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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Гревтунги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гревтунги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greutungos" title="Greutungos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Greutungos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grutungos" title="Grutungos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grutungos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/250px-Chernyakhov.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/375px-Chernyakhov.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernyakhov.PNG/500px-Chernyakhov.PNG 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0f0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f08; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark culture</a> in the early 3rd century</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f80; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a> in the early 4th century</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Greuthungi</b> (also spelled <b>Greutungi</b>) were a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> people who lived on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic steppe</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Dniester_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniester River">Dniester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Don river">Don</a> rivers in what is now <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, in the 3rd and the 4th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Heather_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heather-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had close contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a>, another Gothic people, who lived west of the Dniester River. To the east of the Greuthungi, living near the Don river, were the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> arrived in the European Steppe region in the late 4th century, first the Alans were forced to join them, and then a part of the Greuthungi. Alans and Goths became an important part of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s forces, together with other eastern European peoples. Many Greuthungi, together with some Alans and Huns, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> to join a large group of Tervingi who had entered the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 376. These peoples defeated an imperial army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> in 378, and came to a settlement agreement within the Roman empire by 382 AD. The original tribal names of the Goths fell out of use within the empire. Many of the 382 settlers appear to have become an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> who formed under <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>. </p><p>Based upon interpretations of the <i>Getica</i> by the 6th century writer <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, although it never mentions the Greuthungi, the Greuthungi are strongly associated with both the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a>, and the later <a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a> who were among Attila's Goths. After the collapse of Attila's empire, the Amals founded the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrogothic">Ostrogothic</a> kingdom in the Roman Balkans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Goths" title="Name of the Goths">Name of the Goths</a></div> <p>The root <i>greut-</i> is probably related to the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>greot</i>, meaning "gravel, grit, earth", thus implying that the name refers to a geographical region where the Greuthungi lived.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued, for example by <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a>, who agrees with the older position of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Altheim" title="Franz Altheim">Franz Altheim</a> that this is part of a body of evidence that geographic descriptors were commonly used to distinguish people living north of the Black Sea — both before and after Gothic settlement there.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram387n58-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specifically, Wolfram argues that the name <i>Greuthungi</i> may indicate that they lived on gritty steppes or "pebbly coasts", and should be seen as contrasting with the Tervingi Goths, whose name may be related to the English word "tree" and indicate a forest origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another proposal is that the name of the Greuthungi goes back to a time when Goths apparently lived near the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, and that the name is connected to the Polish place-name on that river, <a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198821_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198821-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been proposed that the name <i>Greuthungi</i> has pre-Pontic Scandinavian origins, earlier than the Vistula settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram387n58-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfram for example notes that J. Svennung, has proposed that it may mean "rock people", and refer to a rocky homeland west of the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Gauts</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram387n58-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been noted by some scholars, starting with <a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Karl Müllenhoff</a> in the 19th century, that in a list of peoples living on the island of <a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> listed "Mixi, Evagre, and Otingis" among those who "live like wild animals in rocks hewn out like castles".<sup id="cite_ref-chr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Müllenhoff proposed that the last part referred to the Greutungi, but no consensus has arisen to explain all the names of peoples in this list.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002296–298_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002296–298-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#History" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths § History</a></div> <p>In the <i>Historia Augusta</i> article for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a> (reigned 268–270), the following list of "<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>" peoples is given who had been conquered by that emperor when he earned his title "Gothicus": "<i>peuci trutungi austorgoti uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli</i>". These words are traditionally edited by modern to include well-known peoples: "<i><a href="/wiki/Peuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuci">Peuci</a>, Grutungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi, Gipedes, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtae</a> etiam et <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Eruli</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i> text concerning the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a> (died 282), mentions the Greuthungi together with <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a>, who were supposedly settled in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, together with 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a>. While the Bastarnae remained faithful, the other three peoples broke faith and were crushed by Probus, according to this account.