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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Greece and Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Western tradition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Western_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Western tradition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Western_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecclesiasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecclesiasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ecclesiasticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecclesiasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architects,_surveyors_and_professional_engineers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architects,_surveyors_and_professional_engineers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Architects, surveyors and professional engineers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architects,_surveyors_and_professional_engineers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custom_houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custom_houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Custom houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custom_houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signet_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signet_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Signet rings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signet_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_tamper-proofing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_tamper-proofing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Modern tamper-proofing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_tamper-proofing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurative_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurative_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Figurative uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Figurative_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Figurative uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Figurative_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Approval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seal (emblem)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel" title="Siegel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siegel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85" title="ختم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ختم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0_(%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0)" title="মোহর (সীলমোহর) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মোহর (সীলমোহর)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Пячатка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пячатка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Печат (приспособление) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Печат (приспособление)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Dat" title="Pečat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pečat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segell_(autenticaci%C3%B3)" title="Segell (autenticació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segell (autenticació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%A5" title="Pečeť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pečeť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segl_(m%C3%A6rke)" title="Segl (mærke) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Segl (mærke)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel" title="Siegel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siegel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsat" title="Pitsat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pitsat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Σφραγίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφραγίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sello_(cu%C3%B1o)" title="Sello (cuño) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sello (cuño)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigelo" title="Sigelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sigelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigilu_(egiaztagiria)" title="Zigilu (egiaztagiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zigilu (egiaztagiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA)" title="مهر (علامت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهر (علامت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceau" title="Sceau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sceau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ala_(suaitheantas)" title="Séala (suaitheantas) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séala (suaitheantas)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seula" title="Seula – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seula" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%A5" title="도장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Հավաստագրման կնիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավաստագրման կնիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9)" title="मोहर (चिन्ह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोहर (चिन्ह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Dat" title="Pečat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pečat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap" title="Cap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsigli" title="Innsigli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Innsigli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigillo" title="Sigillo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sigillo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%9D" title="חותם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חותם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಮುದ್ರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುದ್ರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Мөр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мөр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Мөөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мөөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABmogs" title="Zīmogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīmogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antspaudas" title="Antspaudas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antspaudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Kasɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kasɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecs%C3%A9t" title="Pecsét – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pecsét" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap" title="Cap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тамга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegel_(waarmerk)" title="Zegel (waarmerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zegel (waarmerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AB%A0" title="印章 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="印章" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segl" title="Segl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Segl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigill" title="Sigill – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sigill" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sag%C3%A8th" title="Sagèth – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sagèth" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhr_(bosma_shakl)" title="Muhr (bosma shakl) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhr (bosma shakl)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9)" title="ਮੋਹਰ (ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਹਰ (ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%B1" title="مہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecz%C4%99%C4%87" title="Pieczęć – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieczęć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinete" title="Sinete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigiliu" title="Sigiliu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sigiliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Удостоверяющая печать – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удостоверяющая печать" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vula" title="Vula – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(device)" title="Seal (device) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seal (device)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Da%C5%A5" title="Pečať – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pečať" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Dat" title="Pečat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pečat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Печат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Печат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Dat" title="Pečat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pečat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinetti" title="Sinetti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigill" title="Sigill – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sigill" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCh%C3%BCr" title="Mühür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mühür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гербова печатка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гербова печатка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sezi%C5%82o_(ojeto)" title="Seziło (ojeto) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Seziło (ojeto)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_d%E1%BA%A5u" title="Con dấu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con dấu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AB%A0" title="印章 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印章" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="זיגל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%A0" title="圖章 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖章" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device for making an impression in wax or other medium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Seal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Seal (disambiguation)">Seal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_(big).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg/240px-Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg/360px-Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg/480px-Seal_of_N%C3%A1chod_town_from_1570_%28big%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2369" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Town seal (matrix) of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1chod" title="Náchod">Náchod</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>) from 1570</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg/240px-Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg/360px-Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg/480px-Late_bronze_age_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5125" data-file-height="4696" /></a><figcaption>Present-day impression of a <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> seal</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>seal</b> is a device for making an impression in <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, or some other medium, including an <a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">embossment on paper</a>, and is also the impression thus made. The original purpose was to authenticate a document, or to prevent interference with a package or envelope by applying a seal which had to be broken to open the container (hence the modern English verb "to seal", which implies secure closing without an actual wax seal). </p><p>The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal <i>matrix</i> or <i>die</i>; the imprint it creates as the <b>seal impression</b> (or, more rarely, the <i>sealing</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the impression is made purely as a relief resulting from the greater pressure on the paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a <i>dry seal</i>; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper. </p><p>In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (sculpture)">intaglio</a> (cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> (raised above the surface). The design on the impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design, as it very often is. This will not be the case if paper is embossed from behind, where the matrix and impression read the same way, and both matrix and impression are in relief. However <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraved gems">engraved gems</a> were often carved in relief, called <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> in this context, giving a "counter-relief" or intaglio impression when used as seals. The process is essentially that of a <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mould</a>. </p><p>Most seals have always given a single impression on an essentially flat surface, but in medieval Europe two-sided seals with two matrices were often used by institutions or rulers (such as towns, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and kings) to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a "tag", a piece of ribbon or strip of <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, running through them. These "pendent" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way). </p><p>Some jurisdictions consider <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">rubber stamps</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or specified signature-accompanying words such as "seal" or "L.S." (abbreviation of <i>locus sigilli</i>, "place of the seal") to be the legal equivalent of, <i>i.e.</i>, an equally effective substitute for, a seal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the word "seal" is sometimes assigned to a <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of the seal design (in monochrome or color), which may be used in a variety of contexts including architectural settings, on <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a>, or on official <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterheads</a>. Thus, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>, among other uses, appears on the reverse of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">one-dollar bill</a>; and several of the <a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Seals of the U.S. states">seals of the U.S. states</a> appear on their respective <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the U.S. states">state flags</a>. In Europe, although <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">heraldic badges</a> may well feature in such contexts as well as on seals, the seal design in its entirety rarely appears as a graphical emblem and is used mainly as originally intended: as an impression on documents. </p><p>The study of seals is known as <a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">sigillography</a> or sphragistics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_seals_and_sealing_practices" title="Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices">Ancient Near Eastern seals and sealing practices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg/220px-Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg/330px-Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg/440px-Scarab%C3%A9e_-_cachet_-_1700-1550_av._J.-C._-_J%C3%A9richo_palais_-_Louvre_-_AO_17132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A stamp seal and its impression.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">Stamp seal</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal" title="Stamp seal">stamp seal</a> was a common seal die, frequently carved from stone, known at least since the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownFeldman2013304_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFeldman2013304-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and probably earlier. The oldest stamp seals were button-shaped objects with primitive ornamental forms chiseled onto them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Palma201521_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Palma201521-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg/350px-Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg/525px-Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg/700px-Cylinder_seal_Shamash_Louvre_AO9132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> limestone <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> and the impression made by it—worship of <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seals were used in the earliest civilizations and are of considerable importance in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> carved or engraved <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> in stone or other materials were used. These could be rolled along to create an impression on clay (which could be repeated indefinitely), and used as labels on consignments of trade goods, or for other purposes. They are normally hollow and it is presumed that they were worn on a string or chain round the neck. Many have only images, often very finely carved, with no writing, while others have both. From <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> seals in the form of <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring">signet rings</a>, including some with the names of kings, have been found; these tend to show only names in <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphics">hieroglyphics</a>. </p><p>Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> seals datable to the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite">Himyarite</a> age have come to light in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>. One example shows a