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id="toc-Axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Planning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparatory_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparatory_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Preparatory operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparatory_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Headquarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Deception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Allied landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airborne_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airborne_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Airborne landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airborne_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seaborne_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seaborne_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Seaborne landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seaborne_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_for_Etna_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_for_Etna_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Battles for Etna positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_for_Etna_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Axis evacuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axis_evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Constituent operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Allied invasion of Sicily</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غزو صقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غزو صقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_aliada_de_Sicilia" title="Invasión aliada de Sicilia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Invasión aliada de Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siciliya_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1" title="Siciliya əməliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siciliya əməliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Съюзническо настъпление в Сицилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съюзническо настъпление в Сицилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3_aliada_de_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Invasió aliada de Sicília – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasió aliada de Sicília" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invaze_na_Sic%C3%ADlii" title="Invaze na Sicílii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Invaze na Sicílii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasionen_af_Sicilien" title="Invasionen af Sicilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Invasionen af Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Husky" title="Operation Husky – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Husky" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εισβολή των Συμμάχων στη Σικελία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εισβολή των Συμμάχων στη Σικελία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_aliada_de_Sicilia" title="Invasión aliada de Sicilia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Invasión aliada de Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliancana_invado_de_Sicilio" title="Aliancana invado de Sicilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aliancana invado de Sicilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_operazioa" title="Husky operazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Husky operazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="تهاجم متفقین به سیسیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تهاجم متفقین به سیسیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Husky" title="Opération Husky – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Husky" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EA%B5%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%9C%EC%B9%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%B9%A8%EA%B3%B5" title="연합군의 시칠리아 침공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연합군의 시칠리아 침공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezni%C4%8Dka_invazija_na_Siciliju" title="Saveznička invazija na Siciliju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saveznička invazija na Siciliju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invado_di_Sicilia_dum_la_duesma_mondomilito" title="Invado di Sicilia dum la duesma mondomilito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Invado di Sicilia dum la duesma mondomilito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Sisilia_oleh_Sekutu" title="Invasi Sisilia oleh Sekutu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Sisilia oleh Sekutu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarco_in_Sicilia" title="Sbarco in Sicilia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sbarco in Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="פלישת בעלות הברית לסיציליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלישת בעלות הברית לסיציליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="მოკავშირეების შეჭრა სიცილიაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოკავშირეების შეჭრა სიცილიაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiedroto_iebrukums_Sic%C4%ABlij%C4%81" title="Sabiedroto iebrukums Sicīlijā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabiedroto iebrukums Sicīlijā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_hadm%C5%B1velet" title="Husky hadművelet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Husky hadművelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerbuan_Bersekutu_ke_atas_Sicily" title="Penyerbuan Bersekutu ke atas Sicily – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyerbuan Bersekutu ke atas Sicily" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_op_Sicili%C3%AB" title="Landing op Sicilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landing op Sicilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="ハスキー作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハスキー作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasjonen_av_Sicilia" title="Invasjonen av Sicilia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Invasjonen av Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_de_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Campanha de Sicília – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Campanha de Sicília" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84" title="په سيسلي د متحدينو يرغل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په سيسلي د متحدينو يرغل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Husky" title="Operacja Husky – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Husky" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_aliada_da_Sic%C3%ADlia" title="Invasão aliada da Sicília – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão aliada da Sicília" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazia_aliat%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Sicilia" title="Invazia aliată în Sicilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Invazia aliată în Sicilia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сицилийская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сицилийская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opirazzioni_Husky_(1943)" title="Opirazzioni Husky (1943) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Opirazzioni Husky (1943)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allied invasion of Sicily" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inv%C3%A1zia_Spojencov_na_Sic%C3%ADliu" title="Invázia Spojencov na Sicíliu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Invázia Spojencov na Sicíliu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zavezni%C5%A1ka_invazija_na_Sicilijo" title="Zavezniška invazija na Sicilijo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zavezniška invazija na Sicilijo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Савезничка инвазија Сицилије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Савезничка инвазија Сицилије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savezni%C4%8Dka_invazija_na_Siciliju" title="Saveznička invazija na Siciliju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saveznička invazija na Siciliju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaatio_Husky" title="Operaatio Husky – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Operaatio Husky" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allierade_invasionen_av_Sicilien" title="Allierade invasionen av Sicilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allierade invasionen av Sicilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நேச நாடுகளின் சிசிலியப் படையெடுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேச நாடுகளின் சிசிலியப் படையெடுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1943 military campaign of World War II on the island of Sicily, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Invasion of Sicily" redirects here. For the Athenian offensive in the Second Peloponnese War, see <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a>. For the 1860 conquest of Sicily as part of the Unification of Italy, see <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Husky</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_operation_husky_landing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_operation_husky_landing.svg/300px-Map_operation_husky_landing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_operation_husky_landing.svg/450px-Map_operation_husky_landing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Map_operation_husky_landing.svg/600px-Map_operation_husky_landing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="917" /></a> A map of the Allied army progress during Operation Husky from 11 July to 17 August 1943.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 July – 17 August 1943 (1 month, 1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory <ul><li>Start of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></li> <li>Italy undergoes <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">a coup</a> and establishes a <a href="/wiki/First_Badoglio_government" title="First Badoglio government">new government</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Sicily occupied by Allied forces</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (Supreme Allied Commander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander</a> (C-in-C Allied 15th Army Group)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> (C-in-C British Eighth Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> (C-in-C American Seventh Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a> (Air Commander in Chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Cunningham</a></li></ul> </div> (Naval Commander in Chief)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Ambrosio" title="Vittorio Ambrosio">Vittorio Ambrosio</a> (C-in-C Comando Supremo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a> (C-in-C Italian Sixth Army)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a> (C-in-C OB Sud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a></li></ul> </div> (C-in-C XIV Panzer Corps)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">Initial strength: <ul><li>160,000 personnel</li> <li>600 tanks</li> <li>14,000 vehicles</li> <li>1,800 guns<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> Peak strength: <ul><li>467,000 personnel<a href="#cite_note-Mitcham307-8">[8]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Italy: <ul><li>131,359<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>–252,000 personnel<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a></li> <li>260 tanks</li> <li>1,400 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Germany: <ul><li>40,000–60,000 personnel<a href="#cite_note-Mitcham307-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> United Kingdom and Canada:<a href="#cite_note-PSP-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">[13]</a> <ul><li>2,938 killed</li> <li>9,212 wounded</li> <li>2,782 missing</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> United States:<a href="#cite_note-PSP-13">[12]</a> <ul><li>2,811 killed</li> <li>6,471 wounded</li> <li>686 missing</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy"><img alt="Fascist Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Italy:<a href="#cite_note-PWS-15">[14]</a> <ul><li>4,678 killed</li> <li>32,500 wounded</li> <li>116,861 captured or missing<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Germany:<a href="#cite_note-PWS-15">[14]</a> <ul><li>4,325 killed</li> <li>13,500 wounded</li> <li>10,106 captured or missing</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicily</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> Other campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuador–Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> Coups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940 <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vado" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vado">Vado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Run" title="Club Run">Club Run</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Calabria</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Cape Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurry" title="Operation Hurry">Hurry</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Cape_Passero" title="Action off Cape Passero">Cape Passero</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_MB8" title="Operation MB8">MB8</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Otranto</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">White</a> ¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Cape Spartivento</a>¹</li> 1941 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Excess</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Abstention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Souda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Matapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Substance" title="Operation Substance">Substance</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Halberd" title="Operation Halberd">Halberd</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Bon</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte" title="First Battle of Sirte">1st Sirte</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Alexandria</a></li></ul> 1942 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sirte" title="Second Battle of Sirte">2nd Sirte</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Calendar" title="Operation Calendar">Calendar</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowery" title="Operation Bowery">Bowery</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Albumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Harpoon</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Vigorous</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Pedestal</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stoneage" title="Operation Stoneage">Stoneage</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Portcullis" title="Operation Portcullis">Portcullis</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Skerki</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra" title="Italian auxiliary ship Olterra">Olterra</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Algiers" title="Raid on Algiers">Algiers</a>¹</li></ul> 1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Zuwarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Scylla</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Messina_Convoy" title="Battle of the Messina Convoy">Messina convoy</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bastia" title="Action off Bastia">Bastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)#Service_history" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)">Strait of Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1943)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1943)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leros" title="Battle of Leros">Leros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kos" title="Battle of Kos">Kos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Cape_Bougaroun" title="Action off Cape Bougaroun">Cape Bougaroun</a>¹</li></ul> 1944 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santorini" title="Raid on Santorini">Santorini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Symi" title="Raid on Symi">Symi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">La Ciotat</a></li></ul> 1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>¹</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_convoys_during_World_War_II_by_region#Mediterranean_and_North_African_Coastal_Convoys" title="List of Allied convoys during World War II by region">Allied convoys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War II">U-boat Campaign</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission ² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Italy" title="Template:Campaignbox Italy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Italy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Mincemeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barclay" title="Operation Barclay">Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Animals" title="Operation Animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fustian" title="Operation Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ladbroke" title="Operation Ladbroke">Ladbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Troina" title="Battle of Troina">Troina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Centuripe" title="Battle of Centuripe">Centuripe</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baytown" title="Operation Baytown">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Avalanche" title="Operation Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Slapstick" title="Operation Slapstick">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice with Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Achse" title="Operation Achse">Achse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Days_of_Naples" title="Four Days of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devon" title="Operation Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Vatican" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Vatican">Vatican bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volturno_Line" title="Volturno Line">Volturno Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Line" title="Barbara Line">Barbara Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari raid</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Winter_Line" title="Winter Line">Winter Line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernhardt_Line" title="Bernhardt Line">Bernhardt Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_la_Difensa" title="Battle of Monte la Difensa">Monte la Difensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pietro_Infine" title="Battle of San Pietro Infine">San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_River_campaign" title="Moro River campaign">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ortona" title="Battle of Ortona">Ortona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rapido_River" title="Battle of Rapido River">Rapido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cisterna" title="Battle of Cisterna">Cisterna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diadem" title="Operation Diadem">Diadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strangle_(World_War_II)" title="Operation Strangle (World