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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Germans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realignment_in_1850s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realignment_in_1850s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Realignment in 1850s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realignment_in_1850s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting_patterns_by_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting_patterns_by_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Voting patterns by religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting_patterns_by_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_era:_1890–1932" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_era:_1890–1932"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Progressive era: 1890–1932</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Progressive_era:_1890–1932-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Progressive era: 1890–1932 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Progressive_era:_1890–1932-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_restriction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_restriction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Immigration restriction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_restriction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ku_Klux_Klan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Ku Klux Klan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ku_Klux_Klan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1928_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1928_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>1928 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1928_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Deal_era:_1932–1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal_era:_1932–1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>New Deal era: 1932–1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Deal_era:_1932–1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APPENDICES:_Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APPENDICES:_Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>APPENDICES: Voting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-APPENDICES:_Voting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle APPENDICES: Voting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-APPENDICES:_Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>White Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hispanic Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>American Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Asian American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Voting patterns of certain US cultural or religious groups</div> <p><b>Ethnocultural politics in the United States</b> (or <b>ethnoreligious politics</b>) refers to the pattern of certain <a href="/wiki/Cultural_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural group">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious groups</a> to vote heavily for one party. Groups can be based on ethnicity (such as Hispanics, Irish, Germans), race (White people, Black people, Asian Americans) or religion (Protestant [and later, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical politics in the United States">Evangelical</a>] or Catholic) or on overlapping categories (<a href="/wiki/Irish_American#Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish Catholics</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, race was the determining factor. Each of the two major parties was a coalition of ethnoreligious groups in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a> (1830s to 1850s) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> (1850s to 1890s). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Great_Awakening:_1800–1850"><span id="Second_Great_Awakening:_1800.E2.80.931850"></span>Second Great Awakening: 1800–1850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Second Great Awakening: 1800–1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></div> <p>The Protestant religious revivals of the early 19th century had a profound impact on shaping the moral values of the affected voters, pushing them into moralistic political programs, such as opposition to slavery and calling for prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Revivals and perfectionist hopes of improving individuals and society continued to increase from 1840 to 1865 across all major denominations, especially in urban areas. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the women could not vote or hold office, they could influence the political viewpoints of their menfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the midst of shifts in theology and <a href="/wiki/Church_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Church polity">church polity</a>, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. Known commonly as <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement#United_States:_1840s–1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">antebellum reform</a>, the phenomenon included reforms in <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a>, and a multitude of other questions faced by society.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. The spirit of evangelical humanitarian reforms was carried on in the antebellum Whig party.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians stress the understanding common among participants of reform as being a part of God's plan. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role that it would play.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midwest">Midwest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politics in the Midwest was deeply rooted in ethnocultural divisions from the 1830s to the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yankee</a> settlers from New England started arriving in Ohio before 1800 and spread throughout the northern half of the Midwest. Most of them started as farmers, but the larger proportion later moved to towns and cities as entrepreneurs, businessmen, and urban professionals. Since its beginnings in the 1830s, Chicago business was under Yankee control from the 1830s, and the railroad and financial metropolis quickly came to dominate the Midwestern economy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, city politics was under the control of complex ethnic coalitions in both parties. Finally, in the 1930s, the Irish took control of the Democratic Party and the city government.