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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cavitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cavitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cavitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects on the environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects on the environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cooling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transpiration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasie" title="Transpirasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transpirasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AD" title="نتح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نتح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trespiraci%C3%B3n_vexetal" title="Trespiración vexetal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Trespiración vexetal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasiya" title="Transpirasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transpirasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রস্বেদন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রস্বেদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Транспірацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Транспірацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспирация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Транспирация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracija" title="Transpiracija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transpiracija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiraci%C3%B3_vegetal" title="Transpiració vegetal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transpiració vegetal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirace" title="Transpirace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transpirace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trydarthiad" title="Trydarthiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trydarthiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration_(botanik)" title="Transpiration (botanik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transpiration (botanik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transpiration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiratsioon" title="Transpiratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transpiratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AE" title="Διαπνοή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαπνοή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiraci%C3%B3n_vegetal" title="Transpiración vegetal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transpiración vegetal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta_transpirado" title="Planta transpirado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Planta transpirado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landareen_transpirazio" title="Landareen transpirazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landareen transpirazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4" title="ترادمش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترادمش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration_v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale" title="Transpiration végétale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transpiration végétale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasghal%C3%BA" title="Trasghalú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trasghalú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trooid-ghaalaghey" title="Trooid-ghaalaghey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Trooid-ghaalaghey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiraci%C3%B3n_vexetal" title="Transpiración vexetal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transpiración vexetal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="બાષ્પોત્સર્જન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાષ્પોત્સર્જન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EC%82%B0" title="증산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="वाष्पोत्सर्जन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाष्पोत्सर्जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracija" title="Transpiracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transpiracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasi" title="Transpirasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transpirasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traspirazione" title="Traspirazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traspirazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="דיות (אידוי מים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיות (אידוי מים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಬಾಷ್ಪೀಕರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಷ್ಪೀಕರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტრანსპირაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსპირაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспирация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Транспирация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treusanellans" title="Treusanellans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Treusanellans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспирация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Транспирация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiratio" title="Transpiratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transpiratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpir%C4%81cija" title="Transpirācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transpirācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracija" title="Transpiracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transpiracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpir%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Transpiráció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transpiráció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Транспирација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Транспирација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സസ്യസ്വേദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യസ്വേദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="बाष्पोत्सर्जन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाष्पोत्सर्जन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasi" title="Transpirasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Transpirasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Транспираци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Транспираци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiratie_(biologie)" title="Transpiratie (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transpiratie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्स्वेदन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्स्वेदन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%95%A3" title="蒸散 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸散" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasjon" title="Transpirasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transpirasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasjon" title="Transpirasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transpirasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracion_vegetala" title="Transpiracion vegetala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transpiracion vegetala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraanispiireeshinii" title="Tiraanispiireeshinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tiraanispiireeshinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiratsiya" title="Transpiratsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Transpiratsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracja" title="Transpiracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transpiracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpira%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Transpiração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transpiração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpira%D1%81iya" title="Transpiraсiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Transpiraсiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpira%C8%9Bie_(plante)" title="Transpirație (plante) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Transpirație (plante)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Транспирация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транспирация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="උත්ස්වේදනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උත්ස්වේදනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transpiration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpir%C3%A1cia_(botanika)" title="Transpirácia (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transpirácia (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracija" title="Transpiracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transpiracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%82%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_(%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="عارەقکردن (ئاوناسی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عارەقکردن (ئاوناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Транспирација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Транспирација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiracija" title="Transpiracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transpiracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiraatio" title="Transpiraatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transpiraatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transpiration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஆவியுயிர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவியுயிர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="การคายน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การคายน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirasyon" title="Transpirasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transpirasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Транспірація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Транспірація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tho%C3%A1t_h%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Thoát hơi nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thoát hơi nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E8%85%BE%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="蒸腾作用 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒸腾作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A8%B0" title="蒸騰 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒸騰" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of water moving through a plant parts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about plant transpiration. For transpiration in human and animal physiology, see <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">Sweating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperhydrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperhydrosis">Hyperhydrosis</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transpiration_Overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Transpiration_Overview.svg/220px-Transpiration_Overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Transpiration_Overview.svg/330px-Transpiration_Overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Transpiration_Overview.svg/440px-Transpiration_Overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Overview of transpiration: <div style="margin-top:0.5em"><ol><li>Water is passively transported into the roots and then into the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>.</li><li>The forces of cohesion and adhesion cause the water molecules to form a column in the xylem.</li><li>Water moves from the xylem into the mesophyll cells, evaporates from their surfaces and leaves the plant by diffusion through the stomata</li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg/220px-Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg/330px-Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg/440px-Transpiration_of_Water_in_Xylem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Transpiration of water in xylem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg/220px-Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg/330px-Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg/440px-Tomato_leaf_stomate_1-color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> leaf shown via colorized <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/220px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/330px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg/440px-Afternoon_Clouds_over_the_Amazon_Rainforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds">clouds</a> in this image of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a> are a result of <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Transpiration</b> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> movement through a <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from aerial parts, such as <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>. It is a passive process that requires no energy expense by the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transpiration also cools plants, changes <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> of cells, and enables <a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_(life_sciences)" title="Mass flow (life sciences)">mass flow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">mineral nutrients</a>. When water uptake by the roots is less than the water lost to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> by evaporation, plants close small pores called stomata to decrease water loss, which slows down nutrient uptake and decreases CO<sub>2</sub> absorption from the atmosphere limiting metabolic processes, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_and_nutrient_uptake">Water and nutrient uptake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Water and nutrient uptake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is necessary for plants, but only a small amount of water taken up by the roots is used for growth and metabolism. The remaining 97–99.5% is lost by transpiration and <a href="/wiki/Guttation" title="Guttation">guttation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water with any dissolved mineral nutrients is absorbed into the roots by <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>, which travels through the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> by way of water molecule <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">cohesion</a> to the foliage and out small pores called <a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">stomata</a> (singular "stoma").<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stomata are bordered by <a href="/wiki/Guard_cell" title="Guard cell">guard cells</a> and their stomatal accessory cells (together known as stomatal complex) that open and close the pore.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xylem#Cohesion-tension_theory" title="Xylem">cohesion-tension theory</a> explains how leaves pull water through the xylem. Water molecules stick together or exhibit cohesion. As a water molecule evaporates from the leaf's surface it pulls on the adjacent water molecule, creating a continuous water flow through the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two major factors influence the rate of water flow from the soil to the roots: the hydraulic conductivity of the soil and the magnitude of the pressure gradient through the soil. Both of these factors influence the rate of bulk flow of water moving from the roots to the stomatal pores in the leaves via the xylem.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is driven in part by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, but primarily driven by <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a> differences. If the water potential in the ambient air is lower than that in the leaf airspace of the stomatal pore, water vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and causes evaporation of liquid water from the mesophyll cell walls. This evaporation increases the tension on the water <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meniscus" class="extiw" title="wikt:meniscus">menisci</a> in the cell walls and decreases their radius, thus exerting tension in the cells' water. Because of the cohesive properties of water, the tension travels through the leaf cells to the leaf and stem xylem, where a momentary negative pressure is created as water is pulled up the xylem from the roots.