War II)">Strangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chesterfield" title="Operation Chesterfield">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasimene_Line" title="Trasimene Line">Trasimene Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ancona" title="Battle of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gemmano" title="Battle of Gemmano">Gemmano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Castello" title="Battle of Monte Castello">Monte Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garfagnana" title="Battle of Garfagnana">Garfagnana</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">1945 Spring Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Encore" title="Operation Encore">Encore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tombola" title="Operation Tombola">Tombola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowler" title="Operation Bowler">Bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bologna" title="Battle of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Argenta_Gap" title="Battle of the Argenta Gap">Argenta Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Herring" title="Operation Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Collecchio" title="Battle of Collecchio">Collecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_for_Trieste" title="Race for Trieste">Trieste</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Invasion_of_Sicily" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Invasion_of_Sicily" title="Template:Campaignbox Invasion of Sicily"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Invasion_of_Sicily" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Invasion of Sicily"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Invasion_of_Sicily" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Invasion of Sicily"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Invasion_of_Sicily" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Invasion of Sicily</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Mincemeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Animals" title="Operation Animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barclay" title="Operation Barclay">Barclay</a></li></ul> Invasion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ladbroke" title="Operation Ladbroke">Ladbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fustian" title="Operation Fustian">Fustian</a></li></ul> Inland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Troina" title="Battle of Troina">Troina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Centuripe" title="Battle of Centuripe">Centuripe</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_French_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_French_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Africa and Middle East</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Keren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Exporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Opération_Vésuve" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Marseilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indian Ocean and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimson" title="Operation Crimson">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War#Rally_to_Free_France_and_installation_of_an_American_base" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as the Battle of Sicily and Operation Husky, was a major campaign of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> invaded the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> in July 1943 and took it from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>). It began with a large <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">operation</a>, followed by a six-week land campaign, and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>. To divert some of the Axis forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations, the most famous and successful of which was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a>. Husky began on the night of 9–10 July 1943 and ended on 17 August. Strategically, Husky achieved the goals set out for it by Allied planners: the Allies drove Axis air, land and naval forces from the island, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a> were opened for Allied merchant ships for the first time since 1941. These events led to the Italian dictator, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, being <a href="/wiki/25_Luglio" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Luglio">toppled</a> from power in Italy on 25 July, and to the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> on 3 September. The German leader, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, "canceled a major <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">offensive at Kursk</a> after only a week, in part to divert forces to Italy," resulting in a reduction of German strength on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> The collapse of Italy necessitated German troops replacing the Italians in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">the Balkans</a>, resulting in one-fifth of the entire German army being diverted from the east to southern Europe, a proportion that would remain until near the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allies">Allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky_order_of_battle" title="Operation Husky order of battle">Operation Husky order of battle</a></div> The plan for Operation Husky called for the <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> of Sicily by two <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">armies</a>, one landing on the south-eastern and one on the central southern coast. The amphibious assaults were to be supported by naval gunfire, as well as tactical bombing, interdiction and close air support by the combined air forces. As such, the operation required a complex command structure, incorporating land, naval and air forces. The overall commander was American <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> (C-in-C) of all the Allied forces in North Africa. British <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a> acted as his <a href="/wiki/Second-in-command" title="Second-in-command">second-in-command</a> and as the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_Group" title="15th Army Group">15th Army Group</a> commander. The American <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> was appointed as Eisenhower's <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief of Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The overall Naval Force Commander was the British <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Sir Andrew Cunningham</a>. The Allied land forces were from the American, British and Canadian armies, and were structured as two task forces. The Eastern Task Force (also known as Task Force 545) was led by General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a> and consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</a> (which included the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division" title="1st Canadian Division">1st Canadian Infantry Division</a>). The Western Task Force (Task Force 343) was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> and consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">American Seventh Army</a>. The two task force commanders reported to Alexander as commander of the 15th Army Group.<a href="#cite_note-D'Este_Appendix_A-20">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/220px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/330px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg/440px-Allied_leaders_in_the_Sicilian_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Allied leaders in the Sicilian campaign. <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> meets in North Africa with (foreground, left to right): <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Sir Harold Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Sir Andrew Cunningham</a>, and (top row): Mr. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>, and unidentified British officers.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. Seventh Army consisted initially of three infantry divisions, organized under <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">II Corps</a>, commanded by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Divisions</a>, commanded by Major Generals <a href="/wiki/Terry_de_la_Mesa_Allen_Sr." title="Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.">Terry Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Truscott" title="Lucian Truscott">Lucian Truscott</a> respectively, sailed from ports in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Division (United States)">45th Infantry Division</a>, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Troy_H._Middleton" title="Troy H. Middleton">Troy H. Middleton</a>, sailed from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> via <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division</a>, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Joseph_Gaffey" title="Hugh Joseph Gaffey">Hugh Joseph Gaffey</a>, also sailing from Oran, was to be a floating reserve and be fed into combat as required. On 15 July, Patton reorganized his command into two corps by creating a new Provisional Corps headquarters, commanded by his deputy army commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keyes" title="Geoffrey Keyes">Geoffrey Keyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The British Eighth Army had four infantry divisions and an independent infantry brigade organized under <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XIII Corps (United Kingdom)">XIII Corps</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Sir Miles Dempsey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>, commanded by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leese" title="Oliver Leese">Sir Oliver Leese</a>. The two divisions of XIII Corps, the <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Divisions</a>, commanded by Major-Generals <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Pettus_Mackintosh_Berney-Ficklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Pettus Mackintosh Berney-Ficklin">Horatio Berney-Ficklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Kirkman" title="Sidney Kirkman">Sidney Kirkman</a>, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The formations of XXX Corps sailed from more diverse ports: the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, under <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>, sailed from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Infantry Division</a>, under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wimberley" title="Douglas Wimberley">Douglas Wimberley</a>, from Tunisia and <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown colony of Malta">Malta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/231st_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="231st Brigade (United Kingdom)">231st Independent Infantry Brigade Group</a> from Suez. The 1st Canadian Infantry Division was included in Operation Husky at the insistence of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canadian Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Mackenzie King</a>, and the Canadian Military Headquarters in the United Kingdom. This request was granted by the British, displacing the veteran <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">British 3rd Infantry Division</a>. The change was not finalized until 27 April 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-general (Canada)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a>, then commanding the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">Canadian First Army</a> in the United Kingdom, deemed Operation Husky to be a viable military undertaking and agreed to the detachment of both the 1st Canadian Infantry Division and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="1st Canadian Armoured Brigade">1st Canadian Tank Brigade</a>. The "Red Patch Division" was added to Leese's XXX Corps to become part of the British Eighth Army.<a href="#cite_note-Copp542-22">[21]</a> In addition to the amphibious landings, <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne troops</a> were to be flown in to support both the Western and Eastern Task Forces. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">British 1st Airborne Division</a>, commanded by Major-General <a href="/wiki/George_F._Hopkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Hopkinson">George F. Hopkinson</a>, was to seize vital bridges and high ground in support of the British Eighth Army. The initial plan dictated that the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">U.S. 82nd Airborne Division</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a>, was to be held as a tactical reserve in Tunisia.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Allied naval forces were also grouped into two task forces to transport and support the invading armies. The Eastern Naval Task Force was formed from the British <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> and was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Bertram Ramsay</a>. The Western Naval Task Force was formed around the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Eighth_Fleet" title="United States Eighth Fleet">U.S. Eighth Fleet</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kent_Hewitt" title="Henry Kent Hewitt">Henry Kent Hewitt</a>. The two naval task force commanders reported to Admiral Cunningham as overall Naval Forces Commander.<a href="#cite_note-D'Este_Appendix_A-20">[19]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a> – <a href="/wiki/HMIS_Sutlej" title="HMIS Sutlej">HMIS Sutlej</a> and <a href="/wiki/INS_Jamuna_(U21)" title="INS Jamuna (U21)">HMIS Jumna</a> – also participated.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO,_LLC-24">[23]</a> At the time of Operation Husky, the Allied air forces in North Africa and the Mediterranean were organized into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Air_Command" title="Mediterranean Air Command">Mediterranean Air Command</a> (MAC) under <a href="/wiki/Air_chief_marshal" title="Air chief marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Sir Arthur Tedder</a>. The major sub-command of MAC was the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_Air_Forces" title="Northwest African Air Forces">Northwest African Air Forces</a> (NAAF) under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> with headquarters in Tunisia. NAAF consisted primarily of groups from the United States <a href="/wiki/12th_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Air Force">12th Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Air Force">9th Air Force</a>, and the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) that provided the primary air support for the operation. Other groups from the 9th Air Force under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brereton" title="Lewis H. Brereton">Lewis H. Brereton</a> operating from Tunisia and Egypt, and <a href="/wiki/Air_H.Q._Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Air H.Q. Malta">Air H.Q. Malta</a> under <a href="/wiki/Air_vice-marshal" title="Air vice-marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Park" title="Keith Park">Sir Keith Park</a> operating from the island of Malta, also provided important air support. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Forces_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Forces Central">9th Air Force's</a> medium bombers and <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">P-40 fighters</a> that were detached to NAAF's <a href="/wiki/Northwest_African_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Northwest African Tactical Air Force">Northwest African Tactical Air Force</a> under the command of Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coningham_(RAF_officer)" title="Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)">Sir Arthur Coningham</a> moved to southern airfields on Sicily as soon they were secured. At the time, the 9th Air Force was a sub-command of RAF <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a> under Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sholto_Douglas,_1st_Baron_Douglas_of_Kirtleside" title="Sholto Douglas, 1st Baron Douglas of Kirtleside">Sir Sholto Douglas</a>. Middle East Command, like NAAF and Air H.Q. Malta were sub-commands of MAC under Tedder who reported to Eisenhower for NAAF operations<a href="#cite_note-D'Este_Appendix_A-20">[19]</a> and to the British Chiefs of Staff for Air H.Q. Malta and Middle East Command operations.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis">Axis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Axis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfredo_guzzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Alfredo_guzzoni.jpg/180px-Alfredo_guzzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Alfredo_guzzoni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>General Alfredo Guzzoni, Supreme Commander of Axis forces in Sicily</figcaption></figure> The island was defended by the two corps of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Po" title="Army of the Po">Italian 6th Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Guzzoni" title="Alfredo Guzzoni">Alfredo Guzzoni</a>, although specially designated Fortress Areas around the main ports (Piazze Militari Marittime), were commanded by admirals subordinate to Naval Headquarters and independent of the 6th Army.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In early July, the total Axis force in Sicily was about 200,000 Italian troops, 32,000 German troops and 30,000 Luftwaffe ground staff. The main German formations were the <a href="/wiki/1st_Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division Hermann Göring">Panzer Division Hermann Göring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/15th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzergrenadier Division</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">Panzer division</a> had 99 tanks in two battalions but was short of infantry (with only three battalions), while the 15th Panzergrenadier Division had three grenadier regiments and a tank battalion with 60 tanks.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> About half of the Italian troops were formed into four front-line infantry divisions and headquarters troops; the remainder were support troops or inferior coastal divisions and coastal brigades. Guzzoni's defence plan was for the coastal formations to form a screen to receive the invasion and allow time for the field divisions further back to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg/220px-Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg/330px-Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg/440px-Map_Operation_Husky_and_Axis_Dispositions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Allied and Axis dispositions on 10 July 1943</figcaption></figure> By late July, the German units had been reinforced, principally by elements of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Parachute Division (Germany)">1st Parachute Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/29th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Panzergrenadier Division (Germany)">29th Panzergrenadier Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/XIV_Panzer_Corps" title="XIV Panzer Corps">XIV Panzer Corps</a> headquarters (<a href="/wiki/General_der_Panzertruppe" title="General der Panzertruppe">General der Panzertruppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a>), bringing the number of German troops to around 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Until the arrival of the corps headquarters, the two German divisions were nominally under Italian tactical control. The panzer division, with a reinforced infantry regiment from the panzergrenadier division to compensate for its lack of infantry, was under Italian <a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVI Corps (Italy)">XVI Corps</a> and the rest of the panzergrenadier division under the Italian <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (Italy)">XII Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The German commanders in Sicily were contemptuous of their allies and German units took their orders from the German liaison officer attached to the 6th Army HQ, <a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> <a href="/wiki/Fridolin_von_Senger_und_Etterlin" title="Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin">Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin</a> who was subordinate to <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a>, the German C-in-C Army Command South (OB Süd). Von Senger had arrived in Sicily in late June as part of a German plan to gain greater operational control of its units.