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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covalent_modification_of_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covalent_modification_of_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Covalent modification of proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covalent_modification_of_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preclinical_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preclinical_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preclinical Studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preclinical_Studies-sublist" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prostaglandin subset</div> <p><b>Cyclopentenone prostaglandins</b> are a subset of <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a> (PGs) or <a href="/wiki/Prostanoid" title="Prostanoid">prostanoids</a> (see Eicosanoid §§ <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid#Classic_eicosanoids" title="Eicosanoid">Classic eicosanoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid#Nonclassic_eicosanoids" title="Eicosanoid">Nonclassic eicosanoids</a>) that has <b>15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2</b> (15-d-Δ12,14-PGJ2), <b>Δ12-PGJ2</b>, and <b>PGJ2</b> as its most prominent members but also including PGA2, PGA1, and, while not classified as such, other PGs. 15-d-Δ12,14-PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and PGJ2 share a common mono-unsaturated <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone" title="Cyclopentenone">cyclopentenone</a> structure as well as a set of similar biological activities including the ability to suppress inflammation responses and the growth as well as survival of cells, particularly those of cancerous or neurological origin. Consequently, these three cyclopentenone-PGs and the two epoxyisoprostanes are suggested to be models for the development of novel <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-cancer">anti-cancer</a> drugs. The cyclopenentone prostaglandins are structurally and functionally related to a subset of <a href="/wiki/Isoprostane" title="Isoprostane">isoprostanes</a> viz., two <b>cyclopentenone isoprostanes</b>, <b>5,6-epoxyisoprostane E2</b> and <b>5,6-epoxisoprostane A2</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cells, <a href="/wiki/COX-1" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-1">COX-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/COX-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2">COX-2</a> metabolize <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> to <a href="/wiki/PGH2" class="mw-redirect" title="PGH2">PGH2</a> which is then converted to <a href="/wiki/PGE2" class="mw-redirect" title="PGE2">PGE2</a> by any one of three <a href="/wiki/Isozymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isozymes">isozymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTGES" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGES">PTGES</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTGES2" class="mw-redirect" title="PTGES2">PTGES2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PTGES3" title="PTGES3">PTGES3</a> or, alternatively, to PGD2 by either of two enzymes, a <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>-independent synthase termed lipocalin-type <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_synthase" title="Prostaglandin D2 synthase">Prostaglandin D2 synthase</a> (PTGDS or L-PGDS) and a glutathione-dependent hematopoietic-type H-<a href="/wiki/PGDS" title="PGDS">PGDS</a> or PTGDS2; the COX's also metabolizes <a href="/wiki/Dihomo-gamma-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid">dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid</a> to PGH1 which is metabolized by one of the three PTGES isoenzymes to <a href="/wiki/PGE1" class="mw-redirect" title="PGE1">PGE1</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid#Prostanoid_pathways" title="Eicosanoid">Eicosanoid § Prostanoid pathways</a>). PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 undergo a <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydration reaction</a> PGA2, PGA1, and PGJ2, respectively. PGD2 conversions form the most studied cyclopentenone PGs. These conversions are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25269616_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25269616-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>PGD2 is a 20 carbon <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> metabolite with <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonds</a> between carbons 5,6 and 13,14, a carbon-carbon bond between carbons 8 and 12 (which establishes its <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentanone" title="Cyclopentanone">cyclopentanone</a> ring), <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> residues attached to carbons 9 and 15, and a <a href="/wiki/Ketol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketol">ketol</a> residue (i.e. oxygen double bonded to carbon) attached to carbon 11. PGD2 undergoes a spontaneous (i.e. non-enzymatic) dehydration reaction (i.e. removal of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom [i.e. H<sub>2</sub>O]) across its 9-hydroxyl-carbon 10 region to form a new 9,10 double bond to become PGJ2 possessing a cyclopentenone ring (i.e. the ring contains one double bond) replacing the cyclopentanone ring (i.e. the ring has no double bonds) of PGD2. Carbon 9 thereby becomes chemically reactive as an <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophilic">electrophilic</a> center.</li> <li>PGJ2 undergoes a spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a> reaction in which the carbon 13,14 double bound shifts to the carbon 12,13 position to become Δ12-PGJ2 with a second electrophilic center site established at carbon 13.</li> <li>Δ12-PGJ2 undergoes a spontaneous dehydration reaction across its 15-hydroxyl-carbon 14 region to form a new double bound between carbons 14 and 15 thereby becoming 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 with retained electrophilic sites at carbons 9 and 13. Carbon 9 is more electrophilic than carbon 13 and therefore is more active than carbon 9 in forming covalent bonds with other molecules.</li></ul> <p>PGE2 and PGE1 are 20 carbon metabolites of arachidonic acid and <a href="/wiki/Dihomo-%CE%B3-linolenic_acid" title="Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid">dihomo-γ-linolenic acid</a>, respectively, with a double bond between carbons 13 and 14, a carbon-carbon bond between carbons 8 and 12 (which establishes their cyclopentanone structure), hydroxyl residues at carbons 11 and 15, and a ketol residue at carbon 9. They differ in that PGE2 has, while PGE1 lacks, a double bound between carbons 5 and 6. Both PGs undergo a dehydration reaction across their 11-hydroxyl-carbon 10 regions to form a new double bond between carbons 10 and 11 to become PGA2 and PGA1, respectively, with a cyclopentenone ring replacing the cyclopentanone rings or their precursors and a newly established electrophilic site at carbon 11. This electrophilic site is probably less electrophilic that the carbon 9 sites of Δ12-PGJ2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12-PGJ2<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone" title="Cyclopentenone">cyclopentenone</a> structures of PGA2, PGA1, PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-d-Δ12,14-PGJ2 possess α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups (see <a href="/wiki/%CE%91,%CE%B2-Unsaturated_carbonyl_compound" title="Α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compound">α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds</a>) which serve to establish high levels of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reactivity">chemical reactivity</a> at nearby carbons 9, 11, and/or 13. These carbons are electrophiles that readily form <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> by acting as acceptors in <a href="/wiki/Michael_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael reaction">Michael reactions</a> to form covalent bonds with exposed <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a> sites, particularly <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiol</a> residues, in diverse <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>. The reaction inactivates or reduces the activity of various functionally important target proteins and is one mechanism by which cyclopentenone PGs influence cell function.