name written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (Yitsḥaq bar Ḥanina) engraved in reverse so as to read correctly in the impression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Greece_and_Rome">Ancient Greece and Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece and Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22seals%22+antiquity">"seals" antiquity</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22seals%22+antiquity+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22seals%22+antiquity&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22seals%22+antiquity+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22seals%22+antiquity">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22seals%22+antiquity&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Middle Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Minoan">Early Minoan</a> age these were formed of soft stone and ivory and show particular characteristic forms. By the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Minoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Minoan">Middle Minoan</a> age a new set for seal forms, motifs and materials appear. Hard stone requires new rotary carving techniques. The <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued into the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a>, Classical and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> periods, in the form of pictorial <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraved gems">engraved gems</a>. These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI of Pontus</a> the first major collector according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. His collection fell as booty to <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a>, who deposited it in a temple in Rome. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. Pliny also explained the significance of the signet ring, and how over time this ring was worn on the little finger.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal (East Asia)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:271px;max-width:271px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_(1_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg/269px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg/404px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg/538px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%281_of_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1510" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Front</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_(3_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg/215px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg/323px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg/430px-Royal_Seal_with_Knob_in_the_Form_of_a_Turtle_LACMA_M.2000.15.187_%283_of_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Inscription</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Joseon-era Korean royal seal with knob in the form of a turtle, late 16th-17th century, cast bronze with gilding, 6.98 x 15.24 x 15.24 cm, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a> (US)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg/130px-Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption><span lang="zh">徐永裕印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xú Yǒngyù yìn</span></i>, rotating character seal of Xú Yǒngyù</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg/220px-PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg/330px-PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg/440px-PRC-Stamp-Demo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration of the use of a standardized seal (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">公章</span>) (red colour) for organizations in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Known as <i>yinzhang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">印章</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a>, <i>injang</i> in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <i>inshō</i> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <i>ấn triện</i> (or <i>ấn chương</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, seals have been used in East Asia as a form of written identification since the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221 BC–). The seals of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> were impressed in a soft clay, but from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> a red ink made from <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> was normally used.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signatures</a> to <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> official documents or financial transactions. Both individuals and organizations have official seals, and they often have multiple seals in different sizes and styles for different situations. East Asian seals usually bear the names of the people or organizations represented, but they can also bear poems or personal mottoes. Sometimes both types of seals, or large seals that bear both names and mottoes, are used to authenticate official documents. Seals are so important in East Asia that foreigners who frequently conduct business there also commission the engraving of personal seals. </p><p>East Asian seals are carved from a variety of hard materials, including wood, soapstone, sea glass and jade. East Asian seals are traditionally used with a red oil-based paste consisting of finely ground cinnabar, which contrasts with the black ink traditionally used for the <a href="/wiki/Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">ink brush</a>. Red chemical inks are more commonly used in modern times for sealing documents. Seal engraving is considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy#Eastern_Asian_calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> in East Asia. Like ink-brush calligraphy, there are several styles of engraving. Some engraving styles emulate calligraphy styles, but many styles are so highly stylized that the characters represented on the seal are difficult for untrained readers to identify. Seal engravers are considered artists, and, in the past, several famous calligraphers also became famous as engravers. Some seals, carved by famous engravers, or owned by famous artists or political leaders, have become valuable as historical works of art. </p><p>Because seals are commissioned by individuals and carved by artists, every seal is unique, and engravers often personalize the seals that they create. The materials of seals and the styles of the engraving are typically matched to the personalities of the owners. Seals can be traditional or modern, or conservative or expressive. Seals are sometimes carved with the owners' <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">zodiac animals</a> on the tops of the seals. Seals are also sometimes carved with images or calligraphy on the sides. </p><p>Although it is a utilitarian instrument of daily business in East Asia, westerners and other non-Asians seldom see Asian seals except on Asian paintings and calligraphic art. All traditional paintings in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korea</a>, and the rest of East Asia are watercolor paintings on silk, paper, or some other surface to which the red ink from seals can adhere. East Asian paintings often bear multiple seals, including one or two seals from the artist, and the seals from the owners of the paintings. </p><p>East Asian seals are the predecessors to <a href="/wiki/Block_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Block printing">block printing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_tradition">Western tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_(Front)_(8634691430).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg/200px-NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg/300px-NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg/400px-NLW_Penrice_and_Margam_Deeds_2046_%28Front%29_%288634691430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">Equestrian seal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_5th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a>, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1218–1230</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a direct line of descent from the seals used in the ancient world, to those used in medieval and post-medieval Europe, and so to those used in legal contexts in the western world to the present day. Seals were historically most often impressed in <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">sealing wax</a> (often simply described as "wax"): in the Middle Ages, this generally comprised a compound of about two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> to one-third of some kind of <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, but in the post-medieval period the resin (and other ingredients) came to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly "<a href="/wiki/Bulla_(seal)" title="Bulla (seal)">bullae</a>" (from the Latin), were in common use both in East and West, but with the notable exception of documents ("<a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bulls</a>") issued by the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_of_Apostolic_Briefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery of Apostolic Briefs">Papal Chancery</a> these leaden authentications fell out of favour in western Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperors</a> sometimes issued documents with gold seals, known as <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Bull">Golden Bulls</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg/200px-Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg/300px-Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg/399px-Byzantine_-_Signet_Ring_-_Walters_572104_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>During the early Byzantine period these rings were used for sealing personal documents and validating wills and testaments. 