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Guzzoni agreed from 16 July to delegate to Hube control of all sectors where there were German units involved, and from 2 August, he commanded the Sicilian front.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicily_in_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sicily_in_Italy.svg/220px-Sicily_in_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sicily_in_Italy.svg/330px-Sicily_in_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sicily_in_Italy.svg/440px-Sicily_in_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Sicily (red) in relation to the Italian mainland</figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> in January 1943, with the end of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> in sight, the political leaders and the military Chiefs of Staff of the United States and Britain met to discuss future strategy. The <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">British Chiefs of Staff</a> were in favour of an invasion of Sicily or <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, arguing that it would force Germany to disperse its forces and might knock Italy out of the war and move Turkey to join the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-Molony2-34">[33]</a> At first, the Americans opposed the plan as opportunistic and irrelevant, but were persuaded to agree to a Sicilian invasion on the grounds of the great savings to Allied shipping that would result from the opening of the Mediterranean by the removal of Axis air and naval forces from the island.<a href="#cite_note-Molony2-34">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> appointed General Eisenhower as C-in-C of the Allied Expeditionary Force, General Alexander as Deputy C-in-C with responsibility for detailed planning and execution of the operation, Admiral Cunningham as Naval Commander, and Air Chief Marshal Tedder as Air Commander.<a href="#cite_note-Molony3-35">[34]</a> The outline plan given to Eisenhower by the Chiefs of Staff involved dispersed landings by brigade and division-sized formations in the south-east, south and north-west areas of the island. The logic behind the plan was that it would result in the rapid capture of key Axis airfields that posed a threat to the beachheads and the invasion fleet lying off them. It would also see the rapid capture of all the main ports on the island, except for <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licata" title="Licata">Licata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a>. This would facilitate a rapid Allied build-up, as well as denying their use to the Axis.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> High-level planning for the operation lacked direction because the three mainland commanders, Alexander, Montgomery, and Patton, were fully occupied in operations in Tunisia. Effort was wasted in presenting plans that Montgomery, in particular, disliked because of the dispersion of forces involved. He was finally able to articulate his objections and put forward alternative proposals on 24 April.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Tedder and Cunningham opposed Montgomery's plan because it would leave 13 landing grounds in Axis hands, posing a considerable threat to the Allied invasion fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Molony23-38">[37]</a> Eisenhower called a meeting for 2 May with Montgomery, Cunningham and Tedder, in which Montgomery made new proposals to concentrate the Allied effort on the southeast corner of Sicily, discarding the intended landings close to Palermo and using the south-eastern ports.<a href="#cite_note-Molony23-38">[37]</a> After Alexander joined the meeting on 3 May, Montgomery's proposals were finally accepted on the basis that it was better to take an administrative risk (having to support troops by landing supplies across beaches) than an operational one (dispersion of effort).<a href="#cite_note-Alex1013-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Not for the last time, Montgomery had argued a sound course of action, yet done so in a conceited manner, which suggested to others, particularly his American allies, that he was preoccupied with his own interests.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In the event, maintaining the armies by landing supplies across the beaches proved easier than expected, partly because of the successful introduction of large numbers of the new amphibious <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKW</a> vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-42">[41]</a> Alexander was later to write "It is not too much to say that the DUKW revolutionised the problem of beach maintenance."<a href="#cite_note-Alex1013-39">[38]</a> On 17 May, Alexander issued his Operation Instruction No. 1 setting out his broad plan and defining the tasks of the two armies.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1013-39">[38]</a> Broadly speaking, he intended to establish his armies along a line from Catania to Licata preparatory to a final operation to reduce the island. He later wrote that at that stage it was not practicable to plan further ahead but that his intentions were clear in his own mind what the next step would be: he would drive north ultimately to <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_di_Camastra" title="Santo Stefano di Camastra">Santo Stefano</a> on the northern coast to split the island in two and cut his enemy's east–west communications.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Seventh Army was assigned to land in the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a>, in south-central Sicily, with the 3rd Infantry Division and 2nd Armored Division to the west at Licata Mollarella beach, 1st Division in the center at Gela, and 45th Division to the east at <a href="/wiki/Scoglitti" title="Scoglitti">Scoglitti</a>. The 82nd Airborne Division was assigned to drop behind the defences at Gela and Scoglitti. The Seventh Army's beach-front stretched over 50 kilometers (30 mi). The British Eighth Army was assigned to land in south-eastern Sicily. XXX Corps would land on either side of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Passero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Passero">Cape Passero</a>, while XIII Corps would land in the Gulf of <a href="/wiki/Noto" title="Noto">Noto</a>, around <a href="/wiki/Avola" title="Avola">Avola</a>, off to the north. The Eighth Army's beach front also stretched 40 kilometers (25 mi), and there was a gap of some 40 kilometers (25 mi) between the two armies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparatory_operations">Preparatory operations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparatory operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_island_of_Pantelleria_in_the_Mediterranean,_wreathed_in_smoke_from_bursting_bombs_during_the_Allied_bombardment_of_June_1943._Capture_of_the_island_was_a_vital_precursor_to_the_invasion_of_Sicily_in_July._CNA902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_island_of_Pantelleria_in_the_Mediterranean%2C_wreathed_in_smoke_from_bursting_bombs_during_the_Allied_bombardment_of_June_1943._Capture_of_the_island_was_a_vital_precursor_to_the_invasion_of_Sicily_in_July._CNA902.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_island_of_Pantelleria_in_the_Mediterranean%2C_wreathed_in_smoke_from_bursting_bombs_during_the_Allied_bombardment_of_June_1943._Capture_of_the_island_was_a_vital_precursor_to_the_invasion_of_Sicily_in_July._CNA902.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_island_of_Pantelleria_in_the_Mediterranean%2C_wreathed_in_smoke_from_bursting_bombs_during_the_Allied_bombardment_of_June_1943._Capture_of_the_island_was_a_vital_precursor_to_the_invasion_of_Sicily_in_July._CNA902.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> wreathed in smoke from bursting bombs during the Allied bombardment</figcaption></figure> Once the Axis forces had been defeated in Tunisia, the Allied strategic bomber force commenced attacks on the principal airfields of Sardinia, Sicily and southern Italy, industrial targets in southern Italy and the ports of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, Messina, Palermo and <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a> (in Sardinia). The attacks were spread to maintain uncertainty as to the next Allied move, and to pin down Axis aircraft and keep them away from Sicily. Bombing of northern Italy (by aircraft based in the UK) and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (by aircraft based in the Middle East) was increased.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> From 3 July, bombing concentrated on Sicilian airfields and Axis communications with Italy, although beach defences were left alone, to preserve surprise as to where the landings would occur.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> By 10 July, only two airfields in Sicily remained fully operational and over half the Axis aircraft had been forced to leave the island.<a href="#cite_note-Molony49-46">[45]</a> Between mid-May and the invasion, Allied airmen flew 42,227 sorties and destroyed 323 German and 105 Italian aircraft, for the loss of 250 aircraft, mostly to anti-aircraft fire over Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Operations began in May against the small island of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>, some 110 km (70 mi) southwest of Sicily and 240 km (150 mi) northwest of Malta, to prevent the airfield there being used in support of Axis troops attempting to withdraw from North Africa. On 13 and 31 May the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orion_(85)" title="HMS Orion (85)">HMS Orion</a> bombarded the island and from 6 June, Allied attacks increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairMolonyFlynnGleave2004427-48">[47]</a> From 8 May to 11 June 5,285 bombing <a href="/wiki/Sortie#Military_aviation" title="Sortie">sorties</a> were flown by fighter-bombers, medium and heavy bombers, dropping a total of 6,202 tons of bombs on the island.<a href="#cite_note-USAAF-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The Italian gun positions were reduced to 47% effectiveness by the intense ten-day air bombardment. Out of 112 guns bombed, 2 had suffered from direct hits, 17 were near misses and 34 were damaged by debris and splinters (10 beyond repair). All control communications were destroyed, along with many gun emplacements and ammunition stores.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> On 11 June, after a naval bombardment and seaborne landing by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars">British 1st Infantry Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Operation Corkscrew</a>) the island garrison surrendered. The <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linosa" title="Linosa">Linosa</a>, some 140 km (90 mi) west of Malta, followed in short order on 12 June.<a href="#cite_note-Molony49-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headquarters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg/440px-Malta_-_Valletta_-_St._James_Ditch_-_Lascaris_War_Rooms_02_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Lascaris War Rooms</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lascaris_War_Rooms" title="Lascaris War Rooms">Lascaris War Rooms</a></div> The Allies used a network of tunnels and chambers located below the <a href="/wiki/Lascaris_Battery" title="Lascaris Battery">Lascaris Battery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta (the "Lascaris War Rooms"), for the advance headquarters of the invasion of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In July 1943, General Eisenhower, Admiral Cunningham, General Montgomery, and Air Marshal Tedder occupied the war rooms. Earlier, the war rooms had served as the British headquarters for the defence of Malta.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deception">Deception</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a></div> To distract the Axis, and if possible divert some of their forces to other areas, the Allies engaged in several deception operations. The most famous and successful of these was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a>, conceived by Naval intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Ewen_Montagu" title="Ewen Montagu">Ewen Montagu</a> and RAF Squadron Leader Charles Cholmondeley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994341-54">[53]</a> The British allowed <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_(Royal_Marine_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Martin (Royal Marine officer)">a corpse</a>, disguised as a British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> officer, to drift ashore in Spain carrying a briefcase containing fake secret documents. The documents purported to reveal that the Allies were planning "Operation Brimstone" and that an "Operation Husky" was an invasion of Greece. German intelligence accepted the authenticity of the documents and the Germans diverted much of their defensive effort from Sicily to Greece until the occupation of Pantelleria on 11 June, which concentrated German and Italian attention on the western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1994341-54">[53]</a> Generalfeldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> was sent to Greece to assume command. The Germans transferred a group of "<a href="/wiki/R_boat" title="R boat">R boats</a>" (German minesweepers and minelayers) from Sicily and laid three additional minefields off the Greek coast. They also moved three panzer divisions to Greece, one from France and two from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> which reduced German combat strength in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk salient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki1995-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_landings">Allied landings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allied landings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airborne_landings">Airborne landings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Airborne landings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ladbroke" title="Operation Ladbroke">Operation Ladbroke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fustian" title="Operation Fustian">Operation Fustian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg/220px-The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg/330px-The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg/440px-The_Campaign_in_Sicily_1943_CNA1002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>British airborne troops wait to board an American <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">WACO CG4A glider</a>.</figcaption></figure> Two American and two British attacks by airborne troops were carried out just after midnight on the night of 9–10 July, as part of the invasion. The American <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> consisted largely of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">James M. Gavin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/505th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="505th Infantry Regiment (United States)">505th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a> (expanded into the 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team with the addition of the 3rd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/504th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="504th Infantry Regiment (United States)">504th Parachute Infantry Regiment</a>, along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=456th_Parachute_Field_Artillery_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="456th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">456th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion</a>, Company 'B' of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=307th_Airborne_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="307th Airborne Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">307th Airborne Engineer Battalion</a> and other supporting units) of the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division, making their first combat drop. The British landings were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(military)" title="Pathfinder (military)">pathfinders</a> of the 21st Independent Parachute Company, who were to mark <a href="/wiki/Landing_zone" title="Landing zone">landing zones</a> for the troops who were intending to seize the Ponte Grande, the bridge over the River Anape just south of Syracuse, and hold it until the British 5th Infantry Division arrived from the beaches at Cassibile, some eleven kilometres (7 mi) to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Molony,_p._83-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glider_infantry" title="Glider infantry">Glider infantry</a> from the British 1st Airborne Division's <a href="/wiki/1st_Airlanding_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airlanding Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Airlanding Brigade</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(United_Kingdom)" title="Brigadier (United Kingdom)">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hugh_Whitby_Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Hugh Whitby Hicks">Philip Hicks</a>, were to seize landing zones inland.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Strong winds of up to 70 km/h (45 mph)<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> blew the troop-carrying aircraft off course and the American force was scattered widely over south-east Sicily between Gela and Syracuse. By 14 July, about two-thirds of the 505th had managed to concentrate, and half the U.S. paratroopers failed to reach their rallying points.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The British air-landing troops fared little better, with only 12 of the 147 gliders landing on target and 69 crashing into the sea, with over 200 men drowning.