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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optical and magnetic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optical_and_magnetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereo_and_hi-fi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereo_and_hi-fi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stereo and hi-fi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereo_and_hi-fi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s_to_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s_to_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1950s to 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s_to_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Audio components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cultural effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sound recording and reproduction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klankopname_en_reproduksie" title="Klankopname en reproduksie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Klankopname en reproduksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87" title="تسجيل الصوت وإعادة إنتاجه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسجيل الصوت وإعادة إنتاجه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabaci%C3%B3n_y_reproducci%C3%B3n_de_son%C3%ADu" title="Grabación y reproducción de soníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grabación y reproducción de soníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enregistrament_i_reproducci%C3%B3_del_so" title="Enregistrament i reproducció del so – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enregistrament i reproducció del so" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1znam_a_reprodukce_zvuku" title="Záznam a reprodukce zvuku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Záznam a reprodukce zvuku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabaci%C3%B3n_y_reproducci%C3%B3n_de_sonido" title="Grabación y reproducción de sonido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grabación y reproducción de sonido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ضبط و بازتولید صدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضبط و بازتولید صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravaci%C3%B3n_e_reproduci%C3%B3n_de_son" title="Gravación e reprodución de son – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gravación e reprodución de son" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%9D%8C%EA%B3%BC_%EC%9E%AC%EC%83%9D" title="녹음과 재생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹음과 재생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="ध्वनि अभिलेखन एवं पुनरुत्पादन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ध्वनि अभिलेखन एवं पुनरुत्पादन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perekam_suara" title="Perekam suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perekam suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrazione_e_riproduzione_sonora" title="Registrazione e riproduzione sonora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Registrazione e riproduzione sonora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="הקלטה והשמעה של קול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקלטה והשמעה של קול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakaman_dan_pengeluaran_semula_bunyi" title="Perakaman dan pengeluaran semula bunyi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perakaman dan pengeluaran semula bunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD%E3%83%BB%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E3%83%BB%E9%8C%B2%E9%9F%B3%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="音楽・音響・録音技術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音楽・音響・録音技術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sonora" title="Gravação e reprodução sonora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gravação e reprodução sonora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sound recording and reproduction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="تۆمارکردن و بەرھەمھێنانەوەی دەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆمارکردن و بەرھەمھێنانەوەی دەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snimanje_i_reprodukcija_zvuka" title="Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snimanje_i_reprodukcija_zvuka" title="Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Snimanje i reprodukcija zvuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses_kay%C4%B1t_ve_reprod%C3%BCksiyon" title="Ses kayıt ve reprodüksiyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ses kayıt ve reprodüksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Звукові технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звукові технології" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu_%C3%A2m_v%C3%A0_t%C3%A1i_t%E1%BA%A1o_%C3%A2m_thanh" title="Thu âm và tái tạo âm thanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thu âm và tái tạo âm thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredjistrumint" title="Eredjistrumint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Eredjistrumint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3%E9%8C%84%E8%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="聲音錄製和再現 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聲音錄製和再現" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_ngomong_kenong-kenong" title="Mesin ngomong kenong-kenong – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mesin ngomong kenong-kenong" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20077126#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Recording of sound and playing it back</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sound recorder" redirects here. For the audio recording program computer software, see <a href="/wiki/Sound_Recorder_(Windows)" title="Sound Recorder (Windows)">Sound Recorder (Windows)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/220px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/330px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg/440px-Frances_Densmore_recording_Mountain_Chief2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frances_Densmore" title="Frances Densmore">Frances Densmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Chief" title="Mountain Chief">Mountain Chief</a> working on a recording project of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_American_Ethnology" title="Bureau of American Ethnology">Bureau of American Ethnology</a> (1916).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sound recording</b> and <b>reproduction</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical">electrical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical system">mechanical</a>, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> waves, such as spoken voice, singing, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a>. The two main classes of sound recording technology are <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog recording</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a>. </p><p>Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a <a href="/wiki/Microphone_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphone diaphragm">microphone diaphragm</a> that senses changes in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustic</a> sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, which is then converted to a varying <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a>, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a larger <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeaker diaphragm">loudspeaker diaphragm</a> causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. </p><p>Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital form</a> by the process of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sampling</a>. This lets the audio data be stored and <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">transmitted</a> by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary numbers</a> (zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> at equal time intervals, at a <a href="/wiki/Sample_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample rate">sample rate</a> high enough to convey all sounds capable of being <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">heard</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is <a href="/wiki/Power_amplifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Power amplifier">amplified</a> and connected to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> to produce sound. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukirch.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dukirch.gif/170px-Dukirch.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dukirch.gif/255px-Dukirch.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dukirch.gif/340px-Dukirch.gif 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Mechanical organ, 1650</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sound_recording" title="History of sound recording">History of sound recording</a></div> <p>Long before <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> was first recorded, music was recorded—first by written <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>, then also by mechanical devices (e.g., wind-up <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music boxes</a>, in which a mechanism turns a spindle, which plucks metal tines, thus reproducing a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a>). Automatic music reproduction traces back as far as the 9th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Banū Mūsā">Banū Mūsā</a> brothers invented the earliest known mechanical musical instrument, in this case, a <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropowered</a> (water-powered) <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> that played interchangeable cylinders. According to Charles B. Fowler, this "... cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the basic device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_45–49_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler_45–49-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carvings in the <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel" title="Rosslyn Chapel">Rosslyn Chapel</a> from the 1560s may represent an early attempt to record the <a href="/wiki/Chladni_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chladni patterns">Chladni patterns</a> produced by sound in stone representations, although this theory has not been conclusively proved.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 14th century, a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similar designs appeared in <a href="/wiki/Barrel_organ" title="Barrel organ">barrel organs</a> (15th century), <a href="/wiki/Musical_clock" title="Musical clock">musical clocks</a> (1598), <a href="/wiki/Barrel_piano" title="Barrel piano">barrel pianos</a> (1805), and <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music boxes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>). A music box is an automatic <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a> that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth (or <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone"><i>lamellae</i></a>) of a steel comb. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fairground_organ" title="Fairground organ">fairground organ</a>, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books. The <a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">player piano</a>, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store a long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the piano rolls were "hand-played," meaning that they were duplicates from a master roll which had been created on a special piano, which punched holes in the master as a live performer played the song. Thus, the roll represented a recording of the actual performance of an individual, not just the more common method of punching the master roll through transcription of the sheet music. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1908 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, there were between 70,000 and 75,000 player pianos manufactured, and between 1,000,000 and 1,500,000 piano rolls produced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonautograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautograph</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" title="File:1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg">Au Clair de la Lune</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg/1860-Scott-Au-Clair-de-la-Lune-05-09.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">This 1860 <a href="/wiki/Phonautogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonautogram">phonautogram</a> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville" title="Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a> is the earliest known recording of a person singing.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The first device that could record actual <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sounds</a> as they passed through the air (but could not play them back—the purpose was only visual study) was the <a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">phonautograph</a>, patented in 1857 by Parisian inventor <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville" title="Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville">Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville</a>. The earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called <i>phonautograms</i>, made in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-firstsounds_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstsounds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. An 1860 phonautogram of "<a href="/wiki/Au_Clair_de_la_Lune" class="mw-redirect" title="Au Clair de la Lune">Au Clair de la Lune</a>", a French folk song, was played back as sound for the first time in 2008 by scanning it and using software to convert the undulating line, which graphically encoded the sound, into a corresponding digital audio file.<sup id="cite_ref-firstsounds_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstsounds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonograph">Phonograph</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas Edison's work on two other innovations, the telegraph and the telephone, led to the development of the phonograph. Edison was working on a machine in 1877 that would transcribe telegraphic signals onto paper tape, which could then be transferred over the telegraph again and again. The phonograph was both in a cylinder and a disc form.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cylinder">Cylinder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cylinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" title="File:Kham Hom - Sweet Words.ogg">"Kham Hom" ("Sweet Words")</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="118" data-mwtitle="Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Kham_Hom_-_Sweet_Words.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> recording of <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siamese</a> (Thai) musicians visiting Berlin, Germany in 1900</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>On April 30, 1877, French poet, humorous writer and inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cros" title="Charles Cros">Charles Cros</a> submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone.<sup id="cite_ref-RBNF_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBNF-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no trace of a working paleophone was ever found, Cros is remembered by some historians as an early inventor of a sound recording and reproduction machine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first practical sound recording and reproduction device was the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">phonograph cylinder</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in 1877 and patented in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution, and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A process for mass-producing duplicate wax cylinders by molding instead of engraving them was put into effect in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disc">Disc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Alexander_Graham_Bell's_Voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Alexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAlexander_Graham_Bell%27s_Voice.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption>Recording of Bell's voice on a wax disc in 1885, identified in 2013 <a href="/wiki/Volta_Laboratory_and_Bureau#Bell's_voice" title="Volta Laboratory and Bureau">[more details]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/220px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/330px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg/440px-Emile_Berliner_with_phonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone</figcaption></figure> <p>The next major technical development was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a>, generally credited to <a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> and patented in 1887,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-smiths1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smiths1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. Sales of the <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone record</a> overtook the cylinder ca. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the <a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Edison Disc Record</a> in an attempt to regain his market. The double-sided (nominally 78 rpm) shellac disc was the standard consumer music format from the early 1910s to the late 1950s. In various permutations, the audio disc format became the primary medium for consumer sound recordings until the end of the 20th century. </p><p>Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a <i>de facto</i> industry standard of nominally 78 revolutions per minute. The specified speed was 78.26 rpm in America and 77.92 rpm throughout the rest of the world. The difference in speeds was due to the difference in the cycle frequencies of the AC electricity that powered the <a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">stroboscopes</a> used to calibrate <a href="/wiki/Disc_cutting_lathe" title="Disc cutting lathe">recording lathes</a> and turntables.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nominal speed of the disc format gave rise to its common nickname, the "seventy-eight" (though not until other speeds had become available). Discs were made of shellac or similar brittle plastic-like materials, played with needles made from a variety of materials including mild steel, thorn, and even sapphire. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were manufactured. </p><p>Earlier, purely acoustic methods of recording had limited sensitivity and frequency range. Mid-frequency range notes could be recorded, but very low and very high frequencies could not. Instruments such as the violin were difficult to transfer to disc. One technique to deal with this involved using a <a href="/wiki/Stroh_violin" title="Stroh violin">Stroh violin</a> which uses a conical horn connected to a diaphragm that in turn is connected to the violin bridge. The horn was no longer needed once electrical recording was developed. </p><p>The long-playing 33<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> rpm microgroove <a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">LP record</a>, was developed at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> and introduced in 1948. The short-playing but convenient 7-inch (18 cm) 45 rpm microgroove vinyl <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> in 1949. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world, the 78 lingered on far into the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of the several factors that made its use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable. The compact 45 format required very little material. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". They were not, but they were much less fragile than shellac, which had itself once been touted as "unbreakable" compared to wax cylinders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical">Electrical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png/220px-RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/RCA_44_of_CBS_20071104.png 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>RCA-44, a classic <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_microphone" title="Ribbon microphone">ribbon microphone</a> introduced in 1932. Similar units were widely used for recording and broadcasting in the 1940s and are occasionally still used today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sound recording began as a purely mechanical process. Except for a few crude telephone-based recording devices with no means of amplification, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telegraphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphone">telegraphone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remained so until the 1920s. Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recordings</a> in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called <i>electrical recording</i>, in which a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. This innovation eliminated the "horn sound" resonances characteristic of the acoustical process, produced clearer and more full-bodied recordings by greatly extending the useful range of audio frequencies, and allowed previously unrecordable distant and feeble sounds to be captured. During this time, several radio-related developments in <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> converged to revolutionize the recording process. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplification</a> to be of practical use in recording. </p><p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a> <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> vacuum tube, an electronic valve that could amplify weak electrical signals. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. Refined versions of this tube were the basis of all electronic sound systems until the commercial introduction of the first <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>-based audio devices in the mid-1950s. </p><p>During World War I, engineers in the United States and Great Britain worked on ways to record and reproduce, among other things, the sound of a <a href="/wiki/German_U-boat" class="mw-redirect" title="German U-boat">German U-boat</a> for training purposes. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. The earliest results were not promising. </p><p>The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 11, 1920, funeral service for <a href="/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior" title="The Unknown Warrior">The Unknown Warrior</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London. The recording engineers used microphones of the type used in contemporary telephones. Four were discreetly set up in the abbey and wired to recording equipment in a vehicle outside. Although electronic amplification was used, the audio was weak and unclear, as only possible in those circumstances. For several years, this little-noted disc remained the only issued electrical recording. </p><p>Several record companies and independent inventors, notably <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Marsh">Orlando Marsh</a>, experimented with equipment and techniques for electrical recording in the early 1920s. Marsh's electrically recorded <a href="/wiki/Autograph_Records" title="Autograph Records">Autograph Records</a> were already being sold to the public in 1924, a year before the first such offerings from the major record companies, but their overall sound quality was too low to demonstrate any obvious advantage over traditional acoustical methods. Marsh's microphone technique was idiosyncratic and his work had little if any impact on the systems being developed by others.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telephone industry giant <a href="/wiki/Western_Electric" title="Western Electric">Western Electric</a> had research laboratories<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with material and human resources that no record company or independent inventor could match. They had the best microphone, a condenser type developed there in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the best amplifiers and test equipment. They had already patented an electromechanical recorder in 1918, and in the early 1920s, they decided to intensively apply their hardware and expertise to developing two state-of-the-art systems for electronically recording and reproducing sound: one that employed conventional discs and another that recorded optically on motion picture film. Their engineers pioneered the use of mechanical analogs of electrical circuits and developed a superior "rubber line" recorder for cutting the groove into the wax master in the disc recording system.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1924, such dramatic progress had been made that Western Electric arranged a demonstration for the two leading record companies, the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Phonograph Company</a>. Both soon licensed the system and both made their earliest published electrical recordings in February 1925, but neither actually released them until several months later. To avoid making their existing catalogs instantly obsolete, the two long-time archrivals agreed privately not to publicize the new process until November 1925, by which time enough electrically recorded repertory would be available to meet the anticipated demand. During the next few years, the lesser record companies licensed or developed other electrical recording systems. By 1929 only the budget label <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Records" title="Harmony Records">Harmony</a> was still issuing new recordings made by the old acoustical process. </p><p>Comparison of some surviving Western Electric test recordings with early commercial releases indicates that the record companies artificially reduced the frequency range of recordings so they would not overwhelm non-electronic playback equipment, which reproduced very low frequencies as an unpleasant rattle and rapidly wore out discs with strongly recorded high frequencies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_and_magnetic">Optical and magnetic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Optical and magnetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg/220px-Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg/330px-Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg/440px-Framf%C3%B6r_en_inspelningsapparat_st%C3%A5r_Tatjana_Angelini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7777" data-file-height="5931" /></a><figcaption>Singer Tatjana Angelini recording the Swedish voice of Snow White in <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> and other early motion picture sound systems employed <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">optical recording</a> technology, in which the audio signal was graphically recorded on photographic film. The amplitude variations comprising the signal were used to modulate a light source which was imaged onto the moving film through a narrow slit, allowing the signal to be photographed as variations in the density or width of a <i>sound track</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">projector</a> used a steady light and a <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a> to convert these variations back into an electrical signal, which was amplified and sent to <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> behind the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optical sound became the standard motion picture audio system throughout the world and remains so for theatrical release prints despite attempts in the 1950s to substitute magnetic soundtracks. Currently, all release prints on <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm movie film</a> include an analog optical soundtrack, usually stereo with <a href="/wiki/Dolby_SR" title="Dolby SR">Dolby SR</a> noise reduction. In addition, an optically recorded digital soundtrack in Dolby Digital or Sony SDDS form is likely to be present. An optically recorded timecode is also commonly included to synchronize CDROMs that contain a DTS soundtrack. </p><p>This period also saw several other historic developments including the introduction of the first practical magnetic sound recording system, the <a href="/wiki/Wire_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire recorder">magnetic wire recorder</a>, which was based on the work of Danish inventor <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a>. Magnetic wire recorders were effective, but the sound quality was poor, so between the wars, they were primarily used for voice recording and marketed as business dictating machines. In 1924, a German engineer, Kurt Stille, improved the Telegraphone with an electronic amplifier.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner" title="Ludwig Blattner">Ludwig Blattner</a> began work that eventually produced the Blattnerphone,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which used steel tape instead of wire. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> started using Blattnerphones in 1930 to record radio programs. In 1933, radio pioneer <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>'s company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale_Studios" title="Maida Vale Studios">Maida Vale Studios</a> in March 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tape used in Blattnerphones and Marconi-Stille recorders was the same material used to make razor blades, and not surprisingly the fearsome Marconi-Stille recorders were considered so dangerous that technicians had to operate them from another room for safety. Because of the high recording speeds required, they used enormous reels about one meter in diameter, and the thin tape frequently broke, sending jagged lengths of razor steel flying around the studio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tape">Tape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/220px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/330px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg/440px-Magnetic-tape-acetate-vs-polyester-backing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> recording uses an amplified electrical audio signal to generate analogous variations of the magnetic field produced by a <a href="/wiki/Tape_head" title="Tape head">tape head</a>, which impresses corresponding variations of magnetization on the moving tape. In playback mode, the signal path is reversed, the tape head acting as a miniature <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> as the varyingly magnetized tape passes over it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original solid steel ribbon was replaced by a much more practical coated paper tape, but acetate soon replaced paper as the standard tape base. Acetate has fairly low tensile strength and if very thin it will snap easily, so it was in turn eventually superseded by polyester. This technology, the basis for almost all commercial recording from the 1950s to the 1980s, was developed in the 1930s by German audio engineers who also rediscovered the principle of <a href="/wiki/AC_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="AC bias">AC biasing</a> (first used in the 1920s for <a href="/wiki/Wire_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire recorder">wire recorders</a>), which dramatically improved the frequency response of tape recordings. The K1 <a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> was the first practical tape recorder, developed by AEG in Germany in 1935. The technology was further improved just after World War II by American audio engineer <a href="/wiki/John_T._Mullin" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Mullin">John T. Mullin</a> with backing from <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> Enterprises. Mullin's pioneering recorders were modifications of captured German recorders. In the late 1940s, the <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> company produced the first tape recorders commercially available in the US. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_A,_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg/220px-Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Side_A%2C_TDK_D-C60_20041220.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>A typical Compact Cassette</figcaption></figure> <p>Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. </p><p>Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder—the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ampex_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ampex 200 (page does not exist)">Ampex 200</a> model, launched in 1948—American musician-inventor <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a> had invented the first <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitrack tape recorder">multitrack tape recorder</a>, ushering in another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the <a href="/wiki/Musique_Concr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique Concrète">Musique Concrète</a> school and avant-garde composers like <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>. </p><p>The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly been broadcast live. Also, for the first time, broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties were able to undertake comprehensive audio logging of each day's radio broadcasts. Innovations like multitracking and <a href="/wiki/Tape_echo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape echo">tape echo</a> allowed radio programs and advertisements to be produced to a high level of complexity and sophistication. The combined impact with innovations such as the endless loop <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast cartridge">broadcast cartridge</a> led to significant changes in the pacing and production style of radio program content and advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereo_and_hi-fi">Stereo and hi-fi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stereo and hi-fi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">Stereophonic sound</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></div> <p>In 1881, it was noted during experiments in transmitting sound from the Paris Opera that it was possible to follow the movement of singers on the stage if earpieces connected to different microphones were held to the two ears. This discovery was commercialized in 1890 with the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a> system, which operated for over forty years until 1932. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blumlein" title="Alan Blumlein">Alan Blumlein</a>, a British electronics engineer working for <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>, designed a way to make the sound of an actor in a film follow his movement across the screen. In December 1931, he submitted a patent application including the idea, and in 1933 this became <a href="/wiki/UK_patent_number_394,325" class="mw-redirect" title="UK patent number 394,325">UK patent number 394,325</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two years, Blumlein developed stereo microphones and a stereo disc-cutting head, and recorded a number of short films with stereo soundtracks. </p><p>In the 1930s, experiments with magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereophonic sound</a>. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. A major breakthrough in practical stereo sound was made by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a>, who in 1937 demonstrated a practical system of two-channel stereo, using dual optical sound tracks on film.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> for the <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Listen,_Darling" title="Listen, Darling">Listen, Darling</a></i> in 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No mention of stereo at Listen, Darling (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first commercially released movie with a stereo soundtrack was Walt Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></i>, released in 1940. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the <a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> sound system. This system used a separate film for the sound, synchronized with the film carrying the picture. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audio—and a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback volume of the three audio channels. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. Regular releases of the movie used standard mono optical 35 mm stock until 1956, when Disney released the film with a stereo soundtrack that used the <a href="/wiki/Cinemascope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemascope">Cinemascope</a> four-track magnetic sound system. </p><p>German audio engineers working on magnetic tape developed stereo recording by 1941. Of 250 stereophonic recordings made during WW2, only three survive: Beethoven's 5th Piano Concerto with Walter Gieseking and Arthur Rother, a Brahms Serenade, and the last movement of Bruckner's 8th Symphony with Von Karajan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early German stereophonic tapes are believed to have been destroyed in bombings. Not until <a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a> introduced the first commercial two-track tape recorders in the late 1940s did stereo tape recording become commercially feasible. Despite the availability of multitrack tape, stereo did not become the standard system for commercial music recording for some years, and remained a specialist market during the 1950s. EMI (UK) was the first company to release commercial stereophonic tapes. They issued their first <i>Stereosonic</i> tape in 1954. Others quickly followed, under the <a href="/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a> (HMV) and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a> labels. 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. RCA imported these tapes into the USA. Although some HMV tapes released in the USA cost up to $15, two-track stereophonic tapes were more successful in America during the second half of the 1950s. </p><p>The history of stereo recording changed after the late 1957 introduction of the <i>Westrex stereo phonograph disc</i>, which used the groove format developed earlier by Blumlein. <a href="/wiki/Decca_Records" title="Decca Records">Decca Records</a> in England came out with <a href="/wiki/FFRR_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="FFRR technique">FFRR</a> (Full Frequency Range Recording) in the 1940s, which became internationally accepted as a worldwide standard for higher-quality recording on vinyl records. The <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a> recording of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a> was key in the development of full frequency range records and alerting the listening public to high fidelity in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-1960s, record companies mixed and released most popular music in monophonic sound. From mid-1960s until the early 1970s, major recordings were commonly released in both mono and stereo. Recordings originally released only in mono have been rerendered and released in stereo using a variety of techniques from remixing to <a href="/wiki/Pseudostereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostereo">pseudostereo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s_to_1980s">1950s to 1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1950s to 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry. By the early 1950s, most commercial recordings were mastered on tape instead of recorded directly to disc. Tape facilitated a degree of manipulation in the recording process that was impractical with mixes and multiple generations of directly recorded discs. An early example is <a href="/wiki/Les_Paul" title="Les Paul">Les Paul</a>'s 1951 recording of <i><a href="/wiki/How_High_the_Moon" title="How High the Moon">How High the Moon</a></i>, on which Paul played eight overdubbed guitar tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-SoundOnSound_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoundOnSound-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Brian_Wilson" title="Brian Wilson">Brian Wilson</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> (with producer <a href="/wiki/George_Martin" title="George Martin">George Martin</a>) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> techniques and effects on their landmark albums <i><a href="/wiki/Pet_Sounds" title="Pet Sounds">Pet Sounds</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Freak_Out!" title="Freak Out!">Freak Out!</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next important innovation was small cartridge-based tape systems, of which the <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a>, commercialized by the <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> electronics company in 1964, is the best known. Initially a low-fidelity format for spoken-word voice recording and inadequate for music reproduction, after a series of improvements it entirely replaced the competing consumer tape formats: the larger <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a><sup id="cite_ref-Camras_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camras-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (used primarily in cars). The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Walkman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Walkman">Sony Walkman</a>, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes.<sup id="cite_ref-Walkman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walkman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key advance in audio fidelity came with the <a href="/wiki/Dolby_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby A">Dolby A</a> noise reduction system, invented by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Dolby" title="Ray Dolby">Ray Dolby</a> and introduced into professional recording studios in 1966. It suppressed the background of hiss, which was the only easily audible downside of mastering on tape instead of recording directly to disc.<sup id="cite_ref-DolbyJAES1967_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DolbyJAES1967-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A competing system, <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction)" title="Dbx (noise reduction)">dbx</a>, invented by David Blackmer,<sup id="cite_ref-Blackmer_1972_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackmer_1972-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also found success in professional audio.<sup id="cite_ref-Nave_2001_4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nave_2001_4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simpler variant of Dolby's noise reduction system, known as Dolby B, greatly improved the sound of cassette tape recordings by reducing the especially high level of hiss that resulted from the cassette's miniaturized tape format. The compact cassette format also benefited from improvements to the tape itself as coatings with wider frequency responses and lower inherent noise were developed, often based on cobalt and chrome oxides as the magnetic material instead of the more usual iron oxide. </p><p>The multitrack audio cartridge had been in wide use in the radio industry, from the late 1950s to the 1980s, but in the 1960s the pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track tape</a> was launched as a consumer audio format by the <a href="/wiki/Lear_Jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lear Jet">Lear Jet</a> aircraft company.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aimed particularly at the automotive market, they were the first practical, affordable car hi-fi systems, and could produce sound quality superior to that of the compact cassette. The smaller size and greater durability – augmented by the ability to create home-recorded music <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">mixtapes</a> since 8-track recorders were rare – saw the cassette become the dominant consumer format for portable audio devices in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaPopCulture_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaPopCulture-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had been experiments with multi-channel sound for many years – usually for special musical or cultural events – but the first commercial application of the concept came in the early 1970s with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Quadraphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadraphonic">Quadraphonic</a> sound. This spin-off development from multitrack recording used four tracks (instead of the two used in stereo) and four speakers to create a 360-degree audio field around the listener.