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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Flag_Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Flag_Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Great Flag Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Flag_Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promoting_the_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promoting_the_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Promoting the flag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promoting_the_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Canada</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Kanada" title="Vlag van Kanada – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van Kanada" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="علم كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Bandera de Canadá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kanada bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanada bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A9r_Kanada" title="Kobér Kanada – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobér Kanada" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сцяг Канады – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сьцяг Канады – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяг Канады" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Национално знаме на Канада – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национално знаме на Канада" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Kanade" title="Zastava Kanade – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastava Kanade" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banniel_Kanada" title="Banniel Kanada – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banniel Kanada" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Canad%C3%A0" title="Bandera del Canadà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera del Canadà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadsk%C3%A1_vlajka" title="Kanadská vlajka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanadská vlajka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_Canada" title="Baner Canada – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner Canada" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_flag" title="Canadas flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canadas flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_Kanadas" title="Flagge Kanadas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge Kanadas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_lipp" title="Kanada lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanada lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AC" title="Σημαία του Καναδά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία του Καναδά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_Canad%C3%A1" title="Bandera de Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Kanado" title="Flago de Kanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Kanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadako_bandera" title="Kanadako bandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kanadako bandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پرچم کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_du_Canada" title="Drapeau du Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau du Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Bandeira do Canadá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%9C" title="કેનેડાનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેનેડાનો રાષ્ટ્રધ્વજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="캐나다의 국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다의 국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Կանադայի դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանադայի դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="कनाडा का ध्वज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनाडा का ध्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Kanade" title="Zastava Kanade – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastava Kanade" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কানাডার ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কানাডার ফিরালহান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Kanada" title="Bendera Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_Kanada" title="Fáni Kanada – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fáni Kanada" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_del_Canada" title="Bandiera del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="דגל קנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל קנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="კანადის დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანადის დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Канада туы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канада туы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibendera_rya_Kanada" title="Ibendera rya Kanada – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibendera rya Kanada" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81das_karogs" title="Kanādas karogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanādas karogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanados_v%C4%97liava" title="Kanados vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanados vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_del_Canada" title="Bandera del Canada – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera del Canada" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Kanada zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanada zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Знаме на Канада – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаме на Канада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="कॅनडाचा ध्वज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅनडाचा ध्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="علم كندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم كندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Kanada" title="Bendera Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Канадын төрийн далбаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Канадын төрийн далбаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_Canada" title="Vlag van Canada – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van Canada" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="カナダの国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダの国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadas_flagg" title="Canadas flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canadas flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_kanadiske_flagget" title="Det kanadiske flagget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det kanadiske flagget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="Kanada bayrogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanada bayrogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਦਾ ਝੰਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak_bilong_Kanada" title="Plak bilong Kanada – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Plak bilong Kanada" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Kanady" title="Flaga Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_do_Canad%C3%A1" title="Bandeira do Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira do Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul_Canadei" title="Drapelul Canadei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapelul Canadei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Флаг Канады – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг Канады" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_o_Canadae" title="Banner o Canadae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Banner o Canadae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamuri_i_Kanadas%C3%AB" title="Flamuri i Kanadasë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flamuri i Kanadasë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of Canada" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Kanady" title="Vlajka Kanady – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlajka Kanady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Kanade" title="Zastava Kanade – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zastava Kanade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ئاڵای کەنەدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڵای کەنەدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Застава Канаде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Застава Канаде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Kanade" title="Zastava Kanade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zastava Kanade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadan_lippu" title="Kanadan lippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanadan lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadas_flagga" title="Kanadas flagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanadas flagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watawat_ng_Canada" title="Watawat ng Canada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Watawat ng Canada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ธงชาติแคนาดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติแคนาดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kanada bayrağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanada bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Прапор Канади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Канади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_k%E1%BB%B3_Canada" title="Quốc kỳ Canada – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc kỳ Canada" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="加拿大国旗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加拿大国旗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80s%C3%AC%C3%A1_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_K%C3%A1n%C3%A1d%C3%A0" title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Kánádà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àsìá ilẹ̀ Kánádà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%97" title="加拿大旗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加拿大旗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="加拿大國旗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="加拿大國旗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80110#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the national flag of Canada. For other Canadian flags, see <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Canada">Flags of Canada</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Canada</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/383px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/510px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The Canadian Flag <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>The Maple Leaf</li><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'Unifolié</i></span> (French)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">National flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="State ensign">state ensign</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111110.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National flag, civil and state ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/23px-FIAV_111110.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/35px-FIAV_111110.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/FIAV_111110.svg/46px-FIAV_111110.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°"><img alt="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="13" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">1∶2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">February 15, 1965<span class="noprint">; 60 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1965-02-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">A vertical <a href="/wiki/Triband_(flag)" title="Triband (flag)">triband</a> of red (hoist-side and fly-side) and white (double width) with one red maple leaf centred on the white band.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">George F. G. Stanley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Flag of Canada</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Drapeau national du Canada</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often referred to simply as the <b>Canadian flag</b>, consists of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured one stylized, red, 11-pointed <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">charged</a> in the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> to have been adopted by both houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> and officially <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian monarch</a> as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">the country</a>'s official <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable <a href="/wiki/National_symbol_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbol of Canada">national symbol of Canada</a>. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag, sparking a <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">debate about a flag change</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a>. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">George Stanley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>, was selected. The flag officially appeared on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as <a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Day" title="National Flag of Canada Day">National Flag of Canada Day</a>. </p><p>Before 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a> had been in unofficial use since the 1860s and was later officially approved by a 1945 <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> for use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag".<sup id="cite_ref-1945_order_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1945_order-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-first_flags_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first_flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Royal Union Flag</a> remains an official flag in Canada, to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the monarch and membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated, but there are conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags, which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags. </p><p>Many different flags created by Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton or by including maple leaves in the design. The Canadian flag also appears on the government's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program" title="Federal Identity Program">wordmark</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_design">Origins and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">Maple leaf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg/260px-Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg/390px-Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg/520px-Flag_of_Canada_%28construction_sheet_-_leaf_geometry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Construction sheet for the national flag of Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>The flag is horizontally symmetric, so the obverse and reverse sides appear identical. The width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height. The white field is a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_pale" title="Canadian pale">Canadian pale</a> (a central band occupying half the width of a vertical <a href="/wiki/Triband_(flag)" title="Triband (flag)">triband flag</a>, rather than a third of the width, named for its use in this flag);<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each bordering red field is exactly half its size<sup id="cite_ref-colours_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colours-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it bears a stylized red maple leaf at its centre. In heraldic terminology, the flag's <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a> as outlined on the original royal proclamation is "<a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a> on a Canadian pale <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a> a maple leaf of the first".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaf</a> has been a Canadian emblem since the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of both <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HannaMiddleton2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HannaMiddleton2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Muir" title="Alexander Muir">Alexander Muir</a> composed the patriotic song "<a href="/wiki/The_Maple_Leaf_Forever" title="The Maple Leaf Forever">The Maple Leaf Forever</a>", which became an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a> in English-speaking Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Irr1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irr1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maple leaf was later added to the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Canadian coat of arms</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-HannaMiddleton2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HannaMiddleton2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all <a href="/wiki/Canadian_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian coins">Canadian coins</a> and remained on the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(Canadian_coin)" title="Penny (Canadian coin)">penny</a> after 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the maple leaf by the <a href="/wiki/100th_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Royal_Canadian)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot">Royal Canadian Regiment</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Regimental_symbol" title="Regimental symbol">regimental symbol</a> extended back to 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Herd2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herd2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Second World Wars</a>, badges of the Canadian forces were often based on a maple leaf design.<sup id="cite_ref-Granatstein201_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granatstein201-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arms_of_Ontario.svg/125px-Arms_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arms_of_Ontario.svg/188px-Arms_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Arms_of_Ontario.svg/250px-Arms_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ontario" title="Coat of arms of Ontario">Arms of Ontario</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_(1867-1939).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg/129px-Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg/194px-Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg/258px-Coat_of_arms_of_Qu%C3%A9bec_%281867-1939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Arms of Quebec</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Maple leaves have been used on the arms of Ontario and Quebec since 1868.</div></div></div></div> <p>By <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaiming</a> the Royal Arms of Canada, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> in 1921 made red and white the official colours of Canada; the former came from <a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">Saint George's Cross</a> and the latter from the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> royal emblem since King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colours became "entrenched" as the <a href="/wiki/National_colours_of_Canada" title="National colours of Canada">national colours of Canada</a> upon the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#The_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal standards of Canada">Royal Standard of Canada</a> (the Canadian monarch's personal flag) in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> has listed the various colour shades for printing <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag; these include:<sup id="cite_ref-colours_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colours-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>FIP red: General Printing Ink, No. 0-712;</li> <li>Inmont Canada Ltd., No. 4T51577;</li> <li>Monarch Inks, No. 62539/0</li> <li>Rieger Inks, No. 25564</li> <li>Sinclair and Valentine, No. RL163929/0.</li></ul> <p>The number of points on the leaf has no special significance;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number and arrangement of the points were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed the current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high-wind conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The image of the maple leaf used on the flag was designed by Jacques Saint-Cyr;<sup id="cite_ref-Archbold,_Rick_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archbold,_Rick-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Cook claims that this stylized eleven-point maple leaf was lifted from a copyrighted design owned by a Canadian craft shop in Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_Point_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven_Point-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours 0/100/100/0 in the <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> process, PMS 032 (flag red 100%), or PMS 485 (used for screens) in the <a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a> colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-colours_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colours-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Identity_Program" title="Federal Identity Program">Federal Identity Program</a>, the red tone of the standard flag has an <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> value of 255–0–0 (web hexadecimal #FF0000).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for flags used in both indoor and outdoor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Flag of Canada is represented as the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> sequence <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+1F1E8</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🇨</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C</span>, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+1F1E6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🇦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_flags">Early flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone,_1535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg/220px-Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg/330px-Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg/440px-Jacques_Cartier_rencontre_les_indiens_de_Stadacone%2C_1535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> meeting with <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_peoples" title="Iroquoian peoples">Iroquoians</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stadacona" title="Stadacona">Stadacona</a>. Another member of Cartier's party is holding the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">royal banner of France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Saint George's Cross</a> was carried by <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> when he reached the later-named <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> in 1497. In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> planted a cross in <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé</a> bearing the French royal coat of arms with the <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Royal Banner of France</a> or "Bourbon Flag" held a position of some prominence in <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">New France</a>, with the evolving variations of <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_flags#Historical_flags" title="List of French flags">French military flags</a> being used over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Association1915_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Association1915-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_United_Empire_Loyalists.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a> flag, which is similar to but wider than the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">flag of Great Britain</a>. The flag is still used in <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist#List_of_Loyalist_settlements_in_Canada" title="United Empire Loyalist">loyalist settlements</a> within Canada.