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In taller plants and trees, the force of gravity pulling the water inside can only be overcome by the decrease in <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatics" title="Hydrostatics">hydrostatic pressure</a> in the upper parts of the plants due to the <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of water out of stomata into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We can see the history of the word transpiration when we break it down into trans, a Latin preposition that means "across," and spiration, which comes from the Latin verb spīrāre, meaning "to breathe." The motion suffix adds the meaning "the act of," so we can see transpiration is, literally, "the ACT of breathing across," which clearly identifies vapor emission from plant leaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capillary_action">Capillary action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capillary action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">Capillary action</a> is the process of a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> flowing in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a>. The effect can be seen in the drawing up of liquids between the hairs of a paint-brush, in a thin tube, in porous materials such as paper and plaster, in some non-porous materials such as sand and liquefied <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber">carbon fiber</a>, or in a <a href="/wiki/Biological_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological cell">biological cell</a>. It occurs because of <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular forces</a> between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. If the diameter of the tube is sufficiently small, then the combination of <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> (which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(chemistry)" title="Cohesion (chemistry)">cohesion</a> within the liquid) and <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesive forces</a> between the liquid and container wall act to propel the liquid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants regulate the rate of transpiration by controlling the size of the stomatal apertures. The rate of transpiration is also influenced by the evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf such as boundary layer conductance, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, wind, and incident sunlight. Along with above-ground factors, soil temperature and moisture can influence stomatal opening,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus transpiration rate. The amount of water lost by a plant also depends on its size and the amount of water absorbed at the roots. Factors that effect root absorption of water include: moisture content of the soil, excessive soil fertility or salt content, poorly developed root systems, and those impacted by pathogenic bacteria and fungi such as <a href="/wiki/Pythium" title="Pythium">pythium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia" title="Rhizoctonia">rhizoctonia</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature</th> <th>Effect on transpiration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Number of leaves</td> <td>More leaves (or spines, or other photosynthesizing organs) means a bigger surface area and more stomata for gaseous exchange. This will result in greater water loss. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of stomata</td> <td>More stomata will provide more pores for transpiration. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Size of the leaf</td> <td>A leaf with a bigger surface area will transpire faster than a leaf with a smaller surface area. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presence of <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">plant cuticle</a></td> <td>A waxy cuticle is relatively impermeable to water and water vapor and reduces evaporation from the plant surface except via the stomata. A reflective cuticle will reduce solar heating and temperature rise of the leaf, helping to reduce the rate of evaporation. Tiny hair-like structures called <a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a> on the surface of leaves also can inhibit water loss by creating a high humidity environment at the surface of leaves. These are some examples of the adaptations of plants for the conservation of water that may be found on many <a href="/wiki/Xerophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerophytes">xerophytes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Light supply</td> <td>The rate of transpiration is controlled by the stomatal aperture, and these small pores open especially for photosynthesis. While there are exceptions to this (such as night or <a href="/wiki/CAM_photosynthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="CAM photosynthesis">CAM photosynthesis</a>), in general, a light supply will encourage open stomata. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temperature</td> <td>Temperature affects the rate in two ways: <p>1) An increased rate of evaporation due to a temperature rise will hasten the loss of water. <br /> 2) Decreased <i>relative</i> humidity outside the leaf will increase the water <a href="/wiki/Potential_gradient" title="Potential gradient">potential gradient</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Relative humidity</td> <td>Drier surroundings give a steeper water potential gradient, and so increase the rate of transpiration. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wind</td> <td>In still air, water lost due to transpiration can accumulate in the form of vapor close to the leaf surface. This will reduce the rate of water loss, as the water potential gradient from inside to outside of the leaf is then slightly less. The wind blows away much of this water vapor near the leaf surface, making the potential gradient steeper and speeding up the diffusion of water molecules into the surrounding air. Even in wind, though, there may be some accumulation of water vapor in a thin <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> of slower moving air next to the leaf surface. The stronger the wind, the thinner this layer will tend to be, and the steeper the water potential gradient. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water supply</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_viticulture" title="Irrigation in viticulture">Water stress</a> caused by restricted water supply from the soil may result in stomatal closure and reduce the rates of transpiration. </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The effect of temperature on the transpiration rate of plants."><img alt="The effect of temperature on the transpiration rate of plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg/153px-Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg/229px-Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg/306px-Transpiration_Temperature_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The effect of temperature on the transpiration rate of plants.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The effect of wind velocity on the transpiration rate of plants."><img alt="The effect of wind velocity on the transpiration rate of plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg/144px-Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg/216px-Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg/289px-Transpiration_WindVelocity_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The effect of wind velocity on the transpiration rate of plants.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The effect of humidity on the transpiration rate of plants."><img alt="The effect of humidity on the transpiration rate of plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg/155px-Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg/233px-Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg/310px-Transpiration_Humidity_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The effect of humidity on the transpiration rate of plants.</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerophyte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Xerophyte.png/220px-Xerophyte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Xerophyte.png/330px-Xerophyte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Xerophyte.png/440px-Xerophyte.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Xerophyte" title="Xerophyte">xerophytes</a> will reduce the surface of their leaves during water deficiencies (left). If temperatures are cool enough and water levels are adequate the leaves expand again (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>During a growing season, a leaf will transpire many times more water than its own weight. An acre of corn gives off about 3,000–4,000 gallons (11,400–15,100 liters) of water each day, and a large oak tree can transpire 40,000 gallons (151,000 liters) per year. The transpiration ratio is the ratio of the mass of water transpired to the mass of dry matter produced; the transpiration ratio of <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> tends to fall between 200 and 1000 (<i>i.e.</i>, crop plants transpire 200 to 1000 kg of water for every kg of dry <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> produced).