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26011133_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26011133-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the reactions undergone by the above cited PGs occur spontaneously (i.e. are enzyme-independent) in aqueous media. This biochemistry sets very important limitations on the study of the cyclopentenone PGs and to a lesser extent on PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2: <b>a)</b> detection of the cyclopentenone PGs in tissues may and has often reflected their formation during tissue preparation; <b>b)</b> detection of PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2 in tissues may be underestimated because of losses due to their conversion to cyclopentenone PGs; <b>c)</b> the activities, as studied in vitro or in vivo, of PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to Δ12-PGJ2 or 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, those of Δ12-PGJ2 may reflect its conversion to 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, and those of PGE2, PGE1, or PGD2 may reflect their conversion to any of the cyclopentenone PGs; and <b>d)</b> the attachment of these compounds, similar to that in other Michael reactions, is reversible and therefore may be underestimated or go undetected in studies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanisms of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="G_protein_coupled_receptors">G protein coupled receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: G protein coupled receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PGJ2 series of cyclopentenone PGs bind to and activate the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_DP2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin DP2 receptor">Prostaglandin DP2 receptor</a>, with 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and PDJ2 exhibiting potencies comparable to PGD2 (i.e. Ki <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constants" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium constants">equilibrium constants</a> ~20-45 nanomolar) and Δ12-PGJ2 having 10-fold lesser potency, at least on mouse DP2 receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12721327_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12721327-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2674874_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2674874-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These PGJ2's also bind and activate a second G protein-coupled receptor, <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_DP1_receptor" title="Prostaglandin DP1 receptor">Prostaglandin DP1 receptor</a>, but require high concentrations to do so; this activation is not considered physiological.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2674874_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2674874-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DP2 and DP1 are <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a>, with the DP2 receptor coupled to <a href="/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit" title="Gi alpha subunit">Gi alpha subunit</a>-dependent depression of cellular <a href="/wiki/(%2B)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane_carboxylic_acid" title="(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid">cAMP</a> levels and causing the potentiation cell injury in neural tissue cultures and with the DP1 receptor coupled to <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">Gs alpha subunit</a>-dependent increases in cellular cAMP levels and the suppression of cell injury in neural tissue cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2674874_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2674874-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma">Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PGD2, PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 activate the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPAR%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="PPARγ">PPARγ</a>, with 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 being the most potent of the four PGs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8521497_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8521497-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, further studies have focused on 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. This PG directly binds with and activates PPARγ thereby inducing the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of genes containing the PPARγ <a href="/wiki/Response_element" title="Response element">response element</a>. In consequence of this action, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 causes cells to engage the pathway of <a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a>, a form of cell suicide that differs from <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> by involving cytoplasmic vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling rather than plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and apoptotic bodies. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGG2's activation of PPARγ and the induction of paraptosis is responsible for inhibiting the growth of cultured human breast, colon, prostate, and perhaps other cancer cell lines.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26011133_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26011133-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies indicated the anti-inflammatory actions of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins show no or little dependency on their PPARγ-activating capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27422370_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27422370-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covalent_modification_of_proteins">Covalent modification of proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Covalent modification of proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophilic">electrophilic</a> centers in the cyclopentenone ring of cyclopentenone PGs form <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a> with exposed <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic">nucleophilic</a> centers, primarily the sulfur atom in the thiol residues of <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> residues. <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a> analyses have detected 368 proteins that are covalently modified by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2; these include numerous <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>, cell signaling, glycolytic enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeletal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoskeletal">cytoskeletal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)" title="Chaperone (protein)">Chaperone (protein)s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the addition of the PG to the protein by a <a href="/wiki/Michael_addition" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael addition">Michael addition</a> reaction and important modifications in the activity of target proteins that have key functions in cells. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 shows the greatest reactivity and has been the focus of these studies. Proteomic studies indicate that PGJs form <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adducts</a> with over 358 proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adduct formation has been studied with several functionally and/or clinically important proteins such as: </p> <ul><li>IKK-β subunit of <a href="/wiki/I%CE%BAB_kinase" title="IκB kinase">IκB kinase</a>: IκB serves to retain <a href="/wiki/NF%CE%BAB" class="mw-redirect" title="NFκB">NFκB</a> in the cell cytoplasm thereby inhibiting it from entering the nucleus and acting as a <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> (see <a href="/wiki/IkB_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="IkB kinase">IkB kinase</a>) to induce the transcription of genes, many of which contribute to regulating inflammatory responses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms an adduct with the IKK-β subunit of IκB kinase thereby inhibiting the kinases activity thereby promoting the entry of NFκB into the nucleus and stimulating the transcription of more than 15O proteins many of which regulate inflammatory responses. The net effect of this inhibition is to inhibit and/or refers inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10638762_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10638762-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23049513_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23049513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KEAP1" title="KEAP1">KEAP1</a>: cytosolic KEAP1 serves to promote the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Nrf2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrf2">Nrf2</a> by proteasomes thereby inhibiting this transcription factor from entering the nucleus and stimulating the transcription of numerous genes that for diverse antioxidant proteins such as <a href="/wiki/HMOX1" title="HMOX1">HMOX1</a> which encodes the carbon monoxide-forming and anti-inflammatory protein, HO-1 (see Carbon monoxide §§ <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide#Chemistry" title="Carbon monoxide">Chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide#Physiology" title="Carbon monoxide">Physiology</a>). 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms adducts with KEAP1 cysteines 273 and 288 thereby blocking its ability to suppress activation of Nrf2's induction of antioxidant proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23049513_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23049513-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of cyclopentenone prostaglandins to promote the transcription of Nrf2-dependent genes appears critical to their anti-inflammatory actions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27422370_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27422370-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIF4A" title="EIF4A">eIF4A</a>: eIF4A is an RNA helicase is essential for <a href="/wiki/Protein_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein translation">protein translation</a>. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms an adduct with cysteine 264 in eIF4A to inhibit protein translation and cause <a href="/wiki/TRAF2" title="TRAF2">TRAF2</a>, an intracellular signaling protein required for the cell stimulating actions of the pro-inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNF%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="TNFα">TNFα</a>, to sequester in cellular <a href="/wiki/Stress_granule" title="Stress granule">stress granules</a>. The inhibition of protein translation can trigger <a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">programmed cell death</a> responses while the sequestration of TRAF2 may suppress inflammatory responses. PGA1 has similar although less potent effects on protein translation and TRAF2 sequestration and therefore may also form an adduct with, and thereby inactivate, eIF4a.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18034160_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18034160-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCHL1" class="mw-redirect" title="UCHL1">UCHL1</a>: PGA1, Δ12-PGJ2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 form adducts with the UCHL1 (Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1), a protein that is found to be deposited as aggregate in the pathologically involved tissues of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and well as other <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a>. In further studies, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 was found to trigger Uch-L1 aggregate formation and suggested that this reaction may contribute to the development and/or progression of these diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20231490_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20231490-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-Ras" class="mw-redirect" title="H-Ras">H-Ras</a>: 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 forms a covalent bond with cysteine 184 on H-ras thereby activating this signaling protein and promoting the proliferation of cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12684535_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12684535-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxide_hydrolase" title="Epoxide hydrolase">Epoxide hydrolase</a>: 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 inhibits soluble <a href="/wiki/Epoxide_hydrolase_2" title="Epoxide hydrolase 2">epoxide hydrolase 2</a> by forming <a href="/wiki/Adducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adducts">adducts</a> with its catalytic cysteine (Cys521) residue. This effect blocks the ability of the hydrolase to inactivate epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), particularly 14,15-EET. The EETs cause the <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> of arteries, including those of the heart. By blocking the production of 14,15-ETE and at least theoretically of other vasodilating ETEs, <a href="/wiki/Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid" title="Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid">Epoxydocosapentaenoic acids</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Epoxydocosapentaenoic_acid" title="Epoxydocosapentaenoic acid">Epoxydocosapentaenoic acids</a>, 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 appears to cause the dilation of coronary arteries and thereby protect against cardiac <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> in a rat model.