6th century, silver.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Walters Art Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wax seals were being used on a fairly regular basis by most western royal <a href="/wiki/Chancery_(medieval_office)" title="Chancery (medieval office)">chanceries</a> by about the end of the 10th century. In England, few wax seals have survived of earlier date than the Norman Conquest,<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some earlier matrices are known, recovered from archaeological contexts: the earliest is a gold double-sided matrix found near <a href="/wiki/Postwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwick">Postwick</a>, Norfolk, and dated to the late 7th century; the next oldest is a mid-9th-century matrix of a Bishop Ethilwald (probably Æthelwold, Bishop of East Anglia).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of sealing in wax gradually moved down the social hierarchy from monarchs and bishops to great magnates, to petty knights by the end of the 12th century, and to ordinary freemen by the middle of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also came to be used by a variety of corporate bodies, including <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_chapter" title="Cathedral chapter">cathedral chapters</a>, municipalities, monasteries etc., to validate the acts executed in their name.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tampere_sinetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tampere_sinetti.jpg/150px-Tampere_sinetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tampere_sinetti.jpg/226px-Tampere_sinetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Tampere_sinetti.jpg/301px-Tampere_sinetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>The wax seal of <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> from 1839</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional wax seals continue to be used on certain high-status and ceremonial documents, but in the 20th century they were gradually superseded in many other contexts by inked or dry embossed seals and by <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">rubber stamps</a>. </p><p>While many <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">instruments</a> formerly required seals for validity (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deeds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a>) it is now unusual in most countries in the west for private citizens to use seals. In Central and Eastern Europe, however, as in East Asia, a signature alone is considered insufficient to authenticate a document of any kind in business, and all managers, as well as many book-keepers and other employees, have personal seals<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, normally just containing text, with their name and their position. These are applied to all letters, invoices issued, and similar documents. In Europe these are today plastic self-inking stamps. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notaries</a> also still use seals on a daily basis. At least in Britain, each registered notary has an individual personal seal, registered with the authorities, which includes his or her name and a pictorial emblem, often an animal—the same combination found in many seals from ancient Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesbrief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/200px-Bundesbrief.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/300px-Bundesbrief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bundesbrief.jpg/400px-Bundesbrief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Pendent seals on the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Seals are used primarily to authenticate documents, specifically those which carry some <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal</a> import. There are two main ways in which a seal may be attached to a document. It may be applied directly to the face of the paper or <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> (an <i>applied seal</i>); or it may hang loose from it (a <i><a href="/wiki/Pendent" title="Pendent">pendent</a> seal</i>). A pendent seal may be attached to cords or ribbons (sometimes in the owner's <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">livery colors</a>), or to the two ends of a strip (or <i>tag</i>) of parchment, threaded through holes or slots cut in the lower edge of the document: the document is often folded double at this point (a <i><a href="/wiki/Plica_(sigillography)" title="Plica (sigillography)">plica</a></i>) to provide extra strength. Alternatively, the seal may be attached to a narrow strip of the material of the document (again, in this case, usually parchment), sliced and folded down, as a tail or <i>tongue</i>, but not detached.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object in all cases is to help ensure authenticity by maintaining the integrity of the relationship between document and seal, and to prevent the seal's reuse. If a forger tries to remove an applied seal from its document, it will almost certainly break. A pendent seal is easily detached by cutting the cords or strips of parchment, but the forger would then have great difficulty in attaching it to another document (not least because the cords or parchment are normally knotted inside the seal), and would again almost certainly break it. </p><p>In the Middle Ages, the majority of seals were pendent. They were attached both to <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal instruments</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> (i.e. open letters) conferring rights or privileges, which were intended to be available for all to view. In the case of important transactions or agreements, the seals of all parties to the arrangement as well as of witnesses might be attached to the document, and so once executed it would carry several seals. Most governments still attach pendent seals to <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg/220px-Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg/330px-Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg/440px-Wax_seal_with_impression_of_uppercase_letter_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Hand-folded letter sealed with wax and stamped with capital letter "A". If a letter is folded and sealed correctly, a wax seal can eliminate the need for an envelope as demonstrated in the above picture.</figcaption></figure> <p>Applied seals, by contrast, were originally used to seal a document closed: that is to say, the document would be folded and the seal applied in such a way that the item could not be opened without the seal being broken.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applied seals were used on <a href="/wiki/Letters_close" title="Letters close">letters close</a> (letters intended only for the recipient) and parcels to indicate whether or not the item had been opened or tampered with since it had left the sender, as well as providing evidence that the item was actually from the sender and not a forgery. In the post-medieval period, seals came to be commonly used in this way for <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">private letters</a>. A letter writer would fold the completed letter, pour wax over the joint formed by the top of the page, and then impress a ring or other seal matrix. Governments sometimes sent letters to citizens under the governmental seal for their eyes only, known as letters secret. Wax seals might also be used with <a href="/wiki/Letterlocking" title="Letterlocking">letterlocking</a> techniques to ensure that only the intended recipient would read the message.