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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="كيراس (مكتبة شبكات عصبونية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيراس (مكتبة شبكات عصبونية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="کراس (واسط نرم‌افزاری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کراس (واسط نرم‌افزاری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="케라스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케라스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keras" title="Keras – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Keras" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28470421#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neural network library</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Keras</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Keras_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Keras_logo.svg/250px-Keras_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Keras_logo.svg/330px-Keras_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Keras_logo.svg/500px-Keras_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chollet" title="François Chollet">François Chollet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ONEIROS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">27 March 2015<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-03-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.8.0<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-78e218d6c099cadc101e60291a68735ca677ba38-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-78e218d6c099cadc101e60291a68735ca677ba38-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 7 January 2025<span class="noprint">; 2 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">7 January 2025</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/keras-team/keras">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/keras-team<wbr />/keras</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28470421#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Frontend for <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Google JAX">JAX</a> or <a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a> (and more)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/">keras<wbr />.io</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28470421?uselang=en#P856" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Keras</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a> that provides a <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">artificial neural networks</a>. Keras was first independent software, then integrated into the <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>, and later supporting more. "Keras 3 is a full rewrite of Keras [and can be used] as a low-level cross-framework language to develop custom components such as layers, models, or metrics that can be used in native workflows in JAX, TensorFlow, or PyTorch — with one codebase."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keras 3 will be the default Keras version for TensorFlow 2.16 onwards, but Keras 2 can still be used.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keras&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name 'Keras' derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:κέρας">κέρας</a> (Keras) meaning 'horn'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Designed to enable fast experimentation with <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep neural networks</a>, Keras focuses on being user-friendly, <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">extensible</a>. It was developed as part of the research effort of project ONEIROS (Open-ended Neuro-Electronic Intelligent Robot Operating System),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its primary author and maintainer is <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chollet" title="François Chollet">François Chollet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> engineer. Chollet is also the author of the <a href="/wiki/Xception" class="mw-redirect" title="Xception">Xception</a> deep neural network model.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up until version 2.3, Keras supported multiple <a href="/wiki/Frontend_and_backend" title="Frontend and backend">backends</a>, including TensorFlow, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PlaidML" title="PlaidML">PlaidML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-why-keras_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-keras-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of version 2.4, only TensorFlow was supported. Starting with version 3.0 (as well as its preview version, Keras Core), however, Keras has become multi-backend again, supporting <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Google JAX">JAX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It now also supports <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenVINO!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenVINO! (page does not exist)">OpenVINO!</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keras&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Keras contains numerous implementations of commonly used neural-network building blocks such as layers, <a href="/wiki/Objective_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective function">objectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">activation functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">optimizers</a>, and a host of tools for working with image and text data to simplify programming in deep neural network area.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code is hosted on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, and community support forums include the GitHub issues page, and a <a href="/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software)">Slack</a> channel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to standard neural networks, Keras has support for <a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Convolutional neural networks">convolutional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurrent neural networks">recurrent neural networks</a>. It supports other common utility layers like <a href="/wiki/Dropout_(neural_networks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropout (neural networks)">dropout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">batch normalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pooling_(neural_networks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pooling (neural networks)">pooling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keras allows users to produce deep models on smartphones (<a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>), on the web, or on the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Virtual Machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-why-keras_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-keras-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also allows use of distributed training of deep-learning models on clusters of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing units (GPU)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tensor_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor processing unit">tensor processing units (TPU)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keras&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_deep-learning_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of deep-learning software">Comparison of deep-learning software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keras&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-78e218d6c099cadc101e60291a68735ca677ba38-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-78e218d6c099cadc101e60291a68735ca677ba38-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/keras-team/keras/releases/tag/v3.8.0">"Release 3.8.0"</a>. 7 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+3.8.0&rft.date=2025-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fkeras-team%2Fkeras%2Freleases%2Ftag%2Fv3.8.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/keras_3/">"Keras: Deep Learning for humans"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keras.io&rft.atitle=Keras%3A+Deep+Learning+for+humans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeras.io%2Fkeras_3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.tensorflow.org/2024/03/whats-new-in-tensorflow-216.html">"What's new in TensorFlow 2.16"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+new+in+TensorFlow+2.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.tensorflow.org%2F2024%2F03%2Fwhats-new-in-tensorflow-216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeam" class="citation web cs1">Team, Keras. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/about/">"Keras documentation: About Keras 3"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keras.io&rft.atitle=Keras+documentation%3A+About+Keras+3&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Keras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeras.io%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/#why-this-name-keras">"Keras Documentation"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keras.io&rft.atitle=Keras+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeras.io%2F%23why-this-name-keras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChollet2016" class="citation arxiv cs1">Chollet, François (2016). "Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02357">1610.02357</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CV">cs.CV</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Xception%3A+Deep+Learning+with+Depthwise+Separable+Convolutions&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1610.02357&rft.aulast=Chollet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/backend/">"Keras backends"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keras.io&rft.atitle=Keras+backends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeras.io%2Fbackend%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-why-keras-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-why-keras_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-why-keras_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/why-use-keras/">"Why use Keras?"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Keras.io&rft.atitle=Introducing+Keras+Core%3A+Keras+for+TensorFlow%2C+JAX%2C+and+PyTorch.&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Chollet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Usui%2C+Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeras.io%2Fkeras_core%2Fannouncement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiaramellaCiaramella2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ciaramella" title="Alberto Ciaramella">Ciaramella, Alberto</a>; Ciaramella, Marco (2024). <i>Introduction to Artificial Intelligence: from data analysis to generative AI</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788894787603" title="Special:BookSources/9788894787603"><bdi>9788894787603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Artificial+Intelligence%3A+from+data+analysis+to+generative+AI&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9788894787603&rft.aulast=Ciaramella&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft.au=Ciaramella%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKeras" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keras.io/layers/core/">"Core - Keras Documentation"</a>. <i>keras.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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