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian John Buenker has examined the worldview of the Yankee settlers in the Midwest: </p> <dl><dd>Because they arrived first and had a strong sense of community and mission, Yankees were able to transplant New England institutions, values, and mores, altered only by the conditions of frontier life. They established a public culture that emphasized the work ethic, the sanctity of private property, individual responsibility, faith in residential and social mobility, practicality, piety, public order and decorum, reverence for public education, activists, honest, and frugal government, town meeting democracy, and he believed that there was a public interest that transcends particular and stick ambitions. Regarding themselves as the elect and just in a world rife with sin, air, and corruption, they felt a strong moral obligation to define and enforce standards of community and personal behavior.... This pietistic worldview was substantially shared by British, Scandinavian, Swiss, English-Canadian and Dutch Reformed immigrants, as well as by German Protestants and many of the Forty-Eighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Midwestern politics pitted Yankees against the German Catholics and Lutherans, who were often led by the Irish Catholics. Such large groups, Buenker argues: </p> <dl><dd>Generally subscribed to the work ethic, a strong sense of community, and activist government but were less committed to economic individualism and privatism and ferociously opposed to government supervision of the personal habits. Southern and eastern European immigrants generally leaned more toward the Germanic view of things, while modernization, industrialization, and urbanization modified nearly everyone's sense of individual economic responsibility and put a premium on organization, political involvement, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Party_System:_1850s–1890s"><span id="Third_Party_System:_1850s.E2.80.931890s"></span>Third Party System: 1850s–1890s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third Party System: 1850s–1890s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></div> <p>Religious lines were sharply drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleppner_1979_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other <a href="/wiki/Pietists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietists">pietists</a> in the North were tightly linked to the Republican Party. In sharp contrast, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> groups, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially Prohibition. While both parties cut across economic class structures, the Democrats were supported more heavily by its lower tiers.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural issues, especially Prohibition and foreign language schools, became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were pietistic Protestants who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking. Liturgical churches comprised over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of personal morality issues. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decades, as national Prohibition was finally passed in 1919 and repealed in 1933. It served as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleppner_1979_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleppner_1979-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germans">Germans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Germans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> comprised the largest ethnic group in the North, but they were sharply divided along religious lines. Catholics, several groups of Lutherans, Methodists, and other Protestants each formed tight-knit communities. The Catholics and Lutherans operated separate parochial schools. In addition there were secular groups, ranging from the Forty-Eighters (liberal refugees from the failed 1848 revolution) to socialists. Relatively few German Americans held office, but the men voted once they became citizens. In general, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a> (1850s–1890s), the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, and the Catholics were strongly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>. When Prohibition was on the ballot, the Germans voted solidly against it since they strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders, whom they called "Puritans," including the temperance reformers and many <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populists</a>. The German community strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a> and voted heavily against the crusader <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in 1896. In 1900, however, many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan, perhaps because of President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Germans in late-19th-century America were socialists, and they were usually affiliated with labor unions. Germans played a significant role in the American labor movement, especially in the brewing and the construction trades.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realignment_in_1850s">Realignment in 1850s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Realignment in 1850s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></div> <p>The Republican Party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s. <a href="/wiki/William_Gienapp" title="William Gienapp">William Gienapp</a> argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whig party collapse, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians regarding Catholicism, prohibition, and nativism. Anti-slavery did play a role but it was less important at first. The Know-Nothing party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know-Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party, and the splits in the Democratic Party. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting_patterns_by_religion">Voting patterns by religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Voting patterns by religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Voting behavior by religion, northern USA, late 19th century </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> </th> <th>% Dem </th> <th>% GOP </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>All <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confessional German Lutherans</td> <td>65</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="German Reformed">German Reformed</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>French Canadian Catholics</td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Less Confessional German <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English Canadians</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British stock</td> <td>35</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">Sectarians</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Lutherans</td> <td>20</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> Lutherans</td> <td>15</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugean</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Natives </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Northern stock </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quakers</td> <td>5</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptists</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a></td> <td>25</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regular Baptists</td> <td>35</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blacks</td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align: center">Southern stock </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a></td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presbyterians</td> <td>70</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Baptists</td> <td>75</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Source: Kleppner, Paul (1979). <i>The Third Electoral System 1853–1892</i>. p. 182.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progressive_era:_1890–1932"><span id="Progressive_era:_1890.E2.80.931932"></span>Progressive era: 1890–1932</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Progressive era: 1890–1932"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a></div> <p>In most of the country prohibition was of central importance in progressive politics before World War I, with a strong religious and ethnic dimension.