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, seals are no longer used in these ways except for ceremonial purposes. However, applied seals also came to be used on <a href="/wiki/Legal_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal instruments">legal instruments</a> applied directly to the face of the document, so that there was no need to break them, and this use continues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designs">Designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg/220px-Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg/330px-Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg/440px-Britishmuseuminchaffreyabbeyseal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Two-sided pendent seals from <a href="/wiki/Inchaffray_Abbey" title="Inchaffray Abbey">Inchaffray Abbey</a> in Scotland, late 13th century, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/226px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>The Great Seal of the State of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> (US)</figcaption></figure><p>Historically, the majority of seals were circular in design, although ovals, triangles, shield-shapes and other patterns are also known. The design generally comprised a graphic emblem (sometimes, but not always, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic devices</a>), surrounded by a text (the <i>legend</i>) running around the perimeter. The legend most often consisted merely of the words "The seal of [the name of the owner]", either in Latin or in the local <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> language: the Latin word <i>Sigillum</i> was frequently abbreviated to a simple <i>S:</i>. Occasionally, the legend took the form of a <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>. </p><p>In the Middle Ages it became customary for the seals of women and of ecclesiastics to be given a <a href="/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis">vesica</a> (pointed oval) shape. The central emblem was often a standing figure of the owner, or (in the case of ecclesiastical seals) of a saint. Medieval townspeople used a wide variety of different emblems but some had seals that included an image relating to their work.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">Sealing wax</a> was naturally yellowish or pale brownish in tone, but could also be artificially colored red or green (with many intermediary variations). In some medieval royal chanceries, different colours of wax were customarily used for different functions or departments of state, or to distinguish grants and decrees made in perpetuity from more ephemeral documents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The matrices for pendent seals were sometimes accompanied by a smaller <i>counter-seal</i>, which would be used to impress a small emblem on the reverse of the impression. In some cases the seal and counter-seal would be kept by two different individuals, in order to provide an element of double-checking to the process of authentication. Sometimes, a large official seal, which might be in the custody of chancery officials, would need to be counter-sealed by the individual in whose name it had been applied (the monarch, or the mayor of a town): such a counter-seal might be carried on the person (perhaps secured by a chain or cord), or later, take the form of a signet ring, and so would be necessarily smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pendent seals were double-sided, with elaborate and equally-sized <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverses</a> and reverses. The impression would be formed by pressing a "sandwich" of matrices and wax firmly together by means of rollers or, later, a lever-press or a <a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">screw press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain medieval seals were more complex still, involving two levels of impression on each side of the wax which would be used to create a scene of three-dimensional depth.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice was a factor in the emergence of hereditary <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> in western Europe in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif/170px-Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif/255px-Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif/340px-Sceau_chapitre_moulins.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis">Vesica</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">Mandorla</a>-shaped seal of the cathedral chapter of <a href="/wiki/Moulins_Cathedral" title="Moulins Cathedral">Moulins</a> (France)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecclesiasticism">Ecclesiasticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecclesiasticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecclesiastical seals are frequently <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a>-shaped, as in the shape of an <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis">vesica</a>-shaped. The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era, but high functionaries of the Church adopted the habit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigillum_cereum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Sigillum_cereum.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="77" /></a><figcaption>A series of crosses from the <i>sigillum cereum</i> of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice of Bar">Beatrice of Bar's</a> grant to <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Zeno,_Verona" title="Basilica of San Zeno, Verona">San Zeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> (1073)</figcaption></figure> <p>An incidental allusion in one of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>'s letters (217 to Victorinus) indicates that he used a seal.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice spread, and it seems to be taken for granted by King <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> at the very beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later ecclesiastical synods require that letters under the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>'s seal should be given to <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> when for some reason they lawfully quit their own proper diocese. Such a ruling was enacted at Chalon-sur-Saône in 813. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Pope Nicholas I</a> in the same century complained that the bishops of Dôle and Reims had, "<i>contra morem</i>" (contrary to custom), sent their letters to him unsealed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of bishops possessing seals may from this date be assumed to have been pretty general.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of <a href="/wiki/William_de_St-Calais" title="William de St-Calais">William de St-Calais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> (1081–96) and of <a href="/wiki/St._Anselm,_Archbishop_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury">St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (1093–1109).<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architects,_surveyors_and_professional_engineers"><span id="Architects.2C_surveyors_and_professional_engineers"></span>Architects, surveyors and professional engineers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architects, surveyors and professional engineers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seals are also affixed on <a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">architectural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> construction documents, or <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">land survey</a> drawings, to certify the identity of the <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensed professional</a> who supervised the development.<sup id="cite_ref-NSPE_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPE-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCARB_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCARB-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GSA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Authority_having_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Authority having jurisdiction">authority having jurisdiction</a> for the project, these seals may be embossed and signed, stamped and signed, or in certain situations a computer generated facsimile of the original seal validated by a digital certificate owned by the professional may be attached to a security protected computer file.<sup id="cite_ref-KSBTP_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSBTP-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identities on the professional seals determine legal responsibility for any errors or omissions, and in some cases financial responsibility for their correction as well as the territory of their responsibility, e.g.: "State of Minnesota".