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pt_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pt-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the release of the first consumer 4-channel <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> systems, a number of popular albums were released in one of the competing four-channel formats; among the best known are <a href="/wiki/Mike_Oldfield" title="Mike Oldfield">Mike Oldfield</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tubular_Bells" title="Tubular Bells">Tubular Bells</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Moon" title="The Dark Side of the Moon">The Dark Side of the Moon</a></i>. Quadraphonic sound was not a commercial success, partly because of competing and somewhat incompatible four-channel sound systems (e.g., <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynaco" title="Dynaco">Dynaco</a> and others all had systems) and generally poor quality, even when played as intended on the correct equipment, of the released music. It eventually faded out in the late 1970s, although this early venture paved the way for the eventual introduction of domestic <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround sound</a> systems in home theatre use, which gained popularity following the introduction of the DVD.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_components">Audio components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Audio components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity#Modularity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity § Modularity</a></div> <p>The replacement of the relatively fragile <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> by the smaller, rugged and efficient <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> also accelerated the sale of consumer <a href="/wiki/High-fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="High-fidelity">high-fidelity</a> sound systems from the 1960s onward. In the 1950s, most record players were monophonic and had relatively low sound quality. Few consumers could afford high-quality stereophonic sound systems. In the 1960s, American manufacturers introduced a new generation of <i>modular</i> hi-fi components — separate turntables, pre-amplifiers, amplifiers, both combined as integrated amplifiers, tape recorders, and other ancillary equipment like the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_equalizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic equalizer">graphic equalizer</a>, which could be connected together to create a complete home sound system. These developments were rapidly taken up by major Japanese electronics companies, which soon flooded the world market with relatively affordable, high-quality transistorized audio components. By the 1980s, corporations like <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> had become world leaders in the music recording and playback industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital">Digital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">Pulse-code modulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk recorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pcm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pcm.svg/150px-Pcm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pcm.svg/225px-Pcm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pcm.svg/300px-Pcm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Graphical representation of a sound wave in analog (red) and 4-bit digital (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital sound recording</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the quality and durability of recordings. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl records">vinyl records</a> effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. The record industry fiercely resisted the introduction of digital systems, fearing wholesale piracy on a medium able to produce perfect copies of original released recordings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-pcm-m10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony-pcm-m10.jpg/220px-Sony-pcm-m10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony-pcm-m10.jpg/330px-Sony-pcm-m10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Sony-pcm-m10.jpg/440px-Sony-pcm-m10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption> A digital sound recorder from Sony</figcaption></figure> <p>The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio file formats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">processors</a> capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real time</a>, and inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This generated new types of <a href="/wiki/Portable_digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable digital audio player">portable digital audio players</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Minidisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minidisc">minidisc</a> player, using <a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a> compression on small, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s, but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> dropped in price. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD-A" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-A">DVD-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> became available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. Sound files are readily <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloaded</a> from the Internet and other sources, and copied onto computers and digital audio players. Digital audio technology is now used in all areas of audio, from casual use of music files of moderate quality to the most demanding professional applications. New applications such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">internet radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Podcasting">podcasting</a> have appeared. </p><p>Technological developments in recording, editing, and consuming have transformed the <a href="/wiki/Record_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Record industry">record</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">movie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> industries in recent decades. <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">Audio editing</a> became practicable with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape recording">magnetic tape recording</a>, but technologies like <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">sound synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstations</a> allow greater control and efficiency for composers and artists. Digital audio techniques and <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> have reduced recording costs such that high-quality recordings can be produced in small studios.<sup id="cite_ref-hull2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hull2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the process of making a recording is separated into tracking, <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">mastering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a> makes it possible to capture signals from several microphones, or from different <a href="/wiki/Take" title="Take">takes</a> to tape, disc or mass storage allowing previously unavailable flexibility in the mixing and mastering stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different digital audio recording and processing programs running under several computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> for all purposes, ranging from casual users and serious amateurs working on small projects to professional <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a> who are recording albums, film scores and doing sound design for <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_dictation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital dictation">Digital dictation</a> software for recording and transcribing speech has different requirements; intelligibility and flexible playback facilities are priorities, while a wide frequency range and high audio quality are not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_effects">Cultural effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_(42895283735).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Pompeo_briefs_the_traveling_press_%2842895283735%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Many members of the media use recorders to capture remarks.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of analog sound recording in the nineteenth century and its widespread use throughout the twentieth century had a huge impact on the development of music. Before analog sound recording was invented, most music was as a live performance. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_(period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music (period)">Classical</a>, and through much of the <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic music era">Romantic music era</a>, the main way that songs and instrumental pieces were <i>recorded</i> was through <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>. While notation indicates the pitches of the melody and their rhythm many aspects of the performance are undocumented. Indeed, in the Medieval era, <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> did not indicate the rhythm of the chant. In the Baroque era, instrumental pieces often lack a tempo indication<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and usually none of the <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">ornaments</a> were written down. As a result, each performance of a song or piece would be slightly different. </p><p>With the development of analog sound recording, though, a performance could be permanently fixed, in all of its elements: pitch, rhythm, timbre, ornaments and expression. This meant that many more elements of a performance would be captured and disseminated to other listeners. The development of sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a person could not afford to hear the live concert, they may be able to hear the recording.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. Sound recordings enabled Western music lovers to hear actual recordings of Asian, Middle Eastern and African groups and performers, increasing awareness of non-Western musical styles. At the same time, sound recordings enabled music lovers outside the West to hear the most famous North American and European groups and singers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As digital recording developed, so did a controversy commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">analog versus digital</a> controversy. Audio professionals, audiophiles, consumers, musicians alike contributed to the debate based on their interaction with the media and the preferences for analog or digital processes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly discourse on the controversy came to focus on concern for the perception of moving image and sound.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are individual and cultural preferences for either method. While approaches and opinions vary, some emphasize sound as paramount, others focus on technology preferences as the deciding factor. Analog fans might embrace limitations as strengths of the medium inherent in the compositional, editing, mixing, and listening phases.