</figcaption></figure><p> As the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de_facto" class="extiw" title="wikt:de facto">de facto</a></i> British national flag, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack#History" title="Union Jack">Union Flag</a> (commonly known as the "Union Jack") was used similarly in Canada from the time of British settlement in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> after 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Union_Flag_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_Flag-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use continued after Canada's legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 until the adoption of the current flag in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-first_flags_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first_flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canada.ca_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada.ca-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalist</a> flag, that is very similar to the Union Jack, was used by immigrants who remained <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary War</a>. In present-day Canada, the United Empire Loyalist flag continues to be used as symbol of pride and heritage for loyalist townships and organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-s891_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s891-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867, the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged. The first Canadian flag was then used as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">flag of the governor general of Canada</a>, a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_Flags_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_Flags-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign" title="Red Ensign">Red Ensign</a>, with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly, began to be used unofficially on land and sea<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a></i>. As new provinces joined the Confederation, their arms were added to the shield. In 1892, the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG/220px-Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG/330px-Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG/440px-Postcard_of_Maisonneuve_Monument_and_Coronation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian postcard marking the coronation of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Queen Mary</a> in 1911, depicting a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Red_Ensign" title="Canadian Red Ensign">Canadian Red Ensign</a> with a crowned composite shield of Canada in the fly, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> below it</figcaption></figure> <p>The composite shield was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">coat of arms of Canada</a> upon its grant in 1921, and in 1924, an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-first_flags_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first_flags-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> established a committee to design a flag to be used at home, but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered. Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue, public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New designs were proposed in 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1931,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Red Ensign was viewed as Canada's <i>de facto</i> national flag. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8, 1945, to recommend a national flag to officially adopt. It received 2,409 designs from the public and was addressed by the director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army, <a href="/wiki/Archer_Fortescue_Duguid" title="Archer Fortescue Duguid">Archer Fortescue Duguid</a>, who pointed out that red and white were Canada's official colours and there was already an emblem representing the country: three joined maple leaves seen on the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> of the Canadian coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 9 the following year, the committee reported back with a recommendation "that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white". The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Quebec">Legislative Assembly of Quebec</a> had urged the committee not to include any of what it deemed as "foreign symbols", including the Union Flag, and Mackenzie King, then still prime minister, declined to act on the report;<sup id="cite_ref-birth_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_Flags_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_Flags-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fearing it may lead to political instability. As a result, the Union Flag was kept as a national flag, and the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign at government buildings was maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Flag_Debate">Great Flag Debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Great Flag Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Canadian_flag_debate" title="Great Canadian flag debate">Great Canadian flag debate</a></div> <p>By the 1960s, the debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became controversial, culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963, the minority <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate. The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson. He had been a significant broker during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> of 1956, for which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-suez_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suez-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Canadian peacekeeping forces</a> because the Canadian flag (the Red Ensign) contained the same symbol (the Union Flag) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents.<sup id="cite_ref-suez_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suez-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearson's goal was to create a Canadian flag that was distinctive and unmistakably Canadian. The main opponent to changing the flag was the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (Canada)">leader of the opposition</a> and former prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a>, who eventually made the subject a personal crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg/250px-Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg/330px-Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg/500px-Canada_Pearson_Pennant_1964.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A flag design created by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Beddoe" title="Alan Beddoe">Alan Beddoe</a>, and dubbed the <i>Pearson Pennant</i>, being Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a>'s favoured design</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1961, Leader of the Opposition Lester Pearson asked <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_Matheson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ross Matheson">John Ross Matheson</a> to begin researching what it would take for Canada to have a new flag. By April 1963, Pearson was prime minister in a minority government and risked losing power over the issue. He formed a 15-member multi-party parliamentary committee in 1963 to select a new design, despite opposition leader Diefenbaker's demands for a referendum on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 27, 1964, Pearson's cabinet introduced a motion to parliament for the adoption of his favourite design, presented to him by artist and heraldic advisor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Beddoe" title="Alan Beddoe">Alan Beddoe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a "sea to sea" (Canada's motto) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field. This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and the design came to be known as the "Pearson Pennant",<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derided by the media and viewed as a "concession to Québec".<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Canada_(1964).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Canada_%281964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Flag design created by <a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">George Stanley</a> and selected by the parliamentary committee</figcaption></figure> <p>A new all-party committee was formed in September 1964, comprising seven Liberals, five Conservatives, one <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">New Democrat</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Crediter</a>, and one <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Créditiste</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Herman_Maxwell_Batten" title="Herman Maxwell Batten">Herman Batten</a> as chairman, while John Matheson acted as Pearson's right-hand man.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who gave their opinions to the group was Duguid, expressing the same views as he had in 1945, insisting on a design using three maple leaves; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_R._M._Lower" title="Arthur R. M. Lower">Arthur R. M. Lower</a>, stressing the need for a distinctly Canadian emblem; <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Trudel" title="Marcel Trudel">Marcel Trudel</a>, arguing for symbols of Canada's founding nations, which did not include the maple leaf (a thought shared by Diefenbaker); and <a href="/wiki/A._Y._Jackson" title="A. Y. Jackson">A. Y. Jackson</a>, providing his own suggested designs.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A steering committee also considered about 2,000 suggestions from the public, in addition to 3,900 others that included, according to <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>, "those that had accumulated in the Department of the Secretary of State and those from a parliamentary flag committee of 1945–1946".<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through six weeks of study with political manoeuvring, the committee took a vote on the two finalists: the Pearson Pennant (Beddoe's design) and the current design. Believing the Liberal members would vote for the Prime Minister's preference, the Conservatives voted for the single leaf design. The Liberals, though, all voted for the single leaf design, as did the members from the other two parties, giving a unanimous 15 to 0 vote<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the option created by <a href="/wiki/George_Stanley" title="George Stanley">George Stanley</a> and inspired by the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> (RMC) in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg/500px-Flag_of_the_Royal_Military_College_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There, near the parade square, in March 1964, while viewing the college flag atop the Mackenzie Building, Stanley, then RMC's Dean of Arts, first suggested to Matheson, then Member of Parliament for Leeds, that the RMC flag should form the basis of the national flag. The suggestion was followed by Stanley's memorandum of March 23, 1964, on the history of Canada's emblems,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he warned that any new flag "must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature" and that it would be "clearly inadvisable" to create a flag that carried the Union Flag or a fleur-de-lis. According to Matheson, Pearson's "paramount and desperate objective" in introducing the new flag was keeping Quebec in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Stanley's idea that the new flag should be red and white and that it should feature the single maple leaf; his memorandum included the first sketch of what would become the flag of Canada. Stanley and Matheson collaborated on a design that was, after six months of debate and 308 speeches,<sup id="cite_ref-CE_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15, 1964. Just after this, at 2:00 am, Matheson wrote to Stanley: "Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78. Congratulations. I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well."<sup id="cite_ref-postcard_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postcard-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> added its approval two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation">Proclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Proclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the resolutions proposing a new national flag for Canada were passed by the two houses of parliament, a proclamation was drawn up for signature by the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Queen of Canada</a>. This was created in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> document on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> by Yvonne Diceman and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldic</a> illustrations. The text was rendered in black ink, using a <a href="/wiki/Quill" title="Quill">quill</a>, while the heraldic elements were painted in <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> with gilt highlights. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada" title="Great Seal of Canada">Great Seal of Canada</a> was embossed and secured by a silk ribbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Proc_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_(January_1965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg/220px-Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg/330px-Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg/440px-Proclamation_of_the_National_Flag_of_Canada_%28January_1965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Royal proclamation of the national flag of Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>This parchment was signed discreetly by the calligrapher but was made official by the signatures of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (given on January 28, 1965<sup id="cite_ref-birth_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lester_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Pearson">Lester Pearson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Canada">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Favreau" title="Guy Favreau">Guy Favreau</a>. In order to obtain these signatures, the document was flown to the United Kingdom (for the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Royal_sign-manual" title="Royal sign-manual">royal sign-manual</a>) and to the Caribbean (for the signature of Favreau, who was on vacation). This transport to different climates, combined with the quality of the materials with which the proclamation was created and the subsequent storage and repair methods (including the use of <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch Tape">Scotch Tape</a>), contributed to the deterioration of the document: The gouache was flaking off, leaving gaps in the heraldic designs, most conspicuously on the red maple leaf of the flag design in the centre of the sheet, and the adhesive from the tape had left stains. A desire to have the proclamation as part of a display at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of Civilization</a> marking the flag's 25th anniversary led to its restoration in 1989. The proclamation is today stored in a temperature and humidity-controlled plexiglass case to prevent the vellum from changing dimensionally.<sup id="cite_ref-Proc_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proc-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoption">Adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parliament_of_Canada_(41122504821).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg/220px-The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg/330px-The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg/440px-The_Parliament_of_Canada_%2841122504821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>The Canadian flag flying atop the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>. An official ceremony inaugurating the flag was held on Parliament Hill in 1965.</figcaption></figure> <p>The new national flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, at an official ceremony held on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> in Ottawa, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> Major-General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Vanier" title="Georges Vanier">Georges Vanier</a>, the Prime Minister, other members of the Cabinet, and Canadian parliamentarians. The Red Ensign was lowered at the stroke of noon, and the new maple leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>" followed by "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-flagfest_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagfest-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the flag, Vanier said "[it] will symbolize to each of us—and to the world—the unity of purpose and high resolve to which destiny beckons us".<sup id="cite_ref-Flap_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flap-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourget" title="Maurice Bourget">Maurice Bourget</a>, Speaker of the Senate, said: "The flag is the symbol of the nation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race, language, belief, or opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-flagfest_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagfest-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet there was still opposition to the change, and Stanley's life was even threatened for having "assassinated the flag". Despite this, Stanley attended the flag-raising ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag in 2015, the government—held by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a>—was criticized for the lack of an official ceremony dedicated to the date; accusations of partisanship were levelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Flap_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flap-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Minister of Canadian Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Shelly_Glover" title="Shelly Glover">Shelly Glover</a> denied the charges, and others, including Liberal Members of Parliament, pointed to community events taking place around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Flap_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flap-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor General <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> did, though, preside at an official ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Park" title="Confederation Park">Confederation Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, integrated with <a href="/wiki/Winterlude" title="Winterlude">Winterlude</a>. He said, "[t]he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply cannot imagine our country without it."<sup id="cite_ref-GG_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth II stated: "On this, the 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada, I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mint" title="Royal Canadian Mint">Royal Canadian Mint</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GG-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_flags">Alternative flags</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternative flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg/250px-Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg/330px-Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg/500px-Cartwright_cenotaph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>A Canadian Red Ensign, Royal Union Flag, and the flag of Canada flown next to a cenotaph in <a href="/wiki/Cartwright,_Manitoba" title="Cartwright, Manitoba">Cartwright, Manitoba</a></figcaption></figure><p> As a symbol of the nation's membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and allegiance to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, the Royal Union Flag is an official Canadian flag and is flown on certain occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_union_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_union-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations require federal installations to fly the Royal Union Flag beside the national flag when physically possible, using a second flagpole, on the following days: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Day" title="Commonwealth Day">Commonwealth Day</a> (the second Monday in March), <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Day" title="Victoria Day">Victoria Day</a> (the same date as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday#Canada" title="King's Official Birthday">Canadian sovereign's official birthday</a>), and the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> (December 11). The Royal Union Flag can also be flown at the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a> or at other locations during ceremonies that honour Canadian involvement with forces of other Commonwealth nations during times of war. The national flag always precedes the Royal Union Flag, with the former occupying the place of honour.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_union_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_union-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/330px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/440px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Royal Standard of Canada (used by <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Canada">King of Canada</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Royal Union Flag is also part of the provincial <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ontario" title="Flag of Ontario">flags of Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manitoba" title="Flag of Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, forming the canton of these flags; a stylized version is used on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbia" title="Flag of British Columbia">flag of British Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador">flag of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_union_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_union-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">provincial lieutenant governors</a> formerly used a modified union flag as their standard. The last to abolish this design was the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia">lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia</a> in 2024<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_union_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_union-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#The_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal standards of Canada">Royal Standard of Canada</a> (banner of arms) is an official flag introduced May 6, 2023, and first flown at Government House, Halifax, that day.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Red Ensign is occasionally still used, including official use at some ceremonies. It was flown at the commemorations of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-globe_red_ensign_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe_red_ensign-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slams_red_ensign_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slams_red_ensign-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision elicited criticism from those who believed it should not have been given equal status to the Canadian flag and received praise from people who believed that it was important to retain the ties to Canada's past.<sup id="cite_ref-globe_red_ensign_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe_red_ensign-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slams_red_ensign_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slams_red_ensign-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Union Flag and Red Ensign are still flown in Canada by veterans' groups and others who continue to stress the importance of Canada's British heritage and the Commonwealth connection.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_union_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal_union-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:338px;max-width:338px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/165px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/248px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag of Acadia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/165px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/248px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/330px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag of Quebec</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">provincial flag</a> (a white cross on a field of blue with four <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a>) can be considered a national flag along with the Maple Leaf flag, as is the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Acadian flag</a> in the Acadian regions of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritime provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Archbold,_Rick_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archbold,_Rick-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public display of Canadian flags is rare in Quebec, with most Quebecers preferring to fly the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">flag of Quebec</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Display of the flag is also contentious, with the Quebec provincial government ordering that the Quebec flag be given seniority over the Canadian one in the province,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Quebec government facilities, such as the <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_of_Quebec_City" title="City Hall of Quebec City">Quebec City Hall</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27assurance_automobile_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec">SAAQ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)" title="Parliament Building (Quebec)">Quebec Parliament</a>, refusing to fly the Canadian flag at all.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg/220px-NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg/330px-NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg/440px-NB_-_Hartland_Bridge2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hartland_Covered_Bridge" title="Hartland Covered Bridge">Hartland Covered Bridge</a>, with the Canadian flag on its tallest flagpole</figcaption></figure> <p>No law dictates the proper use of the Canadian flag. Canadian Heritage has released rules for flying the National Flag of Canada alone and with other flags. The rules deal with the order of precedence in which the Canadian flag is placed, where the flag can be used, how it is used, and what people should do to honour the flag. The suggestions, titled <i>National Flag of Canada Etiquette,</i> were published by Canadian Heritage online and last updated in 24 February 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> also have a unique protocol for folding the Canadian flag for presentations, such as during a funeral ceremony; CF does not recommend this method for everyday use.