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26072467_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26072467-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One or more of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins also regulate other <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a> pathways although the exact mechanism(s) behind this is not always clear. It (they) regulates signaling by: <b>a)</b> inhibiting the <a href="/wiki/STAT3" title="STAT3">STAT3</a>-<a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase" title="Janus kinase">Janus kinase</a> pathway to block cellular pro-inflammatory responses; <b>b)</b> stimulating <a href="/wiki/Suppressor_of_cytokine_signaling_1" title="Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1">Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suppressor_of_cytokine_signaling_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3">Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3</a>, and Src homology 2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 2 pathways to inhibit the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines; <b>c)</b> inhibiting the activation of <a href="/wiki/ERK1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERK1">ERK1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERK2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERK2">ERK2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akt" class="mw-redirect" title="Akt">Akt</a> and a <a href="/wiki/P38_mitogen-activated_protein_kinases" title="P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases">p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases</a> pathways to inhibit the actions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or the differentiation of progenitor cells to pro-inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendritic cells">Dendritic cells</a>; <b>d)</b> regulating the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a> and cell proliferation by stimulating <a href="/wiki/P21" title="P21">p21</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFos" class="mw-redirect" title="CFos">cFos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erg-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erg-1 (page does not exist)">Erg-1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CMyc" class="mw-redirect" title="CMyc">cMyc</a> or inhibiting <a href="/wiki/N-Myc" title="N-Myc">N-Myc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_D1" title="Cyclin D1">Cyclin D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cdk4" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk4">Cdk4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">Insulin-like growth factor 1</a>; and <b>e)</b> regulating agents such as <a href="/wiki/HSP70" class="mw-redirect" title="HSP70">HSP70</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">GPR78</a>, Gadd153, <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_B" title="Ubiquitin B">Ubiquitin B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_C" title="Ubiquitin C">Ubiquitin C</a> which contribute to the degradation of abnormal proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preclinical_Studies">Preclinical Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Preclinical Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_Studies">Cellular Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cellular Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acting by inhibiting or stimulating the signaling pathways cited in the previous section, the cyclopentenone prostaglandins, principally 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, PGJ2 and, in fewer studies, PGA2 and PGA1 have been shown to inhibit the function and/or survival of various pro-inflammatory, neurological, and other cell types.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three PGJ2 cyclopentenone prostaglandins induce apoptosis in rodent cultured neuron cells by a mechanism that involves inhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">Phosphoinositide 3-kinase</a> signaling pathway; this inhibition is independent of their ability to activate PPARγ or their prostaglandin DP2 receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27771378_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27771378-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_Studies">Animal Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Animal Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2, Δ12-PGJ2, PGJ2 and, in fewer studies, PGA2 and PGA1 inhibit the inflammatory response and tissue damage that follow experimentally-induced <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>; spinal cord, brain, and lung injury; injury due to <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a> in the heart, brain, kidney, and gut; and stress-induced central nervous system trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rat <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">Cerebral cortex</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and human neuroblastoma <a href="/wiki/SH-SY5Y" title="SH-SY5Y">SH-SY5Y</a> cells become <a href="/wiki/Apoptotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptotic">apoptotic</a> when treated with <a href="/wiki/Micromolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromolar">micromolar</a> levels of 15-d-Δ12,14-PGJ2; this effect appears due to the ability of 15-d-Δ12,15-PGJ2 to inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Phosphoinositide_3-kinase" title="Phosphoinositide 3-kinase">Phosphoinositide 3-kinase</a> pathway of cell signaling.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27771378_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27771378-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11277593_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11277593-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct injection of 15-d-Δ12,14-PGJ2 into the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> proved to impair contextual memory retrieval in rats, again apparently acting by inhibiting the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27771378_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27771378-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these and other studies, the overproduction of cyclopentenone prostaglandins by the brain has been suggested to contribute to the neuron injury observed in various rodent models of <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a> and therefore may be relevant to the development and/or progression of the neuron injury occurring in human diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26748744_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26748744-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_studies">Human studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>15d-Δ12,14-PGJ2 and its PGD2 precursor have been demonstrated to suppress hair growth in studies of mouse and human follicular explant culture models; further studies examining the content of these two prostaglandins in normal and balding tissue of mice and humans have implicated PGD2 and to a much lesser extent 15d-Δ12,Δ14-PGJ2 in the development of <a href="/wiki/Male_pattern_baldness" class="mw-redirect" title="Male pattern baldness">male pattern baldness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22440736_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22440736-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid21843512-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21843512_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSurhNaParkLee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Surh YJ, Na HK, Park JM, Lee HN, Kim W, Yoon IS, Kim DD (2011). "15-Deoxy-Δ¹²,¹⁴-prostaglandin J₂, an electrophilic lipid mediator of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling". <i>Biochemical Pharmacology</i>. <b>82</b> (10): 1335–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2011.07.100">10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21843512">21843512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=15-Deoxy-%CE%94%C2%B9%C2%B2%2C%C2%B9%E2%81%B4-prostaglandin+J%E2%82%82%2C+an+electrophilic+lipid+mediator+of+anti-inflammatory+and+pro-resolving+signaling&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1335-51&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2011.07.100&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21843512&rft.aulast=Surh&rft.aufirst=YJ&rft.au=Na%2C+HK&rft.au=Park%2C+JM&rft.au=Lee%2C+HN&rft.au=Kim%2C+W&rft.au=Yoon%2C+IS&rft.au=Kim%2C+DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyclopentenone+prostaglandins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11301410-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid11301410_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausGlass2001" class="citation journal cs1">Straus DS, Glass CK (2001). 