offer of an election was withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="May_violence">May violence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: May violence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from/to <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">2010 Thai military crackdown</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">2010 Thai military crackdown</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG/220px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG/330px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG/440px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_37.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Wounded protester carried away from Rama 4 Road to safety, 15 May 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg/220px-Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg/330px-Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg/440px-Thai_Type_85_APCs_during_2010_Thai_political_protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5138" data-file-height="3419" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Type_85_AFV" title="Type 85 AFV">Type 85 AFV</a> prepares to assault the Red Shirt barricade at Sala Daeng intersection, 19 May 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG/220px-2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG/330px-2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG/440px-2010_0519_Chiang_Mai_unrest_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Burning fire engine, Chiang Mai, 19 May 2010</figcaption></figure> On Friday, 14 May, Thai police and army units to surround and cut off the protesters main camp, meeting heavy resistance from the Red Shirts resulting in the deaths of two people with dozens more injured, including Thai Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Khattiya_Sawasdipol" title="Khattiya Sawasdipol">Khattiya Sawasdipol</a>, better known as Seh Daeng ('Commander Red'), a self-described key military adviser to the Red Shirts who was suspended from duty in the Thai army. A backer and part of the protesters' more radical wing, he had accused Red Shirt leaders of not being hard line enough.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He was hit in the head by a sniper's bullet and died a few days later on 17 May.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> One of the Red Shirt leaders, Nattawut Saikua, accused Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva of starting a civil war. This came as there were reports of a policeman opening fire on soldiers near a police station in Bangkok, showing that there may have been divisions within the security services themselves. Both the British and US embassies in Bangkok were closed for security reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Times20100514-111">[111]</a> Just before 15:00 <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a> on 14 May, Sky News reported that the death toll from the latest fighting had risen to five, with 46 others wounded. People in Bangkok claimed that the area has descended into a war zone as the two sides battled for control. During the clashes, France 24 journalist Nelson Rand was "gravely wounded" by bullets from an army assault rifle, although who actually used the weapon is unknown. On Friday night, several grenade explosions were heard from a nearby shopping centre and municipal railway station in the upscale shopping area.<a href="#cite_note-skynews-112">[112]</a> As of 18:00, 14 May, the BBC reported that seven people had died and over 100 were wounded in the latest violence in Bangkok. Canada announced the temporary closure of its embassy.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-113">[113]</a> According to The Telegraph, as of 21:40 GMT, 14 May, at least 16 people had been killed, none of whom were members of the security services. There were several incidents of police officers joining with the Red Shirts and exchanging fire with the army, prompting fears that a civil war was imminent. The number of injured was thought to be 157, with that number predicted to rise significantly as fighting continued.<a href="#cite_note-policearmy-114">[114]</a> By 02:20 GMT on 15 May, the death toll reached 16, with more than 157 injured. Street battles continued, with no end in sight.<a href="#cite_note-16dead-115">[115]</a> Total casualties since 12 May amounted to 24 killed, with 187 injured on the night of 14–15 May alone.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> One of the dead was a sergeant of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Royal Thai Air Force</a>, who was killed by friendly fire.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Protest leaders once again warned of civil war if the army attempted to storm their camp. Several areas of the city near the protesters were designated as "live fire zones" by the military, and protesters entering these zones were to be shot on sight. Due to food and water shortages as a result of the army blockade, it was estimated the protesters would only be able to hold out for a few more days, and after that have to start plundering local shops.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian20100515-118">[118]</a> On 16 May, the death-toll rose to 33, with the number of wounded rising to 230. Reporters in the vicinity of the violence had to cancel live broadcasts due to the threat of sniper attacks from military forces in the area. The government urged the very young and very old to leave the camp by Monday afternoon, prompting fears of an army crackdown. They also started telling the public that the foreign media, such as CNN, BBC, Reuters, and others, could not be trusted as they are biased.<a href="#cite_note-16may-119">[119]</a> On 17 May Thai Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Khattiya_Sawasdiphol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khattiya Sawasdiphol">Khattiya Sawasdiphol</a>, who was shot in the head by a sniper on 13 May, died.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On 17 May, Thai military helicopters dropped leaflets on the Red Shirt's main encampment, urging them to leave. The Red Shirts responded by firing homemade rockets at the helicopters. The encampment was completely surrounded, and the Thai government gave Red Shirts a deadline of 15:00 to withdraw. Clashes continued, with Thai troops firing directly towards or at any movement around the protest perimeter with live ammunition, and protesters also using potentially lethal tactics, according to a Canadian journalist. Red Shirts shot fireworks at the army, and used a broom handle to rapidly fire firecrackers.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> At least two Red Shirt protesters were shot by army snipers. According to medical officials, the casualty toll stood at 35 dead, and 242 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> By the end of the day, the casualty toll had risen to 37 dead and 266 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Sporadic clashes continued on 18 May, but these skirmishes were less intense than previous confrontations.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The death toll rose to 39 as the day progressed, and it was thought that a military crackdown was imminent as troops and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a> (APC)s gathered around the protest site urging residents and protesters to leave.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The army moved in soon afterwards, backed by armoured personnel carriers and smashed through the protesters main barricades. Two Red Shirts were shot and wounded during the opening stages of this operation as other Red Shirts set alight the kerosene-soaked barricades to deter advancing soldiers and obscure their view.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> On 19 May, the army launched an all out assault using APCs and defeated Red Shirts defences, leaving at least five dead, including an Italian journalist and two soldiers were seriously wounded in a grenade attack. The protest leaders surrendered to police in a bid to avoid further bloodshed. Fighting between Red Shirts and the army continued in many parts of the city. There were an arson at the <a href="/wiki/Central_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Central World">Central World</a> mall, <a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange of Thailand</a>, banks, at least two shopping centres, a TV station, a cinema which burned to the ground. The total number of burnt buildings was 35. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit">[update]</a>, The total death toll since 14 May is believed to stand at 44.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Two red shirts were accused of setting the fire at <a href="/wiki/Central_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Central World">Central World</a> department store, but were acquitted two years later due to a lack of witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The Appeals Court also ruled two the two red shirts not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Thaksin, from his refuge in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, denied influencing the Red Shirt movement. There were reports of clashes in Thailand's northern provinces after the surrender was announced, resulting in a town hall being burned by Red Shirts in <a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Since 14 May, 51 people were killed in clashes, 12 of whom died during the army crackdown and subsequent fighting in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The casualty count as of 22 May stood at 85 dead and 1,378 injured.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Fabio_Polenghi">Death of Fabio Polenghi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death of Fabio Polenghi">edit</a>]</div> Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban claimed that Italian photographer Fabio Polenghi was killed by a grenade launched from a terrorist M79 and died side by side with a soldier.