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag can be displayed on any day at buildings operated by the Government of Canada, airports, military bases, diplomatic offices, and citizens during any time of the day. When flying the flag, it should be flown using its pole and should not be inferior to other flags, save for, in descending order, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada#The_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal standards of Canada">King's standard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor General of Canada">governor general's standard</a>, any of the personal standards of members of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Canada's_royal_family_and_house" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canadian Royal Family</a>, or flags of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian flag is <a href="/wiki/Half-mast#Canada" title="Half-mast">flown at half-mast in Canada</a> to indicate a period of mourning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promoting_the_flag">Promoting the flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Promoting the flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg/250px-Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg/330px-Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg/500px-Items_from_the_Canadian_Parliamentary_Flag_Program.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A sample of items from the Parliamentary Flag Program</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the Canadian flag was adopted in 1965, the Canadian government has sponsored programs to promote it. Examples include the Canadian Parliamentary Flag Program of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> and the flag program run by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_and_Government_Services_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Works and Government Services Canada">Department of Public Works</a>. These programs increased the exposure of the flag and the concept that it was part of the national identity. To raise awareness of the new flag, the Parliamentary Flag Program was set up in December 1972 by the Cabinet and, beginning in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed members of the House of Commons to distribute flags and lapel pins in the shape of the Canadian flag to their constituents. Full-size flags that have been flown on <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a> and four other locations on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> are packaged by the Department of Public Works and offered to the public free of charge. As of March 2019, the program has a waiting list of over 100 years for both Peace Tower flags, which are 2.3 by 4.6 metres (7.5 by 15 ft) in size, and for flags from the other four locations (one on each side of <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block" title="Centre Block">Centre Block</a> and one each over <a href="/wiki/East_Block" title="East Block">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Block" title="West Block">West</a> Blocks), which are 1.4 by 2.7 metres (4.5 by 9 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Parliament-Flag-Request_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-Flag-Request-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1996, February 15 has been commemorated as <a href="/wiki/National_Flag_of_Canada_Day" title="National Flag of Canada Day">National Flag of Canada Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-flagfest_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flagfest-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Minister of Canadian Heritage <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Copps" title="Sheila Copps">Sheila Copps</a> instituted the One in a Million National Flag Challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canadian Heritage put the expenses at $15.5 million, with approximately a seventh of the cost offset by donations.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2025, in the lead up to the 60th anniversary of the Canadian maple leaf flag, former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Paul Martin</a> encouraged Canadians to show national pride and fly the flag "like never before" in the light of <a href="/wiki/2025_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico" title="2025 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico">"threats and insults" to Canadian sovereignty</a> by United States President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/40px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/60px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/40px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/60px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List of Canadian flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/culture/canadian-identity-society/anthems-symbols/national-flag.html">"National flag of Canada"</a>. Government of Canada. September 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+flag+of+Canada&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fculture%2Fcanadian-identity-society%2Fanthems-symbols%2Fnational-flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1980">Matheson 1980</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-history.html">"The history of the National Flag of Canada"</a>. Government of Canada. August 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+National+Flag+of+Canada&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fflag-canada-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Foot2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richard Foot (February 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-stanley-flag/">"The Stanley Flag"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725140437/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-stanley-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Stanley+Flag&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft.au=Richard+Foot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-stanley-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1945_order-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1945_order_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStacey,_C._P.1972" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, C. P., ed. (1972). "19. Order in Council on the Red Ensign, 1945". <i>Historical documents of Canada</i>. Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-0861-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-0861-8"><bdi>0-7705-0861-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19.+Order+in+Council+on+the+Red+Ensign%2C+1945&rft.btitle=Historical+documents+of+Canada&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7705-0861-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first_flags-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-first_flags_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_flags_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-first_flags_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df5-eng.cfm">"First "Canadian flags"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>. September 24, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220170258/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df5-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+%22Canadian+flags%22&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fdf5-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKen_Reynolds1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ken Reynolds (April 21, 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-union-flag-union-jack">"Royal Union Flag (Union Jack)"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Union+Flag+%28Union+Jack%29&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1965-04-21&rft.au=Ken+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Froyal-union-flag-union-jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNelson2010" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Phil (January 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/vxt-dvc1.html#canadianpale">"Dictionary of Vexillology"</a>. <i>Flags Of The World website</i>. CANADIAN PALE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flags+Of+The+World+website&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Vexillology&rft.pages=CANADIAN+PALE&rft.date=2010-01-02&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fvxt-dvc1.html%23canadianpale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colours-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colours_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colours_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colours_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220170248/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df11-eng.cfm">"The National Flag of Canada: Colours Specification"</a>. Department of Canadian Heritage. January 1, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df11-eng.cfm">the original</a> on December 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Flag+of+Canada%3A+Colours+Specification&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fdf11-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1385134851075">"Description of the Proclamation by Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second which formalized the National Flag of Canada in 1965"</a>. Department of Canadian Heritage. December 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215172105/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1385134851075">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+Proclamation+by+Her+Majesty+Elizabeth+the+Second+which+formalized+the+National+Flag+of+Canada+in+1965&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Feng%2F1385134851075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAreg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHAreg_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=462">"Registration of the National Flag of Canada"</a>. <i>The Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada</i>. Queen's Printer for Canada. March 15, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160727211226/http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=462">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Register+of+Arms%2C+Flags+and+Badges+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Registration+of+the+National+Flag+of+Canada&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freg.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The flag was later registered with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> on March 15, 2005 as "<a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> on a Canadian pale <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> a maple leaf Gules".<sup id="cite_ref-CHAreg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAreg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2009_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2009" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (2009). <i>The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems: Volume 2</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34500-5"><bdi>978-0-313-34500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Guide+to+National+Symbols+and+Emblems%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34500-5&rft.au=James+Minahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HannaMiddleton2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HannaMiddleton2008_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HannaMiddleton2008_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeanette_HannaAlan_C._Middleton2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeanette Hanna; Alan C. Middleton (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ikonicafieldguid0000hann"><i>Ikonica: A Field Guide to Canada's Brandscape</i></a></span>. Douglas & McIntyre. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ikonicafieldguid0000hann/page/79">79</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-275-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-275-5"><bdi>978-1-55365-275-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ikonica%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Canada%27s+Brandscape&rft.pages=79-&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-275-5&rft.au=Jeanette+Hanna&rft.au=Alan+C.+Middleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fikonicafieldguid0000hann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irr1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Irr1998_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaren_Irr1998" class="citation book cs1">Caren Irr (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suburbofdissentc0000irrc"><i>The Suburb of Dissent: Cultural Politics in the United States and Canada During the 1930s</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suburbofdissentc0000irrc/page/69">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2192-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2192-0"><bdi>0-8223-2192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suburb+of+Dissent%3A+Cultural+Politics+in+the+United+States+and+Canada+During+the+1930s&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8223-2192-0&rft.au=Caren+Irr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuburbofdissentc0000irrc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cross2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._K._Cross2011" class="citation book cs1">W. K. Cross (2011). <i>Canadian Coins: Collector and Maple Leaf Issues</i>. Charlton Press. p. intro. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88968-342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88968-342-6"><bdi>978-0-88968-342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Coins%3A+Collector+and+Maple+Leaf+Issues&rft.pages=intro&rft.pub=Charlton+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-88968-342-6&rft.au=W.+K.+Cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herd2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herd2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTim_Herd2012" class="citation book cs1">Tim Herd (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxFBT5mLhJkC&pg=PA69"><i>Maple Sugar: From Sap to Syrup: The History, Lore, and How-To Behind This Sweet Treat</i></a>. Storey Publishing, LLC. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61212-211-3"><bdi>978-1-61212-211-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704222522/http://books.google.com/books?id=lxFBT5mLhJkC&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maple+Sugar%3A+From+Sap+to+Syrup%3A+The+History%2C+Lore%2C+and+How-To+Behind+This+Sweet+Treat&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61212-211-3&rft.au=Tim+Herd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxFBT5mLhJkC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Granatstein201-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Granatstein201_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Granatstein2011" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Granatstein (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PA39"><i>Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1178-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-1178-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704223418/http://books.google.com/books?id=z7E-j1UWuOMC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Army%3A+Waging+War+and+Keeping+the+Peace&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1178-8&rft.au=J.+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7E-j1UWuOMC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Understanding-the-Cemeteries-and-Monuments.pdf">"Understanding the Cemeteries and Monuments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canadian Military History (Wilfrid Laurier University). 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233747/http://canadianmilitaryhistory.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Understanding-the-Cemeteries-and-Monuments.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Cemeteries+and+Monuments&rft.pub=Canadian+Military+History+%28Wilfrid+Laurier+University%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadianmilitaryhistory.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2FUnderstanding-the-Cemeteries-and-Monuments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df3-eng.cfm">"Birth of the Canadian flag"</a>. Department of Canadian Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224005050/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df3-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Canadian+flag&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fdf3-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTidridge2011" class="citation book cs1">Tidridge, Nathan (2011). Thompson, Allister (ed.). <i>Canada's Constitutional Monarchy</i>. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554889808" title="Special:BookSources/9781554889808"><bdi>9781554889808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Constitutional+Monarchy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781554889808&rft.aulast=Tidridge&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100430022232/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df7-eng.cfm">"You were asking..."</a> Department of Canadian Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/symbl/df7-eng.cfm">the original</a> on April 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+were+asking...&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Fsymbl%2Fdf7-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatheson1980">Matheson 1980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archbold,_Rick-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archbold,_Rick_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbold,_Rick_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchbold2002">Archbold 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eleven_Point-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eleven_Point_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211115022/http://www.canadasfourcorners.com/cfc/index.html">"The Eleven Point Maple Leaf"</a>. Canada's Four Corners. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadasfourcorners.com/cfc/index.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Eleven+Point+Maple+Leaf&rft.pub=Canada%27s+Four+Corners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadasfourcorners.com%2Fcfc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728214522/http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/pt-te.nsf/eng/00132.html">"Government of Canada FIP Signature"</a>. Industry Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/pt-te.nsf/eng/00132.html">the original</a> on July 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+of+Canada+FIP+Signature&rft.pub=Industry+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2Fpt-te.nsf%2Feng%2F00132.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-9/">"National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act"</a>. Government of Canada. December 31, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220032246/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-9/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Flag+of+Canada+Manufacturing+Standards+Act&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2002-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Facts%2FN-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emojipedia.org/flag-for-canada/">"🇨🇦 Flag for Canada Emoji"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emojipedia" title="Emojipedia">Emojipedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606084242/http://emojipedia.org/flag-for-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emojipedia&rft.atitle=%F0%9F%87%A8%F0%9F%87%A6+Flag+for+Canada+Emoji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femojipedia.org%2Fflag-for-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Association1915-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Association1915_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_State_Historical_Association1915" class="citation book cs1">New York State Historical Association (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eog-AAAAYAAJ"><i>Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association with the Quarterly Journal: 2nd-21st Annual Meeting with a List of New Members</i></a>. The Association. <q>It is most probable that the Bourbon Flag was used during the greater part of the occupancy of the French in the region extending southwest from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, known as New France... The French flag was probably blue at that time with three golden fleur - de - lis ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+New+York+State+Historical+Association+with+the+Quarterly+Journal%3A+2nd-21st+Annual+Meeting+with+a+List+of+New+Members&rft.pub=The+Association&rft.date=1915&rft.au=New+York+State+Historical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEog-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/national-flag-of-canada">"Fleur-de-lys | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>. <q>At the time of New France (1534 to the 1760s), two flags could be viewed as having national status. The first was the banner of France — a blue square flag bearing three gold fleurs-de-lys. It was flown above fortifications in the early years of the colony. For instance, it was flown above the lodgings of Pierre Du Gua de Monts at Île Sainte-Croix in 1604. There is some evidence that the banner also flew above Samuel de Champlain's habitation in 1608. ..... the completely white flag of the French Royal Navy was flown from ships, forts and sometimes at land-claiming ceremonies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Fleur-de-lys+%26%23124%3B+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnational-flag-of-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inquinte.ca/story/canada-150-years-of-history-the-story-behind-the-flag">"INQUINTE.CA | CANADA 150 Years of History ~ The story behind the flag"</a>. <i>inquinte.ca</i>. <q>When Canada was settled as part of France and dubbed "New France," two flags gained national status. One was the Royal Banner of France. This featured a blue background with three gold fleurs-de-lis. A white flag of the French Royal Navy was also flown from ships and forts and sometimes flown at land-claiming ceremonies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inquinte.ca&rft.atitle=INQUINTE.CA+%26%23124%3B+CANADA+150+Years+of+History+~+The+story+behind+the+flag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finquinte.ca%2Fstory%2Fcanada-150-years-of-history-the-story-behind-the-flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._Stewart_Wallace1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Stewart_Wallace" title="W. Stewart Wallace">W. Stewart Wallace</a> (1948). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Encyclopedia of Canada</a>, Vol. II, Toronto, University Associates of Canada</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">350–</span>351. <q>During the French régime in Canada, there does not appear to have been any French national flag in the modern sense of the term. The "Banner of France", composed of fleur-de-lys on a blue field, came nearest to being a national flag, since it was carried before the king when he marched to battle, and thus in some sense symbolized the kingdom of France. During the later period of French rule, it would seem that the emblem...was a flag showing the fleur-de-lys on a white ground.... as seen in Florida. There were, however, 68 flags authorized for various services by Louis XIV in 1661; and a number of these were doubtless used in New France</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Canada%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Toronto%2C+University+Associates+of+Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E350-%3C%2Fspan%3E351&rft.date=1948&rft.au=W.+Stewart+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/drapeau/?lang=en">"National Flag and Emblems"</a>. <i>Portrait of Québec</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a>. October 12, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611165104/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/drapeau/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portrait+of+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=National+Flag+and+Emblems&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%2Fdrapeau%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-etiquette/foreign-flags.html#a1">"Foreign flags in Canada"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i>. May 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Early+flags&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fflag-canada-history.html%23a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s891-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s891_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uelac.ca/monuments/loyalist-flag/">"The Loyalist Flag"</a>. <i>UELAC</i>. December 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UELAC&rft.atitle=The+Loyalist+Flag&rft.date=2021-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuelac.ca%2Fmonuments%2Floyalist-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_Flags-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_Flags_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_Flags_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFraser1998" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Alistair B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Canadian+Flag+for+Canada&rft.btitle=The+flags+of+Canada&rft.date=1998-01-30&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Alistair+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffraser.cc%2FFlagsCan%2FNation%2FCanFlag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CE-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CE_39-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214012206/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/flag-of-canada/">"National Flag of Canada"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. Historica Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/flag-of-canada/">the original</a> on February 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Flag+of+Canada&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fflag-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArchbold2002">Archbold 2002</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1261&ProjectElementID=4787">"Proposed Flag for Canada: Anatole Vanier, 1927"</a>. Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority. March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+Flag+for+Canada%3A+Anatole+Vanier%2C+1927&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada%3A+Canadian+Heraldic+Authority&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject-pic.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D1261%26ProjectElementID%3D4787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1262&ProjectElementID=6507">"Proposed Flag for Canada: Gérard Gallienne, 1931"</a>. Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority. March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+Flag+for+Canada%3A+G%C3%A9rard+Gallienne%2C+1931&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada%3A+Canadian+Heraldic+Authority&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject-pic.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D1262%26ProjectElementID%3D6507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project-pic.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=1263&ProjectElementID=6427">"Proposed Flag for Canada: Ephrem Côté"</a>. Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority. March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+Flag+for+Canada%3A+Ephrem+C%C3%B4t%C3%A9&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada%3A+Canadian+Heraldic+Authority&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.gg.ca%2Fheraldry%2Fpub-reg%2Fproject-pic.asp%3Flang%3De%26ProjectID%3D1263%26ProjectElementID%3D6427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424150641/http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/debates/flag_debate.html">"The Flag Debate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mta.ca/about_canada/study_guide/debates/flag_debate.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Flag+Debate&rft.pub=Mount+Allison+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mta.ca%2Fabout_canada%2Fstudy_guide%2Fdebates%2Fflag_debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-history.html">"The history of the National Flag of Canada"</a>. <i>www.canada.ca</i>. Government of Canada. February 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Globe+Editorial%3A+Red+Ensign&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20070331.weensign31%2FBNStory%2FVimyRidge%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slams_red_ensign-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slams_red_ensign_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slams_red_ensign_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeritz2007" class="citation news cs1">Peritz, Ingrid (July 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/dallaire-slams-decision-to-fly-red-ensign/article962783/">"Dallaire slams decision to fly Red Ensign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Dallaire+slams+decision+to+fly+Red+Ensign&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft.aulast=Peritz&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fdallaire-slams-decision-to-fly-red-ensign%2Farticle962783%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/d-12.1/20040901/whole.html">"Flag and emblems of Québec, An Act respecting the, R.S.Q. D-12.1"</a>. CanLii. September 1, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307073647/http://www.canlii.org/qc/laws/sta/d-12.1/20040901/whole.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flag+and+emblems+of+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+An+Act+respecting+the%2C+R.S.Q.+D-12.1&rft.pub=CanLii&rft.date=2004-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fqc%2Flaws%2Fsta%2Fd-12.1%2F20040901%2Fwhole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn2011" class="citation web cs1">McGinn, Dave (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706060224/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/why-dont-more-canadians-fly-the-flag/article585211/">"Why don't more Canadians fly the flag?"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/why-dont-more-canadians-fly-the-flag/article585211/">the original</a> on July 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams ordered Canadian flags taken down from provincial government buildings to protest against a deal with the federal government on sharing offshore royalties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Why+don%27t+more+Canadians+fly+the+flag%3F&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fwhy-dont-more-canadians-fly-the-flag%2Farticle585211%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPellerin2022" class="citation web cs1">Pellerin, Brigitte (February 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/pellerin-when-the-quebec-and-canadian-flags-fly-together-at-a-protest-theres-something-strange-in-the-wind">"When the Quebec and Canadian flags fly together at a protest, there's something strange in the wind"</a>. <i>The Ottawa Citizen</i>. Ontario. <q>I'm from Quebec City and I can tell you how rare it is to see a Canadian flag there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=When+the+Quebec+and+Canadian+flags+fly+together+at+a+protest%2C+there%27s+something+strange+in+the+wind&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft.aulast=Pellerin&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fopinion%2Fpellerin-when-the-quebec-and-canadian-flags-fly-together-at-a-protest-theres-something-strange-in-the-wind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717201417/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1998/03/14/quebecs-athletes-blame-flag-for-olympic-distress/">"QUEBEC'S ATHLETES BLAME FLAG FOR OLYMPIC 'DISTRESS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>South Florida Sun-Sentinel</i>. Florida. March 14, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1998/03/14/quebecs-athletes-blame-flag-for-olympic-distress/">the original</a> on July 17, 2023. <q>Quebeckers have never particularly warmed to the Maple Leaf, which is not widely displayed in the province dominated by French-speakers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=QUEBEC%27S+ATHLETES+BLAME+FLAG+FOR+OLYMPIC+%27DISTRESS%27&rft.date=1998-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2F1998%2F03%2F14%2Fquebecs-athletes-blame-flag-for-olympic-distress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717204246/https://www.ulethbridge.ca/lib/digitized_collections/ourheritage/rant/canada_day_flag21.html">"Am I the only one ..."</a> <i>Our Heritage</i>. Canada: University of Lethbridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulethbridge.ca/lib/digitized_collections/ourheritage/rant/canada_day_flag21.html">the original</a> on July 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2023</span>. <q>In some parts of quebec you can't fly a canadian flag,that's okay</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Heritage&rft.atitle=Am+I+the+only+one+...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulethbridge.ca%2Flib%2Fdigitized_collections%2Fourheritage%2Frant%2Fcanada_day_flag21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912005935/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-etiquette/position-honour.html">"Position of honour of the National Flag of Canada"</a>. August 15, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-etiquette/position-honour.html">the original</a> on September 12, 2017. <q>Quebec has decreed that on all buildings under its authority within the province of Quebec, whether it be those of government departments, boards, schools or others, as well as on city halls, the provincial flag of Quebec is given precedence over the National Flag of Canada and must occupy the place of honour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Position+of+honour+of+the+National+Flag+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fflag-canada-etiquette%2Fposition-honour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4259280/montreal-isnt-properly-following-quebecs-flag-protocol-complainants/">"Montreal isn't properly following Quebec's flag protocol: complainants"</a>. <i>The Canadian Press</i>. Canada: Global News. June 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Press&rft.atitle=Montreal+isn%27t+properly+following+Quebec%27s+flag+protocol%3A+complainants&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4259280%2Fmontreal-isnt-properly-following-quebecs-flag-protocol-complainants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMignacca" class="citation web cs1">Mignacca, Franca G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810072237/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/surete-du-quebec-pride-flag-first-time-headquarters-1.5239811">"Sûreté du Québec flies pride flag outside their headquarters for first time"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/surete-du-quebec-pride-flag-first-time-headquarters-1.5239811">the original</a> on August 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=S%C3%BBret%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+flies+pride+flag+outside+their+headquarters+for+first+time&rft.aulast=Mignacca&rft.aufirst=Franca+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fsurete-du-quebec-pride-flag-first-time-headquarters-1.5239811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDePalma1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_DePalma_(author)" title="Anthony DePalma (author)">DePalma, Anthony</a> (November 26, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527070958/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/26/world/quebec-journal-to-some-canadians-the-maple-leaf-is-a-red-flag.html">"Quebec Journal; To Some Canadians, the Maple Leaf Is a Red Flag"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/26/world/quebec-journal-to-some-canadians-the-maple-leaf-is-a-red-flag.html">the original</a> on May 27, 2015. <q>Jean-Paul L'Allier, has prohibited the Canadian Maple Leaf from officially flying in front of City Hall since 1990. It was a symbolic retaliation for the defeat, by the rest of Canada, of a constitutional amendment that would have recognized Quebec's special place within the Canadian confederation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Quebec+Journal%3B+To+Some+Canadians%2C+the+Maple+Leaf+Is+a+Red+Flag&rft.date=1997-11-26&rft.aulast=DePalma&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F11%2F26%2Fworld%2Fquebec-journal-to-some-canadians-the-maple-leaf-is-a-red-flag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/1701,+rue+Parthenais/@45.5279857,-73.5529544,3a,75y,20.65h,90t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sdIX0urV3SKwGRMYkvjggtw!2e0!4m2!3m1!1s0x4cc91bbc9af1268f:0xd1eeb361733f369d?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi33r-01ZaAAxWCEVkFHV4WCFEQxB16BAgbEAA">"1701 Rue Parthenais · 1701 Rue Parthenais, Montréal, QC H2K 4S8, Canada"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1701+Rue+Parthenais+%C2%B7+1701+Rue+Parthenais%2C+Montr%C3%A9al%2C+QC+H2K+4S8%2C+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2F1701%2C%2Brue%2BParthenais%2F%4045.5279857%2C-73.5529544%2C3a%2C75y%2C20.65h%2C90t%2Fdata%3D%213m4%211e1%213m2%211sdIX0urV3SKwGRMYkvjggtw%212e0%214m2%213m1%211s0x4cc91bbc9af1268f%3A0xd1eeb361733f369d%3Fsa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwi33r-01ZaAAxWCEVkFHV4WCFEQxB16BAgbEAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/flag-canada-etiquette.html">"National Flag of Canada etiquette"</a>. <i>Canada.ca</i>. February 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada.ca&rft.atitle=National+Flag+of+Canada+etiquette&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fflag-canada-etiquette.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/oth-aut/pcf-cpd/index-eng.asp">"Process for the Ceremonial Folding of the National Flag of Canada"</a>. Directorate of History and Heritage – National Defence Canada. April 23, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118200202/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/oth-aut/pcf-cpd/index-eng.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Process+for+the+Ceremonial+Folding+of+the+National+Flag+of+Canada&rft.pub=Directorate+of+History+and+Heritage+%E2%80%93+National+Defence+Canada&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fpub%2Foth-aut%2Fpcf-cpd%2Findex-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325162006/http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf">"The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honours%2C+Flags+and+Heritage+Structure+of+the+Canadian+Forces&rft.pub=Department+of+National+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saskd.ca%2Fheritage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/actvt/111-eng.cfm">"Administration of the Parliamentary Flag Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>. January 1, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220170228/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/actvt/111-eng.