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pietistic Protestants were "dries" who advocated <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> as a solution to social problems; they included <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, and Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>. On the "wet" side, <a href="/wiki/Episocopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episocopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalians</a>, Irish <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>, German Lutherans and German Catholics attacked prohibition as a menace to their social customs and personal liberty. Prohibitionists supported direct democracy to enable voters to bypass the state legislature in lawmaking. In the North, the Republican Party championed the interests of the prohibitionists, while the Democratic Party represented ethnic group interests. In the South, the Baptist and Methodist churches played a major role in forcing the Democratic Party to support prohibition. After 1914 the issue shifted to the Germans' opposition to Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy. In the 1920s, however, the sudden, unexpected outburst of big city crime associated with bootlegging undermined support for prohibition, and the Democrats took up the cause for repeal, finally succeeding in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestants">Protestants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different Protestant denominations, such as the Methodists and Baptists, loudly denounced the war at first: it was God's punishment for sin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their moralism was aggressively focused on banishing evils (like saloons) from the face of the earth through <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a>, and if they could be shown that German militarism was a similar evil, they would throw enormous weight. Wilson, the intensely religious son of a prominent theologian, knew exactly how to harness that moralism in his attacks on the "<a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>" who threatened civilization, and his calls for an almost religious crusade on behalf of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Episcopalians, with a strong base in the British-American community, generally supported entry into the war. President Woodrow Wilson appeal to the antiwar Protestants by arguing that American entry would make the war to end all wars, and eliminate militarism as a factor in world affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germania">Germania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>German Americans by 1910 typically had only weak ties to Germany; however, they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war (such mistreatment was already happening to German-descent citizens in Canada and Australia). Almost none called for intervening on Germany's side, instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture. As more nations were drawn into the conflict, however, the English-languages press increasingly supporting Britain, while the German-American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany's position. Chicago's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe. In 1916 large crowds in Chicago's Germania celebrated the Kaiser's birthday, something they had not done before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States. By this point they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once war started they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936, it was "one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German-American Socialists actively campaigned against entry into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s">1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important ethnocultural issues in politics included the congressional debates over restriction of immigration, the sudden rise (and sudden fall) of the Ku Klux Klan, and the role of Catholicism in the election of 1928. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_restriction">Immigration restriction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immigration restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></div> <p>The United States became more <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">anti-immigration</a> in outlook during this period. The American <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> limited immigration from countries where 2% of the total <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">U.S. population</a>, per the 1890 census, were immigrants from that country. Thus, the massive influx of Europeans that had come to America during the first two decades of the century slowed to a trickle. Asians were prohibited from immigrating altogether; that provision angered Japan. Although some businesses opposed restrictions because they wanted a continued flow of unskilled workers, support was widespread with the exception of the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ku_Klux_Klan">Ku Klux Klan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ku Klux Klan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">White backlash</a></div> <p>The KKK was a nationwide organization that grew rapidly from 1921 to 1925 and collapsed just as fast. It had millions of members, but its organizational structure was oriented entirely toward recruiting new members, collecting their initiation fees and selling costumes. After the organizer moved on the local was poorly organized and unfunded and seldom achieved very much. The Klan signed up millions of white Protestant men on the basis that American society needed a moral purification against the immoral power of the Catholic Church, Jews, organized crime, speakeasies, and local adulterers. Liberal and Catholic elements fought against the Klan primarily inside the Democratic Party, where a motion to repudiate it by name was defeated by one vote at the national convention of 1924. KKK membership was secret. Members swore to uphold American values and Christian morality. At the local level, some Protestant ministers became involved, but no Protestant denomination officially endorsed the KKK.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the country, the Klan had strength in cities, towns and rural areas. Its high visibility made its intended targets of Catholics, Jews, and Blacks highly uncomfortable, and many local and state elections were bitterly fought around the role of the Klan. </p><p>Historians in recent decades have totally revised the traditional interpretation of the second KKK as a terrorist group or one based on frustrated marginal elements.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using newly-discovered minutes of local chapters, they now portray the Klansmen as ordinary Americans, primarily of middle class. They were local activists and joiners who thought the nation was seriously threatened by an evil conspiracy. Scholars found the Klan of the 1920s was "composed of average citizens drawn from the broader middle-class." It "had been not a form of racial and religious terror but rather a means of mainstream political activism."