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-134">[134]</a> Numerous other reports, including one by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Journalists" title="International Federation of Journalists">International Federation of Journalists</a>, noted that Polenghi was shot.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Autopsy results showed that Polenghi died from a high velocity bullet that entered his heart and caused damage to his lungs and liver.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> A reporter from <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> who was with Polenghi noted that he was photographing from the protesters' side and was running from advancing soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The Italian Embassy pursued its own investigations.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations">Investigations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Investigations">edit</a>]</div> A government-ordered independent investigation exonerated the military and security forces of all blame in the killings. Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban claimed that the soldiers did not attack the protesters, but blamed them for running into a military unit.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The government claimed that unidentified "Black Shirts" fired on protesters. A <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> investigation found that Black Shirts were often well-trained active duty and former soldiers claiming that their objective was to protect Red Shirt protesters, but their real job was to terrorise the soldiers, and some actually wore military uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On 17 September 2012, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truth_for_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand (page does not exist)">Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand</a> (TRCT) released its final report on the April-May 2010 political violence.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> According to US-based <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>, "...the TRCT's final report seems to give a balanced treatment to both sides involved in the political violence two years ago—alleging that both the UDD and government security forces, including the military, were responsible for escalating the situation."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19_September_2010_rally">19 September 2010 rally</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19 September 2010 rally">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/220px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/330px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG/440px-2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Protest at Ratchaprasong intersection</figcaption></figure> The Red Shirts organised mass rallies across Thailand to mark the ousting of former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin by a military coup four years earlier, and to mark the final day of the military crackdown on their protests four months ago which left 91 people dead. The peaceful gathering at Ratchaprasong intersection, an area in downtown Bangkok which was occupied by the Red Shirts between 3 April 2010 and 19 May 2010, the day that the Thai military ended the protests and on which day the protesters set fire to many buildings across Thailand including CentralWorld in Bangkok, attracted approximately 10,000 demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2011">2011</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> Protests continued, as both the Red Shirt UDD and the Yellow Shirt PAD scheduled protests for mid-February 2011. CAPO (Center for the Administration of Peace and Order), first established in August 2009, was re-established to supervise imposition of Chapter 2 of the Internal Security Act (ISA) in seven districts of Bangkok, from 9 to 23 February, to control rallies planned by the PAD and the UDD;<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute#Local" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">local reaction to the Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a> forms a background to the revival of the CAPO.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> These protests continued in Bangkok and other cities until July, at times drawing hundreds of thousands of people, but rarely involving violence or conflict otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Continuing protests in early-2011 drew condemnation from the Ratchaprasong Square Trade Association, which claimed that the protests breached the constitution by infringing upon the rights of others, whereby the ongoing gatherings closed streets in the Ratchaprasong area. Since the July 2011 election, political gatherings in public abated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2005–2006 Thai political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_of_the_2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Public opinion of the 2006 Thai coup d'état">Public opinion of the 2006 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">2008 Thai political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest" title="2009 Thai political unrest">2009 Thai political unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">2010 Thai military crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–2014 Thai political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_stand-off" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian–Thai border stand-off">Cambodian–Thai border stand-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">2020 Thai protests</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deaths2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-deaths2_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFullerMydans2010" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas; Mydans, Seth (19 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/world/asia/20thai.html">"Protesters Return to Bangkok Streets"</a>. The New York Times. Bangkok. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927053340/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/20/world/asia/20thai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Protesters+Return+to+Bangkok+Streets&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Mydans%2C+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F20%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F20thai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deaths-2"><a href="#cite_ref-deaths_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsthanaShermanJoanna_Sugden_and_Sian_Powell2010" class="citation news cs1">Asthana, Anushka; Sherman, Jill; Joanna Sugden and Sian Powell (15 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7126802.ece">"Death toll rises as anti-government protests escalate in Thailand"</a>. The Times. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429060537/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7126802.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Death+toll+rises+as+anti-government+protests+escalate+in+Thailand&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.aulast=Asthana&rft.aufirst=Anushka&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jill&rft.au=Joanna+Sugden+and+Sian+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle7126802.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-13294268">"Profile: Thailand's reds and yellows"</a>. BBC News. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Thailand%27s+reds+and+yellows&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-13294268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Manager ASTV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000049093">"สนธิ" เปิดใจครั้งแรก เบื้องลึกปมลอบยิง โยงทหารฮั้วการเมืองเก่า</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701214011/http://manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000049093">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 May 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Thomas (18 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/3831672/Thai-army-to-help-voters-love-the-government.html">"Thai army to 'help voters love' the government"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527135228/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/3831672/Thai-army-to-help-voters-love-the-government.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Thai+army+to+%27help+voters+love%27+the+government&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fthailand%2F3831672%2FThai-army-to-help-voters-love-the-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2010/0314/Thailand-protesters-warn-of-escalating-street-rallies">"Thailand protesters warn of escalating street rallies"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 14 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Thailand+protesters+warn+of+escalating+street+rallies&rft.date=2010-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAsia-Pacific%2F2010%2F0314%2FThailand-protesters-warn-of-escalating-street-rallies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8681833.stm">"Deadly clashes as police besiege Bangkok protesters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 14 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124061057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8681833.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+clashes+as+police+besiege+Bangkok+protesters&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8681833.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausig,_Ben2019" class="citation book cs1">Tausig, Ben (2019). Bangkok is ringing : sound, protest, and constraint. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4"><bdi>978-0-19-084752-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029075566">1029075566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangkok+is+ringing+%3A+sound%2C+protest%2C+and+constraint&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029075566&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084752-4&rft.au=Tausig%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> บ้านเมือง, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryt9.com/s/bmnd/886959">สะเก็ดการเมือง: หมอพรทิพย์ ลุยสอบเมษาโหด</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425025802/http://www.ryt9.com/s/bmnd/886959">Archived</a> 25 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 23 เมษายน 2553. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oknation.net/blog/canthai/2010/04/23/entry-6">"ชาวเน็ตส่งภาพวายร้ายยิงทหาร"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oknation.net%2Fblog%2Fcanthai%2F2010%2F04%2F23%2Fentry-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> PRD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255305050055">DSI: Origin of Silom grenade attacks yet to be concluded: National News Bureau of Thailand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510232936/http://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news.php?id=255305050055">Archived</a> 10 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 5 May 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> CSM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2010/0513/Thai-PM-preps-snipers-police-to-seal-off-Red-Shirt-protest-site">Thai PM preps snipers, police to seal off Red-Shirt protest site</a>, 13 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> ศูนย์บริการการแพทย์ฉุกเฉิน สำนักการแพทย์ กรุงเทพมหานคร, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415015930/http://www.ems.bangkok.go.th/radmob.html">รายงานเหตุการณ์การชุมนุมของกลุ่ม นปช.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> กรุงเทพธุรกิจออนไลน์, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaiaudio.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4/">พฤษภาอำมหิตกับองค์การนิรโทษกรรมสากล</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604051802/http://thaiaudio.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4/">Archived</a> 4 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> TNN, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atnnonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14118:11&catid=40:top-stories&Itemid=68">ยิงอากาศโยธินควบวีโก้เข้าสีลมโดนสอยดับ1เจ็บ1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611032644/http://www.atnnonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14118%3A11&catid=40%3Atop-stories&Itemid=68">Archived</a> 11 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/178232/armed-men-target-innocent-people-cres">Bangkok Post</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2010" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Ben (16 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/army-declares-shoot-to-kill-20100515-v5ia.html">"Army declares 'shoot to kill'"</a>. The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 10 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Army+declares+%27shoot+to+kill%27&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Farmy-declares-shoot-to-kill-20100515-v5ia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The Nation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/05/16/national/Medics-banned-from-entering-red-zones-30129456.html">Medics banned from entering 'red zones'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808181446/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/05/16/national/Medics-banned-from-entering-red-zones-30129456.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Brisbane Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/16-dead-more-likely-as-thai-authorities-ramp-up-protest-crack-down-20100515-v4ta.html">16 dead, more likely as Thai authorities ramp up protest crack down</a>, 15 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8684164.stm">"Thai violence claims more lives"</a>. BBC News. 15 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519003021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8684164.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thai+violence+claims+more+lives&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8684164.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> United Nations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34711&Cr=Thailand&Cr1=">Ban calls on opposing sides in Thailand to avert bloodshed, resume talks</a>, 14 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64C0L620100516">"Thailand toughens stand against spiraling protests"</a>. Reuters. 16 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520035221/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64C0L620100516">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thailand+toughens+stand+against+spiraling+protests&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE64C0L620100516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Amnesty International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE011602010&lang=e">THAILAND: MILITARY MUST HALT RECKLESS USE OF LETHAL FORCE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521052252/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGPRE011602010&lang=e">Archived</a> 21 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 17 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Red-Shirts_on_rampage_in_Bangkok_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/Red-Shirts-on-rampage-in-bangkok-20100519-vd1s.html?autostart=1">"Red Shirts on rampage in Bangkok"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522171629/http://www.smh.com.au/world/red-shirts-on-rampage-in-bangkok-20100519-vd1s.html?autostart=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Red+Shirts+on+rampage+in+Bangkok&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2FRed-Shirts-on-rampage-in-bangkok-20100519-vd1s.html%3Fautostart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> MThai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/politics/life/20100608/119852/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A274%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A23.html">มูลนิธิกระจกเงาเผยจลาจลคนหาย74พบ23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611062629/http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/politics/life/20100608/119852/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A274%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9A23.html">Archived</a> 11 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Bangkok Post, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/politics/181227/dsi-to-deliberate-on-153-udd-cases">DSI to deliberate 153 UDD cases</a>, 14 June 2010[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Naew Nah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714151355/http://www.naewna.com/news.asp?ID=193202">เรากำลังอยู่ในยุค "สงครามกลางเมือง"! (เจิมศักดิ์ขอคิดด้วยฅน)</a>, 28 December 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Nation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationmultimedia.com/2010/02/09/politics/politics_30122105.php">Huge boost in security</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211112653/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2010/02/09/politics/politics_30122105.php">Archived</a> 11 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 9 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> TNA, "38 centres set up to maintain peace in country", 8 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Matichon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1265622639&grpid=01&catid=">โฆษกมาร์ค อัด "ทักษิณ" เจ้าของฟาร์มสุนัข ให้กระดูกไม่พอเลยกัดกันเอง จี้กทช.หาช่องสะกัดวิทยุชุมชนปลุกปั่น</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213031936/http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1265622639&grpid=01&catid=">Archived</a> 13 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 8 February 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/thaksin-judgement-related/33455/radio-stations-face-closure-for-agitation">"Radio stations face closure for agitation"</a>. The Nation. 25 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Radio+stations+face+closure+for+agitation&rft.date=2010-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthaksin-judgement-related%2F33455%2Fradio-stations-face-closure-for-agitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/32820/asset-case-may-spark-violence-govt-warns-foreign-diplomats">"Asset case 'may spark violence', govt warns foreign diplomats"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Excrement+tosser+arrested&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F168277%2Fexcrement-tosser-arrested&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309140548/http://www.todayonline.com/World/EDC100203-0000087/Faeces-lobbed-at-AbHisits-house">"Faeces lobbed at Abhisit's house"</a>. Today Online. 3 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayonline.com/World/EDC100203-0000087/Faeces-lobbed-at-AbHisits-house">the original</a> on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today+Online&rft.atitle=Faeces+lobbed+at+Abhisit%27s+house&rft.date=2010-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2FWorld%2FEDC100203-0000087%2FFaeces-lobbed-at-AbHisits-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/32952/security-forces-ready-for-action">"Security forces ready for action"</a>. 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Bangkok Post. 16 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=UDD+won%27t+rally+on+26+Feb&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbreakingnews%2F168673%2Fudd-won-t-rally-on-feb-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BKKPost20100305-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BKKPost20100305_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BKKPost20100305_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuranand_Vejjajiva2010" class="citation news cs1">Suranand Vejjajiva (5 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/33902/time-to-let-the-citizens-decide">"Time to let the citizens decide"</a>. Bangkok Post. Retrieved 19 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Time+to+let+the+citizens+decide&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.au=Suranand+Vejjajiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F33902%2Ftime-to-let-the-citizens-decide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAN20100319-39"><a href="#cite_ref-TAN20100319_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725102820/http://www.thailandoutlook.tv/tan/ViewData.aspx?DataID=1026519">"Pheu Thai Denies Hiring Protesters"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai-ASEAN_News_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thai-ASEAN News Network (page does not exist)">Thai-ASEAN News Network</a>. 