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital advocates boast flexibility in similar processes. This debate fosters a revival of vinyl in the music industry,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as analog electronics, and analog type plug-ins for recording and mixing software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In copyright law, a <i>phonogram</i> or <i>sound recording</i> is a work that results from the fixation of sounds in a medium. The notice of copyright in a phonogram uses the <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright symbol</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Phonograms_Convention" title="Geneva Phonograms Convention">Geneva Phonograms Convention</a> defines as ℗ (the letter P in a full circle). This usually accompanies the copyright notice for the underlying musical composition, which uses the ordinary © symbol. </p><p>The recording is separate from the song, so copyright for a recording usually belongs to the record company. It is less common for an artist or producer to hold these rights. Copyright for recordings has existed since 1972, while copyright for musical composition, or songs, has existed since 1831. Disputes over <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> and <i>beats</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Loop (music)? (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-hull2010_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hull2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United States copyright law defines "sound recordings" as "works that result from the fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds" other than an audiovisual work's soundtrack.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Sound Recording Amendment (SRA),<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which took effect in 1972, copyright in sound recordings was handled at the state level. Federal copyright law preempts most state copyright laws but allows state copyright in sound recordings to continue for one full copyright term after the SRA's effective date,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means 2067. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1934, copyright law in Great Britain has treated sound recordings (or <i>phonograms</i>) differently from <a href="/wiki/Musical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical work">musical works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a></i> defines a sound recording as (a) a recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced, or (b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is made or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced. It thus covers vinyl records, tapes, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, digital audiotapes, and MP3s that embody recordings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Sound_and_Audiovisual_Archives" title="International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives">International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest known surviving electrical recording was made on a <a href="/wiki/Telegraphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphone">telegraphone</a> magnetic recorder at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris. It includes brief comments by Emperor Franz Joseph and the audio quality, ignoring dropouts and some noise of later origin, is comparable to that of a contemporary telephone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1925 the laboratories reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories and under the shared ownership of <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph Company">American Telephone & Telegraph Company</a> and Western Electric.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ironically, the introduction of "<a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a>" was spearheaded by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer" title="The Jazz Singer">The Jazz Singer</a></i> (1927), which used the <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-disc" title="Sound-on-disc">sound-on-disc</a> system rather than an optical soundtrack.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a> has issued all these recordings on <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Var%C3%A8se_Sarabande" title="Varèse Sarabande">Varèse Sarabande</a> had released the Beethoven Concerto on LP, and it has been reissued on CD several times since.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although its given name was the <i>Lear Jet Stereo 8</i>, it was seldom referred to as such.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fowler_45–49-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_45–49_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", <i>Music Educators Journal</i>, <b>54</b> (2), MENC_ The National Association for Music Education: 45–49, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3391092">10.2307/3391092</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3391092">3391092</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190524140">190524140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Educators+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Music%3A+A+History+of+Mechanical+Instruments&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=1967-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190524140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3391092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3391092&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koetsier-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koetsier_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoetsier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Koetsier, Teun (2001). "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators". <i>Mechanism and Machine Theory</i>. <b>36</b> (5). Elsevier: 589–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2">10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mechanism+and+Machine+Theory&rft.atitle=On+the+prehistory+of+programmable+machines%3A+musical+automata%2C+looms%2C+calculators&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=589-603&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0094-114X%2801%2900005-2&rft.aulast=Koetsier&rft.aufirst=Teun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Thomas (2006). <i>Rosslyn Chapel: The Music of the Cubes</i>. 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April 26, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113051459/http://www.scotsman.com/news/arts/tune_into_the_da_vinci_coda_1_466446">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Tune+into+the+Da+Vinci+coda&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews%2Farts%2Ftune_into_the_da_vinci_coda_1_466446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pianola.org/history/history_pianoplayers.cfm">"History of the Pianola - Piano Players"</a>. <i>The Pianola Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527150428/http://www.pianola.org/history/history_pianoplayers.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pianola+Institute&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Pianola+-+Piano+Players&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pianola.org%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_pianoplayers.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610220347/http://www.buffalonews.com/incoming/article134934.ece">"The day the music died - News - The Buffalo News"</a>. June 10, 2011. 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Apollo Co.</a></i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_209" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 209">209</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/209/1/">1</a> (1908)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-firstsounds-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-firstsounds_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-firstsounds_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstsounds.org">"First Sounds"</a>. <i>FirstSounds.ORG</i>. 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Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55652-507-0"><bdi>978-1-55652-507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wouldn%27t+it+Be+Nice%3A+Brian+Wilson+and+the+Making+of+the+Beach+Boys%27+Pet+Sounds&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55652-507-0&rft.aulast=Granata&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeduXp1caQ4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehewRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Kehew, Brian; Ryan, Kevin (2006). <i>Recording The Beatles</i>. 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INSAM Institute for Contemporary Art, Music and Technology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51191%2Fissn.2637-1898">10.51191/issn.2637-1898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194358461">194358461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INSAM+Journal+of+Contemporary+Music%2C+Art+and+Technology&rft.pub=INSAM+Institute+for+Contemporary+Art%2C+Music+and+Technology&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51191%2Fissn.2637-1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194358461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.51191%2Fissn.2637-1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readersdigest.co.uk/culture/music/why-is-vinyl-making-a-comeback">"Why is vinyl making a comeback? - Reader's Digest"</a>. <i>www.readersdigest.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.readersdigest.co.uk&rft.atitle=Why+is+vinyl+making+a+comeback%3F+-+Reader%27s+Digest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readersdigest.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fwhy-is-vinyl-making-a-comeback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/101">§ 101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pub. L. 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Stephen Carwardine Co</i> [1934] 1 Ch 450</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/00497725"><i>Magnetic tape sound recording and reproducing systems</i></a>, BSI British Standards, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3403%2F00497725">10.3403/00497725</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+tape+sound+recording+and+reproducing+systems&rft.pub=BSI+British+Standards&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3403%2F00497725&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3403%2F00497725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Recorded_Sound" title="Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound">Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound</a></i> (2 Vols.) (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2005 [1993].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Recorded+Sound&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Barlow, Sanna Morrison. Mountain Singing: the Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines. Hong Kong: Alliance Press, 1952. 352 p.</li> <li>Coleman, Mark, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8xe0hjGqZ6YC"><i>Playback: from the Victrola to MP3, 100 years of music, machines, and money</i></a>, Da Capo Press, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaisberg,_Frederick_W.1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gaisberg" title="Fred Gaisberg">Gaisberg, Frederick W.</a> (1977). Andrew Farkas (ed.). <i>The Music Goes Round</i>. New Haven: Ayer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780405096785" title="Special:BookSources/9780405096785"><bdi>9780405096785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+Goes+Round&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Ayer&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780405096785&rft.au=Gaisberg%2C+Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gronow, Pekka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkPIO2UZnEUC&pg=PA108">"The Record Industry: The Growth of a Mass Medium"</a>, <i>Popular Music</i>, Vol. 3, Producers and Markets (1983), pp. 53–75, Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Gronow, Pekka, and Saunio, Ilpo, "An International History of the Recording Industry", [translated from the Finnish by Christopher Moseley], London; New York : Cassell, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-70173-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-70173-4">0-304-70173-4</a></li> <li>Lipman, Samuel,"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions", 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Legge" title="Walter Legge">Walter Legge</a> and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).