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current KKK is a white supremacist organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1928_election">1928 election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1928 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1928">United States presidential election, 1928</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></div> <p>1928 election was characterized by widespread attention to religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants, as well as the prohibition issue. The nation was peaceful and prosperous, giving enormous strength to Republican nominee <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. The Democratic candidate was New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, who was closely identified with Catholicism, New York City, and opposition to prohibition. Smith mobilized Catholic voters, who proved decisive in his success in carrying the large cities. A wide spectrum of Protestants were troubled by the notion that the Catholic Church—especially the pope and bishops—would have a major voice in American politics. Southern Baptists and Lutherans, among other denominations, often focused on religion. Smith lost many traditionally Protestant Democratic areas, especially in the border South. The final factor was New York City, a locale deeply distrusted by many rural Americans for its unsavory reputation regarding organized crime.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">Anti-Catholicism</a> was a significant problem for Smith's campaign. Protestant ministers warned that he would take orders from the pope who, many Americans sincerely believed, would move to the United States to rule the country from a fortress in Washington, if Smith won. Beyond the conspiracy theories, a survey of 8,500 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_Church" title="Southern Methodist Church">Southern Methodist Church</a> ministers found only four who supported Smith, and the northern Methodists, Southern Baptists, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples of Christ</a> were similar in their opposition. Many average voters who sincerely rejected bigotry and the anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>—which had declined during the 1920s until the 1928 campaign revived it—justified their opposition to Smith on their belief that the Catholic Church played too large a role in Smith's political record.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Deal_era:_1932–1966"><span id="New_Deal_era:_1932.E2.80.931966"></span>New Deal era: 1932–1966</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Deal era: 1932–1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> led the Democratic Party to a landslide victory in 1932 and set up his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> in 1933 and forged a coalition of labor unions, <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, religious, ethnic and racial minorities (Catholics, Jews and Blacks), Southern whites, poor people and those on relief.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organizational heft was provided by <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">Big City machines</a>, which gained access to millions of relief jobs and billions of dollars in spending projects. These voting blocs together formed a majority of voters and handed the Democratic Party seven victories out of nine presidential elections (1932–1948, 1960, 1964), as well as control of both houses of Congress during all but 4 years between the years 1932–1980 (Republicans won small majorities in 1946 and 1952). The cities were the center of the ethnic voting blocs, and Roosevelt built this coalition around them, as well as the big-city machines, and the labor unions that were associated with the ethnics. In <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> the nation's 106 cities over 100,000 population voted 70% for FDR, compared to 59% outside the cities. Roosevelt won reelection in <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> thanks to the cities. In the North, the cities over 100,000 gave Roosevelt 60% of their votes, while the rest of the North favored <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> by 52%. It was just enough to provide the critical electoral college margin.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European ethnic groups came of age after the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> pulled many of the working class social conservatives into the Republican party as <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>. Many middle class ethnics saw the Democratic Party as a working class party and preferred the GOP as the upper-middle class party. However, the Jewish community still voted en masse for the Democratic party, and in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a> 74% voted for Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 election</a> 78% voted for President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 election</a> 69% voted for President Obama.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2018 midterms, over 75% of Jews voted for Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African Americans grew stronger in their Democratic loyalties and in their numbers. By the 1960s, they were a much more important part of the coalition than in the 1930s. Their Democratic loyalties cut across all income and geographic lines to form the single most unified bloc of voters in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the present-day, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">progressive Christians</a> (often found in denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Protestant Episcopal Church</a>) tend to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a>), while those aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> tend to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="APPENDICES:_Voting">APPENDICES: Voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: APPENDICES: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Americans">White Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: White Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of<br />the plurality </th> <th>Political <br /> party </th> <th>% of<br />White<br />vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td> <td>56% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>66% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>59% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>40% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>46% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>55% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>58% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>55% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>59% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>57% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>58% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></td> <td>Republican</td> <td>57% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_Americans">Hispanic Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hispanic Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latino_vote" title="Latino vote">Latino vote</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of<br />the plurality </th> <th>Political <br /> party </th> <th>% of<br />Hispanic<br />vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>56% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>61% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>69% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>61% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>72% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>62% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>58% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>67% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>71% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>65% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>63% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>52% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Jews">American Jews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: American Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Jews_in_politics" title="American Jews in politics">American Jews in