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Among those who landed in the sea were <a href="/wiki/Major-general_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-general (United Kingdom)">Major General</a> George F. Hopkinson, commander of the British 1st Airborne Division, who, after several hours spent clutching a piece of wreckage, was eventually rescued by the landing ship HMS Keren. The scattered airborne troops attacked patrols and created confusion wherever possible. A <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> of the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment" title="South Staffordshire Regiment">South Staffordshire Regiment</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)" title="Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)">Lieutenant</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Withers_(British_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Withers (British Army officer) (page does not exist)">Louis Withers</a>, part of the British 1st Airlanding Brigade, landed on target, captured Ponte Grande and repulsed counterattacks. Additional paratroops rallied to the sound of shooting and by 08:30 89 men were holding the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> By 11:30, a battalion of the Italian 75th Infantry Regiment (Colonel Francesco Ronco) from the <a href="/wiki/54th_Infantry_Division_%22Napoli%22" title="54th Infantry Division "Napoli"">54th Infantry Division "Napoli"</a> arrived with some artillery.<a href="#cite_note-Molony81-62">[61]</a> The British force held out until about 15:30 hours, when, low on ammunition and by now reduced to 18 men, they were forced to surrender, 45 minutes before the leading elements of the British 5th Division arrived from the south.<a href="#cite_note-Molony81-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Despite these mishaps, the widespread landing of airborne troops, both American and British, had a positive effect as small isolated units, acting on their initiative, attacked vital points and created confusion.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1018-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaborne_landings">Seaborne landings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seaborne landings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Battle of Gela (1943)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily,_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg/220px-Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg/330px-Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg/440px-Troops_from_51st_Highland_Division_unloading_stores_from_tank_landing_craft_on_the_opening_day_of_the_Allied_invasion_of_Sicily%2C_10_July_1943._A17916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Troops from the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Division</a> unloading stores from tank landing craft on the opening day of the invasion of Sicily, 10 July 1943</figcaption></figure> The strong wind also made matters difficult for the amphibious landings but also ensured surprise as many of the defenders had assumed that no one would attempt a landing in such poor conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1018-64">[63]</a> Landings were made in the early hours of 10 July from 2:45am on 26 main beaches spread along 170 kilometres (105 mi) of the southern and eastern coasts of the island between the town of Licata<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> where the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott, landed at Torre di Gaffe, red beach, and Mollarella and Poliscia, green beaches in the west, and Cassibile in the east,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> with British and Canadian forces in the east and Americans toward the west. This constituted the largest amphibious operation of World War II in terms of size of the landing zone and the number of divisions put ashore on the first day.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The Italian defensive plan did not contemplate a pitched battle on the beaches and so the landings themselves were somewhat anticlimactic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> More trouble was experienced from the difficult weather conditions (especially on the southern beaches) and unexpected hidden offshore sandbars than from the coastal divisions. Some troops landed in the wrong place, in the wrong order and as much as six hours behind schedule,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> but the weakness of the defensive response allowed the Allied force to make up lost time.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1018-64">[63]</a> Nevertheless, several Italian coastal units fought well; the 429th Coastal Battalion (under Major Marco Rubellino<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a>), tasked with defending Gela and its beachhead, had lost 45 percent of its men, while the attacking <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers" title="United States Army Rangers">U.S. Army Ranger</a> Battalion lost several men to mines and machine-gun and cannon fire.<a href="#cite_note-72">[b]</a> Gruppo Tattico Carmito (under Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Tropea), tasked with defending Malati Bridge, defeated a Royal Marines Commando Battalion on 13 July with the help of the local middle-age reservists. The Italian 4th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion attacked the Commandos with the help of the 372nd Coastal Defence Battalion, 553rd (under Captain Giovanni Sartor) and 554th (under Captain Fausto Clementi) Motorcycle Companies,<a href="#cite_note-unuci.org-73">[71]</a> and three Panzer IV medium tanks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cloutier193-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soon_1943,_p._95-76">[c]</a> The 246th Coastal Battalion (under Major Rollo Franco<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a>) defeated British attempts to capture Augusta on the night of 11–12 July.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In Major General Terry Allen's U.S. 1st Infantry Division sector at Gela, there was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">division-sized counterattack</a> where the dispersed 505th Parachute Regimental Combat Team was supposed to have been. <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tanks</a> of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, which had been due to advance with the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_%22Livorno%22" title="4th Infantry Division "Livorno"">4th Infantry Division "Livorno"</a>, were late.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> On highways 115 and 117 during 10 July, Italian tanks of the "Niscemi" Armoured Combat Group and Livorno Division infantry nearly reached the Allied position at Gela, but gunfire from the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Shubrick_(DD-639)" title="USS Shubrick (DD-639)">USS Shubrick</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> and the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)" title="USS Boise (CL-47)">USS Boise</a> destroyed several tanks and dispersed the attacking infantry battalion.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> The 3rd Battalion, 34th Regiment, "Livorno" Infantry Division, composed mainly of conscripts, made a daylight attack on the Gela beachhead two days later, with infantry and armor of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, but was repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> By the morning of 10 July, the Joint Task Force Operations Support System Force captured the port of Licata, at the cost of nearly 100 killed and wounded in the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division, and the division beat back a counter-attack from the 538th Coastal Defence Battalion. By 11:30, Licata was firmly in American hands and the U.S. 3rd Division had lost fewer than one hundred men. Salvage parties had already partially cleared the harbor, and shortly after noon Truscott and his staff came ashore and set up headquarters at Palazzo La Lumia. About that time, the 538th Coastal Defense Battalion, which had been deployed as a tactical reserve, launched a counter-attack. By the evening of 10 July, the seven Allied assault divisions—three American, three British and one Canadian—were well established ashore, the port of Syracuse had been captured, and fears of an Axis air onslaught had proved unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The preparatory bombing of the previous weeks had greatly weakened the Axis air capability and the heavy Allied presence of aircraft operating from Malta, Gozo, and Pantelleria kept most of the Axis attempts at air attack at bay. Some attacks on the first day of the invasion got through, and German aircraft sank the <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship, tank">landing ship</a> LST-313 and minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Sentinel_(AM-113)" title="USS Sentinel (AM-113)">USS Sentinel</a>. Italian <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stukas</a> sank the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Maddox_(DD-622)" title="USS Maddox (DD-622)">USS Maddox</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[e]</a> and Re.2002s<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> sunk the Indian hospital ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Talamba" title="SS Talamba">Talamba</a> with heavy loss of life,<a href="#cite_note-89">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> and in the following days Axis aircraft damaged or sank several more warships, transport vessels and landing craft starting with the Allied troopship <a href="/wiki/USS_Barnett" title="USS Barnett">USS Barnett</a> hit and damaged by an Italian bomber formation on the morning of 11 July.<a href="#cite_note-92">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> Italian Stukas (named Picchiatello in Italian service) and <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">Savoia-Marchetti SM.79</a> torpedo-bombers coordinated their attacks with German Stuka and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Ju 88</a> bomber units. As part of the seaborne landings south at Agnone, some 400 men of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Durnford-Slater" title="John Durnford-Slater">John Durnford-Slater</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No._3_Commando" title="No. 3 Commando">No. 3 Commando</a> captured Malati Bridge on 13 July, only to lose possession of it when the 4th Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion (Lieutenant-Colonel Francesco Tropea) and the Italian 553rd and 554th Motorcycle Companies counter-attacked.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soon_1943,_p._95-76">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-unuci.org-73">[71]</a> The Commandos lost 28 killed, 66 wounded and 59 captured or missing.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation">Exploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exploitation">edit</a>]</div> Alexander's plan was to first establish his forces on a line between Licata in the west and Catania in the east before embarking on operations to reduce the rest of the island. Key to this was capturing ports to facilitate the buildup of his forces and the capture of airfields. The task of Montgomery's Eighth Army was, therefore, to capture the <a href="/wiki/Pachino" title="Pachino">Pachino</a> Airfield on Cape Passero and the port of Syracuse before moving northwards to take the ports of Augusta and Catania. Their objectives also included the landing fields around Gerbini, on the Catania plain. The objectives of Patton's Seventh Army included capturing the port of Licata and the airfields of Ponte Olivo, Biscari and Comiso. It was then to prevent the enemy reserves from moving eastward against the Eighth Army's left flank.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> According to Axis plans, Kampfgruppe Schmalz (Colonel Wilhelm Schmalz), in conjunction with the 54th Infantry Division "Napoli" (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Gotti_Porcinari" title="Giulio Cesare Gotti Porcinari">Giulio Cesare Gotti Porcinari</a>), was to counter-attack an Allied landing on the Augusta–Syracuse coast. On 10 July, Schmalz had been unable to contact the Italian division and had proceeded alone towards Syracuse. Unknown to Schmalz, a battalion of 18 <a href="/wiki/Renault_R35" title="Renault R35">Renault R35</a> tanks (under Lieutenant-Colonel Massimo D'Andretta) and supporting infantry battalion from the 75th Infantry Regiment (under Colonel Paolo Giovanni Ronco) of the Napoli Division,<a href="#cite_note-99">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[i]</a> broke through the forward positions held by the 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Regiment" title="Wiltshire Regiment">Wiltshire Regiment</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/13th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="13th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">13th Brigade</a> the British 5th Division, and were stopped only by anti-tank and artillery fire in the Priolo and Floridia suburbs of Syracuse.<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> On the night of 11–12 July, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> attempted to capture Augusta but the 246th Coastal Battalion repelled the British landing force that was supported by three destroyers. On 12 July, several Italian units took up rearguard positions and covered the withdrawal of Kampfgruppe Schmalz and the Hermann Göring Division.<a href="#cite_note-104">[j]</a> The American advance toward <a href="/wiki/Canicatt%C3%AC" title="Canicattì">Canicattì</a> was temporarily held up by <a href="/wiki/Semovente_da_90/53" title="Semovente da 90/53">Semovente da 90/53</a> tank destroyers from the 161st Self-propelled Artillery Battalion,<a href="#cite_note-105">[95]</a> 526th Bersaglieri Battalion and 177th Bersaglieri Regiment from Gruppo Tattico Venturi (under General <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Francisci" title="Enrico Francisci">Enrico Francisci</a>, killed in action and posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_Military_Valour" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal of Military Valour">Gold Medal of Military Valour</a>),<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> as Kampfgruppe Schmalz retreated toward Catania. The 246th Coastal Battalion retreated to strong points at Cozzo Telegrafo and <a href="/wiki/Acquedolci" title="Acquedolci">Acquedolci</a>. The 76th Infantry Regiment of the Napoli Division covered the left flank of Kampfgruppe Schmalz which withdrew toward Lentini and then retired to Palermo. The <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Göring Division">Hermann Göring Division</a> eventually pulled back from the Piano Lupo area toward <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a> and the Livorno Division withdrew its right flank toward <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>, to cover the Hermann Göring Division.<a href="#cite_note-Cloutier193-75">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG/220px-Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG/330px-Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG/440px-Prigionieri_206a_Divisione_Costiera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Italian soldiers of the 206th Coastal Division, taken prisoner by British forces. Typical of the second-rate equipment issued to the Coastal divisions, they are wearing <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">Adrian helmets</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> vintage, rather than the more modern <a href="/wiki/M33_helmet" title="M33 helmet">M 33</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early on 13 July, elements of the British 5th Division on Eighth Army's right flank, which had been delayed by Kampfgruppe Schmalz, entered Augusta.<a href="#cite_note-107">[97]</a> On their left, British 50th Division had pushed up Route 114 toward Lentini, 25 kilometres (15 mi) northwest of Augusta and met increasing resistance from the Napoli Division.<a href="#cite_note-Rissik123-98">[91]</a> The commander of the Italian division and his staff were captured by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_North_East" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East">British 4th Armoured Brigade</a> on 13 July and it was not until 18:45 on 14 July that the town was cleared of obstructions and snipers and the advance resumed.<a href="#cite_note-108">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> A battalion of the Napoli Division managed to break through the British lines and took up new positions at Augusta but the British advance forced it to retire again on 14 July.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a> Further left, in the XXX Corps sector, the 51st (Highland) Division had moved directly north to take Palazzolo and Vizzini 50 kilometres (30 mi) west of Syracuse, while the Canadians secured Pachino airfield and headed north-west to make contact with the American right wing at Ragusa; after having driven off the Italian 122 Infantry Regiment north of Pachino. The Canadians captured more than 500 Italians.<a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> In the Canadian area, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Special_Service_Brigade" title="2nd Special Service Brigade">2nd Special Service Brigade</a>, under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Laycock" title="Robert Laycock">Robert Laycock</a>, was counter-attacked by the 206th Coastal Division (under General <a href="/wiki/Achille_d%27Havet" title="Achille d'Havet">Achille d'Havet</a>)<a href="#cite_note-112">[102]</a> who launched a strong counter-attack that threatened to penetrate the area between the Canadians and the Royal Marine Commandos before being repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg/220px-US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg/330px-US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg/440px-US_paratroops_bound_for_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>American paratroopers of the <a href="/wiki/504th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="504th Infantry Regiment (United States)">504th PIR</a> bound for Sicily, July 1943</figcaption></figure> In the American sector, by the morning of 10 July, the port of Licata had been captured. On 11 July, Patton ordered his reserve parachute troops from the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (minus the 3rd Battalion already deployed in Sicily, attached to the 505th) under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Henry_Tucker_III" title="Reuben Henry Tucker III">Reuben Tucker</a>, part of 82nd Airborne Division, to drop and reinforce the center. In addition, going along with the 504th would be the <a href="/wiki/376th_Parachute_Field_Artillery_Battalion" title="376th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion">376th Parachute Field Artillery Battalion</a>, Company 'C' of the 307th Airborne Engineer Battalion and other supporting units. Warning orders had been issued to the fleet and troops on 6, 7, 10 and 11 July concerning the planned route and timing of the drop, so that the aircraft would not be fired on by friendly forces.<a href="#cite_note-Molony86-87-114">[104]</a> They were intended to drop east of Ponte Olivo, about eight kilometres (5 mi) inland from Gela, to block routes to the 1st Infantry Division's bridgehead at Gela.<a href="#cite_note-Molony,_p._83-56">[55]</a> The 144 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47</a> transports arrived at the same time as an Axis air raid; the first echelon of troop carrying planes had dropped their loads without interference, when an Allied naval vessel fired on the formation. Immediately, all the other naval vessels and shore troops joined in, shooting down friendly aircraft and forcing paratroopers to jump far from their drop zones. The <a href="/wiki/52d_Troop_Carrier_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="52d Troop Carrier Wing">52nd Troop Carrier Wing</a> lost 23 of 144 С-47s to <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>; there were 318 casualties with 83 dead.