<sup id="cite_ref-FAR_36.6_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAR_36.6-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some jurisdictions, especially in Canada, it is a legal requirement for a professional engineer to seal documents in accordance with the Engineering Profession Act and Regulations. Professional engineers may also be legally entitled to seal any document they prepare. The seal identifies work performed by, or under the direct supervision of, a licensed professional engineer, and assures the document's recipient that the work meets the standards expected of experienced professionals who take personal responsibility for their judgments and decisions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg/220px-Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg/330px-Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg/440px-Professional_Engineer_Seal_Province_of_Saskatchewan_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5088" data-file-height="5124" /></a><figcaption>Professional engineer's seal (in fact a <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">rubber stamp</a>) in the Province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_houses">Custom houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Custom houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In old <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, a <b>cocket</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">custom house</a> seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, there was an officer called the <i>clerk of the cocket</i>. It may have given its name to <a href="/wiki/Cocket_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocket bread">cocket bread</a>, which was perhaps stamped as though with a seal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction">Destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The importance of the seal as a means of authentication necessitated that when authority passed into new hands the old seal should be destroyed and a new one made. When the pope dies it is the first duty of the <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Cardinal Camerlengo</a> to obtain possession of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a>, the papal signet, and to see that it is broken up. A similar practice prevailed in the Middle Ages and it is often alluded to by historians, as it seems to have been a matter of some ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, on the death of <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Holy_Island" title="Robert of Holy Island">Robert of Holy Island</a>, Bishop of Durham, in 1283, the chronicler <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Graystanes" title="Robert de Graystanes">Robert Greystones</a> reports: "After his burial, his seal was publicly broken up in the presence of all by Master Robert Avenel."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> gives a similar description of the breaking of the seal of William of Trumpington, <a href="/wiki/Abbot_of_St_Albans" title="Abbot of St Albans">Abbot of St Albans</a>, in 1235.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice is less widely attested in the case of medieval laypeople, but certainly occurred on occasion, particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver seal matrices have been found in the graves of some of the 12th-century queens of France. These were probably deliberately buried as a means of cancelling them.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a> was dethroned in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688/9, he is supposed to have thrown the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal of the Realm</a> into the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> before his flight to France in order to ensure that the machinery of government would cease to function. It is unclear how much truth there is to this story, but certainly the seal was recovered: James's successors, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> used the same Great Seal matrix, fairly crudely adapted – possibly quite deliberately, in order to demonstrate the continuity of government.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signet_rings">Signet rings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Signet rings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG/220px-Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG/330px-Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG/440px-Baronnet-signet-ring.JPG 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armigerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Armigerous">Armigerous</a> signet ring bearing the arms of the Baronnet family; goldsmith: Jean-Pierre Gautheron, Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/220px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/330px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg/440px-Scarab_of_king_Tut-E_22807-Egypte_louvre_148.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Golden ring, with cartouche and hieroglyphic name of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>: 'Perfect God, Lord of the Two Lands' ('Ntr-Nfr, Neb-taui'; right to left columns)—<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Signet_rings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Signet rings">Signet rings</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>A signet ring is a ring bearing on its flat top surface the equivalent of a seal. A typical signet ring has a design, often a family or personal <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a>, created in <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(jewellery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio (jewellery)">intaglio</a> so that it will leave a raised (<a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>) impression of the design when the ring is pressed onto liquid <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">sealing wax</a>. The design is often made out of <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a> which tend not to bind with the wax. Most smaller classical <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a> were probably originally worn as signet rings, or as seals on a necklace. </p><p>The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning "sign" or "mark") dates back to ancient Egypt: the seal of a pharaoh is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. Genesis 41:42: "Removing his signet ring from his hand, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> put it on <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a>'s hand; he arrayed him in garments of fine linen, and put a gold chain around his neck." </p><p>Because it is used to attest to the authority of its bearer, the ring has also been seen as a symbol of power, which is why it is included in the <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> of certain monarchies. After the death of a Pope, the destruction of his signet ring is a prescribed act clearing the way for the <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante#Vacancy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Sede vacante"><i>sede vacante</i></a> and subsequent election of a new Pope.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signet rings are also used as a souvenir or membership attribute, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Class_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Class rings">class rings</a> (which typically bear the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> or crest of the school). One may also have their initials engraved as a sign of their personal stature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditionally, signet rings were worn either on the <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">little or the ring finger</a> of the least dominant hand, with the most common usage being on the little. </p><p>The less noble classes began wearing and using signet rings as early as the 13th century. In the 17th century, signet rings fell out of favor in the upper levels of society, replaced by other means for mounting and carrying the signet. In the 18th century, though, signet rings again became popular, and by the 19th century, men of all classes wore them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least the 16th century there have also been pseudo-signet rings where the engraving is not reversed (mirror image), as it should be if the impression is to read correctly.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor71_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor71-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rings have been used since antiquity as spy identification and in espionage. During World War II, US Air Force personnel would privately purchase signet rings with a hidden compartment that would hold a small compass or hidden message. <a href="/wiki/MI9" title="MI9">MI9</a> purchased a number of signet rings from Regent Street jewelers that were used to conceal compasses.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_tamper-proofing">Modern tamper-proofing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern tamper-proofing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern use, seals are used to tamper-proof equipment. For example, to prevent gas and electricity meters from <a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter#Tampering_and_security" title="Electricity meter">being interfered with</a> to show lower chargeable readings, they may be sealed with a lead or plastic seal with a government marking, typically fixed to a wire that passes through part of the meter housing. The meter cannot be opened without cutting the wire or damaging the seal.