politics</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Jewish vote to the Democratic Party in Presidential elections since 1916<sup id="cite_ref-JVLvote_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVLvote-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election <br />year </th> <th>Candidate of the <br />Democratic Party </th> <th>% of <br />Jewish vote to the<br /> Democratic Party </th> <th>Result of the<br /> Democratic Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1916 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b> </td> <td align="center">55 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1920 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> </td> <td align="center">19 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1924 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> </td> <td align="center">51 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1928 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Al Smith</a> </td> <td align="center">72 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1932 </th> <td rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b> </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1936 </th> <td align="center">85 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1940 </th> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1948 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a></b> </td> <td align="center">75 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1952 </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1956 </th> <td align="center">60 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1960 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></b> </td> <td align="center">82 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1964 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b> </td> <td align="center">90 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1968 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> </td> <td align="center">81 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1972 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> </td> <td align="center">65 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1976 </th> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> </td> <td align="center">71 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td align="center">45 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1984 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> </td> <td align="center">67 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1988 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> </td> <td align="center">64 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>1992 </th> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> </td> <td align="center">80 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>1996 </th> <td align="center">78 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> </td> <td align="center">79 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> </td> <td align="center">76 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b> </td> <td align="center">78 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td align="center">69 </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> </td> <td align="center">71<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvote16_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvote16-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></b> </td> <td align="center">77<sup id="cite_ref-timesofisrael.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> </td> <td align="center">78 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_American">Asian American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Asian American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_politics" title="Asian Americans in politics">Asian Americans in politics</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of<br />the plurality </th> <th>Political <br /> party </th> <th>% of<br />asian<br />vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>30% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>43% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>55% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>56% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>62% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>73% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>65% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>63% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>54% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Candidate of<br />the plurality </th> <th>Political <br /> party </th> <th>% of<br />black<br />vote </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td> <td>83% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>91% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>89% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>83% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>84% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>90% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>88% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>95% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>93% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>88% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>87% </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></td> <td>Democratic</td> <td>85% </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_election_campaigns_in_the_19th_century" title="American election campaigns in the 19th century">American election campaigns in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realigning_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Realigning election">Realigning election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism#Impact_on_party_voting_in_United_States_and_Great_Britain" title="Pietism">Pietism § Impact on party voting in United States and Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">Votebank</a>, in India</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy L. Smith, <i>Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War</i> (1957)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1981" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Barbara Leslie (1981). <i>The Politics of Domesticity</i>. Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819550507" title="Special:BookSources/9780819550507"><bdi>9780819550507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Domesticity&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780819550507&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Felt Tyler, <i>Freedom's Ferment: Phases of American Social History from the Colonial Period to the Outbreak of the Civil War</i> (1944)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System," <i>History of Political Economy,</i> Winter 2008 Supplement, Vol. 40, pp 265-298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Walker Howe, "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System," <i>Journal of American History</i> (1991) 77#4 pp: 1216-1239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Walker Howe, <i>What hath God wrought: the transformation of America, 1815-1848</i> (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Carwardine, <i>Evangelicals and politics in antebellum America</i> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Gjerde, Jon, <i>The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917</i> (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanKeatingReiff2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice, eds. (2004). "Yankees". <i>Encyclopedia of