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> Thirty-seven aircraft were damaged, while eight returned to base without dropping their parachutists. The paratroopers suffered 229 casualties to "friendly fire", including 81 dead.<a href="#cite_note-Molony86-87-114">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> Among the casualties was <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Keerans,_Jr._(United_States_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Keerans, Jr. (United States Army officer) (page does not exist)">Charles L. Keerans, Jr.</a>, the 82nd Airborne's assistant division commander (ADC), who was along with the 504th as an unofficial observer. The <a href="/wiki/325th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="325th Infantry Regiment (United States)">325th Glider Infantry Regiment</a>, part of the 82nd Airborne Division and commanded by Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_L._Lewis_(United_States_Army_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry L. Lewis (United States Army officer) (page does not exist)">Harry L. Lewis</a>, was then waiting in North Africa and scheduled to land in Sicily by glider that night, together with the rest of the division staff. After what happened to the 504th, Ridgway canceled the operation. Despite this, the American beach landings went well and a substantial amount of supplies and transport was landed. Despite the failure of the airborne operation, the 1st Infantry Division took Ponte Olivo on 12 July and continued north, while 45th Infantry Division on the right had taken the airfield at Comiso and entered Ragusa to link-up with the Canadians. On the left, the 3rd Infantry Division, having landed at Licata, pushed troops 40 kilometres (25 mi) up the coast almost to Argento and 30 kilometres (20 mi) inland to Canicatti.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily,_August_1943._TR1244.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg/220px-Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg/330px-Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg/440px-Local_children_crowd_aboard_a_Sherman_Mk_III_tank_of_the_County_of_London_Yeomanry_in_the_village_of_Belpasso_near_Catania_in_Sicily%2C_August_1943._TR1244.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman tank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_County_of_London_Yeomanry_(Sharpshooters)" title="3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)">3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Belpasso" title="Belpasso">Belpasso</a> near <a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a>, Sicily, August 1943<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> Once the beachheads were secure, Alexander planned to split the island in half by thrusting north through the <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a> and Enna region, to deny the defenders the central east–west lateral road. A further push north to Nicosia would cut the next lateral route and a final advance to Santo Stefano on the north coast would cut the coastal route. In new orders issued on 13 July, he gave this task to Eighth Army, perhaps based on a somewhat over-optimistic situation report by Montgomery late on 12 July, while the Seventh Army were to continue their holding role on the left flank of the Eighth Army, despite what appeared to be an opportunity for them to make a bold offensive move.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1019-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[111]</a> On 12 July, Kesselring had visited Sicily and formed the opinion that German troops were fighting virtually on their own. As a consequence, he concluded that the German formations needed to be reinforced, and that western Sicily should be abandoned in order to shorten the front line. The priority was first to slow and then halt the Allied advance, while a Hauptkampflinie was formed running from San Stefano on the northern coast, through Nicosia and Agira to Cantenanuova and from there to the eastern coast south of Catania.<a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a> While XIII Corps continued to push along the Catania road, XXX Corps were directed north along two routes; the first was an inland route through Vizzini, and the second following Route 124, which cut across the U.S. 45th Infantry Division, which had to return to the coast at Gela for redeployment behind the U.S. 1st Infantry Division. Progress was slow as Kampfgruppe Schmalz skilfully delayed the British 5th Infantry Division, allowing time for two regiments from the German 1st Parachute Division flying to Catania to deploy.<a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> On 12 July, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)">British 1st Parachute Brigade</a>, commanded by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lathbury" title="Gerald Lathbury">Gerald Lathbury</a>, had been dropped in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fustian" title="Operation Fustian">Operation Fustian</a>, an attempt to capture the Primosole Bridge over the river Simeto, on the southern edge of the Catania plain. The British paratroopers suffered heavy casualties over their designated drop zones due to heavy fire from alert Italian anti-aircraft gunners,<a href="#cite_note-125">[k]</a> but managed to seize and hold the bridge against fierce Axis attacks. The initial counterattacks were Italian in the form of reinforcements from the 10th Arditi Paratroop Regiment (Major Vito Marciano),<a href="#cite_note-Cloutier193-75">[73]</a> reservists from the 372nd Coastal Battalion<a href="#cite_note-126">[l]</a> (Major Nino Bolla<a href="#cite_note-127">[m]</a>) and gunners from the 29th Artillery Group<a href="#cite_note-128">[n]</a> fighting in the infantry role and an armoured car squadron that nearly overran the headquarters of 9th Battalion, the Durham Light Infantry, at nightfall in the first day of the battle for Primosole Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-129">[o]</a> The British 5th Division was delayed by strong opposition, but made contact early on 15 July; nevertheless, it was not until 17 July that a shallow bridgehead north of the river was consolidated.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1019-120">[110]</a> On 16 July, the surviving Italian aircraft withdrew to the mainland. About 160 Italian planes had been lost in the first week of the invasion, 57 lost to Allied fighters and anti-aircraft fire on 10–12 July alone.<a href="#cite_note-130">[115]</a> That day, an Italian bomber torpedoed the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Indomitable_(92)" title="HMS Indomitable (92)">HMS Indomitable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[116]</a> and the Italian submarine <a href="/wiki/Marcello-class_submarine#Dandolo" title="Marcello-class submarine">Dandolo</a> torpedoed the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cleopatra_(33)" title="HMS Cleopatra (33)">HMS Cleopatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[117]</a> Both ships were put out of action for over a year. On the night of 17 July, the Italian cruiser <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Scipione_Africano" title="Italian cruiser Scipione Africano">Scipione Africano</a>, equipped with <a href="/wiki/Gufo_radar" title="Gufo radar">EC.3 Gufo radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">detected and engaged</a> four British <a href="/wiki/PT_boat#Elco" title="PT boat">Elco</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boats</a> lurking eight kilometres (5 mi) away, while passing the Strait of Messina at high speed.<a href="#cite_note-133">[118]</a> MTB 316 was sunk and MTB 313 damaged between <a href="/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Reggio di Calabria">Reggio di Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pellaro" title="Pellaro">Pellaro</a>–twelve British sailors were killed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar">4.2-inch mortar</a> of the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Regiment_(Princess_Louise%27s)" title="Kensington Regiment (Princess Louise's)">Princess Louise's Kensington Regiment</a>, British 78th Infantry Division, in action near <a href="/wiki/Adrano" title="Adrano">Adrano</a>, 6 August 1943</figcaption></figure> On the night of 17–18 July, Montgomery renewed his attack toward Catania, with two brigades of the 50th Division. They met strong opposition and by 19 July Montgomery decided to call off the attack and instead increase the pressure on his left. The 5th Division attacked on the 50th Division's left but with no greater success, and on 20 July, the 51st Division, further west, crossed the river Dittaino at Sferro and made for the Gerbini airfields. They too were driven back by counter-attacks on 21 July.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1020-137">[122]</a> On the left flank, the 1st Canadian Division continued to advance but it was becoming clear that, as German units settled into their new positions in north eastern Sicily, the army would not have sufficient strength to carry the whole front and the Canadians were ordered to continue north to Leonforte and then turn eastward to Adrano on the south-western slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, instead of an encirclement of Mount Etna using Route 120 to Randazzo. Montgomery called forward his reserve division from North Africa, the <a href="/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">British 78th Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1020-137">[122]</a> Patton had reorganised his forces into two corps. The Provisional Corps, commanded by Keyes, consisting of the 2nd Armored, 3rd Infantry, and 82nd Airborne Divisions, was on the left. The U.S. II Corps was on the right. By 17 July, Provisional Corps had captured Porto Empedocle and Agrigento. On 18 July, II Corps took Caltanissetta, just short of Route 121, the main east–west lateral through the center of Sicily. The American advance toward Agrigento was temporarily held up by the 207th Coastal Defence Division (under Colonel Augusto De Laurentis) that was at Sant'Oliva Station, ten kilometres (6 mi) inland from Licata.<a href="#cite_note-138">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/10th_Bersaglieri_Regiment" title="10th Bersaglieri Regiment">10th Bersaglieri Regiment</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ranger_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Ranger Battalion (United States)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Ranger_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)">3rd Ranger Battalions</a> of the 3rd Infantry Division to fight their way into Agrigento.<a href="#cite_note-139">[124]</a> By late afternoon on 16 July, the city was in American hands.<a href="#cite_note-140">[125]</a> The 15th Panzer Grenadier Division managed to join the other German formations in the east of the island. Patton was ordered on 18 July to push troops north through Petralia on Route 120, the next east–west lateral, and then to cut the northern coast road. After that, he would mop up the west of the island. II Corps were given the task of making the northward move, while the Provisional Corps was tasked with the mopping up operation. Alexander issued further orders to Patton to develop an eastward threat along the coast road once he had cut it. He was also directed to capture Palermo as quickly as possible as the main supply base for further eastward commitment north of Mount Etna.<a href="#cite_note-Alex1020-137">[122]</a> On 21 July, the Seventh Army's Provisional Corps overran the Italian battlegroup Raggruppamento Schreiber (under General <a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Schreiber" title="Ottorino Schreiber">Ottorino Schreiber</a>), covering the withdrawal of the 15th Panzer Panzergrenadier Division,<a href="#cite_note-141">[126]</a> but Patton lost 300 men killed and wounded in the process.<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[128]</a> On 22 July, the Provisional Corps entered Palermo, and the next day the 45th Division cut the north coast road.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_for_Etna_positions">Battles for Etna positions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battles for Etna positions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Centuripe" title="Battle of Centuripe">Battle of Centuripe</a></div> During the last week in July, Montgomery gathered his forces to renew the attack on 1 August. His immediate objective was Adrano, the capture of which would split the German forces on either side of Mount Etna. During the week, the Canadians and the 231st Brigade Group continued their eastward push from Leonforte, and on 29 July had taken Agira, some 25 kilometres (15 mi) west of Adrano. On the night of 29 July, the British 78th Division with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Brigade_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Brigade (Canada)">3rd Canadian Brigade</a> under command, took Catenuova and made a bridgehead across the river Dittaino. On the night of 1 August, they resumed their attack to the northwest toward Centuripe, an isolated pinnacle of rock, which was the main southern outpost of the Adrano defences. After heavy fighting against the Hermann Göring Division and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parachute_Regiment_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parachute Regiment (Germany) (page does not exist)">3rd Parachute Regiment</a> all day on 2 August, the town was finally cleared of defenders on the morning of 3 August. The capture of Centuripe proved critical, in that the growing threat to Adrano made the position covering Catania untenable.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_the_6th_Battalion,_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers,_78th_Division,_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe,_Sicily,_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg/220px-Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg/330px-Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg/440px-Men_of_the_6th_Battalion%2C_The_Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers%2C_78th_Division%2C_await_orders_to_move_into_Centuripe%2C_Sicily%2C_2_August_1943._NA5413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Men of the 6th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Inniskilling_Fusiliers" title="Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers">Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers</a>, British 78th Division, await orders to move into Centuripe, Sicily, 2 August 1943.</figcaption></figure> Patton had decided that his communications could support two divisions pushing east, the 45th Division on the coast road and the 1st Division on Route 120. In order to maintain the pressure, he relieved the 45th Division with the fresher 3rd Division and called up the <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Division (United States)">9th Infantry Division</a> from reserve in North Africa to relieve the 1st Division.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a> Axis forces were now settled on a second defensive line, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etna_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etna Line (page does not exist)">Etna Line</a>, running from San Fratello on the north coast through Troina and Aderno. On 31 July, the 1st Division with elements of the arriving 9th Division attached, reached Troina and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Troina" title="Battle of Troina">Battle of Troina</a> commenced. This important position was held by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division. The remnants of the <a href="/wiki/28th_Infantry_Division_%22Aosta%22" title="28th Infantry Division "Aosta"">28th Infantry Division "Aosta"</a> in the form of four battalions<a href="#cite_note-146">[p]</a> had also been pulled back to Troina to assist in the defensive preparations and forthcoming battle.<a href="#cite_note-147">[131]</a> For six days, the Germans and Italians conducted a costly defence; during the battle, they launched 24 counter-attacks and many small local ones. By 7 August, the <a href="/wiki/18th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="18th Infantry Regiment (United States)">U.S. 18th Infantry Regiment</a>, of the 9th Division, had captured Mount Pellegrino, which overlooked the Troina defences, allowing accurate direction of Allied artillery. The defenders' left flank was also becoming exposed as the adjacent Hermann Göring Division was pushed back by the British XXX Corps and they were ordered to withdraw that night in phases to the defensive positions of the Tortorici Line.<a href="#cite_note-148">[132]</a> Elements of the <a href="/wiki/29th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">29th Panzergrenadier Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_%22Assietta%22" title="26th Infantry Division "Assietta"">26th Infantry Division "Assietta"</a> were also proving difficult to dislodge on the coast at Santa Agata and San Fratello. Patton sent a small amphibious force behind the defences, which led to the fall of Santa Agata on 8 August after holding out for six days.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[133]</a> On 3 August, XIII Corps exploited the disorganisation caused by the threat to Adrano and resumed their advance on Catania, and by 5 August the town was in their hands. Adrano fell to the 78th Division on the night of 6 August, while on the right, the 51st (Highland) Division took Biancavilla, three kilometres (2 mi) southeast of Adrano.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a> After the fall of Adrano, the 1st Canadian Division was withdrawn into Army Reserve.<a href="#cite_note-150">[134]</a> On 8 August, the 78th Division, moving north from Adrano, took Bronte, and the 9th Division, advancing from Troina, took Cesaro, valuable positions on the New Hube Line. Both divisions converged on Randazzo, on the north-west slopes of Etna. Randazzo fell on 13 August and 78th Division was taken into reserve.<a href="#cite_note-Alex_1021-144">[129]</a> As the Allied advance continued, the front line shortened. On 10 August, Montgomery decided to withdraw XIII Corps HQ and the British 5th Infantry Division, now commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Gerard Bucknall</a> (replacing Major General Berney-Ficklin, who returned to England), to allow them to prepare for the landings on mainland Italy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[135]</a> On the northern coast, the U.S. 3rd Division continued to meet strong resistance and difficulties created by extensive demolition of the road. Two more end-run amphibious attacks, and the rebuilding efforts of the engineers, kept the advance moving.<a href="#cite_note-152">[136]</a> Although Kesselring had already decided to evacuate, the Axis forces continued their delaying tactics, assisted by the favorable defensive terrain of the Messina Peninsula. Finally, on the night of 16 August, the leading elements of 3rd Division entered Messina.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander,_p._1022-153">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axis_evacuation">Axis evacuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Axis evacuation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lehrgang" title="Operation Lehrgang">Operation Lehrgang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo,_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/220px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/330px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/440px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Wounded American soldier receiving blood plasma, Sicily, 9 August 1943</figcaption></figure> By 27 July, the Axis commanders had realised that the outcome of the campaign would be an evacuation from Messina.