19 March 2010. 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Retrieved 19 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thai-ASEAN+News+Network&rft.atitle=Pheu+Thai+Denies+Hiring+Protesters&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thailandoutlook.tv%2Ftan%2FViewData.aspx%3FDataID%3D1026519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104050815/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/10/politics/Peace-keeping-Command-to-set-up-at-11th-Infantry-R-30124373.html">"Peace-keeping Command to set up at 11th Infantry Regiment"</a>. The Nation. 10 March 2010. 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Retrieved 10 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Witness+the+death+of+deference&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.au=Chang+Noi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F03%2F22%2Fopinion%2FWitness-the-death-of-deference-30125247.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312074708/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/09/politics/Fears-of-grenade-attacks-at-key-sites-30124253.html">"Fears of grenade attacks at key sites"</a>. The Nation. 9 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/09/politics/Fears-of-grenade-attacks-at-key-sites-30124253.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Fears+of+grenade+attacks+at+key+sites&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F03%2F09%2Fpolitics%2FFears-of-grenade-attacks-at-key-sites-30124253.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The Nation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/07/politics/Sabotage-threat-PM-30124083.html">Sabotage threat: PM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309203936/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/07/politics/Sabotage-threat-PM-30124083.html">Archived</a> 9 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312082253/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/09/politics/Govt-to-impose-ISA-as-PM-cancels-trip-to-Australia-30124223.html">"Monarch gets briefing"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/08/politics/Weapons-theft-may-be-an-inside-job-30124132.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2010. 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Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thailand+Braces+for+Political+Rallies+in+Capital&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F12%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F12thai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Dow Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/aspx/stock-market-news-story.aspx?storyid=201003090128dowjonesdjonline000057&title=thai-cabinet-approves-imposition-of-internal-security-act">Thai Cabinet Approves Imposition Of Internal Security Act</a>, 9 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Bernama, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.php?id=481613">Thailand Deploys 50,000-Strong Force To Maintain Order During Protests</a>, 11 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314063807/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/12/politics/Fake-police-or-military-will-be-prosecuted-Suthep-30124502.html">"Fake police or military will be prosecuted: Suthep"</a>. The Nation. 12 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/03/12/politics/Fake-police-or-military-will-be-prosecuted-Suthep-30124502.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2010. 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Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Rogue+Thai+protest+general+dies&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8685971.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> IPS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50656">In Convoys of Red, Rural Masses Stage Historic Protest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316120116/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50656">Archived</a> 16 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 14 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-csmonitor.com-59"><a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor.com_59-0">^</a> CSM, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2010/0322/Biased-TV-stations-intensify-divides-in-Thailand-protests">Biased TV stations intensify divides in Thailand protests</a>, 22 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thailand's_Blood_Red_Protest-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand's_Blood_Red_Protest_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand's_Blood_Red_Protest_60-1">b</a> The Diplomat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2010/03/21/thailand%E2%80%99s-blood-red-protest/">Thailand's Blood Red Protest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095707/https://thediplomat.com/2010/03/21/thailand%E2%80%99s-blood-red-protest/">Archived</a> 27 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 21 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2010/03/201032714326747921.html">"Troops retreat amid Thai protests"</a>. 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The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2006/03/28/politics/A-FINAL-ATTEMPT-TO-MALL-THE-PM-30000351.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2011. 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The Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Court+says+PM+empowered+to+evict+protects+without+having+to+seek+court+order&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fbreakingnews%2F30126454%2FCourt-says-PM-empowered-to-evict-protects-without-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100409054554/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/Woman-rescued-by-police-after-trying-to-slam-car-a-30126514.html">"Woman rescued by police after trying to slam vehicle at protesters"</a>. The Nation. 6 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/Woman-rescued-by-police-after-trying-to-slam-car-a-30126514.html">the original</a> on 9 April 2010. 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Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813105342/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b54386c2-43a8-11df-b474-00144feab49a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Thai+protesters+seize+key+satellite+station&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.au=Tim+Johnston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fb54386c2-43a8-11df-b474-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8610740.stm">"Thai protest restores blocked TV"</a>. BBC News. 9 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414001757/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8610740.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thai+protest+restores+blocked+TV&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8610740.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Business Week, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-10/thai-protesters-vow-to-fight-as-government-again-blacks-out-tv.html">Thai Protesters Vow to Fight as Government Again Blacks Out TV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413160032/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-10/thai-protesters-vow-to-fight-as-government-again-blacks-out-tv.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-9_dead-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9_dead_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-9_dead_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Henry2010" class="citation news cs1">Robin Henry (10 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7094179.ece">"Nine dead as Thai troops clash with Red-Shirt protesters"</a>. The Times. London. Retrieved 10 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Nine+dead+as+Thai+troops+clash+with+Red-Shirt+protesters&rft.date=2010-04-10&rft.au=Robin+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle7094179.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417123516/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/04/15/national/Keeper-shot-dead-at-zoo-believed-a-victim-of-polit-30127197.html">"Keeper shot dead at zoo believed a victim of political violence"</a>. The Nation. 15 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/04/15/national/Keeper-shot-dead-at-zoo-believed-a-victim-of-polit-30127197.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Keeper+shot+dead+at+zoo+believed+a+victim+of+political+violence&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F04%2F15%2Fnational%2FKeeper-shot-dead-at-zoo-believed-a-victim-of-polit-30127197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8680455.stm">"Thai Red-Shirt supporter Gen Khattiya shot"</a>. 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The Nation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/2010/04/18/politics/Soldiers-will-fight-for-Red-Shirts-Jaran-30127349.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Soldiers+will+fight+for+Red-Shirts%3A+Jaran&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Rojanaphruk&rft.aufirst=Pravit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmultimedia.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F04%2F18%2Fpolitics%2FSoldiers-will-fight-for-Red-Shirts-Jaran-30127349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theaustralian1-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theaustralian1_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theaustralian1_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/bullets-killed-thai-Red-Shirt-protesters/story-e6frg6so-1225852976016">"Bullets killed Thai Red-Shirt protesters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. 