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receptor"><abbr title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor">PPAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_alpha" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha"><abbr title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha">PPARα</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">15-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (page does not exist)">15-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleglitazar" title="Aleglitazar">Aleglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_clofibrate" title="Aluminium clofibrate">Aluminium clofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezafibrate" title="Bezafibrate">Bezafibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiglitazar" title="Chiglitazar">Chiglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofibrate" title="Clofibrate">Clofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-775146&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-775146 (page does not exist)">CP-775146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>) (in rodents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elafibranor" title="Elafibranor">Elafibranor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etomoxir" title="Etomoxir">Etomoxir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenofibrate" title="Fenofibrate">Fenofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemfibrozil" title="Gemfibrozil">Gemfibrozil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-7647&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-7647 (page does not exist)">GW-7647</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanifibranor" title="Lanifibranor">Lanifibranor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">Leukotriene B<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-101506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-101506 (page does not exist)">LG-101506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100754 (page does not exist)">LG-100754</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeglitazone" title="Lobeglitazone">Lobeglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraglitazar" title="Muraglitazar">Muraglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleylethanolamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleylethanolamide">Oleylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylethanolamide" title="Palmitoylethanolamide">Palmitoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemafibrate" title="Pemafibrate">Pemafibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorononanoic_acid" title="Perfluorononanoic acid">Perfluorononanoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioglitazone" title="Pioglitazone">Pioglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroglitazar" title="Saroglitazar">Saroglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodelglitazar" title="Sodelglitazar">Sodelglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesaglitazar" title="Tesaglitazar">Tesaglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradecylthioacetic_acid" title="Tetradecylthioacetic acid">Tetradecylthioacetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglitazone" title="Troglitazone">Troglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WY-14643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WY-14643 (page does not exist)">WY-14643</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-6471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-6471 (page does not exist)">GW-6471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-886" title="MK-886">MK-886</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_delta" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta"><abbr title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta">PPARδ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">15-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (page does not exist)">15-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezafibrate" title="Bezafibrate">Bezafibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elafibranor" title="Elafibranor">Elafibranor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonadelpar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonadelpar (page does not exist)">Fonadelpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-0742" class="mw-redirect" title="GW-0742">GW-0742</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-501516" class="mw-redirect" title="GW-501516">GW-501516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-165,041&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-165,041 (page does not exist)">L-165,041</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanifibranor" title="Lanifibranor">Lanifibranor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-101506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-101506 (page does not exist)">LG-101506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seladelpar" title="Seladelpar">Seladelpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodelglitazar" title="Sodelglitazar">Sodelglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradecylthioacetic_acid" title="Tetradecylthioacetic acid">Tetradecylthioacetic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FH-535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FH-535 (page does not exist)">FH-535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-0660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-0660 (page does not exist)">GSK-0660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-3787&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-3787 (page does not exist)">GSK-3787</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma"><abbr title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma">PPARγ</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (page does not exist)">5-Oxo-ETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE (page does not exist)">5-Oxo-15-hydroxy-ETE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">15-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15-Hydroperoxy-5Z,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid (page does not exist)">15-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleglitazar" title="Aleglitazar">Aleglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balaglitazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balaglitazone (page