<a href="#cite_note-154">[138]</a> Kesselring reported to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> on 29 July that an evacuation could be accomplished in three days and initial written plans were formulated dated 1 August.<a href="#cite_note-155">[139]</a> However, when Hube suggested on 4 August that a start should be made by transferring superfluous men and equipment, Guzzoni refused to sanction the idea without the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a>. The Germans nevertheless went ahead, transferring over 12,000 men, 4,500 vehicles and 5,000 tons of equipment from 1–10 August.<a href="#cite_note-156">[140]</a> On 6 August, Hube suggested to Guzzoni, via von Senger, that HQ 6th Army should move to Calabria. Guzzoni rejected the idea but asked if Hube had decided to evacuate Sicily. Von Senger replied that Hube had not.<a href="#cite_note-157">[141]</a> The next day, Guzzoni learned of the German plan for evacuation and reported to Rome of his conviction of their intentions. On 7 August, Guzzoni reported that, without German support, any last ditch stand would only be short. On 9 August, Rome ordered that Guzzoni's authority should be extended to Calabria and that he should transfer some forces there to reinforce the area. On 10 August, Guzzoni informed Hube that he was responsible for the defence of northeast Sicily and that Italian coastal units and the Messina garrison were under his command. Guzzoni then crossed to the mainland with 6th Army HQ and 16th Corps HQ, leaving Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Barone" title="Pietro Barone">Pietro Barone</a> and Admiral Pietro Parenti to organise the evacuation of the remains of the Livorno and Assietta divisions (and any other troops and equipment that could be saved).<a href="#cite_note-158">[142]</a> The German plan was thorough, with clear lines of command imposing strict discipline on the operation. <a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst-G%C3%BCnther_Baade" title="Ernst-Günther Baade">Ernst-Günther Baade</a> was the German Commandant Messina Straits, with Fortress Commander powers, including control over infantry, artillery, anti-aircraft, engineer and construction, transport and administration units as well as German naval transport headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-159">[143]</a> On the mainland, <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heidrich" title="Richard Heidrich">Richard Heidrich</a>, who had remained in Calabria with the 1st Parachute Division headquarters and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Parachute_Regiment_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Parachute Regiment (Germany) (page does not exist)">1st Parachute Regiment</a>, when the rest of the division had been sent as reinforcements to Sicily, was appointed XIV Panzer Corps Mainland Commander to receive evacuating formations, while Hube continued to control the operations on the island.<a href="#cite_note-160">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Sicily_1943_NA5335.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>British troops scramble over rubble in a devastated street in Catania, Sicily, 5 August 1943.</figcaption></figure> Full-scale withdrawal, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lehrgang" title="Operation Lehrgang">Operation Lehrgang</a>, began on 11 August and continued to 17 August. During this period, Hube ordered successive withdrawals each night of between 8 and 24 kilometres (5 and 15 mi), keeping the following Allied units at arm's length with the use of mines, demolitions and other obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-161">[145]</a> As the peninsula narrowed, shortening his front, he was able to withdraw units for evacuation.<a href="#cite_note-162">[146]</a> The Allies attempted to counter this by launching brigade-sized amphibious assaults, one each by the Seventh and Eighth Armies, on 15 August. However, the speed of the Axis withdrawal was such that these operations "hit air".<a href="#cite_note-163">[147]</a> The German and Italian evacuation schemes proved highly successful. The Allies were not able to prevent the orderly withdrawal nor effectively interfere with transports across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>. The narrow straits were protected by 120 heavy and 112 light anti-aircraft guns,<a href="#cite_note-Molony168-164">[148]</a> with about half being Italian-built pieces.<a href="#cite_note-165">[q]</a> The resulting overlapping gunfire from both sides of the strait was described by Allied pilots as worse than the Ruhr, making daylight air attacks highly hazardous and generally unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander,_p._1022-153">[137]</a> Night attacks were less hazardous and there were times when air attack was able to delay and even suspend traffic across the straits but when daylight returned, the Axis were able to clear the backlog from the previous night.<a href="#cite_note-166">[149]</a> Nor was naval interdiction any more practicable. The straits varied from three to ten kilometres (2–6 mi) wide and were covered by artillery up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>24 centimeters (9+1⁄2 in) in caliber. This, combined with the hazards of a six-knot (3 m/s) current and fear that Italian warships were preparing to attack the Straits of Messina in a suicide run, made risking warships unjustifiable.<a href="#cite_note-Molony168-164">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> On 18 August, the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> recorded that 60,000 troops had been recovered and the Italian figure was about 75,000.<a href="#cite_note-168">[151]</a> In 2004, Tomblin wrote that the Italians evacuated 62,182 men, 41 guns and 227 vehicles with the loss of only one motor raft and the train ferry Cariddi, which was scuttled when Allied troops entered Messina.<a href="#cite_note-169">[152]</a> The Germans evacuated some 52,000 troops (including 4,444 wounded), 14,105 vehicles, 47 tanks, 94 guns, 1,100 tons of ammunition, and about 20,700 tons of gear and stores.<a href="#cite_note-170">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Navy_during_the_Second_World_War_A18091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>A Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">ammunition ship</a>, hit by bombs, burns during the initial landings.</figcaption></figure> The U.S. Seventh Army lost 8,781 men (2,237 killed or missing, 5,946 wounded, and 598 captured), while the British Eighth Army suffered 11,843 casualties (2,062 killed or missing, 7,137 wounded and 2,644 captured). The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> lost 546 killed or missing and 484 wounded and the Royal Navy lost 314 killed or missing, 411 wounded and four captured. The USAAF reported 28 killed, 88 missing and 41 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">[13]</a> Canadian forces had suffered 2,310 casualties, including 562 killed, 1,664 wounded, and 84 captured.<a href="#cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decisive_Decades_p._354-171">[154]</a> In 2007, Samuel W. Mitcham and Friederich von Stauffenberg wrote that German units lost about 20,000 men who were either killed, wounded or captured, and in <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a> (2007) Messerschmidt et al. reported that the German forces lost 4,325 men killed, 4,583 missing, 5,532 captured and 13,500 wounded, a total of 27,940 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Calabria_1943_p.401-172">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[156]</a> According to the Historical Branch of the Italian Army, Italian military losses were 4,678 killed, 36,072 missing, 32,500 wounded and 116,681 captured.<a href="#cite_note-Calabria_1943_p.401-172">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[159]</a> A large part of the missing were presumed to have been killed and buried on the battlefield or in unknown locations,<a href="#cite_note-Calabria_1943_p.401-172">[155]</a> whereas another part presumably included locally recruited soldiers who deserted and returned to their homes. In 2007, Mitcham and Von Stauffenberg estimated Italian total casualties as 147,000.<a href="#cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">[13]</a> An earlier Canadian study of the Allied invasion estimated the total number of Italian and Germans taken prisoner in Sicily to be around 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-Decisive_Decades_p._354-171">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> Immediately after Allied landings, a number of instances where American troops killed civilians were reported. These included a massacre at <a href="/wiki/Vittoria,_Sicily" title="Vittoria, Sicily">Vittoria</a>, where 12 civilians were killed, including the <a href="/wiki/Podest%C3%A0" title="Podestà">podestà</a> of <a href="/wiki/Acate" title="Acate">Acate</a>, another at <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canicatt%C3%AC_massacre" title="Canicattì massacre">Canicattì massacre</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> George Herbert McCaffrey fired into a civilian crowd looting a factory in <a href="/wiki/Canicatt%C3%AC" title="Canicattì">Canicattì</a> which refused to disperse, killing eight.<a href="#cite_note-177">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-lecce-178">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[164]</a> During and after the invasion, Allied troops committed a number of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapes</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assaults</a> against civilians in Sicily; Italian statistics report a number of rapes committed by American and Free French forces.<a href="#cite_note-182">[165]</a> According to historian Clive Emsley, the record books of the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Branch" title="Special Investigation Branch">Special Investigation Branch</a> recorded "a few" instances of rape and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> involving British servicemembers during the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-183">[166]</a> On 19 July, just over a week after the Allied landings, <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Canadian_army_and_air_force)" title="Captain (Canadian army and air force)">Captain</a> Angelo Thomas Sesia, a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> officer in the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division" title="1st Canadian Division">1st Canadian Division</a>, recorded that fellow Canadian troops were involved in a number of "unsettling incidents", including <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, shooting at civilians and one <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Armerina" title="Piazza Armerina">Piazza Armerina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[r]</a> According to Mitcham and von Stauffenberg, Canadian troops of the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment" title="Loyal Edmonton Regiment">Loyal Edmonton Regiment</a> summarily executed German prisoners of war during the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-185">[167]</a> On 14 July, American troops of the <a href="/wiki/180th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="180th Cavalry Regiment">180th Infantry Regiment</a> summarily executed 73 Axis prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Biscari_massacre" title="Biscari massacre">two separate incidents</a>. After capturing 45 Italian and 3 German POWs while attacking an airfield near <a href="/wiki/Santo_Pietro" title="Santo Pietro">Santo Pietro</a>, a regimental detachment led by <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> Horace T. West marched the POWs for approximately a mile before West directed that "eight or nine" be separated from the rest and taken to the regiment's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> for questioning; West proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summarily execute</a> the remaining 37 POWs. On the next day, the 37 bodies were spotted by an American military chaplain, Lieutenant-Colonel William E. King. King reported the incident to his superiors, who at first dismissed it due to the bad press which would occur if it were made public; however, after some convincing, they agreed to court-martial West. Troops from the 180th Infantry Regiment committed another massacre on 14 July, when <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> John T. Compton ordered 35 Italian POWs to be summarily <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor1999333-187">[169]</a> West and Compton were charged by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> with committing a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>; West was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and stripped of his rank but was released back to active service in November 1944 as a private, and honorably discharged at the end of his service. Compton was charged with killing 40 prisoners in his charge but was acquitted and transferred to another regiment, where he died in November 1943 while fighting in the Italian campaign.<a href="#cite_note-188">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituent_operations">Constituent operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Constituent operations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barclay" title="Operation Barclay">Operation Barclay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a>: Deception operations aimed at misleading Axis forces as to the actual date and location of the Allied landings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Operation Corkscrew</a>: Allied invasion of the Italian island <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> on 10 June 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ladbroke" title="Operation Ladbroke">Operation Ladbroke</a>: Glider landing at Syracuse on 9 July 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus">Operation Narcissus</a>: Commando raid on a lighthouse near the main landings on 10 July 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut">Operation Chestnut</a>: Advanced air drop by 2 SAS to disrupt communications on 12 July 1943.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fustian" title="Operation Fustian">Operation Fustian</a>: Airborne landing at Primosole Bridge ahead on 13–14 July 1943.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Military_Government_for_Occupied_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories">Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of British military equipment of World War II">List of British military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army_during_World_War_II" title="List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II">List of equipment of the United States Army during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">List of Italian Army equipment in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">List of German military equipment of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Including Navy and Air Force personnel. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> "The 429th Coastal Battalion lost 45 percent of its men."<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soon_1943,_p._95-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soon_1943,_p._95_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soon_1943,_p._95_76-1">b</a> "Soon, however, Italian troops (probably an anti-tank battalion and a company of motor-cyclists) counter-attacked ... There were no sign of the expected British force from Lentini, and casualties were mounting. Colonel Durnford-Slater therefore broke off the action, and his unit withdrew, commando-style, in separate groups southward." The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Campaign in Sicily 1943, and the Campaign in Italy, 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944, Ian Stanley Ord Playfair, p. 95, H.M. Stationery Office, 1954 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "Therefore, when Allied forces crossed the narrows to launch Operation Husky on 10 July 1943, the dive-bomber response was entirely in the hands of the Italians ... The Regia Aeronautica had taken delivery of a bunch of Ju 87Ds earlier in the year, but rather than re-equip their existing dive-bomber units, the 'Doras' had been used to form two new gruppi: 103° and 121° ... Still working upon Sardinia, the largely inexperienced crews were dispatched at once to southern Italy and Sicily to counter the invasion ... A bomb from an unseen aircraft struck the destroyer's stern, blowing it apart 'in a gust of flame, smoke and debris'. In less than two minutes she had disappeared beneath the waves' ... The surviving Doras of 121 Gruppo were to retire back to Sardinia before the Sicilian campaign had run its 38-day course."<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "The first victim of the air attack was USS Maddox (DD-622), which was steaming alone on antisubmarine patrol when she was hit by a bomb dropped by an Italian Ju 87 Stuka at 0421. One of the bombs exploded Maddox's aft magazine, causing the ship to roll over and sink within two minutes, taking 210 of her crew with her. The Stuka returned, strafing the 74 survivors before departing."<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> "The only serious casualty was the sinking, with heavy loss of life, of the hospital ship Talamba, which was lying, fully illuminated, five miles off the beaches." Stephen Wentworth Roskill. The War at Sea, 1939–1945: part 1. The offensive, 1st June 1943–31st May 1944. H.M. Stationery Office, 1960. p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> "The calm was broken at 0635 when a dozen bombers attacked the transport area. One bomb narrowly missing Barnett, bursting under her port bow and blowing a hole in the number 1 hold, killing seven men and injuring thirty-five soldiers of the army port battalion."<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> "The 6th Battalion, however, was counterattacked by the Napoli Division, first with tanks and then with infantry. The tanks – some five in all – careered down the road from Palazzola as the Battalion was moving forward: four were knocked out but one reached Floridia, shooting up Colonel Watson's jeep and wounding the medical officer on the way ... The infantry attack was launched after the Battalion had moved into its new positions and it was stopped by artillery fire."<a href="#cite_note-Rissik123-98">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> "The attack by the Gruppo Tattico Ronco from Divisione Napoli on July 11 included the remnants of 1/75º Rgt., and Col. Ronco's own 2/75º Rgt. fant. This attack was coordinated with Gruppo Mobile D, which included 18 Renault R-35 tanks, and a company of infantry, and supporting artillery."<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "On 12 July, an Axis retreat began all along the line, with the Allies advancing close behind. The U.S. advance toward Cancinatii was temporarily held up by a group of Semovente da 90/53. Group Schmalz retreated toward Catania. The 246th Coastal Brigade, which had been holding off British tanks, was ordered to retreat to strongpoints at Cozzo Telegrafo and Acquedolci. The Napoli Division's 76th Regiment covered the left flank of Schmalz's Germans, who were withdrawing toward Lentini; soon the reunited battalions of Napoli's 76th Regiment were ordered to withdraw to Palermo ... The Hermann Göring Division was tardily withdrawing from the Piano Lupo area toward Caltagirone, and the Livorno Division was refusing its right flank in a withdrawal toward Piazza Armerina, in a move meant to cover the Hermann Göring Division." Cloutier, Patrick. Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943. Lulu Press, 2013. p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "The friendly barrage put up into the night sky by the Allied fleet also served to notify the Italians onshore that Allied aircraft ... were on their way towards them. They soon recognised the silhouttes of the Dakota aircraft and waited for the planes ... The aircraft then came within range of the waiting guns of the Italian coastal defences ... Dakota 42, carrying half of the Headquarters of 2 Para, including RSM Oliver, was shot down and crashed into the sea. Another nine Dakotas were claimed by the Italian gunners with numerous more planes being shot up ... Without the Italians receiving warning from the Allied naval fire the lead aircraft may well have been able to reach the drop zones unmolested ... potentially changing the course of the battle."<a href="#cite_note-124">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> "Dal ponte al mare si costituì, così, un fronte col btg arditi, paracadutisti tedeschi e il 372° btg costiero, mentre sul fosso Buttaceto era schierato il Gruppo Schmalz E opportuno, a questo punto, elencare le forze." Gaetano Zingali. L' Invasione della Sicilia 1943: Avvenimenti Militari e Responsabilità Politiche. G. Crisafulli, 1962. p. 298 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "Major Nino Bolla had been sent by his divisional commander General Carlo Gotti from headquarters 213 Coastal Division to take over command of 372 Coastal Battalion." Hugh Pond. Sicily. W. Kimber, 1962. p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> "Il maggiore Nino Bolla che fu uno dei protagonisti della disperata difesa di Catania, quella sera si trovava ... di Catania mandò nel settore del Ponte di Primosole le poche forze che aveva disponibili assieme al XXIX gruppo 105/28" Sicilia senza Italia, Luglio-Agosto 1943, Sandro Attanasio, p. 151, Mursia, 1976 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "Both the 8th and 9th Battalions tried to snatch a few hours rest during the night. The 6th Battalion was still some way behind, after clearing up at Solarino, and did not arrive till later on the 15th. But at 4 a.m. the 9th Battalion was attacked by some Italian armoured cars which penetrated as far as Battalion Headquarters before being halted."<a href="#cite_note-Rissik123-98">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> "Whilst the British and Canadians were fighting for Adrano, the Americans had a tough fight of their own to capture the hilltop town of Troina from the 15th Panzergrenadier Division, supported by four battalions of the Italian Aosta Division."<a href="#cite_note-145">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> "Lining either side of the Messina Straits were some 150 Italian antiaircraft guns, and an estimated 168 of the Germans' feared 88mm flak guns." Bryn Evans. The Decisive Campaigns of the Desert Air Force, 1942–1945. Pen & Sword, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "On 19 July 1943, just over a week into the fighting, Sesia recorded a number of unsettling incidents involving the Canadians, including drunkenness, the shooting of civilians, looting, and a case of gang rape at Piazza Armerina ..." Robert C. Engen, H. Christian Breede, Allan English. Why We Fight: New Approaches to the Human Dimension of Warfare. McGill-Queen's Press, 2020 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaujac2003">Gaujac 2003</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette" title="Bathurst-class corvette">corvettes/minesweepers</a> HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Cairns_(J183)" title="HMAS Cairns (J183)">Cairns</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Cessnock_(J175)" title="HMAS Cessnock (J175)">Cessnock</a>, HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Gawler_(J188)" title="HMAS Gawler (J188)">Gawler</a>, HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Geraldton_(J178)" title="HMAS Geraldton (J178)">Geraldton</a>, HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Ipswich_(J186)" title="HMAS Ipswich (J186)">Ipswich</a>, HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Lismore_(J145)" title="HMAS Lismore (J145)">Lismore</a>, HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Maryborough_(J195)" title="HMAS Maryborough (J195)">Maryborough</a>, and HMAS <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Wollongong_(J172)" title="HMAS Wollongong (J172)">Wollongong</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> – <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAAF">No. 3 Squadron RAAF</a> (fighters), <a href="/wiki/No._450_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 450 Squadron RAAF">No. 450 Squadron RAAF</a> (fighters), <a href="/wiki/No._458_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 458 Squadron RAAF">No. 458 Squadron RAAF</a> (maritime patrol), and <a href="/wiki/No._462_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 462 Squadron RAAF">No. 462 Squadron RAAF</a> (heavy bombers) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.gov.au/history/battle-honours/sicily-1943">"SICILY 1943 Battle Honors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> Official site. <q>For service in the prescribed area, 10 July to 17 August 1943</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Australian+Navy+Official+site&rft.atitle=SICILY+1943+Battle+Honors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.gov.au%2Fhistory%2Fbattle-honours%2Fsicily-1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qldwarmemorials.com.au/memorial?id=51">"450 Squadron RAAF Roll of Honour"</a>. Queensland War Memorial Register. 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+War+Memorial+Register&rft.atitle=450+Squadron+RAAF+Roll+of+Honour&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qldwarmemorials.com.au%2Fmemorial%3Fid%3D51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> As C-in-C of the Armed Forces Command Sicily until 30 July. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> As C-in-C of the Armed Forces Command Sicily from 30 July. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchamvon_Stauffenberg2007">Mitcham & von Stauffenberg 2007</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitcham307-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham307_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitcham307_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchamvon_Stauffenberg2007">Mitcham & von Stauffenberg 2007</a>, p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSantoni1989">Santoni 1989</a>, p. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2001">Dickson 2001</a>, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw2002">Shaw 2002</a>, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-PSP-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSP_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSP_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1970" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Basil H. 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London, Weidenfeld Nicolson. p. 627.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London%2C+Weidenfeld+Nicolson&rft.pages=627&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil+H.+Liddel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sicily_p._305-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_p._305_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_p._305_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_p._305_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_p._305_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sicily_p._305_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchamvon_Stauffenberg2007">Mitcham & von Stauffenberg 2007</a>, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-PWS-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWS_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWS_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfficio_storico_dello_Stato_Maggiore_dell'Esercito_(USSME)1993" class="citation book cs1">Ufficio storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito (USSME) (1993). 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The Mafia and the Allies: Sicily 1943 and the Return of the Mafia. Enigma, 2007. p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Duncan2016" class="citation web cs1">George Duncan (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_axis.html#Italy">"Massacres and Atrocities of World War II in the Axis Countries"</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35928-4"><bdi>978-0-230-35928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allies+and+Italians+under+Occupation%3A+Sicily+and+Southern+Italy+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-230-35928-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSugzAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Emsley, Clive (2013). Soldier, Sailor, Beggarman, Thief: Crime and the British Armed Services since 1914. 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Le altre stragi: le stragi alleate e tedesche nella Sicilia del 1943–1944. p. 44 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor1999" class="citation cs2">Astor, Gerald (1999), The Greatest War: Americans in Combat, 1941–1945, Novato, CA: Presidio Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-695-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-695-1"><bdi>978-0-89141-695-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+War%3A+Americans+in+Combat%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-695-1&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> 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February 1948. pp. 1009–1025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+38205&rft.pages=1009-1025&rft.date=1948-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38205%2Fsupplement%2F1009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2007" class="citation cs2">Atkinson, Rick (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofbattlewarin00atki">The Day of Battle, The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944</a>, The Liberation Trilogy, vol. II, New York: Henry Holt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6289-2" 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(1993), Sicily 1943, The U.S. Army WWII Campaigns, Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-042081-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-042081-4"><bdi>0-16-042081-4</bdi></a>, CMH Pub 72-16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+1943&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=The+U.S.+Army+WWII+Campaigns&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-16-042081-4&rft.aulast=Birtle&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2008" class="citation cs2">Blackwell, Ian (2008), The battle for Sicily: stepping stone to victory, Pen & Sword Military, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844157594" title="Special:BookSources/9781844157594"><bdi>9781844157594</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+battle+for+Sicily%3A+stepping+stone+to+victory&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781844157594&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovi2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bovi, Lorenzo (2013), Sicilia.WW2: foto inedite (in Italian), Siracusa, Italy: Morrone, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97672-59-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-97672-59-3"><bdi>978-88-97672-59-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilia.WW2%3A+foto+inedite&rft.place=Siracusa%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Morrone&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-88-97672-59-3&rft.aulast=Bovi&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation thesis cs1">Brown, Shaun R. 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Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/827992837">827992837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Loyal+Edmonton+Regiment+at+war%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.inst=Wilfrid+Laurier+University&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F827992837&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Shaun+R.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.wlu.ca%2Fetd%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarafano2006" class="citation cs2">Carafano, James Jay (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMCxuXRksVQC&pg=PA100">"A Serious Second Front"</a>, GI ingenuity: improvisation, technology, and winning World War II, Greenwood, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98698-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98698-5"><bdi>0-275-98698-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Serious+Second+Front&rft.btitle=GI+ingenuity%3A+improvisation%2C+technology%2C+and+winning+World+War+II&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-98698-5&rft.aulast=Carafano&rft.aufirst=James+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMCxuXRksVQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarver2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver,_Baron_Carver" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Carver, Baron Carver">Carver, Field Marshal Lord</a> (2001), The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Italy 1943–1945, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-48230-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-48230-0"><bdi>0-330-48230-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+War+Museum+Book+of+the+War+in+Italy+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-330-48230-0&rft.aulast=Carver&rft.aufirst=Field+Marshal+Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloutier2013" class="citation cs2">Cloutier, Patrick (2013), Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935–1943, lulu.com, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1105074011" title="Special:BookSources/978-1105074011"><bdi>978-1105074011</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regio+Esercito%3A+The+Italian+Royal+Army+in+Mussolini%27s+Wars%2C+1935%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=lulu.com&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1105074011&rft.aulast=Cloutier&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppMcGreerSymes2008" class="citation cs2">Copp, Terry; McGreer, Eric; Symes, Matt (2008), The Canadian Battlefields in Italy: Sicily and Southern Italy, Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Battlefields+in+Italy%3A+Sicily+and+Southern+Italy&rft.place=Waterloo&rft.pub=Laurier+Centre+for+Military%2C+Strategic+and+Disarmament+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=McGreer%2C+Eric&rft.au=Symes%2C+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostanzo2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Costanzo, Ezio (2003), Sicilia 1943: breve storia dello sbarco alleato (in Italian), Catania, Italy: Le Nove Muse, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-87820-21-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-87820-21-X"><bdi>88-87820-21-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicilia+1943%3A+breve+storia+dello+sbarco+alleato&rft.place=Catania%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Le+Nove+Muse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-87820-21-X&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.aufirst=Ezio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Este2008" class="citation cs2">D'Este, Carlo (2008), Bitter Victory: The Battle for Sicily 1943, London: Arum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-329-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-329-0"><bdi>978-1-84513-329-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Victory%3A+The+Battle+for+Sicily+1943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arum+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-329-0&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2001" class="citation cs2">Dickson, Keith (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariifordum00dick">World War II for Dummies</a>, New York City, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764553523" title="Special:BookSources/9780764553523"><bdi>9780764553523</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+for+Dummies&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780764553523&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariifordum00dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonLyles1984" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Gregor; Lyles, Kevin (1984), The Paras 1940–1984: British airborne forces 1940–1984, Oxford: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-573-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-573-1"><bdi>0-85045-573-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paras+1940%E2%80%931984%3A+British+airborne+forces+1940%E2%80%931984&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85045-573-1&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft.au=Lyles%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollain2005" class="citation cs2">Follain, John (2005), Mussolini's Island: The Invasion of Sicily Through The Eyes Of Those Who Witnessed The Campaign, London: Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-34083-362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-34083-362-9"><bdi>0-34083-362-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Island%3A+The+Invasion+of+Sicily+Through+The+Eyes+Of+Those+Who+Witnessed+The+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-34083-362-9&rft.aulast=Follain&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaujac2003" class="citation cs2">Gaujac, Paul (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmgVAQAACAAJ">Le Corps expeditionnaire français en italie: 1943-1944</a>, Histoire et Collections, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-913903-93-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-913903-93-7"><bdi>978-2-913903-93-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Corps+expeditionnaire+fran%C3%A7ais+en+italie%3A+1943-1944&rft.pub=Histoire+et+Collections&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-913903-93-7&rft.aulast=Gaujac&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmgVAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1982" class="citation cs2">Grigg, John (1982), 1943: The Victory that Never Was, London: Kensington, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8217-1596-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8217-1596-8"><bdi>0-8217-1596-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1943%3A+The+Victory+that+Never+Was&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kensington&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8217-1596-8&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsley1994" class="citation cs2">Hinsley, F. H. (1994) [1993], British Intelligence in the Second World War. Its influence on Strategy and Operations (abridged edition), History of the Second World War (2nd rev. ed.), London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-630961-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-630961-X"><bdi>0-11-630961-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Intelligence+in+the+Second+World+War.+Its+influence+on+Strategy+and+Operations+%28abridged+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd+rev.