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specially-made <a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">tamper-evident</a> labels are available which are destroyed if the protected container or equipment is opened, functionally equivalent to a wax seal.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used to protect things which must not be tampered with such as pharmaceuticals, equipment whose opening voids a manufacturer's warranty, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurative_uses">Figurative uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Figurative uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_seal_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gold_seal_v2.svg/150px-Gold_seal_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gold_seal_v2.svg/225px-Gold_seal_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gold_seal_v2.svg/299px-Gold_seal_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Representation of a seal of approval.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional (disambiguation)">Seal of the Confessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sealing" title="Record sealing">Record sealing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approval"><span class="anchor" id="Seal_of_approval"></span>Approval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">Certification mark</a></div> <p>The expression "seal of approval" refers to a formal approval, regardless whether it involves a seal or other external marking, by an authoritative person or institute. </p><p>It is also part of the formal name of certain quality marks, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping_Seal_of_Approval" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval">Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval</a> of the Good Housekeeping Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Netkeeping_Seal_of_Approval" title="Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval">Good Netkeeping Seal of Approval</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Signets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Signets">Signets</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company_seal" title="Company seal">Company seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeper of the seal">Keeper of the seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_seal" title="Great seal">Great seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Na_gold_seal" title="King of Na gold seal">King of Na gold seal</a>, the first seal in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_Seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights Templar Seal">Knights Templar Seal</a> used to validate documents approved by the order</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manu_propria" title="Manu propria">Manu propria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_seal" title="Privy seal">Privy seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell" title="Signet ring cell">Signet ring cell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New 2010, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notary.cdn.sos.ca.gov/forms/notary-handbook-2020.pdf"><i>Notary Public Handbook</i></a>. (2020). California Secretary of State, Notary Public Section. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/01/003/00134">Vermont Statutes Title 1 § 134</a>. Vermont Legislature. Retrieved January 4, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownFeldman2013304-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownFeldman2013304_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownFeldman2013">Brown & Feldman 2013</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDi_Palma201521-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDi_Palma201521_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDi_Palma2015">Di Palma 2015</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris_Rackham1938" class="citation web cs1">Harris Rackham (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.21.xml">"Pliny The Elder, Natural History"</a>. Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pliny+The+Elder%2C+Natural+History&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Harris+Rackham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2Fpliny_elder-natural_history%2F1938%2Fpb_LCL394.21.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Carter1925" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Carter (1925). <i>The invention of printing in China</i>. 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(2007). <i>Good Impressions: Image and Authority in Medieval Seals</i>. British Museum Research Publications 168. London: British Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-168-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86159-168-8"><bdi>978-0-86159-168-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Impressions%3A+Image+and+Authority+in+Medieval+Seals&rft.place=London&rft.series=British+Museum+Research+Publications+168&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86159-168-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmeriCostelloJamisonScott2018" class="citation book cs1">Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer, eds. (2018). <i>Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: case studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107194588" title="Special:BookSources/9781107194588"><bdi>9781107194588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+and+Sealing+in+the+Ancient+World%3A+case+studies+from+the+Near+East%2C+Egypt%2C+the+Aegean%2C+and+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107194588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1972" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekgemsfingerr00boar"><i>Greek Gems and Finger Rings</i></a></span>. New York: New York, H.N. Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Gems+and+Finger+Rings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York%2C+H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreekgemsfingerr00boar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFeldman2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304"><i>Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614510352" title="Special:BookSources/9781614510352"><bdi>9781614510352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781614510352&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4DoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChassel2003" class="citation book cs1">Chassel, Jean-Luc (2003). <i>Sceaux et usages de sceaux: images de la Champagne médiévale</i>. Paris: Somogny. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-85056-643-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-85056-643-8"><bdi>2-85056-643-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sceaux+et+usages+de+sceaux%3A+images+de+la+Champagne+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Somogny&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-85056-643-8&rft.aulast=Chassel&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCherry1992" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, John (1992). "The breaking of seals". <i>Medieval Europe 1992: pre-printed papers: vol. 7: Art and Symbolism</i>. York: Medieval Europe 1992. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0952002361" title="Special:BookSources/0952002361"><bdi>0952002361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+breaking+of+seals&rft.btitle=Medieval+Europe+1992%3A+pre-printed+papers%3A+vol.+7%3A+Art+and+Symbolism&rft.place=York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Medieval+Europe+1992&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0952002361&rft.aulast=Cherry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCherryBerenbeimBeer2018" class="citation book cs1">Cherry, John; Berenbeim, Jessica; Beer, Lloyd de, eds. 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London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1143-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1143-0"><bdi>0-7141-1143-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7000+Years+of+Seals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7141-1143-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrisarDe_Lasala1997" class="citation book cs1">Grisar, Josef; De Lasala, Fernando (1997). <i>Aspetti della sigillografia</i>. 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London: British Library and Public Record Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-0410-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7123-0410-X"><bdi>0-7123-0410-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+British+Medieval+Seals&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library+and+Public+Record+Office&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7123-0410-X&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=P.