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first event which can confidently be ascribed to the Greuthungi was much later, in the 369 campaign against the Goths by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a>, in retribution for the support of the usurper <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> (died 366). This was described by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> writing in the 390s, decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valens crossed the Lower Danube at <a href="/wiki/Noviodunum_(castra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noviodunum (castra)">Novidunum</a> and went deep into Gothic territory where he came across the warlike people called the Greuthungi. Their apparent leader <a href="/wiki/Athanaric" title="Athanaric">Athanaric</a> who was, in this passage, described by Ammianus as their most powerful judge "<i>iudicem potentissimum</i>", was compelled to flee, and then make a peace agreement in the middle of the Danube, promising to never set foot on Roman soil. This same Athanaric is later described by Ammianus as a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Tervingi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tervingi">Tervingi</a>, raising questions about the nature of the distinction between the Tervingi and Greuthungi. Ammianus specifically describes the Greuthungi as Goths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greuthungi were next mentioned by Ammianus as defeated by the invading Huns in the early 370s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huns first plundered and recruited the Alans of the <a href="/wiki/Don_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Don river">Don river</a> (the classical Tanais) and then attacked the domain of the warlike monarch King Ermenric, who was apparently king of the Greuthungi, who eventually committed suicide. <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> in his history of the Goths, the <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>, written much later in about 551, did not mention the Greuthungi, but instead writes as if the Ukrainian Goths were divided between the eastern <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in the 3rd and 4th centuries, using the terms for two Gothic peoples who were important within the Roman empire in his time. Jordanes described Ermaneric, as the king of a single large Gothic empire until the late 4th-century, ruling over all Goths and many other peoples. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, himself writing in the late 4th-century, described Ermanaric as the Greuthungi leader, implying that his kingdom was not as large as that described by Jordanes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ammianus, the defense against the Huns and Alans continued under a new king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vithimer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vithimer (page does not exist)">Vithimer</a>, who also had Hunnic allies on his side. After he died, the defense was led by two generals <a href="/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax" title="Alatheus and Saphrax">Alatheus and Saphrax</a>, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Videricus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Videricus (page does not exist)">Videricus</a>, Vithimer's son, was a boy. In the meantime, Athanaric, now described by Ammianus as leader of the Tervingi, first moved to the Greuthungi position at the Dniester to block the westward movement of the Huns but was defeated, and then moved his people into a more defensible position further west near the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>. </p><p>In 376 a large part of the Tervingi were allowed to cross the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Danube">Lower Danube</a> entering the Roman Empire with weapons, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fritigern" title="Fritigern">Fritigern</a>, who had split from Athanaric. As tensions rose, Alatheus and Saphrax also crossed with Greuthingi and their king Videricus, despite their requests for permission having been rejected. Athanaric, who was apparently with them before they crossed, moved instead to a mountainous and forested region called Caucalanda, forcing Sarmatians out of the area. Alans and Huns also crossed in 377. The displacement of the Goths into the Balkans peninsula led to the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382)" title="Gothic War (376–382)">Gothic War of 376–382</a> during which the Greuthungi of Alatheus and Saphrax were allied with the Tervingi of Fritigern. Greuthungi cavalry contributed to a shocking Gothic victory over Roman forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople" title="Battle of Adrianople">Battle of Adrianople</a> of 9 August 378. In 382 it is thought that there was a more lasting settlement agreement was made for the large number of Goths to settle peacefully in the Balkans, and contribute to the Roman military. Unfortunately, the details of this agreement are now unclear. </p><p>In 380, some of the Greuthungi under Alatheus and Saphrax appear to have separated from the main force of the Tervingi, invading the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a> in the Northern Balkans, but were defeated by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>. The outcome of this invasion is unclear, it is possible that they were defeated and dispersed by <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, or that they reached a separate peace agreement and settled in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several sources report more Greuthungi who were still outside of the empire in 386, under a leader from outside the Empire named <a href="/wiki/Odotheus" title="Odotheus">Odotheus</a>. He gathered large forces north of the Lower Danube, including peoples from far away. He attempted to cross the river, but he and his troops were massacred by a Roman general named <a href="/wiki/Promotus" title="Promotus">Promotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002213–216_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002213–216-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of Greuthungi under Roman control were settled in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a> and rebelled in 399-400. They are referred in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> which describes the Ostrogoths and Greuthungi inhabiting that land together, and fighting for the Roman military, ready to be aroused by some small offense, and return to their natural ways.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem associates this rebellious squadron (<i>alae</i>) in Phrygia with the Roman general of Gothic background, <a href="/wiki/Tribigild" title="Tribigild">Tribigild</a>. Claudian uses the term Ostrogoth once, and in other references to this same group he more often calls them Greuthungi or "<a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getic</a>" (an older word, used for Goths generally in this period). <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> also mentioned Tribigild and the barbarian forces based in Phrygia, and their rebellion against the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(consul_399)" title="Eutropius (consul 399)">Eutropius the consul</a> (died 399). <a href="/wiki/Gainas" title="Gainas">Gainas</a>, the aggrieved Gothic general sent to fight him, joined forces with him after the death of Eutropius. Zosimus believed that was conspiracy between the two Goths from the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Amal_dynasty" title="Amal dynasty">Amal dynasty</a>, around whom the later and better-known Othogothic kingdom formed, were in neither of these groups who entered the Roman Empire in the 4th century, because into the 5th century they were apparently Gothic leaders within <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Hunnic Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In time and geographical area, the Greutungi and their neighbours, the Thervingi, correspond to parts of the archaeological <a href="/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture" title="Chernyakhov culture">Chernyakhov culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_pattern">Settlement pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chernyakhov settlements cluster in open ground in river valleys. The houses include sunken-floored dwellings, surface dwellings, and stall-houses. The largest known settlement (Budesty) is 35 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial_practices">Burial practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Burial practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chernyakhov cemeteries include both <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a> burials in which the head is to the north. Some graves were left empty. Grave goods often include pottery, bone combs, and iron tools but almost never any weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeatherMatthews199154–56_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeatherMatthews199154–56-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Ostrogoths">Relationship with Ostrogoths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with Ostrogoths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tervingi were first attested by 291, indicating that different Gothic peoples already had distinct identities and names by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greuthungi are first named by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, writing no earlier than 392 and perhaps later than 395.