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-11-630961-X&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2004" class="citation cs2">Holland, James (2004), Fortress Malta: An Island Under Siege, 1940–1943, London: Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30436-654-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30436-654-5"><bdi>978-0-30436-654-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortress+Malta%3A+An+Island+Under+Siege%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-30436-654-5&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2007" class="citation cs2">Hoyt, Edwin P. (2007) [2002], Backwater War: The Allied Campaign in Italy, 1943–45, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3382-3"><bdi>978-0-8117-3382-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backwater+War%3A+The+Allied+Campaign+in+Italy%2C+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3382-3&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowettStephen2001" class="citation cs2">Jowett, Philip S.; Stephen, A. (2001), The Italian Army 1940–45, Oxford: Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-866-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-866-6"><bdi>1-85532-866-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85532-866-6&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft.au=Stephen%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_MonteLewis1993" class="citation cs2">La Monte, John L.; Lewis, Winston B. (1993), The Sicilian Campaign, 10 July – 17 August 1943, Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945274-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-945274-17-3"><bdi>0-945274-17-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicilian+Campaign%2C+10+July+%E2%80%93+17+August+1943&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-945274-17-3&rft.aulast=La+Monte&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Winston+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLande2002" class="citation cs2">Lande, D.A. (2002), I Was with Patton: First-Person Accounts of WWII in George S. Patton's Command, Zenith Imprint, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-1071-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-1071-8"><bdi>0-7603-1071-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Was+with+Patton%3A+First-Person+Accounts+of+WWII+in+George+S.+Patton%27s+Command&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7603-1071-8&rft.aulast=Lande&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassimelloApostolo2000" class="citation cs2">Massimello, Giovanni; Apostolo, Giorgio (2000), Italian Aces of World War 2, Aircraft of the Aces, vol. 34, Oxford/New York: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-078-0"><bdi>978-1-84176-078-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Aces+of+World+War+2&rft.place=Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.series=Aircraft+of+the+Aces&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-078-0&rft.aulast=Massimello&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Apostolo%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchamvon_Stauffenberg2007" class="citation cs2">Mitcham, Samuel W. & von Stauffenberg, Friedrich (2007) [1991], The Battle of Sicily: How the Allies Lost Their Chance for Total Victory, Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3403-5"><bdi>978-0-8117-3403-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Sicily%3A+How+the+Allies+Lost+Their+Chance+for+Total+Victory&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3403-5&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rft.au=von+Stauffenberg%2C+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolonyFlynnDaviesGleave2004" class="citation cs2">Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F.C.; Davies, H. L. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1973], <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, Sir James</a> (ed.), The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3 September 1943 to 31 March 1944, History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, vol. V (pbk. repr. 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S. O.</a>; Molony, C. J. C.; Flynn, F. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> 1966], <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.), The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa, History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series, vol. IV, Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8"><bdi>1-84574-068-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-068-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsSaunders1953" class="citation cs2">Richards, Denis; Saunders, Hilary (1953), The Royal Air Force volume 2, London: HMSO, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/560741421">560741421</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Air+Force+volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F560741421&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRissik2012" class="citation cs2">Rissik, David (2012) [1953], The D. 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I. at War: The History of the Durham Light Infantry 1939–1945 (ePub ed.), Luton: Andrews UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78151-535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78151-535-8"><bdi>978-1-78151-535-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D.+L.+I.+at+War%3A+The+History+of+the+Durham+Light+Infantry+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Luton&rft.edition=ePub&rft.pub=Andrews+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78151-535-8&rft.aulast=Rissik&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaliger2018" class="citation cs2">Saliger, Mark (2018), The First Bridge Too Far: The Battle of Primosole Bridge 1943, Casemate Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-6895" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-6895"><bdi>978-1-61200-6895</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Bridge+Too+Far%3A+The+Battle+of+Primosole+Bridge+1943&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-6895&rft.aulast=Saliger&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoni1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santoni, Alberto (1989), Le Operazioni in Sicilia e in Calabria (Luglio-Settembre 1943) (in Italian), Roma: Stato maggiore dell'Esercito, Ufficio storico, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26838236">26838236</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Operazioni+in+Sicilia+e+in+Calabria+%28Luglio-Settembre+1943%29&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Stato+maggiore+dell%27Esercito%2C+Ufficio+storico&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26838236&rft.aulast=Santoni&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2002" class="citation cs2">Shaw, A. 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(2017), Bloodstained Sands: U.S. Amphibious Operations in World War II, Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 75, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472814418" title="Special:BookSources/9781472814418"><bdi>9781472814418</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodstained+Sands%3A+U.S.+Amphibious+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781472814418&rft.aulast=Walling&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeal1998" class="citation cs2">Weal, John (1998), Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean, Combat Aircraft, vol. 6, Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-722-1"><bdi>978-1-85532-722-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junkers+Ju+87+Stukageschwader+of+North+Africa+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Combat+Aircraft&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-722-1&rft.aulast=Weal&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zabecki, David T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/worldwar2">"Operation Mincemeat"</a>. World War II Magazine (November 1995). History Net. Retrieved 5 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Magazine&rft.atitle=Operation+Mincemeat&rft.issue=November+1995&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fworldwar2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2013" class="citation cs2">Zaloga, Steven J. (2013), Sicily 1943: The debut of Allied joint operations, Campaign 251, <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-127-9"><bdi>978-1-78096-127-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+1943%3A+The+debut+of+Allied+joint+operations&rft.series=Campaign+251&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-127-9&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2010" class="citation cs2">Zuehlke, Mark (2010), Operation Husky: the Canadian invasion of Sicily, July 10 – August 7, 1943, Douglas & McIntyre, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-539-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-539-8"><bdi>978-1-55365-539-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Husky%3A+the+Canadian+invasion+of+Sicily%2C+July+10+%E2%80%93+August+7%2C+1943&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-539-8&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirtle2004" class="citation book cs1">Birtle, Andrew J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-16/72-16.htm">Sicily 1943</a>. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607176966">607176966</a>. CMH Pub 72–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+1943&rft.series=The+U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607176966&rft.aulast=Birtle&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2F72-16%2F72-16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2020" class="citation book cs1">Holland, James (2020). Sicily '43: The First Assault on Fortress Europe (Hardback). London: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7876-3293-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7876-3293-6"><bdi>978-1-7876-3293-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+%2743%3A+The+First+Assault+on+Fortress+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7876-3293-6&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPack1977" class="citation book cs1">Pack, S. W. C. (1977). Operation HUSKY: The Allied Invasion of Sicily. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0882544403" title="Special:BookSources/0882544403"><bdi>0882544403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+HUSKY%3A+The+Allied+Invasion+of+Sicily&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0882544403&rft.aulast=Pack&rft.aufirst=S.+W.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJary2021" class="citation book cs1">Jary, Christopher (2021). Roys Boys: The Devons, Hampshires & Dorsets in Sicily July - September 1943. Semper Fidelis Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9929033-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9929033-8-1"><bdi>978-0-9929033-8-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roys+Boys%3A+The+Devons%2C+Hampshires+%26+Dorsets+in+Sicily+July+-+September+1943&rft.pub=Semper+Fidelis+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-9929033-8-1&rft.aulast=Jary&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+invasion+of+Sicily" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. 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(September 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Operation_Husky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Operation Husky">Operation Husky</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damninteresting.com/?p=176#more-176">Describes Operation Mincemeat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comandosupremo.com/gela-1943/">Gela Beachhead Counterattack of 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101117185119/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=108&pagenumber=1">Husky Operations Plan Sicily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101063905/http://liberationtrilogy.com/day_of_battle_excerpt.htm">Excerpt from The Day Of Battle by Rick Atkinson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwii.ca/page25.html">Canadians in Sicily, 1943 Canadians in Sicily: Photos, battle info, video footage and newspaper archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321232228/http://wwii.ca/page25.html">Archived</a> 21 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040826005615/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/sicilianitalian_e.html">World War Two Online Newspaper Archives – The Sicilian and Italian Campaigns, 1943–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/husky/default.aspx">Operation Husky: The Allied Invasion of Sicily, 1943 by Thomas E. Nutter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607073806/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/husky/default.aspx">Archived</a> 7 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503114041/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm">Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and Second World War (Sicily)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestofsicily.com/ww2.htm">2nd World War Best of Sicily History of the Allied Campaign and its social context</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2-airborne.us/division/82_overview.html">The 82nd Airborne during World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311125937/http://www.provincia.ct.it/Il_Territorio/La_Rete_Museale/Museo_dello_sbarco_in_Sicilia/indexEng.asp">Historical Museum of the Military Invasion of Sicily, 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222025827/http://www.turismo.catania.it/aptctnew/Musei/Musei_catania/Ciminiere/museo_sbarco/museo_sbarco.htm#SALA%20III">(Museo Storico dello Sbarco in Sicilia 1943) Dedicated to the historical event which culminated in the liberation of Sicily and Italy from the German occupation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volksbund.de/kgs/stadt.asp?stadt=38">German Soldiers' Cemetery, Motta S. Anastasia, Sicily (in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2006200">Commonwealth War Cemetery, Catania, Sicily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2000407">Syracuse War Cemetery, Sicily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115105230/http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/sr.php">Sicily-Rome American Cemetery and Memorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311100204/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=139&pagenumber=1">COHQ bulletin Y6 digest of reports on Operation 'Husky'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311100157/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=137&pagenumber=1">COHQ bulletin Y1 notes on the planning and assault phase of the Sicilian operation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707134305/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=111">45th Infantry Division in the Sicilian Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishbrigade.co.uk">The Irish Brigade 1941–47 account of the 38th (Irish) Brigade in Sicily in August 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavedettaonline.it/readarticle.php?article_id=21">Licata Landing La Vedettaonline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqCFSMtjZH0C&dq=mollarella&pg=PA131">Sicily and the Surrender of Italy/Landing at Mollarella Beach</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-Sicily/USA-MTO-Sicily-6.html">US Official History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarystory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Sicilia-1943.-Da-Licata-ad-Agrigento-10-16-luglio.pdf">Agrigento-Licata from 10–16 July</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-MTO-Sicily/maps/USA-MTO-Sicily-IV.jpg">Husky Planning on 10 July 1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWKo1oRM7zM">Italian newsreel – Italians begin to evacuate Sicily</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operation_Mincemeat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operation_Mincemeat" title="Template:Operation Mincemeat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operation_Mincemeat" title="Template talk:Operation Mincemeat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operation_Mincemeat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operation Mincemeat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Mincemeat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat" title="Operation Mincemeat">Operation Mincemeat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/William_Martin_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="William Martin (Royal Marines officer)">William Martin</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewen_Montagu" title="Ewen Montagu">Ewen Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cholmondeley_(intelligence_officer)" title="Charles Cholmondeley (intelligence officer)">Charles Cholmondeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Spilsbury" title="Bernard Spilsbury">Bernard Spilsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="David Scott (Royal Navy officer)">David Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat_(musical)" title="Operation Mincemeat (musical)">Operation Mincemeat</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Never_Was" title="The Man Who Never Was">The Man Who Never Was</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mincemeat_(film)" title="Operation Mincemeat (film)">Operation Mincemeat</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Never_Was_(book)" title="The Man Who Never Was (book)">The Man Who Never Was</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related military operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barclay" title="Operation Barclay">Operation Barclay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Waterfall" title="Operation Waterfall">Operation Waterfall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217981#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85148327">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph401824&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566074905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&oldid=1258670985">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_invasion_of_Sicily&oldid=1258670985</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Category:Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Sicily" title="Category:20th century in Sicily">20th century in Sicily</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_in_Italy" title="Category:1943 in Italy">1943 in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943" title="Category:Conflicts in 1943">Conflicts in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Canada" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada">Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of Canada during World War II">Military history of Canada during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_Canada" title="Category:Invasions by Canada">Invasions by Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany">Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Italy" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy">Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States">Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Rangers" title="Category:United States Army Rangers">United States Army Rangers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Sicily" title="Category:Military history of Sicily">Military history of Sicily</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Category:Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign (World War II)</a></li><li><a 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