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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American law professor (born 1952)</div> <p><b>James Lindgren</b> (born 1952) is a professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. Born in 1952 in <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>, Lindgren graduated from <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> (1974, <a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> (1977), where he was an editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_Review" title="University of Chicago Law Review">University of Chicago Law Review</a></i>. He received his Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Chicago in 2009. </p><p>After two years of private practice in estate planning and litigation in Chicago, Lindgren became a Project Director at the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Foundation" title="American Bar Foundation">American Bar Foundation</a>, a think tank specializing in Law & Society. Before coming to the Northwestern faculty in 1996, Lindgren taught at several law schools, including the Universities of Connecticut, Virginia, Texas, and Chicago, and Chicago Kent College of Law. Lindgren has published in most major law reviews, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a></i> and the <i>Harvard, Columbia, Stanford, California, Northwestern, Georgetown, UCLA, University of Pennsylvania</i>, and <i>University of Chicago Law Reviews</i>. </p><p>Lindgren's work spans a broad range of fields, though the majority of his recent work involves empirical research, public opinion, viewpoint diversity, estates, probate, aging, or retirement. His articles, <i>Counting Guns in Early America</i> and <i>Fall from Grace</i>, both of which involve detailed analyses of the physical culture of early America as revealed in probate records, are among the most downloaded law review articles ever published. His historical and doctrinal work on <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> was adopted by the Supreme Court in <i>United States v. Evans</i> (1992), which held that bribery behavior could be punished as extortion under the federal <a href="/wiki/Hobbs_Act" title="Hobbs Act">Hobbs Act</a>. Lindgren is a cofounder of the Section on Scholarship of the Association of American Law Schools and a former chair of its Section on Social Science and the Law. </p><p>Lindgren was a leading critic and investigator of charges of scholarly impropriety against pro-gun-control scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bellesiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bellesiles">Michael Bellesiles</a>, who eventually resigned<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had his <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Prize" title="Bancroft Prize">Bancroft Prize</a> rescinded.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later he investigated charges about a single-sentence claim in anti-gun-control scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Lott_(political_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lott (political activist)">John Lott</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/More_Guns,_Less_Crime" title="More Guns, Less Crime">More Guns, Less Crime</a></i>, concluding that Lott's behavior was "troubling".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lindgren blogs at the weblog <i><a href="/wiki/The_Volokh_Conspiracy" title="The Volokh Conspiracy">The Volokh Conspiracy</a></i>, where he primarily blogs about politics from a libertarian perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lindgren has long supported abortion rights and legally recognizing same-sex marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-RealClearPolitics_2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RealClearPolitics_2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>James Lindgren's work on extortion laws was cited by the United States Supreme Court in Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255 <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the Court said "[a]s we explained above, our construction of the statute is informed by the common law tradition from which the term of art was drawn and understood. We hold today that the Government need only show that a public official has obtained a payment to which he was not entitled, knowing that the payment was made in return for official acts." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lindgren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309121309/http://www.news.emory.edu/Releases/bellesiles1035563546.html">"Michael Bellesiles Resigns from Emory Faculty"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>. October 25, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.emory.edu/Releases/bellesiles1035563546.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Michael+Bellesiles+Resigns+from+Emory+Faculty&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft.date=2002-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.emory.edu%2FReleases%2Fbellesiles1035563546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Lindgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/1157.html">"The Bancroft and Bellesiles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a>. December 14, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bancroft+and+Bellesiles&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2002-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F1157.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Lindgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040205085332/http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~lambert/guns/lindgren.html">James Lindgren, Comments on John R. Lott, 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volokh.com/author/jim/">Volokh Conspiracy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RealClearPolitics_2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RealClearPolitics_2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2014/04/22/freedom_to_marry_freedom_to_dissent_why_we_must_have_both_122376.html">"Freedom to Marry, Freedom to Dissent: Why We Must Have Both"</a>. <i>RealClearPolitics</i>. 2014-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RealClearPolitics&rft.atitle=Freedom+to+Marry%2C+Freedom+to+Dissent%3A+Why+We+Must+Have+Both&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearpolitics.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F04%2F22%2Ffreedom_to_marry_freedom_to_dissent_why_we_must_have_both_122376.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Lindgren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/504/255.html,">Evans v. United States, 504 U.S. 255</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Lindgren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091212171536/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/faculty/profiles/JamesLindgren/">Northwestern website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=692421"><i>Fall From Grace: Arming America and the Bellesiles Scandal</i>, <i>Yale Law Journal</i> (2002)</a> − the final version of the 56-page review documenting problems with <i>Arming America</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=268583"><i>Counting Guns in Early America, Wm. & Mary Law Review</i> (2002)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com">The Volokh Conspiracy</a>, a group weblog to which Lindgren contributes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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