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administration+of+the+Parliamentary+Flag+Program&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fpgm%2Fceem-cced%2Factvt%2F111-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-Flag-Request-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parliament-Flag-Request_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/citeparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct/decouvrez-discover/drapeaux-demander-flags-request-eng.html">"Request a flag online (new request) - Canada's Parliamentary Precinct"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. March 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Request+a+flag+online+%28new+request%29+-+Canada%27s+Parliamentary+Precinct&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca%2Fciteparlementaire-parliamentaryprecinct%2Fdecouvrez-discover%2Fdrapeaux-demander-flags-request-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDee,_Duncan1996" class="citation web cs1">Dee, Duncan (February 19, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312015242/http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=6NR032">"Heritage Minister Sheila Copps Launches "One In A Million National Flag" Campaign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=6NR032">the original</a> on March 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+Minister+Sheila+Copps+Launches+%22One+In+A+Million+National+Flag%22+Campaign&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=1996-02-19&rft.au=Dee%2C+Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianheritage.gc.ca%2Fnewsroom%2Findex_e.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3DdisplayDocument%26DocIDCd%3D6NR032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnsby,_Julia1997" class="citation web cs1">Arnsby, Julia (February 15, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=7NR233">"Canadians Meet the "One in a Million National Flag" Challenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516122456/http://www.pch.gc.ca/newsroom/index_e.cfm?fuseaction=displayDocument&DocIDCd=7NR233">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadians+Meet+the+%22One+in+a+Million+National+Flag%22+Challenge&rft.pub=Department+of+Canadian+Heritage&rft.date=1997-02-15&rft.au=Arnsby%2C+Julia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.gc.ca%2Fnewsroom%2Findex_e.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3DdisplayDocument%26DocIDCd%3D7NR233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColley2025" class="citation web cs1">Colley, Mark (February 12, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/five-former-prime-ministers-say-canada-is-worth-fighting-for-in-face-of-donald-trumps/article_dcb6345c-e960-11ef-a114-6735bac14f39.html">"Five Former Prime Ministers Say Canada Is Worth Fighting for in Face of Donald Trump's 'Threats and Insults' Ahead of Flag Day"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Five+Former+Prime+Ministers+Say+Canada+Is+Worth+Fighting+for+in+Face+of+Donald+Trump%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98Threats+and+Insults%E2%80%99+Ahead+of+Flag+Day&rft.date=2025-02-12&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffive-former-prime-ministers-say-canada-is-worth-fighting-for-in-face-of-donald-trumps%2Farticle_dcb6345c-e960-11ef-a114-6735bac14f39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchbold2002" class="citation book cs1">Archbold, Rick (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/istandforcanadas0000arch"><i>I Stand For Canada</i></a>. Macfarlane Walter & Ross. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55199-108-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55199-108-X"><bdi>1-55199-108-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Stand+For+Canada&rft.pub=Macfarlane+Walter+%26+Ross&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55199-108-X&rft.aulast=Archbold&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fistandforcanadas0000arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levine, Allan. "The Great Flag Debate" <i>Canada’s History</i> 94#6 (2014–15): 32–37</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatheson1980" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Col. John R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lz1mAAAAMAAJ"><i>Canada's Flag: A Search for a Country</i></a>. Mika Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919303-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-919303-01-3"><bdi>0-919303-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Flag%3A+A+Search+for+a+Country&rft.pub=Mika+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-919303-01-3&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Col.+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLz1mAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1965" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, George F.G. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.stfx.ca/lstanley/stanley/welcome2.htm"><i>The Story of Canada's Flag: A Historical Sketch</i></a>. Ryerson Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Canada%27s+Flag%3A+A+Historical+Sketch&rft.pub=Ryerson+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=George+F.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.stfx.ca%2Flstanley%2Fstanley%2Fwelcome2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Hugh (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canada00dkpu"><i>Canada</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-9561-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-9561-9"><bdi>0-7894-9561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7894-9561-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanada00dkpu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorner2003" class="citation book cs1">Thorner, Thomas (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/countrynourished00thor"><i>A Country Nourished on Self-Doubt: Documents in Post-Confederation Canadian History</i></a>. Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-548-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55111-548-4"><bdi>1-55111-548-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Nourished+on+Self-Doubt%3A+Documents+in+Post-Confederation+Canadian+History&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55111-548-4&rft.aulast=Thorner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcountrynourished00thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Canada_/_Drapeaux_du_Canada" class="extiw" title="commons:Flags of Canada / Drapeaux du Canada"><span style="font-style:italic; 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Stanley's Flag Memorandum to John Matheson</a> – St. Francis Xavier University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.stfx.ca/lstanley/stanley/postcard.htm">John Matheson's postcard to George Stanley</a> – St. Francis Xavier University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/ap/c/c135374.jpg">Royal Proclamation</a> – Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotw.info/flags/ca.html">Canada</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/language-culture/the-great-canadian-flag-debate/topic-the-great-canadian-flag-debate.html">The Great Canadian Flag Debate</a> – CBC Digital Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/w5/w5-seeking-the-origins-of-the-maple-leaf-flag-finding-the-soul-of-our-nation-1.1738784">"The People's Choice: Seeking the origins of the Maple Leaf flag, finding the soul of our nation"</a> – <i>W5</i> (CTV)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220053822/http://theagenda.tvo.org/episode/210723/the-maple-leaf-forever%3F">"The Maple Leaf Forever?"</a> – <i>The Agenda</i> (TVO)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_Canada64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_Canadian_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official Canadian national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_Canadian_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official Canadian national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_Canadian_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official Canadian national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_Canada64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">National symbols of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_horse" title="Canadian horse">Canadian horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">Maple leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">Sugar maple tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Maple_Leaf_Forever" title="The Maple Leaf Forever">The Maple Leaf Forever</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_mari_usque_ad_mare" title="A mari usque ad mare">A mari usque ad mare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Canadian cultural protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Canadian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_flags85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_flags" title="Template:Canadian flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_flags" title="Template talk:Canadian flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_flags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian flags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_flags85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">Canadian flags</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>National</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Flag of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Provincial</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alberta" title="Flag of Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_British_Columbia" title="Flag of British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manitoba" title="Flag of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Brunswick" title="Flag of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Flag of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ontario" title="Flag of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Flag of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saskatchewan" title="Flag of Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Territorial</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Flag of the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nunavut" title="Flag of Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yukon" title="Flag of Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Ceremonial</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Royal Union Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal standards of Canada">Royal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Lieutenant_Governors_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Lieutenant Governors of Canada">Lieutenant Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army#Canadian_Army_flags" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Ensign" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Ensign">Air Force Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Naval_Ensign" title="Canadian Naval Ensign">Naval Ensign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags#Historical" title="List of Canadian flags">Historical flags</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_municipal_flags" class="extiw" title="commons:List of Canadian municipal flags">Municipal flags</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_North_America160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template 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Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Costa_Rica" title="Flag of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flag of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Grenada" title="Flag of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nicaragua" title="Flag of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Flag of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Anguilla" title="Flag of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Aruba" title="Flag of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bermuda" title="Flag of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bonaire" title="Flag of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Flag of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Flag of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greenland" title="Flag of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guadeloupe" title="Flag of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montserrat" title="Flag of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Flag of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Flag of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_flags" 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