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest events where he describes the Grethungi were in the 360s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ostrogoths, are also first mentioned in a poem by <a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a> which describes the Ostrogoths and Greutungi inhabiting the land of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988p.24_&_p.387_fn52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988p.24_&_p.387_fn52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002216–217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002216–217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite such records which seem to show the Ostrogoths and Greutungi as distinct, according to <a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Herwig Wolfram</a>, the primary sources either use the terminology of Tervingi/Greutungi or <a href="/wiki/Vesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesi">Vesi</a>/Ostrogothi and never mix the pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the names were used together, Wolfram argues that it is significant that the pairing was always preserved, as in <i>Gruthungi, Austrogothi, Tervingi, Visi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomenclature of Greuthungi and Tervingi fell out of use shortly after 400.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the terminology of a divided Gothic people disappeared gradually after it entered the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfram believes that because the term Greuthungi was a geographical identifier the terminology dropped out of use after the Goths were displaced by the <a href="/wiki/Huns#Before_Attila" title="Huns">Hunnic invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burns44_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of this, Wolfram cites <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a> as referring to the group of "Scythians" north of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> who were called "Greuthungi" by the barbarians north of the Ister in 386.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram387n57_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram387n57-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolfram concludes that these were in fact the Tervingi who had remained behind after the Hunnic conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfram387n57_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfram387n57-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to this understanding, the Greuthungi and Ostrogothi were more or less the same people.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns44_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns44-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the Greuthungi were the Ostrogothi is an idea derived from the medieval writer <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identified the Ostrogothic kings from <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> to <a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a> as the heirs of the Greuthungian king <a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a>. Although Jordanes' explanation of the family succession is in direct conflict with the more reliable and contemporary information of Ammianus, there has been a long tradition of scholarly attempts to reconcile the two accounts, but these have not succeeded in creating any consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002147_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002147-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> for example has written that the "Ostrogoths in the sense of the group led by Theoderic to Italy stand at the end of complex processes of fragmentation and unification involving a variety of groups - mostly but not solely Gothic it seems - and the better, more contemporary, evidence argues against the implication derived from Jordanes that Ostrogoths are Greuthungi by another name".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Ermanaric</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 370s), King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithimiris" title="Vithimiris">Vithimiris</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 376), King</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alatheus_and_Saphrax" title="Alatheus and Saphrax">Alatheus and Saphrax</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 376–387), chieftains</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heather-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heather_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeather2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-2131?">"Greuthungi"</a>. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191744457" title="Special:BookSources/9780191744457"><bdi>9780191744457</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greuthungi&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191744457&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198662778.001.0001%2Facref-9780198662778-e-2131%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schöfeld, <i>Wörterbuch der altgermanischen personen- und völkernamen</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wrterbuchderaltg00schn/page/113/">p.113</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1984" class="citation cs2">Burns, Thomas S. (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dw3FEpOUrRkC"><i>A History of the Ostrogoths</i></a>, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 30, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253206006" title="Special:BookSources/0253206006"><bdi>0253206006</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ostrogoths&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0253206006&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddw3FEpOUrRkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram387n58-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram387n58_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram (1988</a>, p. 388 n58)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram25_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1988" class="citation cs2">Wolfram, Herwig (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC"><i>History of the Goths</i></a>, translated by Dunlap, Thomas J., Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 25, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520069831" title="Special:BookSources/9780520069831"><bdi>9780520069831</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Goths&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520069831&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxsQxcJvaLjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1999" class="citation book cs1">Green, Dennis (1999). "Linguistic and Literary Traces for the Early Migrations of the Goths". In Heather, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QLwfButJokC"><i>The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell & Brewer Ltd">Boydell & Brewer Ltd</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830337" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830337"><bdi>9781843830337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistic+and+Literary+Traces+for+the+Early+Migrations+of+the+Goths&rft.btitle=The+Visigoths+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Seventh+Century&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781843830337&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0QLwfButJokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram198821-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram198821_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chr-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chr_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latin