+D.+A.&rft.au=McGuinness%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkinson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Jenkinson" title="Hilary Jenkinson">Jenkinson, Hilary</a> (1968). <i>Guide to Seals in the Public Record Office</i>. Public Record Handbooks. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Seals+in+the+Public+Record+Office&rft.place=London&rft.series=Public+Record+Handbooks&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Jenkinson&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan2016" class="citation book cs1">McEwan, John (2016). <i>Seals in Medieval London, 1050–1300: A Catalogue</i>. London Record Society Extra Series. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900952-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900952-56-2"><bdi>978-0-900952-56-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+in+Medieval+London%2C+1050%E2%80%931300%3A+A+Catalogue&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.series=London+Record+Society+Extra+Series&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-900952-56-2&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2012" class="citation book cs1">Morris, David (2012). <i>Matrix: A Collection of British Seals</i>. Whyteleaf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570102-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9570102-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9570102-0-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matrix%3A+A+Collection+of+British+Seals&rft.pub=Whyteleaf&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-9570102-0-8&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew2010" class="citation book cs1">New, Elizabeth (2010). <i>Seals and Sealing Practices</i>. Archives and the User. Vol. 11. London: <a href="/wiki/British_Records_Association" title="British Records Association">British Records Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900222-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900222-15-3"><bdi>978-0-900222-15-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+and+Sealing+Practices&rft.place=London&rft.series=Archives+and+the+User&rft.pub=British+Records+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-900222-15-3&rft.aulast=New&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau1981" class="citation book cs1">Pastoureau, Michel (1981). <i>Les sceaux</i>. Turnhout: Brepols.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sceaux&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPosse1913" class="citation book cs1">Posse, Otto (1913). <i>Die Siegel der deutschen Kaiser und Könige, von 751 bis 1913</i>. Vol. 5. Dresden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Siegel+der+deutschen+Kaiser+und+K%C3%B6nige%2C+von+751+bis+1913&rft.place=Dresden&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Posse&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Die_Siegel_der_Deutschen_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige:Band_5:Seite_135">Accessible on Wikisource</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillipp_Schofield" title="Phillipp Schofield">Schofield, Phillipp R.</a>, ed. (2015). <i>Seals and their Context in the Middle Ages</i>. Oxford: Oxbow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-817-6"><bdi>978-1-78297-817-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+and+their+Context+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxbow&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-817-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchofieldNew2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillipp_Schofield" title="Phillipp Schofield">Schofield, P. R.</a>; New, E. A., eds. (2016). <i>Seals and Society: medieval Wales, the Welsh marches and their English border region</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783168712" title="Special:BookSources/9781783168712"><bdi>9781783168712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seals+and+Society%3A+medieval+Wales%2C+the+Welsh+marches+and+their+English+border+region&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783168712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhatley2019" class="citation book cs1">Whatley, Laura, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBeJDwAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to Seals in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38064-6"><bdi>978-90-04-38064-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Seals+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38064-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBeJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYule1981" class="citation book cs1">Yule, Paul (1981). <i>Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology</i>. Marburger Studien zur Vor und Frühgeschichte 4. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-0490-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8053-0490-0"><bdi>3-8053-0490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Cretan+Seals%3A+A+Study+of+Chronology&rft.place=Mainz&rft.series=Marburger+Studien+zur+Vor+und+Fr%C3%BChgeschichte+4&rft.pub=Philipp+von+Zabern&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=3-8053-0490-0&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis55%282007%29.pdf">"The Golden Seal of Stroimir"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Historical Review</i>. <b>55</b>. Belgrade: The Institute for History: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iib.ac.rs/docs/IstorijskiCasopis55%282007%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Seal+of+Stroimir&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iib.ac.rs%2Fdocs%2FIstorijskiCasopis55%25282007%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers1728" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Chambers, Ephraim</a>, ed. (1728). "Cocket". <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences</a></i> (1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cocket&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+or+an+Universal+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=James+and+John+Knapton%2C+et+al&rft.date=1728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeal+%28emblem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seal_(emblem)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Seals" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Seals">Seals</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seals_(emblem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seals (emblem)">Seals (emblem)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Seals" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seals">Seals</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Seal_(mark)" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Seal (mark)">Seals</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaks.org/resources/seals/gods-regents-on-earth-a-thousand-years-of-byzantine-imperial-seals">God's Regents on Earth: A Thousand Years of Byzantine Imperial Seals</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> Collection</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/RdLeaflet.asp?sLeafletID=225">UK National Archives on seals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benedelman.org/news/092506-1.html">Not All Online Authority Seals are Credible</a> - Harvard's Ben Edelman says "Suppose users have seen a seal on dozens of sites that turn out to be legitimate. Dubious sites can present that same seal to encourage more users to buy, register, or download."</li> <li>Signet ring article - Berganza, London: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berganza.com/feature-signets__sealed_with_a_ring.html">Signets: Sealed with a Ring</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.pbw.kcl.ac.uk/jsp/browseseals.jsp">Search Results</a> (database of Byzantine Seal impressions from <i>Prosopography of the Byzantine World project</i> (PBW)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb06/mag/aktuelles/news/siegel-recherchierbar">Photographic reproductions of medieval seals in the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden searchable via the <i>verteillte Bildarchiv prometheus</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Furs" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)#Proper" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/21px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/27px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162919#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata882" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162919#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata882" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162919#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564166">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pečeti"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124067&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/012808">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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