13 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Bullets+killed+Thai+Red-Shirt+protesters&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbullets-killed-thai-Red-Shirt-protesters%2Fstory-e6frg6so-1225852976016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/175132/reds-use-women-children-as-shields">"Reds 'use women, children as shields'"</a>. Bangkok Post. 19 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Reds+%27use+women%2C+children+as+shields%27&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fbreakingnews%2F175132%2Freds-use-women-children-as-shields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiveRoundsandSnipers-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiveRoundsandSnipers_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiveRoundsandSnipers_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190613030554/http://bangkokpost.com/news/local/36079/military-admits-firing-at-reds">"Military admits firing at reds"</a>. Bangkok Post. 15 April 2010. 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BBC News. 16 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100417053937/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8625847.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thai+PM+puts+army+chief+in+charge+of+security&rft.date=2010-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8625847.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ_Explosions-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_Explosions_84-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hookway2010" class="citation news cs1">James Hookway (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703876404575199910251617340">"Deadly Explosions Hit Bangkok"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425052708/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703876404575199910251617340.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Deadly+Explosions+Hit+Bangkok&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.au=James+Hookway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703876404575199910251617340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Explosions-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Explosions_85-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Fuller2010" class="citation news cs1">Thomas Fuller (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/world/asia/23thai.html?src=mv">"Explosions in Bangkok Wound Dozens"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425051444/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/world/asia/23thai.html?src=mv">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Explosions+in+Bangkok+Wound+Dozens&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.au=Thomas+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F23thai.html%3Fsrc%3Dmv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRG_Cruz2010" class="citation web cs1">RG Cruz (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/05/20/10/filipinos-bangkok-safe-amid-violence">"(UPDATE) Filipinos in Bangkok uneasy, but safe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS%E2%80%93CBN_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS–CBN Broadcasting Corporation">ABS-CBN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523153926/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/05/20/10/filipinos-bangkok-safe-amid-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN&rft.atitle=%28UPDATE%29+Filipinos+in+Bangkok+uneasy%2C+but+safe&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.au=RG+Cruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fglobal-filipino%2F05%2F20%2F10%2Ffilipinos-bangkok-safe-amid-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blast-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blast_87-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8637855.stm">"Deadly blasts amid Thai protests"</a>. BBC News. 22 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425125519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8637855.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+blasts+amid+Thai+protests&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8637855.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warning-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warning_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warning_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warning_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warning_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_Corben2010" class="citation news cs1">Ron Corben (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Thai-Red-Shirts-Turn-to-UN-for-Protection-91797699.html">"Thai Army Warns Protesters to Disperse"</a>. VOA News. Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425035144/http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/asia/Thai-Red-Shirts-Turn-to-UN-for-Protection-91797699.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=Thai+Army+Warns+Protesters+to+Disperse&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.au=Ron+Corben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fasia%2FThai-Red-Shirts-Turn-to-UN-for-Protection-91797699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/world/stories/DN-thailand_23int.ART.State.Edition2.4ca0e7e.html">"Grenade attacks rattle Thailand's capital in anti-government protests"</a>. Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. 23 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426162613/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/world/stories/DN-thailand_23int.ART.State.Edition2.4ca0e7e.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Grenade+attacks+rattle+Thailand%27s+capital+in+anti-government+protests&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fstories%2FDN-thailand_23int.ART.State.Edition2.4ca0e7e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deputy_PM-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deputy_PM_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deputy_PM_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deputy_PM_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=2938758">"Bangkok grenade blasts kill 3, deputy PM says"</a>. National Post. Canada. Agence France-Presse. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Bangkok+grenade+blasts+kill+3%2C+deputy+PM+says&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D2938758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Terrorists-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terrorists_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrorists_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrorists_91-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrorists_91-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terrorists_91-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8638942.stm">"'Terrorists' blamed for attacks amid Thai deadlock"</a>. BBC News. 23 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426192856/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8638942.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Terrorists%27+blamed+for+attacks+amid+Thai+deadlock&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8638942.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian20100423-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20100423_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20100423_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426130230/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/apr/23/thailand-red-shirts-peace-offer">"Thailand's Red-Shirt rebels offer ceasefire in return for quick election"</a>. The Guardian. London. 23 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/23/thailand-Red-Shirts-peace-offer">the original</a> on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Red-Shirt+rebels+offer+ceasefire+in+return+for+quick+election&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fapr%2F23%2Fthailand-Red-Shirts-peace-offer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC20100424-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC20100424_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC20100424_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC20100424_93-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8641644.stm">"Thailand PM rejects protesters' offer"</a>. BBC News. 24 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100426053711/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8641644.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+PM+rejects+protesters%27+offer&rft.date=2010-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8641644.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90777/90851/6963801.html">"Thailand's ruling party case submitted to Constitution Court"</a>. People's Daily. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+ruling+party+case+submitted+to+Constitution+Court&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90851%2F6963801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiân_Powell2010" class="citation news cs1">Siân Powell (27 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7108974.ece">"King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand speaks about protests for first time"</a>. The Times. London. 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BBC News. 28 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429032002/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8648109.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+violence+flares+as+Red-Shirts+and+troops+clash&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8648109.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Hookway2010" class="citation news cs1">James Hookway (28 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704423504575211430766501888?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsFifth">"Soldier Dies in New Bangkok Violence"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523203722/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704423504575211430766501888.