Chicago</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226310152" title="Special:BookSources/9780226310152"><bdi>9780226310152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yankees&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chicago&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780226310152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cronon, <i>Nature's metropolis: Chicago and the Great West</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Allswang, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndMeBgAAQBAJ">A House for All Peoples: Ethnic Politics in Chicago 1890--1936</a></i> (2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisconsin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wisconsin_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Buenker1988" class="citation book cs1">John Buenker (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMUCo0UXCjoC&pg=PA72">"Wisconsin"</a>. In James H. Madison (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartlandcompara0000unse/page/72"><i>Heartland: Comparative Histories of the Midwestern States</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heartlandcompara0000unse/page/72">72–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253314239" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253314239"><bdi>978-0253314239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wisconsin&rft.btitle=Heartland%3A+Comparative+Histories+of+the+Midwestern+States&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0253314239&rft.au=John+Buenker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMUCo0UXCjoC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleppner_1979-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleppner_1979_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleppner_1979_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleppner (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Winning_of_the_Midwest_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Jensen1971" class="citation book cs1">Richard Jensen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC"><i>The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226398259" title="Special:BookSources/9780226398259"><bdi>9780226398259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winning+of+the+Midwest%3A+Social+and+Political+Conflict%2C+1888-1896&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780226398259&rft.au=Richard+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpCgCNZwpvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmut Keil, and John B. Jentz, eds., <i>German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850-1910: A Comparative Perspective</i> (1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Gienapp, <i>The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856</i> (Oxford UP, 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War." <i>Journal of American History</i> 72.3 (1985): 529-559 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.winthrop.edu/huffmons/RelAndPolReadings/Gienapp_KnowNothingsAndCreationOfRepublicanParty.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Clark, <i>Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition</i> (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_W._Folsom1981" class="citation journal cs1">Burton W. Folsom (1981). "Tinkerers, Tipplers, and Traitors: Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska During the Progressive Era". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 53–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3639338">10.2307/3639338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3639338">3639338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Tinkerers%2C+Tipplers%2C+and+Traitors%3A+Ethnicity+and+Democratic+Reform+in+Nebraska+During+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-75&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3639338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3639338%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Burton+W.+Folsom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabine N. Meyer, <i>We Are What We Drink: The Temperance Battle in Minnesota</i> (U of Illinois Press, 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael A. Lerner, <i>Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Piper, <i>The American Churches in World War I</i> (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, and Charles Reagan Wilson, <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i> (2005) p. 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leslie V. Tischauser, <i>The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914-1941</i> (Garland, 1990) pp 21-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick C. Luebke, <i>Bonds of Loyalty: German-Americans and World War I</i> (1974) pp 200-207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Wittke, <i>German-Americans and the World War (with Special Emphasis on Ohio's German-Language Press)</i> (Columbus, Ohio, 1936), p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/turningpoints/tp-037/?action=more_essay">"World War I, at home and in the trenches"</a>. <i>Turning Points in Wisconsin History</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turning+Points+in+Wisconsin+History&rft.atitle=World+War+I%2C+at+home+and+in+the+trenches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fturningpoints%2Ftp-037%2F%3Faction%3Dmore_essay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristofer_Allerfeldt2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristofer_Allerfeldt" title="Kristofer Allerfeldt">Kristofer Allerfeldt</a> (Jan 2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And We Got Here First': Albert Johnson, National Origins and Self-Interest in the Immigration Debate of the 1920s". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 7–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009409348019">10.1177/0022009409348019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40542903">40542903</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143764832">143764832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=%27And+We+Got+Here+First%27%3A+Albert+Johnson%2C+National+Origins+and+Self-Interest+in+the+Immigration+Debate+of+the+1920s&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-26&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143764832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40542903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009409348019&rft.au=Kristofer+Allerfeldt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Higham1955" class="citation book cs1">John Higham (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I048ckY24QIC"><i>Strangers in the Land</i></a>. pp. 301–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+the+Land&rft.pages=301-330&rft.date=1955&rft.au=John+Higham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI048ckY24QIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_T._Jackson1992" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth T. Jackson (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xkgwSauBgTwC&pg=PA18"><i>The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915-1930</i></a>. Ivan R. Dee. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461730057" title="Special:BookSources/9781461730057"><bdi>9781461730057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+the+City%2C+1915-1930&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781461730057&rft.au=Kenneth+T.