and translation given at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arne_S%C3%B8by_Christensen" title="Arne Søby Christensen">Christensen, Arne Søby</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC"><i>Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths: Studies in a Migration Myth</i></a>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 267–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788772897103" title="Special:BookSources/9788772897103"><bdi>9788772897103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassiodorus%2C+Jordanes+and+the+History+of+the+Goths%3A+Studies+in+a+Migration+Myth&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=267-268&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788772897103&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Arne+S%C3%B8by&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcLDHOqOt4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002296–298-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002296–298_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 296–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002201–205_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 201–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia Augusta</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Probus*.html">Probus</a>". See <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen (2002</a>, p. 212).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/27*.html">Book 27</a>, 5.6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002212_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/31*.html">Book 31</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather, Peter, 1998, <i>The Goths,</i> Blackwell, Malden, pp. 53-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulikowski, Michael, 2007, <i>Rome's Gothic Wars</i>, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, pp. 54-56, 111-112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a>, <i>The Fall of the Roman Empire. A New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i> (2005), 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002213–216-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002213–216_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 213–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning the Phrygian Greuthungi: <ul><li>Claudian, <i>Against Eutropius</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Claudian/In_Eutropium/2*.html#141A">2.141</a></li> <li>Commentary relevant to the Greutungi: <a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram (1988</a>, pp. 24, 387fn52), <a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen (2002</a>, pp. 216–217)</li> <li>On the connection to the 386 Greuthungi see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather1988" class="citation journal cs1">Heather, Peter (1988). "The Anti-Scythian Tirade of Synesius' "De Regno"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1088231">10.2307/1088231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1088231">1088231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Scythian+Tirade+of+Synesius%27+%22De+Regno%22&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1088231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1088231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>On the dating of Claudian's poem see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1996" class="citation cs2">Long, Jacqueline (1996), "5", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-U6CwAAQBAJ"><i>Claudian's In Eutropium: Or, How, When, and Why to Slander a Eunuch</i></a>, Univ of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807863053" title="Special:BookSources/9780807863053"><bdi>9780807863053</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Claudian%27s+In+Eutropium%3A+Or%2C+How%2C+When%2C+and+Why+to+Slander+a+Eunuch&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780807863053&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-U6CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zosimus, <i>New History</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/New_History/Book_the_Fifth">Book 5</a>. For more context on this incident see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cameron_(classical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Cameron (classical scholar)">Cameron, Alan</a>; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6t44B0-a98C"><i>Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520065506" title="Special:BookSources/0520065506"><bdi>0520065506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarians+and+Politics+at+the+Court+of+Arcadius&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0520065506&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Long%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Sherry%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6t44B0-a98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeatherMatthews1991" class="citation cs2">Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8p4SxNNk1YC"><i>The Goths in the Fourth Century</i></a>, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, pp. 52–54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853234265" title="Special:BookSources/9780853234265"><bdi>9780853234265</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goths+in+the+Fourth+Century&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=52-54&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780853234265&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Matthews%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8p4SxNNk1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeatherMatthews199154–56-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeatherMatthews199154–56_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeatherMatthews1991">Heather & Matthews 1991</a>, pp. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram24_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988p.24_&_p.387_fn52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram1988p.24_&_p.387_fn52_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1988">Wolfram 1988</a>, p.24 & p.387 fn52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002216–217-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002216–217_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns44-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burns44_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burns44_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burns, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfram387n57-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram387n57_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfram387n57_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfram, 387 n57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heather, 52–57, 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002147-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristensen2002147_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristensen2002">Christensen 2002</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2007" class="citation cs2">Heather, Peter (2007), Barnish; Marazzi (eds.), <i>Linguistic and Literary Traces of the Ostrogoths, The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective</i>, Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology, vol. 7, p. 404, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843830740" title="Special:BookSources/9781843830740"><bdi>9781843830740</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Literary+Traces+of+the+Ostrogoths%2C+The+Ostrogoths+from+the+Migration+Period+to+the+Sixth+Century%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective&rft.series=Studies+in+Historical+Archaeoethnology&rft.pages=404&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781843830740&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreuthungi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greuthungi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Greuthungi Wall">Greuthungi Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li></ul> <div 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style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic 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mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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