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsFifth">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Soldier+Dies+in+New+Bangkok+Violence&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.au=James+Hookway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704423504575211430766501888%3Fmod%3DWSJ_hpp_MIDDLENexttoWhatsNewsFifth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-2010-04-30-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2010-04-30_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2010-04-30_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2010-04-30_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE63H06E20100430">"Thai protesters on defensive after storming hospital"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Thailand+Clashes%3A+Death+Toll+Rises+As+Red-Shirt+Protesters+Continue+To+Battle+Police+In+Bangkok&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fskynews%2FHome%2FWorld-News%2FThailand-Clashes-Death-Toll-Rises-As-Red-Shirt-Protesters-Continue-To-Battle-Police-In-Bangkok%2FArticle%2F201005315632404%3Flpos%3DWorld_News_Carousel_Region_1%26lid%3DARTICLE_15632404_Thailand_Clashes%253A_Death_Toll_Rises_As_Red_Shirt_Protesters_Continue_To_Battle_Police_In_Bangkok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Thailand-Clashes-Death-Toll-Rises-As-Red-Shirt-Protesters-Continue-To-Battle-Police-In-Bangkok/Article/201005315632404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_1&lid=ARTICLE_15632404_Thailand_Clashes%3A_Death_Toll_Rises_As_Red_Shirt_Protesters_Continue_To_Battle_Police_In_Bangkok">"Thai PM Speaks Out Amid 'Live Firing Zone'"</a>. Sky News. 15 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518185950/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Thailand-Clashes-Death-Toll-Rises-As-Red-Shirt-Protesters-Continue-To-Battle-Police-In-Bangkok/Article/201005315632404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_1&lid=ARTICLE_15632404_Thailand_Clashes%3A_Death_Toll_Rises_As_Red_Shirt_Protesters_Continue_To_Battle_Police_In_Bangkok">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Thai+PM+Speaks+Out+Amid+%27Live+Firing+Zone%27&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fskynews%2FHome%2FWorld-News%2FThailand-Clashes-Death-Toll-Rises-As-Red-Shirt-Protesters-Continue-To-Battle-Police-In-Bangkok%2FArticle%2F201005315632404%3Flpos%3DWorld_News_Carousel_Region_1%26lid%3DARTICLE_15632404_Thailand_Clashes%253A_Death_Toll_Rises_As_Red_Shirt_Protesters_Continue_To_Battle_Police_In_Bangkok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsthanaSherman" class="citation news cs1">Asthana, Anushka; Sherman, Jill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7129696">"Sergeant of the Royal Thai Air Force killed by friendly fire"</a>. The Times. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sergeant+of+the+Royal+Thai+Air+Force+killed+by+friendly+fire&rft.aulast=Asthana&rft.aufirst=Anushka&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle7129696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian20100515-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian20100515_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Doherty2010" class="citation news cs1">Ben Doherty (15 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/15/redshirts-warn-civil-war-thai-troops">"Redshirts warn of civil war as Thai troops told to shoot on sight"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518183925/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/15/redshirts-warn-civil-war-thai-troops">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2010. Retrieved 16 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Redshirts+warn+of+civil+war+as+Thai+troops+told+to+shoot+on+sight&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.au=Ben+Doherty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fmay%2F15%2Fredshirts-warn-civil-war-thai-troops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16may-119"><a href="#cite_ref-16may_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsthanaSherman2010" class="citation news cs1">Asthana, Anushka; Sherman, Jill (17 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100517101429/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7128358.ece">"Violence reduces central Bangkok to a 21st century Sarajevo"</a>. The Times. London. 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Rally continue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reds+defy+deadline.+Rally+continue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkojpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F178205%2Freds-defy-deadline-rally-continues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/1st-sign-of-ceasefire-talks-in-thai-standoff-1.911622">"1st sign of ceasefire talks in Thai standoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. Canada. 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BBC News. 18 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521081911/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8688664.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thai+leaders+reject+talks+offer&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8688664.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64C0L620100519">"Bangkok under curfew after fresh violence"</a>. Reuters. 19 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520235507/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64C0L620100519">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Bangkok+under+curfew+after+fresh+violence&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE64C0L620100519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_BrownZoe_Daniel2010" class="citation news cs1">Matt Brown; Zoe Daniel (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/19/2903344.htm?section=world">"Troops break into Red Shirt camp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522044208/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/19/2903344.htm?section=world">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troops+break+into+Red+Shirt+camp&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.au=Matt+Brown&rft.au=Zoe+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2010%2F05%2F19%2F2903344.htm%3Fsection%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroyMacKinnon2010" class="citation news cs1">McElroy, Damien; MacKinnon, Ian (19 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522014215/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/7739025/Thailand-protests-Red-shirts-surrender-as-army-storms-Bangkok-camp.html">"Thailand protests: Red shirts surrender as army storms Bangkok camp"</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522014850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/7741635/Bangkok-in-flames-as-protesters-refuse-to-back-down.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bangkok+in+flames+as+protesters+refuse+to+back+down&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft.au=MacKinnon%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fthailand%2F7741635%2FBangkok-in-flames-as-protesters-refuse-to-back-down.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bangkokpost.com/news/politics/178754/pm-vows-to-seek-truth">"PM vows to seek truth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. 22 May 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=PM+vows+to+seek+truth&rft.date=2010-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F178754%2Fpm-vows-to-seek-truth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-WashingtonPost-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WashingtonPost_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2010" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Andrew (23 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/22/AR2010052203166.html">"Thai officials use a powerful visual to explain violence"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Thai+officials+use+a+powerful+visual+to+explain+violence&rft.date=2010-05-23&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F05%2F22%2FAR2010052203166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123054441/http://www.daylife.com/photo/07c58GVb8u0Td?q=Fabio+Polenghi">"AP Photo/Wally Santana in Daylife"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daylife.com/photo/07c58GVb8u0Td?q=Fabio+Polenghi">the original</a> on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AP+Photo%2FWally+Santana+in+Daylife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daylife.com%2Fphoto%2F07c58GVb8u0Td%3Fq%3DFabio%2BPolenghi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> International Federation of Journalists, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804063552/http://www.ifj.org/en/articles/ifj-condemns-killing-of-second-journalist-in-thailandIFJ">Condemns Killing of Second Journalist in Thailand</a>, 20 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Matichon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1274270441&grpid=00">สหรัฐฯแถลงประณามเผากทม. ร้องแกนนำช่วยหยุดยั้ง สื่อต่างชาติชี้ปัญหารุนแรงในไทยมีรากเหง้า</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221143608/http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1274270441&grpid=00">Archived</a> 21 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 20 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Thai Rath, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thairath.co.th/content/pol/84125">จับตาสถานการณ์เหตุจลาจล</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172042/http://www.thairath.co.th/content/pol/84125">Archived</a> 9 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 26 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Nation News Channel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://breakingnews.nationchannel.com/read.php?newsid=449157">ตัวแทนสถานทูตอิตาลีรับศพช่างภาพอิตาเลียน</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531215022/http://breakingnews.nationchannel.com/read.php?newsid=449157">Archived</a> 31 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 20 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Spiegel Online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,696422,00.html">The Day the Thai Army Moved In</a>, 24 May 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> ASTV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astv-tv.com/news1/viewnews.php?data_id=1009723&numcate=1">"เทือก"ลั่นได้ 300 เสียงไม่ง้อ "เนวิน-เติ้ง" แนะจับตาศึกซักฟอกศอกกลับฝ่ายค้าน </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718104116/http://www.astv-tv.com/news1/viewnews.php?data_id=1009723&numcate=1">Archived</a> 18 July 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Human Rights Watch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/node/98399/section/5">"Descent into Chaos"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.nhrc.or.th/ulib/document/Fulltext/F07939.pdf">Final Report of Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand (TRCT) July 2010–July 2012</a> (PDF). Bangkok: Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand (TRCT). September 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-7763-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-7763-23-1"><bdi>978-616-7763-23-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+Truth+for+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Thailand+%28TRCT%29+July+2010%E2%80%93July+2012&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=Truth+for+Reconciliation+Commission+of+Thailand+%28TRCT%29&rft.date=2012-09&rft.isbn=978-616-7763-23-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.nhrc.or.th%2Fulib%2Fdocument%2FFulltext%2FF07939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusticiSander2012" class="citation web cs1">Rustici, Kathleen; Sander, Alexandra (19 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/thailand%E2%80%99s-truth-reconciliation-commission-issues-final-report">"Thailand's Truth for Reconciliation Commission Issues Final Report"</a>. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies+%28CSIS%29&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Truth+for+Reconciliation+Commission+Issues+Final+Report&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.aulast=Rustici&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Sander%2C+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fthailand%25E2%2580%2599s-truth-reconciliation-commission-issues-final-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/197127/no-violence-amid-sea-of-red">"No violence amid sea of red"</a>. Bangkok Post. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=No+violence+amid+sea+of+red&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F197127%2Fno-violence-amid-sea-of-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausig,_Ben2019" class="citation book cs1">Tausig, Ben (2019). Bangkok is ringing : sound, protest, and constraint. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4"><bdi>978-0-19-084752-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029075566">1029075566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangkok+is+ringing+%3A+sound%2C+protest%2C+and+constraint&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029075566&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084752-4&rft.au=Tausig%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/196999/today-is-time-to-start-the-change">"Today is time to start the change"</a>. Bangkok Post. 19 September 2010. Retrieved 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Today+is+time+to+start+the+change&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F196999%2Ftoday-is-time-to-start-the-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/security/220867/capo-issues-road-use-ban">"CAPO issues road use ban"</a>. Bangkok Post. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=CAPO+issues+road+use+ban&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fsecurity%2F220867%2Fcapo-issues-road-use-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWassana_Nanuam2011" class="citation news cs1">Wassana Nanuam (10 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/220756/villagers-rally-to-call-on-pad-to-stay-away">"Villagers rally to call on PAD to stay away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Villagers+rally+to+call+on+PAD+to+stay+away&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft.au=Wassana+Nanuam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F220756%2Fvillagers-rally-to-call-on-pad-to-stay-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausig,_Ben2019" class="citation book cs1">Tausig, Ben (2019). Bangkok is ringing : sound, protest, and constraint. New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084752-4"><bdi>978-0-19-084752-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029075566">1029075566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangkok+is+ringing+%3A+sound%2C+protest%2C+and+constraint&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1029075566&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084752-4&rft.au=Tausig%2C+Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Thai_political_protests&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_K._Connors2011" class="citation cs2">Michael K. Connors (2011), "Thailand's Emergency State: Struggles and Transformations", Southeast Asian Affairs 2011, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 287–305, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789814345040-019">10.1355/9789814345040-019</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-03-3"><bdi>978-981-4345-03-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41418649">41418649</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150930768">150930768</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs+2011&rft.atitle=Thailand%27s+Emergency+State%3A+Struggles+and+Transformations&rft.pages=287-305&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2F9789814345040-019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150930768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41418649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-981-4345-03-3&rft.au=Michael+K.+Connors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2010+Thai+political+protests" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontesanoChachavalpongpunChongvilaivan2012" class="citation book cs1">Montesano, Michael John; Chachavalpongpun, Pavin; Chongvilaivan, Aekapol, eds. (2012). Bangkok May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand. 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href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8684405.stm">BBC News: Eyewitness accounts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/5/18/debating_the_crisis_in_thailand_is">Debating the Crisis in Thailand</a> – video report by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="History_of_Thailand_since_2001" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Thailand_since_2001" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Thailand since 2001"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Thailand_since_2001" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Thailand (2001–present)">History of Thailand since 2001</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/60th_Anniversary_Celebrations_of_Bhumibol_Adulyadej%27s_Accession" title="60th Anniversary Celebrations of Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession">60th anniversary celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_funeral_of_Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Death and funeral of Bhumibol Adulyadej">death and funeral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajiralongkorn" title="Vajiralongkorn">Vajiralongkorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Premiership of Thaksin Shinawatra">premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surayud_Chulanont" title="Surayud Chulanont">Surayud Chulanont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_interim_civilian_government" title="2006 Thai interim civilian government">government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Premiership of Abhisit Vejjajiva">premiership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisit_cabinet" title="Abhisit cabinet">cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yingluck_cabinet" title="Yingluck cabinet">cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha" title="Prayut Chan-o-cha">Prayut Chan-o-cha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Prayut_cabinet" title="First Prayut cabinet">first cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Prayut_cabinet" title="Second Prayut cabinet">second cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srettha_Thavisin" title="Srettha Thavisin">Srettha Thavisin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srettha_cabinet" title="Srettha cabinet">cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra" title="Paetongtarn Shinawatra">Paetongtarn Shinawatra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paetongtarn_cabinet" title="Paetongtarn cabinet">cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2005–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest" title="2009 Thai political unrest">2009</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2010</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">crackdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">2020–21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anti-Thaksin groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Reform_Committee" title="People's Democratic Reform Committee">PDRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Thailand)" title="Red Shirts (Thailand)">Red Shirts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship" title="United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship">UDD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Thai_general_election" title="2001 Thai general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Thai_general_election" title="2005 Thai general election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_general_election" title="2006 Thai general election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_general_election" title="2007 Thai general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Thai_general_election" title="2011 Thai general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_general_election" title="2014 Thai general election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election" title="2023 Thai general election">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Security" title="Council for National Security">CNS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">NCPO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_constitution_of_Thailand" title="1997 constitution of Thailand">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_interim_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2006 interim constitution of Thailand">2006 interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2007 constitution of Thailand">2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Thai constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_interim_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2014 interim constitution of Thailand">2014 interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_constitution_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 constitution of Thailand">2017</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Thai_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Thai constitutional referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>← <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">History of Thailand (1973–2001)</a> • <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/16px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/24px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a> • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_rebellions,_revolts_and_revolutions_in_Thailand_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thai_coups" title="Template:Thai coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thai_coups" title="Template talk:Thai coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thai_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thai coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_rebellions,_revolts_and_revolutions_in_Thailand_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolts and revolutions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebellions, revolts, and revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Revolt_of_1912" title="Palace Revolt of 1912">Palace Revolt (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">1932 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boworadet_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Boworadet rebellion">Boworadet rebellion (October 1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Sergeants" title="Rebellion of the Sergeants">Rebellion of the Sergeants (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songsuradet_rebellion" title="Songsuradet rebellion">Songsuradet rebellion (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_Rebellion" title="Palace Rebellion">Palace Rebellion (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Rebellion" title="Manhattan Rebellion">Manhattan Rebellion (June 1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thai_1964_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thai 1964 Rebellion (page does not exist)">1964 Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coups and coup attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1933_Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="April 1933 Siamese coup d'état">April 1933 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1933 Siamese coup d'état">June 1933 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1947 Thai coup d'état">1947 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Thai coup d'état">1948 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_General_Staff_plot" title="Army General Staff plot">Army General Staff plot (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Coup_(Thailand)" title="Silent Coup (Thailand)">Silent Coup (November 1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1957 Thai coup d'état">1957 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Thai coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Thai coup d'état">1971 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University_massacre#Immediate_aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thammasat University massacre">1976 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1977 Thai coup d'état attempt">March 1977 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1977_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="October 1977 Thai coup d'état">October 1977 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Thai_military_rebellion" title="1981 Thai military rebellion">1981 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Thai coup d'état attempt">1985 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Thai coup d'état">1991 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_of_the_2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Public opinion of the 2006 Thai coup d'état">public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="International reactions to the 2006 Thai coup d'état">international reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peace Rebellion (page does not exist)">Peace Rebellion (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising" title="1973 Thai popular uprising">1973 popular uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" title="Black May (1992)">Black May (1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protests and crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">6 October 1976 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2005–2006 political crisis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2010 political protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–2014 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Thai_protests" title="2020–2021 Thai protests">2020–2021 protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2020_Thai_protests" title="Reactions to the 2020 Thai protests">reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abhisit_Vejjajiva" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Template:Abhisit Vejjajiva"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Template talk:Abhisit Vejjajiva"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abhisit Vejjajiva"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abhisit_Vejjajiva" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a> (2008–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Thailand)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)">Minister to the Office of the Prime Minister</a> (1997–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Thailand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)">Leader of the Opposition</a> (2005–2006/2008/2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Leader of Democrat Party</a> (2005–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">MP</a> (1992–2006/2007–2013/2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Premiership of Abhisit Vejjajiva">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhisit_cabinet" title="Abhisit cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santika_Club_fire" title="Santika Club fire">Santika Club fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_Saw_Et" title="Sao Saw Et">Sao Saw Et</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">Fourth East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest" title="2009 Thai political unrest">2009 Thai political unrest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2010 Thai political protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">2010 Thai military crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_floods_in_Thailand_and_north_Malaysia" title="2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia">2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Southern_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Southern Thailand floods">2011 Southern Thailand floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011 Thailand floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Agenda" title="People's Agenda">People's Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vejjajivacropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vejjajivacropped.jpg/80px-Vejjajivacropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vejjajivacropped.jpg/120px-Vejjajivacropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Vejjajivacropped.jpg/160px-Vejjajivacropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/File:Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG/80px-Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG/120px-Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Thai-PM-abhisit_signature.PNG 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="70" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Reform_Committee" title="People's Democratic Reform Committee">People's Democratic Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis" title="2008 Thai political crisis">2008 Thai political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013–2014 Thai political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Shadow Cabinet of Thailand">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_1992_Thai_general_election" title="March 1992 Thai general election">March 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1992_Thai_general_election" title="September 1992 Thai general election">September 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Thai_general_election" title="1995 Thai general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Thai_general_election" title="1996 Thai general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Thai_general_election" title="2001 Thai general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_general_election" title="2007 Thai general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Thai_general_election" title="2011 Thai general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Thai_general_election" title="2019 Thai general election">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministerial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>January 2008</li> <li>September 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Thai_House_of_Representatives#December_2008_prime_minister_election" title="2007 Thai House of Representatives">December 2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pimpen Vejjajiva (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Wacharasindhu" title="Parit Wacharasindhu">Parit Wacharasindhu</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarmpun_Vejjajiva" title="Ngarmpun Vejjajiva">Ngarmpun Vejjajiva</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" title="Somchai Wongsawat">← Somchai Wongsawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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