+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxkgwSauBgTwC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Moats_Miller1956" class="citation journal cs1">Robert Moats Miller (1956). "A Note on the Relationship between the Protestant Churches and the Revived Ku Klux Klan". <i>Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 355–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2954550">10.2307/2954550</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2954550">2954550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Relationship+between+the+Protestant+Churches+and+the+Revived+Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-368&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2954550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2954550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Robert+Moats+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_J._Moore1990" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard J. Moore (1990). "Historical interpretations of the 1920s Klan: The traditional view and the populist revision". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 341–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F24.2.341">10.1353/jsh/24.2.341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3787502">3787502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Historical+interpretations+of+the+1920s+Klan%3A+The+traditional+view+and+the+populist+revision&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=341-357&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F24.2.341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3787502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Leonard+J.+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawn_Lay2004" class="citation book cs1">Shawn Lay, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-B-TW4_KXhkC&pg=PR8"><i>The Invisible Empire in the West: Toward a New Historical Appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s</i></a> (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252071713" title="Special:BookSources/9780252071713"><bdi>9780252071713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invisible+Empire+in+the+West%3A+Toward+a+New+Historical+Appraisal+of+the+Ku+Klux+Klan+of+the+1920s&rft.pages=viii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780252071713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-B-TW4_KXhkC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly J. Baker, <i>Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915-1930</i> (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.Elesha Coffman, "The 'Religious Issue' in Presidential Politics." <i>American Catholic Studies</i> (2008) 119#4 pp 1-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Slayton2001" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Slayton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bOahalX-CxQC&pg=PA323"><i>Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 323–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684863023" title="Special:BookSources/9780684863023"><bdi>9780684863023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Statesman%3A+The+Rise+and+Redemption+of+Al+Smith&rft.pages=323-28&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780684863023&rft.au=Robert+A.+Slayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbOahalX-CxQC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Allswang, <i>New Deal and American Politics</i> (1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Jensen, "The Last Party System, 1932-1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed. <i>Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William B. Prendergast, <i>The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith,</i> (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Sales2018" class="citation news cs1">Ben Sales (November 7, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2018/11/07/politics/75-percent-jews-voted-democrats-midterms">"More than 75 percent of Jews voted for Democrats in the midterms"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=More+than+75+percent+of+Jews+voted+for+Democrats+in+the+midterms&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft.au=Ben+Sales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2Fpolitics%2F75-percent-jews-voted-democrats-midterms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanes Walton, <i>African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/religious-liberals-want-to-change-what-it-means-to-be-a-christian-voter">"Religious liberals want to change what it means to be a Christian voter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+liberals+want+to+change+what+it+means+to+be+a+Christian+voter&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fpolitics%2Freligious-liberals-want-to-change-what-it-means-to-be-a-christian-voter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVLvote-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVLvote_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/jewvote.html">"Jewish Vote In Presidential Elections"</a>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Vote+In+Presidential+Elections&rft.pub=American-Israeli+Cooperative+Enterprise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FUS-Israel%2Fjewvote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvote16-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvote16_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMartínez2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Gregory A.; Martínez, Jessica (9 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/09/how-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis/">"How the faithful voted: A preliminary 2016 analysis"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=How+the+faithful+voted%3A+A+preliminary+2016+analysis&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gregory+A.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F11%2F09%2Fhow-the-faithful-voted-a-preliminary-2016-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofisrael.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timesofisrael.com_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagidJTA2020" class="citation news cs1">Magid, Jacob; JTA (4 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-jewish-voters-favored-biden-over-trump-77-21/">"Poll: Jewish voters favored Biden over Trump 77-21"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Jewish+voters+favored+Biden+over+Trump+77-21&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=JTA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fpoll-jewish-voters-favored-biden-over-trump-77-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Affigne, Tony. "The Latino Voice in Political Analysis, 1970–2014." in Tony Affigne, Evelyn Hu-DeHart and <a href="/wiki/Marion_Orr_(political_scientist)" title="Marion Orr (political scientist)">Marion Orr</a>, eds. <i>Latino Politics en Ciencia Política: The Search for Latino Identity and Racial Consciousness</i> (2014) pp: 9-47.</li> <li>Allswang, John M. A <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndMeBgAAQBAJ">House for All Peoples: Ethnic Politics in Chicago 1890--1936</a></i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2015)</li> <li>Anbinder, Tyler. "Nativism and prejudice against immigrants." in Reed Ueda, ed. <i>A companion to American immigration</i> (2006) pp: 177-201.</li> <li>Berry, Justin A., Colin Cepuran, and Sergio Garcia-Rios. "Relative group discrimination and vote choice among Blacks, Latinos, Asians, and Whites." <i>Politics, Groups, and Identities</i> 10.3 (2022): 410-429. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/77015139/21565503.2020.