</li> <li>Millard, Andre J., "America on record : a history of recorded sound", Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47544-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47544-9">0-521-47544-9</a></li> <li>Millard, Andre J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">" From Edison to the iPod"</a>, UAB Reporter, 2005, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a>.</li> <li>Milner, Greg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KuPkMAsPDQQC">"Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music"</a>, Faber & Faber; 1 edition (June 9, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21165-4">978-0-571-21165-4</a>. Cf. p. 14 on H. Stith Bennett and "<a href="/wiki/Recording_consciousness" title="Recording consciousness">recording consciousness</a>".</li> <li>Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch, <i>From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph</i>, Second ed., Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Same & Co., 1976. <i>N.B</i>.: This is an historical account of the development of sound recording technology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-21205-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-672-21205-6">0-672-21205-6</a> pbk.</li> <li>Read, Oliver, <i>The Recording and Reproduction of Sound</i>, Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams & Co., 1952. <i>N.B</i>.: This is a pioneering engineering account of sound recording technology.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312213800/http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/recording/notes.html">"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 12, 2010), <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">San Diego University</a></li> <li>St-Laurent, Gilles, "Notes on the Degradation of Sound Recordings", <i>National Library [of Canada] News</i>, vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), p. 1, 3–4.</li> <li>McWilliams, Jerry. <i>The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings</i>. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910050-41-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-910050-41-4">0-910050-41-4</a></li> <li>Weir, Bob, et al. <i>Century of Sound: 100 Years of Recorded Sound, 1877-1977</i>. Executive writer, Bob Weir; project staff writers, Brian Gorman, Jim Simons, Marty Melhuish. [Toronto?]: Produced by Studio 123, cop. 1977. <i>N.B</i>.: Published on the occasion of an exhibition commemorating the centennial of recorded sound, held at the fairground of the annual Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont., as one of the C.N.E.'s 1977 events. Without ISBN</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_recording_and_reproduction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/recording" class="extiw" title="q:recording">recording</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Sound-recording-history">Oral history of recorded sound</a> Interviews with practitioners in all areas of the recording industry. British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk">Archival Sound Recordings</a> – tens of thousands of recordings showcasing audio history from 19th century wax cylinders to the present day. British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/news/treasures/index.cfm?vidid=9">History of Recorded Sound. New York Public Library</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noiseinthegroove.com">Noise in the Groove</a> – A podcast about the history of the phonograph, gramophone, and sound recording/reproduction.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiosonica.com/en/course/post/2">Audio Engineering online course</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> Licence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/42/">Recorded Music</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/">A History of Central Florida Podcast</a></li> <li>Millard, Andre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massless.info/images/Edisons%20tone%20tests.pdf">"Edison's Tone Tests and the Ideal of Perfect Reproduction"</a>, <i>Lost and Found Sound</i>, interview on National Public Radio.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Straw;_Helmut_Kallmann;_Edward_B._Moogk" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Will Straw; <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kallmann" title="Helmut Kallmann">Helmut Kallmann</a>; Edward B. Moogk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/recorded-sound-production-emc">"Recorded sound production"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Music_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Music in Canada">Encyclopedia of Music in Canada</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recorded+sound+production&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Music+in+Canada&rft.au=Will+Straw%3B+Helmut+Kallmann%3B+Edward+B.+Moogk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Frecorded-sound-production-emc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+recording+and+reproduction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Audio_formats" title="Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_formats" title="Template talk:Audio formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Audio_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Audio formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_audio_recording_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physical <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording format">audio recording formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_box#Evolving_box_production" title="Music box">Music box cylinder or disc</a> (9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock#First_modern_cuckoo_clocks" title="Cuckoo clock">Mechanical cuckoo</a> (early 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">Punched card</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_roll" title="Music roll">Music roll</a> (1883)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonautograph" title="Phonautograph">Phonautogram</a> (1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder" title="Phonograph cylinder">cylinder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Phonograph cylinder</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">Graphophone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictaphone" title="Dictaphone">Dictaphone cylinder</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder#Early_development" title="Phonograph cylinder">Perfected phonograph</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Ediphone</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Salon cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Stentor cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Le Céleste cylinder</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Gold moulded record</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indestructible_Record_Company" title="Indestructible Record Company">Indestructible record</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Records#Mass-produced_cylinders" title="Edison Records">Amberol record</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Amberol_Records" title="Blue Amberol Records">Blue Amberol record</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Paradis cylinder</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved disc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé disc</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Disc_Record" title="Edison Disc Record">Diamond disc</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Records#Pathé_cylinders_and_discs" title="Pathé Records">Pathé Actuelle</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edison_Voicewriter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edison Voicewriter (page does not exist)">Edison Voicewriter</a> (late 1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoundScriber" title="SoundScriber">SoundScriber</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Audograph" title="Gray Audograph">Audograph</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP_record" title="LP record">Long play</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Hi-Fi" title="Highway Hi-Fi">Highway Hi-Fi</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_8ban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai 8ban (page does not exist)">Bandai 8ban</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grooved tape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefifon#1930s" title="Tefifon">Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictabelt" title="Dictabelt">Dictabelt</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonofilm" title="Phonofilm">Phonofilm</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movietone_sound_system" title="Movietone sound system">Movietone</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_Photophone" title="RCA Photophone">Photophone</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loose magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wire_recording" title="Wire recording">Wire recording</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wire</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Textophon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Textophon (page does not exist)">Lorenz Textophon</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Army_RD-11B/GNQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1 (page does not exist)">US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_Industries_MX-303A/ANQ-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1 (page does not exist)">Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12875&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12875 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12875</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RCA_MI-12877&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RCA MI-12877 (page does not exist)">RCA MI-12877</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_265B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 265B (page does not exist)">Peirce 265B</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peirce_330/360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peirce 330/360 (page does not exist)">Peirce 330/360</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P51 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P51</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_P55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon P55 (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon P55</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Minifon_special&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Minifon special (page does not exist)">Protona Minifon special</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crouzet-Jaeger_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge (page does not exist)">Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge</a> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stripe_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic stripe card">Magnetic stripe card</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_magnetic_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken magnetic disc (page does not exist)">Telefunken magnetic disc</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermionic_Products_Recordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermionic Products Recordon (page does not exist)">Thermionic Products Recordon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Record_Maker_Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record Maker Pye (page does not exist)">Record Maker Pye</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricoh_Synchrofax" title="Ricoh Synchrofax">Synchrofax</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">Audio High Density</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Loose (reel-to-reel)</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner#Career" title="Ludwig Blattner">Blattnerphone</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetophon" title="Magnetophon">Magnetophon</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Reel-to-reel_¼"" title="Audio tape specifications">1/4" tape</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">1/2" tape</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Fullcoat magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">Stripe magfilm</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Ampex's_original_8-track_recorder" title="History of multitrack recording">1" tape</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_multitrack_recording#Large_format_analog_recorders" title="History of multitrack recording">2" tape</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3/4%22_tape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3/4" tape (page does not exist)">3/4" tape</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tape_specifications#Studio_tape_formats" title="Audio tape specifications">3" tape</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loewe_(electronics)#Company_history" title="Loewe (electronics)">Optaphon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_Echo-matic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino Echo-matic (page does not exist)">Cousino Echo-matic</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Message_repeater_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Message repeater cartridge (page does not exist)">Mohawk Message repeater cartridge</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_Midgetape_RL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohawk Midgetape RL (page does not exist)">Mohawk Midgetape RL</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Dictet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Dictet (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Dictet</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rediffusion_Reditune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rediffusion Reditune (page does not exist)">Rediffusion Reditune</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Sabafon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Sabafon (page does not exist)">Saba Sabafon</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCA_tape_cartridge" title="RCA tape cartridge">RCA tape cartridge</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3581 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3581</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protona_Attach%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protona Attaché (page does not exist)">Protona Attaché</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelipac" title="Fidelipac">Fidelipac</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousino_MR-9000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousino MR-9000 (page does not exist)">Cousino MR-9000</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_Magnabelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM Magnabelt (page does not exist)">IBM Magnabelt</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictaphone_Travel_master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictaphone Travel master (page does not exist)">Dictaphone Travel master</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Vity_cassette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Vity cassette (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Vity cassette</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_Cassette_LFH_0084&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig Cassette LFH 0084 (page does not exist)">Grundig Cassette LFH 0084</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrtronic_Tapette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrtronic Tapette (page does not exist)">Orrtronic Tapette</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape#Trade_names" title="Scotch Tape">3M Scotch</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cousino" title="Bernard Cousino">Cousino Echo-matic II</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereo-Pak" title="Stereo-Pak">Stereo-Pak</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_EL_3583&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips EL 3583 (page does not exist)">Philips EL 3583</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_En3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig En3 (page does not exist)">Grundig En3</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabamobil" title="Sabamobil">Sabamobil</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">8-track</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyo_Micro_Pack_35" title="Sanyo Micro Pack 35">Micro pack 35</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assmann-Stuzzi_Memocord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord (page does not exist)">Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_700" title="Cantata 700">Cantata 700</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC-International" title="DC-International">DC-International</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Electronic_Memo-call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Electronic Memo-call (page does not exist)">Nippon Electronic Memo-call</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayTape" title="PlayTape">PlayTape</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntz_Stereo_Mini-twin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntz Stereo Mini-twin (page does not exist)">Muntz Stereo Mini-twin</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grundig_DeJ614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grundig DeJ614 (page does not exist)">Grundig DeJ614</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">Microcassette</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanyo_Tape_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanyo Tape cartridge (page does not exist)">Sanyo Tape cartridge</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiPac" title="HiPac">HiPac</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno-Cassette" title="Steno-Cassette">Steno-Cassette</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundig_Business_Systems#History" title="Grundig Business Systems">Stenorette DL</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Records_Audiopak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Records Audiopak (page does not exist)">Capitol Records Audiopak</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elcaset" title="Elcaset">Elcaset</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandai_micro_cartridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandai micro cartridge (page does not exist)">Bandai micro cartridge</a> (late 1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picocassette" title="Picocassette">Picocassette</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Rockers" title="Pocket Rockers">Pocket Rockers</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital converter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soundstream#Digital_Tape_Recorder" title="Soundstream">Soundstream</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProDigi" title="ProDigi">X80/ProDigi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">DASH</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCM_adaptor" title="PCM adaptor">PCM adaptor</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DA-88" title="DA-88">DA-88/DTRS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a> cartridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_(cassette)" title="NT (cassette)">NT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Compact_Cassette" title="Digital Compact Cassette">Digital Compact Cassette</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">Sound-on-film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">DD</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">CDS</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Dynamic_Digital_Sound" title="Sony Dynamic Digital Sound">SDDS</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_recording_technologies" title="Optical disc recording technologies">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">Compact Disc Digital Audio</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philips_CD-BGM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philips CD-BGM (page does not exist)">Philips CD-BGM</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCD" class="mw-redirect" title="HDCD">HDCD</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataPlay" title="DataPlay">DataPlay</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-MD" title="Hi-MD">Hi-MD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BD-Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="BD-Audio">BD-Audio</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio" title="High Fidelity Pure Audio">HFPA</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA-CD</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Electronic circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a> (late 1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 player</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitClips" title="HitClips">HitClips</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaboom_Box&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaboom Box (page does not exist)">Yaboom Box</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takara_E-kara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takara E-kara (page does not exist)">Takara E-kara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toymax_VJ_Starz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toymax VJ Starz (page does not exist)">Toymax VJ Starz</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Media_storage_and_marketing" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#Music_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">MicroSD</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini-cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-cassette">Mini-cassette</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Artists_Compact_LaserDisc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc (page does not exist)">Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADAT" title="ADAT">ADAT</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_emulation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl emulation software">Timecode vinyl</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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