does not exist)">Balaglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberine" title="Berberine">Berberine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezafibrate" title="Bezafibrate">Bezafibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cevoglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cevoglitazar (page does not exist)">Cevoglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiglitazar" title="Chiglitazar">Chiglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciglitazone" title="Ciglitazone">Ciglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darglitazone" title="Darglitazone">Darglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edaglitazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edaglitazone (page does not exist)">Edaglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efatutazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efatutazone (page does not exist)">Efatutazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englitazone" title="Englitazone">Englitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etalocib" title="Etalocib">Etalocib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farglitazar" title="Farglitazar">Farglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-1929&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-1929 (page does not exist)">GW-1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imiglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imiglitazar (page does not exist)">Imiglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeglitazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Indeglitazar">Indeglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanifibranor" title="Lanifibranor">Lanifibranor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100268&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100268 (page does not exist)">LG-100268</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-100754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-100754 (page does not exist)">LG-100754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-101506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-101506 (page does not exist)">LG-101506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeglitazone" title="Lobeglitazone">Lobeglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraglitazar" title="Muraglitazar">Muraglitazar (muroglitazar)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NTZDpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTZDpa (page does not exist)">nTZDpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naveglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naveglitazar (page does not exist)">Naveglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netoglitazone" title="Netoglitazone">Netoglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxeglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxeglitazar (page does not exist)">Oxeglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peliglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peliglitazar (page does not exist)">Peliglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemaglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemaglitazar (page does not exist)">Pemaglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorononanoic_acid" title="Perfluorononanoic acid">Perfluorononanoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioglitazone" title="Pioglitazone">Pioglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostaglandin_J2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostaglandin J2 (page does not exist)">Prostaglandin J<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragaglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragaglitazar (page does not exist)">Ragaglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reglitazar (page does not exist)">Reglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivoglitazone" title="Rivoglitazone">Rivoglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosiglitazone" title="Rosiglitazone">Rosiglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS5444&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS5444 (page does not exist)">RS5444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroglitazar" title="Saroglitazar">Saroglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipoglitazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipoglitazar (page does not exist)">Sipoglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodelglitazar" title="Sodelglitazar">Sodelglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">Telmisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesaglitazar" title="Tesaglitazar">Tesaglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglitazone" title="Troglitazone">Troglitazone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_PPAR%CE%B3_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective PPARγ modulator"><abbr title="Selective PPARγ modulator">SPPARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective PPARγ modulator</span>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INT-131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INT-131 (page does not exist)">INT-131</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-0533&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-0533 (page does not exist)">MK-0533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S26948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S26948 (page does not exist)">S26948</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=FH-535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FH-535 (page does not exist)">FH-535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-9662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-9662 (page does not exist)">GW-9662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-202_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-202 (drug) (page does not exist)">SR-202</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-0070907&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-0070907 (page does not exist)">T-0070907</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unknown:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-1664&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-1664 (page does not exist)">SR-1664</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ciprofibrate" title="Ciprofibrate">Ciprofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinofibrate" title="Clinofibrate">Clinofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofibride" title="Clofibride">Clofibride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englitazone" title="Englitazone">Englitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etofibrate" title="Etofibrate">Etofibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farglitazar" title="Farglitazar">Farglitazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netoglitazone" title="Netoglitazone">Netoglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronifibrate" title="Ronifibrate">Ronifibrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivoglitazone" title="Rivoglitazone">Rivoglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simfibrate" title="Simfibrate">Simfibrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">4,5-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5',6'-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_alpha_sanshool" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy alpha sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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