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Brown, Jacob R., and Ryan D. Enos. "The measurement of partisan sorting for 180 million voters." <i>Nature Human Behaviour</i> 5.8 (2021): 998-1008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuenker,_John_D._and_Lorman_Ratner2005" class="citation book cs1">Buenker, John D. and Lorman Ratner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5o3fYIOkg4C&pg=PA406"><i>Multiculturalism in the United States: A Comparative Guide to Acculturation and Ethnicity</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313324048" title="Special:BookSources/9780313324048"><bdi>9780313324048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiculturalism+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Comparative+Guide+to+Acculturation+and+Ethnicity&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780313324048&rft.au=Buenker%2C+John+D.+and+Lorman+Ratner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5o3fYIOkg4C%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Connolly, James J. <i>The triumph of ethnic progressivism: Urban political culture in Boston, 1900-1925</i> (Harvard University Press, 2009)</li> <li>DeCanio, Samuel. "Religion and Nineteenth-Century Voting Behavior: A New Look at Some Old Data," <i>Journal of Politics</i> (2007) 69#2 pp 339–350. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2508.2007.00535.x">10.1111/j.1468-2508.2007.00535.x</a></li> <li>Erie, Steven P. <i>Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985</i> (University of California Press, 1988).</li> <li>Fraga, Bernard L. <i>The turnout gap: Race, ethnicity, and political inequality in a diversifying America</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2018)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerde,_Jon1999" class="citation book cs1">Gjerde, Jon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDxRsvJ0zeUC&pg=PA396"><i>The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807848074" title="Special:BookSources/9780807848074"><bdi>9780807848074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minds+of+the+West%3A+Ethnocultural+Evolution+in+the+Rural+Middle+West%2C+1830-1917&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780807848074&rft.au=Gjerde%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDxRsvJ0zeUC%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+ethnocultural+politics+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hartman, Andrew. <i>A War for the Soul of America: A History of the Culture Wars</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=44132">online review</a></li> <li>Howe, Daniel W. "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North during the Second Party System." <i>Journal of American History</i> (1991) 77#4 pp: 1216–39.</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul. <i> The Third Electoral System, 1853-1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures </i> (1979), Comprehensive national coverage of ethnocultural voting patterns</li> <li>Layman, Geoffrey. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4WDBLRFliYC">The great divide: Religious and cultural conflict in American party politics</a></i> (Columbia University Press, 2001)</li> <li>Lichtman, Allan J. "Political Realignment and 'Ethnocultural' Voting in Late Nineteenth Century America," <i>Journal of Social History</i>, (1983) 16#3, pp. 55–82 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786930">3786930</a></li> <li>Lien, Pei-te. <i>The Political Participation of Asian Americans: Voting Behavior in Southern California</i> (Routledge, 2018)</li> <li>Lynch, Patrick. "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." <i>Polity</i> (2002) 35#1 pp: 29–50.</li> <li>McCormick, Richard L. "Ethno-cultural interpretations of nineteenth-century American voting behavior." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1974): 351-377. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2149264">2149264</a></li> <li>McClain, Paula. <i> "Can we all get along?": Racial and ethnic minorities in American politics</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>McSeveney, Samuel T. "Ethnic groups, ethnic conflicts, and recent quantitative research in American political history." <i>International Migration Review</i> 7#1 (1973): 14-33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3002491">3002491</a></li> <li>Morín, Jason L., Yoshira Macías Mejía, and Gabriel R. Sanchez. "Is the bridge broken? Increasing ethnic attachments and declining party influence among latino voters." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 74.1 (2021): 182-198. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1065912919888577">online</a></li> <li>Prendergast, William B. <i>The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith,</i> (1999).</li> <li>Rodriguez, Marc Simon. <i>Rethinking the Chicano Movement</i> (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Rodolfo, O. <i>Ethnic ironies: Latino politics in the 1992 elections</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Sadhwani, Sara. "Asian American mobilization: The effect of candidates and districts on Asian American voting behavior." <i>Political Behavior</i> 44.1 (2022): 105-131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarasadhwani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Sadhwani-2020-Political_Behavior.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Splitter, Wolfgang. "The Germans in Pennsylvania Politics, 1758-1790: A Quantitative Analysis." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1998): 39-76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/45217/44938">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Swierenga, Robert P. 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"Ethnicity, Religion, and Politics in Early America." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1983): 491-536. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20091806">20091806</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/index.php/pmhb/article/viewFile/43941/43662">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Vandermeer, Philip R. "Religion, society, and politics: a classification of American religious groups." <i>Social Science History</i> (1981): 3-24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171088">1171088</a></li> <li>Walton Jr, Hanes, Sherman C. Puckett, and Donald Richard Deskins. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6CnBAAAQBAJ">African American Electorate: A Statistical History</a></i> (CQ Press, 2012)</li> <li>Weisberg, Herbert F. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12397-012-9093-z">Reconsidering Jewish Presidential Voting Statistics</a>." <i>Contemporary Jewry</i> 32#3 (2012): 215-236.</li> <li>Wright, James E. "The ethnocultural model of voting." <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i> 16#5 (1973): 653-674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w589232/courses/history726/Readings/Wright%201973.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041909/http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w589232/courses/history726/Readings/Wright%201973.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wyman, Roger E. "Middle-class voters and progressive reform: The conflict of class and culture." <i>American Political Science Review</i> 68.02 (1974): 488-504.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Party_System" title="Seventh Party System">Seventh Party System</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States"><img alt="United States" 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title="Psephology">Psephology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&oldid=1256162409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States&oldid=1256162409</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political history of the United States">Political history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elections_in_the_United_States" 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