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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberalismus" title="Liberalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liberalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberalismus" title="Liberalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liberalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikiquote.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φιλελευθερισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλελευθερισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liberalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberalismo" title="Liberalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liberalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikiquote.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لیبرالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبرالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikiquote.org/wiki/Liberalismi" title="Liberalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liberalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/File:Li-ber-ty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Li-ber-ty.jpg/220px-Li-ber-ty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Li-ber-ty.jpg/330px-Li-ber-ty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Li-ber-ty.jpg/440px-Li-ber-ty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption> Liberalism, for all its <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>, has begun to develop a sense of entitlement, and <a href="/wiki/Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Needs">needs</a> <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> to rediscover its <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. ~ <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Carter" title="Stephen L. Carter">Stephen L. Carter</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/consent_of_the_governed" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/equality_before_the_law" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:equality before the law">equality before the law</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" style="margin-left: 2em;"> <p>Arranged alphabetically by author or source:<br /><a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> · <a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> · <a href="#See_also">See also</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ultraliberalism today translates into a whimpering <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, a mulish obstructionism in domestic policy, and a pusillanimous pussyfooting on the critical issue of law and order. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>, speech before Illinois Republican meeting, Springfield, Illinois (September 10, 1970); reported in <i>Collected Speeches of Spiro Agnew</i> (1971), p. 193</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[W]e claim to start from and to maintain in all our political action this fundamental principle—that the interests of the community as a whole ought to be paramount over the interests of any <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, any interest, or any section which that community contains. That is the root and spring of Liberalism. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, speech in Newcastle-upon-Tyne (30 January 1895), quoted in <i>The Times</i> (31 January 1895), p. 6</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>He that defers his <a href="/wiki/Charity" title="Charity">charity</a> 'till he is <a href="/wiki/Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead">dead</a>, is (if a man weighs it rightly) rather liberal of another man's, than of his own.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, <i>Francisci Baconi Baronis de Verulamio … Opera Omnia Quatuor</i> (1730), p. 298. Compare: <i>The English Theophrastus: or, The manners of the age</i> (1702), p. 268: "He that defers Charity till Death, is rather Liberal of another Man's, than of his own".</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The doctrine was liberalism, which criticised and finally demolished the traditional conception of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" class="extiw" title="w:Nation state">nation-state</a> as a collective organism, a community; and asserted instead the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Individuality" title="Individuality">individual</a>. According to liberal thinking a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" class="extiw" title="w:Nation">nation</a> was no more than so many human atoms who happened to live under the same set of laws. From such a belief it followed that the <a href="/wiki/State" title="State">State</a>, instead of being the embodiment of a national community as it had been under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_period" class="extiw" title="w:Tudor period">Tudors</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England,_Scotland_and_Ireland" class="extiw" title="w:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland">Commonwealth</a>, was required to dwindle into a kind of <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">policeman</a>, standing apart from the national life, and with the merely negative task of keeping the free-for-all of individual competition within the bounds of decorum. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a>, <i>The Collapse of British Power</i> (1972), p. 91</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The parties which assumed the names of liberals were, or became in due course, simple guardians of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>, <i>Evolutionary Socialism</i> (1899)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>A liberal is a <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Women" title="Women">woman</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Children" title="Children">child</a> who looks forward to a better day, a more tranquil night, and a bright, infinite future.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a>, statement of 1953, quoted in <i>A Wonderful Life : 50 Eulogies to Lift the Spirit</i> (2006) by Cyrus M. Copeland, p. 190</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>He that's liberal <br /> To all alike, may do a good by chance, <br /> But never out of judgment. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher" title="Beaumont and Fletcher">Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher</a>, <i>The Spanish Curate</i>, Act I, scene 1</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Liberality consists less in giving a great deal than in <a href="/wiki/Gifts" title="Gifts">gifts</a> well timed.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re" title="Jean de La Bruyère">Jean de La Bruyère</a>, in <i>Les Caractères</i> (1688), Aphorism 47 as translated in <i>The Characters of Jean de La Bruyère</i> (1929) by Henri van Laun</li> <li>Variant translations:</li> <li>Liberality consists rather in giving seasonably than much.</li> <li>Generosity lies less in giving much than in giving at the right moment.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Colbert_Report_(8288517554).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg/220px-The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg/330px-The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg/440px-The_Colbert_Report_%288288517554%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a> has a well-known liberal bias. ~ <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>What do we mean by this Liberalism of which we talk? … I should say it means the acknowledgement in practical life of the truth that men are best governed who govern themselves; that the general sense of mankind, if left alone, will make for righteousness; that artificial <a href="/wiki/Privilege" title="Privilege">privileges</a> and restraints upon <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, so far as they are not required in the interests of the community, are hurtful; and that the laws, while, of course, they cannot <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">equalise</a> conditions, can, at least, avoid aggravating <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequalities</a>, and ought to have for their object the securing to every man the best chance he can have of a good and useful life. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a>, <i>The Liberal Magazine</i> (January 1898), p. 530, quoted in John Wilson, <i>C.B.: A Life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</i> (Constable, 1973), p. 232</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In retrospect it was important to have sincere liberals around. Someone needs to fret about the excesses of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. When liberals stopped doing that, the country lost a needed counterbalance. In an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>, every <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> has a role to play, even the pests. If you succeeded in eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds" title="Birds">birds</a> would starve. When the last liberal stopped sobbing about unfairness, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> society became less fair. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a><i>, Ship of Fools: How a Selfish Ruling Class Is Bringing America to the Brink of Revolution</i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li>Liberalism, for all its <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>, has begun to develop a sense of entitlement, and <a href="/wiki/Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Needs">needs</a> <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> to rediscover its <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Carter" title="Stephen L. Carter">Stephen L. Carter</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-11-11/trump-and-the-fall-of-liberalism">Trump and the Fall of Liberalism</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></i> (November 11, 2016)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism in its political instantiation, for all of its appeal, is so powerful a theory that it probably works better in opposition than in government. Modern liberalism has become what liberal <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophers</a> not long ago would have derided as a “comprehensive view” — a theory that believes itself able to give an account of how every institution of the society should operate, and even, alas, how people should think. Add to that a dash of triumphalism, and you wind up with a government impatient with the tendency of human beings to resist having too much forced on them at once. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Carter" title="Stephen L. Carter">Stephen L. Carter</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-11-11/trump-and-the-fall-of-liberalism">Trump and the Fall of Liberalism</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></i> (November 11, 2016)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanity" title="Humanity">Humanity</a> cannot be made equal by declarations on paper. Unless the material conditions for <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">equality</a> exist, it is worse than mockery to pronounce men equal. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Voltairine de Cleyre</a>, "In Defense of Emma Goldman and the Right of Expropriation" (1893).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Reality has a well-known liberal bias. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>, in his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert_at_the_2006_White_House_Correspondents%27_Association_Dinner" class="extiw" title="w:Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner">address at the Hilton Washington hotel, Washington, D.C. (29 April 2006)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I didn't realize quite how <a href="/wiki/Liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal">liberal</a> I was until I was asked to make passionate <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedic</a> choices as opposed to necessarily successful comedic choices. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/player/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=4464017&m=4464018">"Fresh Air" NPR interview</a> (24 January 2005)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)" class="extiw" title="w:John Casey (academic)">John Casey</a>] claimed that the liberal tradition was defective in its explanation of the citizen's attachment to the state itself since it ignored his <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotic</a> allegiance to the "continuity of <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>, shared experience, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">custom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship">kinship</a>" which the state presupposed. What was pernicious...Casey was saying, was that it had undermined such pieties and replaced them with a "rootless <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>". <ul><li>Charles Covell, <i>The Redefinition of Conservatism: Politics and Doctrine</i> (1986), pp. 27-28</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism is essentially the belief that there can be a reconciliation of all <a href="/wiki/Difficulties" title="Difficulties">difficulties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Different" title="Different">differences</a>, and since there can't, it is a misleading way to approach politics. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" class="extiw" title="w:Maurice Cowling">Maurice Cowling</a>, quoted in Naim Attallah, <i>Singular Encounters</i> (1990), p. 136</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The tone and tendency of Liberalism cannot be long concealed. It is to attack the institutions of the country under the name of Reform, and to make war on the manners and customs of <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">the people of this country</a> under the pretext of <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, speech to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Conservative_and_Constitutional_Associations" class="extiw" title="w:National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations">National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations</a> in Crystal Palace, London (24 June 1872), quoted in <i>Selected Speeches of the Late Right Honourable the Earl of Beaconsfield, Volume II</i>, ed. T. E. Kebbel (1882), p. 524</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>That Liberalism may be a tendency towards something very different from itself, is a possibility in its nature. For it is something which tends to release energy rather than accumulate it, to relax, rather than to fortify. It is a movement not so much defined by its end , as by its starting point; away from, rather than towards, something definite. Our point of departure is more real to us than our destination; and the destination is likely to present a very different picture when arrived at, from the vaguer image formed in imagination. By destroying traditional social habits of the people, by dissolving their natural collective consciousness into individual constituents, by licensing the opinions of the most foolish, by substituting instruction for education, by encouraging cleverness rather than wisdom, the upstart rather than the qualified, by fostering a notion of <i>getting on</i> to which the alternative is a hopeless apathy, Liberalism can prepare the way for that which is its own negation: the artificial, mechanised or brutalised control which is a desperate remedy for its chaos. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <i>The Idea of a Christian Society</i> (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), pp. 15–16</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the sense in which Liberalism is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a>, both can be equally repellent: if the former can mean chaos, the latter can mean petrification. We are always faced both with the question 'what must be destroyed?' and with the question 'what must be preserved?' and neither Liberalism nor Conservatism, which are not philosophies and may be merely habits, is enough to guide us. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <i>The Idea of a Christian Society</i> (London: Faber and Faber, 1939), p. 17</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I have never seen a class so deeply demoralised, so incurably debased by <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a>, so corroded within, so incapable of progress, as the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>; and I mean by this, especially the bourgeoisie proper, particularly the Liberal, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_laws" class="extiw" title="w:Corn laws">Corn Law</a> repealing bourgeoisie. For it nothing exists in this world, except for the sake of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, itself not excluded. It knows no bliss save that of rapid gain, no pain save that of losing gold. In the presence of this avarice and lust of gain, it is not possible for a single human sentiment or opinion to remain untainted. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <i>The Condition of the Working Class in England</i> (1845)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Any liberal system must proceed from the assumption that freedom is one and indivisible and that elementary human freedom in all spheres of life must go hand in hand with political, religious, economic and spiritual freedom. The strategy of <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">collectivist</a> thinking has always been to split up this most essential and most universal of human values as a means of making inroads into the free system itself. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, <i>The Economics of Success</i> (1963), pp. 291–292</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>I am a Liberal, because liberalism seems to me to mean faith in the people, and confidence that they will manage their own affairs far better than those affairs are likely to be managed for them by others. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" class="extiw" title="w:Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a>, quoted in <i>Why I Am a Liberal: Being Definitions and Personal Confessions of Faith by the Best Minds of the Liberal Party</i>, ed. Andrew Reid (1885), p. 43</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism, moreover, which currently plays a dominant role in the life of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> peoples and states, is by no means to be understood as the system of popular freedom in general, but as a system in the special interest of quite specific elements of <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> which are assembled in the commercial and industrial middle class. The liberal state in this conventional sense is the state which represents the interest of this <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social group</a>. But that does not in any sense mean that it must also represent the interest of all other classes of the population or even only the interest of the true majority of the people. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Fr%C3%B6bel" class="extiw" title="w:Julius Fröbel">Julius Fröbel</a>, <i>Theorie der Politik, als Ergebniss einer erneuerten Prüfung demokratischer Lehrmeinungen</i> (2 vols., 1861–1864), Vol. I, p. 258, quoted in Theodore S. Hamerow, <i>Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–1871, Volume I: Ideas and Institutions</i> (1969), p. 136</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[T]here are two justifications for it. One... is <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatic</a> and the other... is <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>. The pragmatic justification is that liberalism is... a political doctrine that seeks to enable societies to govern themselves over <a href="/wiki/Diversity" title="Diversity">diversity</a>. It arose in the minds of thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" class="extiw" title="w:Samuel von Pufendorf">Samuel Pufendorf</a>... as a result of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" class="extiw" title="w:European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<b></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, 2020 Owen Harries Lecture (2020) as quoted in a YouTube Creative Commons video, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9GhbZeXmT0&t=473s">7:53.</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>... a third of the population of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a> were killed in a bloody struggle between different <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> religious sects, and the pragmatic part of liberalism was to take <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">final ends</a> [defined by religions] out of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> discussion... and to lower the sights of politics to defend <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> itself, and not "the good life"... as defined by a particular sect of a particular religion, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Tolerance" title="Tolerance">tolerance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diversity" title="Diversity">diversity</a>, of people that don't believe the same thing that you do, has always been at the core of this pragmatic project to enable diverse populations to live with one another. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, 2020 Owen Harries Lecture (2020) as quoted in a YouTube Creative Commons video, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9GhbZeXmT0&t=508s">8:28.</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberal_veldtog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liberal_veldtog.jpg/220px-Liberal_veldtog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Liberal_veldtog.jpg/330px-Liberal_veldtog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Liberal_veldtog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>The white liberal's offer to help has an air of condescension because it masks a profound existential investment in the continuation of the racist system. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gordon" class="extiw" title="w:Lewis Gordon">Lewis Gordon</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>It came to me a little while ago what we really are, we liberals. We demand reforms, we want to improve the situation of the underprivileged — why? To make them better off materially? Nuts. It's only to make ourselves feel less <a href="/wiki/Guilt" title="Guilt">guilty</a>. We rend our <a href="/wiki/Garment" class="mw-redirect" title="Garment">garments</a>, we're eager to show how willing we are to accept any outrageous demand so long as it's <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Youthful" class="mw-redirect" title="Youthful">youthful</a>, or put up by someone who thinks he's got a grievance. We want to appease everybody — you know what a liberal is? A liberal is a guy who walks out of the room when the fight starts. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Garfield" class="extiw" title="w:Brian Garfield">Brian Garfield</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Wish" class="extiw" title="w:Death Wish">Death Wish</a></i> (1972), Ch. 7, p. 68</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I think that the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> is <a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">jealousy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and of the people, only qualified by fear; but I think <b>the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Liberal Party</a> is trust in the people, only qualified by prudence</b>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a>, speech at the opening of the Palmerston Club, Oxford (December 1878) as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C03E4DB123EE73BBC4153DFB4668382669FDE">"Gladstone's Conundrums; The Statesman Answers Sundry Interesting Questions" in <i>The New York Times</i> (9 February 1879)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Much of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Biko's</a> energy is devoted to criticizing the liberal in both the condescending <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> and the idiotic black forms. The black liberal is idiotic because <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> lack power in a white-controlled system. The white liberal, on the other hand, operates from the vantage point of having something—perhaps a great deal—to lose in the event of progressive social change. The white liberal's offer to help has an air of condescension because it masks a profound existential investment in the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">the racist system</a>. Thus, the white liberal always insists on offering the theoretical or interpretive strategies against antiblack <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, but such strategies often act to preserve the need for white liberals as the most cherished members or overseers of values in their society. In Biko's words: "I am against the superior-inferior white-black stratification that makes the white man a perpetual teacher and the black a perpetual pupil (and a poor one at that.)" <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gordon" class="extiw" title="w:Lewis Gordon">Lewis Gordon</a>, describing the view of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>, introduction to <i>I Write What I Like</i>, p. vii</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Line3631_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Liberalism regards it as desirable that only what the majority accepts should in fact be law, but it does not believe that this is therefore necessarily good law. Its aim, indeed, is to persuade the majority to observe certain principles. It accepts majority rule as a method of deciding, but not as an authority for what the decision ought to be. ~ <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Liberalism seemed so obviously ethical. Liberals marched for peace, workers' rights, civil rights, and secularism. The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was (as we saw it) the party of war, big business, racism, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">evangelical Christianity</a>. I could not understand how any thinking person would voluntarily embrace the party of evil. […] When I returned to America [from India], social conservatives no longer seemed so crazy. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a>, <i>The Righteous Mind</i>, pp. 126–127</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The difference between a free <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> and a Government which is not free is principally this—that a Government which is not free interferes with everything it can, and a free Government interferes with nothing except what it must. A <a href="/wiki/Despotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic">despotic</a> Government tries to make everybody do what it wishes; a Liberal Government tries, as far as the safety of society will permit, to allow everybody to do as he wishes. It has been the tradition of the Liberal party consistently to maintain the doctrine of individual liberty. It is because they have done so that England is the place where people can do more what they please than in any other country in the world. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt" title="William Harcourt">William Harcourt</a>, speech in Oxford town hall (30 December 1872), quoted in <i>The Times</i> (31 December 1872), p. 5</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism is a doctrine about what the law ought to be, democracy a doctrine about the manner of determining the law. Liberalism regards it as desirable that only what the majority accepts should in fact be law, but it does not believe that this is therefore necessarily good law. Its aim, indeed, is to persuade the majority to observe certain principles. It accepts majority rule as a method of deciding, but not as an authority for what the decision ought to be. To the doctrinaire democrat the fact that the majority wants something is sufficient ground for regarding it as good; for him the will of the majority determines not only what is law but what is good law. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, <i>The Constitution of Liberty</i> (Chicago: 1960), pp. 103-104</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><p>Liberalism, which <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> called by its more appropriate name—“opportunism”—is an integral component of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. When the citizens grow restive, it will soften and decry capitalism’s excesses. But capitalism, Luxemburg argued, is an enemy that can never be appeased. Liberal reforms are used to stymie resistance and then later, when things grow quiet, are revoked on the inevitable road to capitalist slavery. The last century of labor struggles in the United States provides a case study for proof of Luxemburg’s observation.</p><p>The political, cultural and judicial system in a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> state is centered around the protection of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property rights</a>. And, as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> pointed out, when civil government “is instituted for the security of property, [it] is in reality instituted for the defense of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.” The capitalist system is gamed from the start. And this makes Luxemburg extremely relevant as corporate capital, now freed from all constraints, reconfigures our global economy, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>’, into a ruthless form of <a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">neofeudalism</a>.</p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Chris Hedges</a>, "Reform or Revolution," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/reform_or_revolution_20160522">May 22, 2016</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A liberal will defend to the death your right to agree with her. Disagree with her, and she will call the police. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Peter Hitchens</a>, <i>The Broken Compass</i> (2009), p. ix</li></ul></li> <li>It is a false liberalism that interprets itself into the government operation of commercial <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>.  Every step of bureaucratizing of the business of our country poisons the very roots of liberalism -- that is, political <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">free assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">free press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equality of opportunity</a>.  It is the road not to more liberty, but to less liberty.  Liberalism should be found not striving to spread <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> but striving to set bounds to it.  True liberalism seeks all legitimate freedom first in the confident belief that without such freedom the pursuit of all other blessings and benefits is vain.  That belief is the foundation of all American progress, political as well as economic. Liberalism is a force truly of the spirit, a force proceeding from the deep realization that economic freedom cannot be sacrificed if political freedom is to be preserved.  Even if governmental conduct of business could give us more <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a> instead of less efficiency, the fundamental objection to it would remain unaltered and unabated.  It would destroy political equality.  It would increase rather than decrease abuse and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.  It would stifle initiative and invention.  It would undermine the development of leadership.  It would cramp and cripple the mental and spiritual energies of our people.  It would extinguish equality and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity" title="Opportunity">opportunity</a>.  It would dry up the spirit of liberty and progress.  For these reasons primarily it must be resisted.  For a hundred and fifty years liberalism has found its true spirit in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American system</a>, not in the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> systems. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/academics/research/faculty-research/new-deal/hoover-speeches/hh102228.htm">Campaign Speech</a>, 22 October 1928</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>A Liberal is one who seeks to secure for everyone the same rights, political, social or religious, which he claims for himself. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a>, quoted in Ian Bradley, <i>The Optimists: Themes and Personalities in Victorian Liberalism</i> (1980), p. 76</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>But the liberal deviseth liberal things; and by liberal things shall he stand. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 32:8, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" title="The Bible">The Bible</a></i> (King James Version)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Tarian:</i> A liberal is just the opposite of a conservative.<br /><i>Herrod:</i> (Entering, with drinks.) And a conservative is a liberal who just got mugged.<br /><i>Tarian:</i> Oh, Rex. Thanks. For the drinks and for the definition. But couldn't you also say <b>a liberal is a conservative who just got arrested</b>? <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFPeter_Kreeft1983">Peter Kreeft (1983-07-13). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=54BQMDus-4EC&pg=PA93">The Unaborted Socrates: A Dramatic Debate on the Issues Surrounding Abortion</a></i>. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity. p. 93.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unaborted+Socrates%3A+A+Dramatic+Debate+on+the+Issues+Surrounding+Abortion&rft.aulast=Peter+Kreeft&rft.au=Peter+Kreeft&rft.date=1983-07-13&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B93&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=Intervarsity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54BQMDus-4EC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liberalism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li>A liberal is one who says that it's all right for an 18-year-old girl to perform in a <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movie</a> as long as she gets paid the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a>, <i>Two Cheers for Capitalism</i> (1978)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>When then is liberalism correctly understood? Liberalism is not an exclusvely political term. It can be applied to a prison reform, to an economic order, to a theology. Within the political framework, the question is not (as in a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>) “Who should rule?” but “How should rule be exercised?” The reply is “Regardless of who rules—a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarch</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">majority</a>, or a benevolent <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictator</a>—governments should be exercised in such a way that each citizen enjoys the greatest amount of personal liberty.” The limit of liberty is obviously the common good. But, admittedly, the common good (material as well as immaterial) is not easily defined, for it rests on value judgments. Its definition is therefore always somewhat arbitrary. Speed limits curtail freedom in the interests of the common good. Is there a watertight case for forty, forty-five, or fifty miles an hour? Certainly not. ... Freedom is thus the only postulate of liberalism—of genuine liberalism. If, therefore, democracy is liberal, the life, the whims, the interests of the minority will be just as respected as those of the majority. Yet surely not only a democracy, but a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> (absolute or otherwise) or an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> (elitist) regime can be liberal. In fact, the affinity between democracy and liberalism is not at all greater than that between, say, monarchy and liberalism or a mixed government and liberalism. (People under the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> monarchy, which was not only symbolic but an effective mixed government, were not less free than those in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, to name only one example.) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a>, <i>Leftism Revisited</i> (1990), p. 21</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>[L]iberalism has been, in the last four centuries, the outstanding doctrine of Western Civilisation. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" class="extiw" title="w:Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>, <i>The Rise of European Liberalism: An Essay in Interpretation</i> [1936] (1962), p. 5</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">The world crisis</a> which began <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="extiw" title="w:Wall Street Crash of 1929">in 1929</a>, the longest ever known, caused people entirely unconnected with and even hostile to the <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" title="Labor movement">working-class movement</a> to speak of 'crisis' and even of the 'collapse of capitalism'. [...] Liberalism observed with horror that the actual course of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/world_development" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:world development">world development</a> ignored all its good advice. Today the doctrine of liberalism is practically dead, but, at least, its few remaining defenders can console themselves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_nationalism#Criticism" class="extiw" title="w:Economic nationalism">by noting</a> the disastrous effects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/economic_nationalism" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Laurat" title="Lucien Laurat">Lucien Laurat</a>, <i>Marxism and Democracy</i>, 1940, published by the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Book_Club" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a></i>, Victor Gollancz Ltd, London; translated by Edward Fitzgerald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/laurat/1940/marxism-democracy/index.htm">Text online</a> at the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>But then the inevitable reaction set in, sparked by the liberal curse of being able, however belatedly, to see both sides of any question. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>, <i>The Oldest Soldier,</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Scithers" class="extiw" title="w:George H. Scithers">George H. Scithers</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Schweitzer" class="extiw" title="w:Darrell Schweitzer">Darrell Schweitzer</a> (eds.) <i>Another Round at the Spaceport Bar,</i> p. 106. Originally appeared in <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a>, May 1960</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism itself is, on all matters connected with Church and Education, only a kind of corporate and 'respectable' ungodliness. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddon" title="Henry Liddon">Henry Liddon</a>, letter to C. T. Redington (January 13, 1879), in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Johnston_(priest)" class="extiw" title="w:John Johnston (priest)">John Octavius Johnston</a>, <i>Life and Letters of Henry Parry Liddon</i> (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1904), p. 229</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> liberalism broke with <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> in many if not most respects. Progressives wanted <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_planning" class="extiw" title="w:Economic planning">economic planning</a>. By the 1940s, New Dealers dropped planning for <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a>. Most progressives were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism" class="extiw" title="w:Nativism">nativists</a> who supported immigration restriction on ethnic or cultural grounds. New Deal liberals celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> and liberalized <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">American immigration</a> laws in the <a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> resegegrated <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" class="extiw" title="w:Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" class="extiw" title="w:Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> created <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and Johnson created <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="w:Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>. Wilson opposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_health_insurance" class="extiw" title="w:national health insurance">national health insurance</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lind" class="extiw" title="w:Michael Lind">Michael Lind</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2010/04/06/glenn_beck_s_historians/">Glenn Beck’s partisan historians</a>", Salon, Apr 6, 2010</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As to the having and possessing of things, teach them to part with what they have, easily and freely to their friends, and let them find by experience that the most <i>liberal</i> has always the most plenty, with esteem and commendation to boot, and they will quickly learn to practise it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke#Some_Thoughts_Concerning_Education_.281693.29" title="John Locke"><i>Some Thoughts Concerning Education</i></a> (1693) Sec. 110</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covetousness" title="Covetousness">Covetousness</a>, and the desire of having in our possession, and under our dominion, more than we have need of, being the root of all <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, should be early and carefully weeded out, and the contrary quality of a readiness to impart to others, implanted. This should be encourag'd by great commendation and credit, and constantly taking care that he loses nothing by his <i>liberality</i>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <i>Some Thoughts Concerning Education</i> (1693) Sec. 110</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Let him sensibly perceive, that the kindness he shews to others, is no ill <a href="/wiki/Husbandry" title="Husbandry">husbandry</a> for himself; but that it brings a return in kindness both from those that receive it, and those who look on. Make this a contest among children, who shall out-do one another in this way: and by this means, by a constant practise, children having made it easy to themselves to part with what they have, good nature may be settled in them into a habit, and they may take pleasure, and pique themselves in being <i>kind, liberal and civil</i>, to others. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <i>Some Thoughts Concerning Education</i> (1693) Sec. 110</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Liberalism rejects <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> struggle and stands for unprincipled peace, thus giving rise to a decadent, <a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistine</a> attitude. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, "Combat Liberalism" (1937)</li></ul></li> <li>Liberalism, as a set of ideals, is still viable, and even compelling to Western men. That is one reason why it has become a common denominator of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American political rhetoric</a>; but there is another reason. The ideals of liberalism have been divorced from any realities of modern social structure that might serve as the means of their realization. Everybody can easily agree on general ends; it is more difficult to agree on means and the relevance of various means to the ends articulated. The detachment of liberalism from the facts of a going society make it an excellent mask for those who do not, cannot, or will not do what would have to be done to realize its ideals. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a>, "Liberal Values in the Modern World"</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The project of liberalism in the broadest sense is to ensure personal liberty. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Milstein" title="Cindy Milstein">Cindy Milstein</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Anarchism_and_Its_Aspirations/FQLRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en-419&gbpv=1&pg=PA13">Anarchism and Its Aspirations</a></i>. AK Press. 1 May 2010. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-029-7">ISBN 978-1-84935-029-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Its+Aspirations&rft.date=1+May+2010&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B13&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-84935-029-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FAnarchism_and_Its_Aspirations%2FFQLRDgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den-419%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Liberalism"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Let's run it on down. White males are most responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">destruction of human life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environment</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">the planet</a> today. Yet who is controlling the supposed <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> to change all that? White males (yes, yes, even with their pasty fingers back in black and brown pies again). It just could make one a bit uneasy. It seems obvious that a legitimate revolution must be led by, made by those who have been most oppressed: black, brown, and white <a href="/wiki/Women" title="Women">women</a>–with men relating to that as best they can. A genuine Left doesn't consider anyone's suffering irrelevant, or titillating; nor does it function as a microcosm of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> economy, with men competing for power and status at the top, and women doing all the work at the bottom (and functioning as objectified prizes or "coin" as well). Goodbye to all that. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a>, "Goodbye to All That" (1970) in <i>Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist</i> (1977), p 123</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Define it as we may, faith in <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> has been the mainspring of Liberalism in all its schools and branches. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">John Morley</a>, 'Democracy and Reaction', <i>Miscellanies: Fourth Series</i> (1908), p. 293</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Respect for the dignity and worth of the individual is its root. It stands for pursuit of social good against class interest or dynastic interest. It stands for the subjection to human judgment of all claims of external <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, whether in an <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organised Church</a>, or in more loosely gathered societies of believers, or in books held sacred. In law-making it does not neglect the higher characteristics of human nature, it attends to them first. In executive administration, though <a href="/wiki/Judgment" title="Judgment">judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Jail">gaoler</a>, and perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">hangman</a> will be indispensable, still mercy is counted a wise supplement to terror. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn" title="John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn">John Morley</a>, <i>Recollections: Volume I</i> (1917), p. 21</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism cannot be defined in the abstract in any helpful way. Liberalism in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> can best be defined in terms of specific issues. Political liberalism should also be defined in terms of objectives. A major objective is the protection of the economic weak and doing it within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private-property</a> economy. The liberal, emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">property rights</a> of the individual, insists that the individual must remain so supreme as to make the state his servant. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Morse" class="extiw" title="w:Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a>, U.S. senator, <i>New Republic</i> (22 July 1946)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Now by Liberalism I mean false liberty of thought, or the exercise of thought upon matters, in which, from the constitution of the human mind, thought cannot be brought to any successful issue, and therefore is out of place. Among such matters are first principles of whatever kind; and of these the most sacred and momentous are especially to be reckoned the truths of Revelation. Liberalism then is the mistake of subjecting to human judgment those revealed doctrines which are in their nature beyond and independent of it, and of claiming to determine on intrinsic grounds the truth and value of propositions which rest for their reception simply on the external authority of the Divine Word. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, Note A, ‘Liberalism’ (1865), quoted in Newman, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" class="extiw" title="w:Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a></i>, ed. Martin J. Svaglic (1967), pp. 255–56</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> was led to <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> by a government of former <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> pursuing liberal policy. This example strengthens the conviction that in fact there is no such thing as a liberal: a liberal is nothing more than a communist with a <a href="/wiki/Universities" title="Universities">university</a> degree. If we had taken their advice, right now Hungary would be in the intensive care ward, with the tubes of <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> credit attached to every limb. And the fingers on the valves regulating the flow of credit would belong to <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>. This is no exaggeration. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmx.news/article/article/full-transcript-viktor-orban-s-2020-state-of-the-nation-speech">State of the Nation speech</a> (2020)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Too many well-meaning liberals are clinging with ten fingernails to the idea that their institutions are robust enough to withstand <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. They believe, because the belief is soothing, that the marketplace of ideas cares about the value, durability, and quality of its wares rather than how shiny the packaging is, how catchy the jingle, how many times it shows up in your peripheral brand awareness until it’s the one you reach for on the shelf. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Penny" title="Laurie Penny">Laurie Penny</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longreads.com/2018/09/18/no-i-will-not-debate-you/">No, I Will Not Debate You</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Moderate liberalism cherishes the idea of “civility” because it allows it to believe in its own goodness and relevance. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Penny" title="Laurie Penny">Laurie Penny</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longreads.com/2018/09/18/no-i-will-not-debate-you/">No, I Will Not Debate You</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequalities</a> are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Political_Liberalism">Political Liberalism</a>, p. 6</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png/220px-Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png/330px-Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png/440px-Cropped-big-brother-is-watching-1984.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Liberalism, however, means "the state for itself, and every man for himself." That is a formula impossible to follow unless one is willing to take the liberal course, which is to say one thing while being dead set against its opposite, but in the end to let the opposite take over anyway. ~ <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberals</a>, it was like trying to grab <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">quicksilver</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/alex-salmond-the-new-king-of-scotland-889764.html">Alex Salmond: The new king of Scotland</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:The Independent">The Independent</a></i> (9 August 2008)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The essence of liberalism is negotiation, a cautious half measure, in the hopes that the definitive dispute, the decisive bloody battle, can be transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary debate</a> and permit the decision to be suspended forever in an everlasting <a href="/wiki/Discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Discussion">discussion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> is the opposite of discussion. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, <i>Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty</i> (1985), translated by George Schwab, Chicago: University of Chicago Press</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I have yet to meet a liberal who can withstand the attrition of prolonged discussion of the inessentials. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sharpe" title="Tom Sharpe">Tom Sharpe</a>, <i>Porterhouse Blue</i> (1974)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It is an inevitable mark of what the late Sir <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edwyn_Hoskyns,_13th_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir Edwyn Hoskyns, 13th Baronet">Edwyn Hoskyns</a> used to call the ‘tyranny of liberalism’ that the liberal is not only convinced that he is right; he is also convinced that other people secretly agree with him—how could they do otherwise?—and are only restrained from saying so by unworthy motives arising from worldly prudence, material interest, and so forth. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Smyth_(priest)" class="extiw" title="w:Charles Smyth (priest)">C. H. Smyth</a>, 'The Importance of Church Attendance' in <i>The Recall to Religion</i> (1937), p. 120</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Among the political attitudes that prevail in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> today, only <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> has the potentiality of inner value and integrity. <b>Liberalism is for the simple-minded, for those who like to chat a great deal about things they can never achieve.</b> That is how we <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> are; we cannot possibly be like the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, we can only be caricatures of them—and that we have been often enough. Every man for himself: that is an English idea. Every man for every other man: that is the Prussian way. Liberalism, however, means "the state for itself, and every man for himself." That is a formula impossible to follow unless one is willing to take the liberal course, which is to say one thing while being dead set against its opposite, but in the end to let the opposite take over anyway.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.alphalink.com.au/~radnat/spengler/prussianism.html">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> 1919, translated by Donald O. White</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>We must face the fact that, though the free <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and the spirit of community are at once the goal and an essential means, they may be not only ineffectual but actually harmful, unless they are combined with a full measure of that hot indignation against <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>, that devoted service in the struggle for the new order, which is characteristic of the best minds of the political <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a>. On the other hand, the political Left, if it is to capture the imagination and allegiance of the people of this country and sweep them forward to victory, must, I believe, learn a more liberal spirit. I mean, of course, liberal not in the political but in the cultural sense, namely, loyalty to the free critical intelligence and respect for the human individual. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>, <i>Philosophy and Living</i> (1939)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Liberalism only works when citizens see and treat each other as individuals with equal value and rights regardless of their <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race" class="mw-disambig" title="Race">skin color</a>. The famous dream of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King</a> seems almost painfully antiquated these days. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Totten" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Michael Totten">Michael Totten</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/new-socialist-realists-14833.html">"The New Socialist Realists"</a> (4 November 2016), <i>City Journal</i></li></ul></li> <li>As Part IV of this book will chart, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">financial and economic crisis of 2007–2012</a> morphed between 2013 and 2017 into a comprehensive political and geopolitical crisis of the post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">cold war</a> order. And the obvious political implication should not be dodged. <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> might have been disastrous as a crisis-fighting doctrine, but events since 2012 suggest that the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> liberalism was false too. As the remarkable escalation of the debate about <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> has starkly exposed, centrist liberals struggle to give convincing answers for the long-term problems of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. The crisis added to those preexisting tensions of increasing <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenfranchisement" class="extiw" title="w:Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a>, and the dramatic crisis-fighting measures adopted since 2008, for all their short-term effectiveness, have their own, negative side effects. On that score the conservatives were right. Meanwhile, the geopolitical challenges thrown up, not by the violent turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> or “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" class="extiw" title="w:Slavs">Slavic</a>” backwardness but by the successful advance of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, have not gone away. They have intensified. And though the “Western alliance” is still in being, it is increasingly uncoordinated. In 2014 <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> lurched toward confrontation with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. And the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>—the colossus that “does not do geopolitics”—“sleepwalked” into <a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">conflict with Russia</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Meanwhile, in the wake of the botched handling of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone_crisis" class="extiw" title="w:Eurozone crisis">eurozone crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> witnessed a dramatic mobilization on both Left and Right. But rather than being taken as an expression of the vitality of European democracy in the face of deplorable governmental failure, however disagreeable that expression may in some cases be, the new politics of the postcrisis period were demonized as “<a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>,” tarred with the brush of the 1930s or attributed to the malign influence of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The forces of the status quo gathered in the Eurogroup set out to contain and then to neutralize the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> governments elected in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 2015. Backed up by the newly enhanced powers of the fully activated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank" class="extiw" title="w:European Central Bank">ECB</a>, this left no doubt about the robustness of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">eurozone</a>. All the more pressing were the questions about the limits of democracy in the EU and its lopsidedness. Against the Left, preying on its reasonableness, the brutal tactics of containment did their job. Against the Right they did not, as <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> were to prove. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Tooze" class="extiw" title="w:Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> <i>Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World</i> (2018)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The key-note of all Liberalism [is] the paramount and unlimited authority of popular control. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" class="extiw" title="w:Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">George Trevelyan</a>, lecture (1871), quoted in Brian Harrison, <i>Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815–1872</i> (1971), p. 249</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Liberalism is the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> for our time, because it does not try to conserve every <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> of the past, because it does not apply to new problems the old doctrinaire solutions, because it is prepared to experiment and innovate and because it knows that the past is less important than the future. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>, Defining liberalism at the 1968 Liberal leadership convention, as quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070418135603/http://www.liberal.ca/pdf/docs/070417_lpc_history_en.pdf">"History of the Liberal Party of Canada" (PDF at the Liberal Party website)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>The Citizens of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> have a right to applaud themselves for having given to mankind examples of an enlarged and liberal policy: a policy worthy of imitation.</b> All possess alike <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of conscience">liberty of conscience</a> and immunities of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>. It is now no more that <a href="/wiki/Tolerance" title="Tolerance">toleration</a> is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class of people, that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>. <b>For happily the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">Government of the United States</a>, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens, in giving it on all occasions their effectual support.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135">From George Washington to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Rhode Island, 18 August 1790</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>I never use the words <a href="/wiki/Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrats">Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicans">Republicans</a>. It's liberals and <a href="/wiki/Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans">Americans</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Watt" title="James G. Watt">James G. Watt</a>, in a statement of November 1981, quoted in <i>New York Times</i> (10 October 1983); also quoted in <i>Energy and Environment : The Unfinished Business</i> (1986) by Congressional Quarterly, Inc., p. 91</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>It only takes 20 years for a liberal to become a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> without changing a single idea. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illuminati_Papers" class="extiw" title="w:The Illuminati Papers">The Illuminati Papers</a></i> (1980), p. 111</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>What bothers me about today's "liberals" is this: through the ages, those called liberal fought to take the power away from the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperors">emperors</a> and to give it to the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliaments</a>; now it is the "liberals" who are anxious to give more and more power to the executive, at the expense of the legislative branch. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a>, <i>Yankee from the West</i> (1962), chapter 19, p. 428</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal economy">Liberal economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4" align="center" colspan="3"><b>Social and political philosophy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Ideologies</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocratic Radicalism</a></i><small> (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Brandes</a>...)</small> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a> ⦿ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism" class="extiw" title="w:Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Aflaq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">al-Assad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Hussein</a>)</small> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> ⦿ (Neo-)<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Constitutions" title="Constitutions">Constitutionalism</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <small>(• <i><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamo-</a></i> • <a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Eco-</a> • <a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a>...)</small> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a>...)</small> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Formalism</a></i><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">(Neo-)</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cameralism" class="extiw" title="w:cameralism">cameralism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Freudo-Marxism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafism</a><b>/</b><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International_Theory" class="extiw" title="w:Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Legalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninism">Leninism</a><b>/</b><i><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></i> ⦿ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche" class="extiw" title="w:Juche">Juche</a> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong Il</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong Un</a>...)</small> ⦿ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Maoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mohism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Straussianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping thought</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></i> <small>(• <a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a>...)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Modalities</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutism" title="Absolutism">Absolutism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Heteronomy" title="Heteronomy">Heteronomy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liberalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarianism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Particularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Particularism">Particularism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalism">Traditionalism</a> <b>vs.</b> <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a><b>/</b><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Concepts</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alienation" title="Alienation">Alienation</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Francis" title="Samuel T. Francis">Anarcho-tyranny</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Anomie</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest's Laws of Politics</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Equality" title="Equality">Equality</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Iron law of oligarchy</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Norms">Norms</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Obedience" title="Obedience">Obedience</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Pluralism" title="Pluralism">Pluralism</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" title="Robert A. Dahl"><i>Polyarchy</i></a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">Power</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Revolt" title="Revolt">Revolt</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">Social inequality</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/State" title="State">State</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Tocqueville_effect" title="Tocqueville effect">Tocqueville effect</a> ⦿ <i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Totalitarian democracy</a></i> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E4F2E4">Government</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> ⦿ <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-65bf7dbd64-kmlxc","wgBackendResponseTime":140,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.099","walltime":"0.141","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1564,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":13043,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3239,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":3,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 34.481 1 -total"," 73.65% 25.394 2 Template:Cite_book"," 67.99% 23.444 2 Template:Citation/core"," 36.07% 12.438 1 Template:ISBN"," 7.00% 2.415 1 Template:Wikipedia"," 6.70% 2.312 2 Template:Link"," 5.97% 2.057 13 Template:W"," 3.96% 1.364 1 Template:Main_other"," 3.81% 1.313 1 Template:Social_and_political_philosophy"," 3.54% 1.220 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-22T19:34:20Z","dateModified":"2025-02-21T03:54:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Li-ber-ty.jpg","headline":"political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality"}</script> </body> </html>