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transpiration rates of plants can be measured by a number of techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Potometer" title="Potometer">potometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysimeter" title="Lysimeter">lysimeters</a>, porometers, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis_system" title="Photosynthesis system">photosynthesis systems</a> and thermometric sap flow sensors. Isotope measurements indicate transpiration is the larger component of <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent evidence from a global study<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of water stable isotopes shows that transpired water is isotopically different from groundwater and streams. This suggests that soil water is not as well mixed as widely assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a> plants have specially adapted structures, such as thick <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticles</a>, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hairs</a> to reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a> conduct <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Succulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Succulent">succulent</a> stems, rather than leaves, so the surface area of the shoot is very low. Many desert plants have a special type of photosynthesis, termed <a href="/wiki/Crassulacean_acid_metabolism" title="Crassulacean acid metabolism">crassulacean acid metabolism</a> or CAM photosynthesis, in which the stomata are closed during the day and open at night when transpiration will be lower.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cavitation">Cavitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cavitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To maintain the pressure gradient necessary for a plant to remain healthy they must continuously uptake water with their roots. They need to be able to meet the demands of water lost due to transpiration. If a plant is incapable of bringing in enough water to remain in equilibrium with transpiration an event known as <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavitation is when the plant cannot supply its xylem with adequate water so instead of being filled with water the xylem begins to be filled with water vapor. These particles of water vapor come together and form blockages within the xylem of the plant. This prevents the plant from being able to transport water throughout its vascular system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no apparent pattern of where cavitation occurs throughout the plant's xylem. If not effectively taken care of, cavitation can cause a plant to reach its permanent wilting point, and die. Therefore, the plant must have a method by which to remove this cavitation blockage, or it must create a new connection of vascular tissue throughout the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant does this by closing its stomates overnight, which halts the flow of transpiration. This then allows for the roots to generate over 0.05 mPa of pressure, and that is capable of destroying the blockage and refilling the xylem with water, reconnecting the vascular system. If a plant is unable to generate enough pressure to eradicate the blockage it must prevent the blockage from spreading with the use of pit pears and then create new xylem that can re-connect the vascular system of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists have begun using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) to monitor the internal status of the xylem during transpiration, in a non invasive manner. This method of imaging allows for scientists to visualize the movement of water throughout the entirety of the plant. It also is capable of viewing what phase the water is in while in the xylem, which makes it possible to visualize cavitation events. Scientists were able to see that over the course of 20 hours of sunlight more than 10 xylem vessels began filling with gas particles becoming cavitated. MRI technology also made it possible to view the process by which these xylem structures are repaired in the plant. After three hours in darkness it was seen that the vascular tissue was resupplied with liquid water. This was possible because in darkness the stomates of the plant are closed and transpiration no longer occurs. When transpiration is halted the cavitation bubbles are destroyed by the pressure generated by the roots. These observations suggest that MRIs are capable of monitoring the functional status of xylem and allows scientists to view cavitation events for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_environment">Effects on the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects on the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooling">Cooling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cooling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transpiration cools plants, as the evaporating water carries away heat energy due to its large <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat of vaporization</a> of 2260 kJ per liter. </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Transpirational_cooling_(biological)" title="Transpirational cooling (biological)">Transpirational cooling (biological)</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpirational_cooling_(biological)&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Transpirational_cooling_(biological)" title="Transpirational cooling (biological)">Transpirational cooling</a> is the cooling provided as plants transpire water. Excess heat generated from solar radiation is damaging to plant cells and thermal injury occurs during drought or when there is rapid transpiration which produces wilting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green vegetation contributes to moderating climate by being cooler than adjacent bare earth or constructed areas. As plant leaves transpire they use energy to evaporate water aggregating up to a huge volume globally every day. </p><p>An individual tree can transpire hundreds of liters of water per day. For every 100 liters of water transpired, the tree then cools by 70 kWh. <sup id="cite_ref-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a> effects can be attributed to the replacement of vegetation by constructed surfaces. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforested</a> areas reveal a higher temperature than adjacent intact forest. Forests and other natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> support climate stabilisation. </p> The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth’s energy budget</a> reveals pathways to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a> using our knowledge of the efficacy of how plants cool.</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitranspirant" title="Antitranspirant">Antitranspirant</a> – a substance to prevent transpiration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_conductance" title="Canopy conductance">Canopy conductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_covariance" title="Eddy covariance">Eddy covariance</a> flux (aka eddy correlation, eddy flux)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrology (agriculture)">Hydrology (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat flux">Latent heat flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">Perspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_plant_atmosphere_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil plant atmosphere continuum">Soil plant atmosphere continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatal_conductance" title="Stomatal conductance">Stomatal conductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration_stream" title="Transpiration stream">Transpiration stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weap" class="mw-redirect" title="Weap">Water Evaluation And Planning system (WEAP)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Transpiration" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Transpiration">Transpiration</a></b>".</div></div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReddy2007" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, S. M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuQJeFkYoRIC&pg=PA254"><i>University Botany- Iii : (Plant Taxonomy, Plant Embryology, Plant Physiology)</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1547-6"><bdi>978-81-224-1547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+Botany-+Iii+%3A+%28Plant+Taxonomy%2C+Plant+Embryology%2C+Plant+Physiology%29&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1547-6&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuQJeFkYoRIC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunkle2023" class="citation journal cs1">Runkle, Erik (September 2023). "The Importance of Transpiration". <i>GPN Green House Product News</i>. <b>33</b> (9): 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GPN+Green+House+Product+News&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Transpiration&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2023-09&rft.aulast=Runkle&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2004" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Rajiv Kumar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03S6VbTjCmUC"><i>Modern Plant Physiology</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1714-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1714-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-1714-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Plant+Physiology&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1714-9&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Rajiv+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03S6VbTjCmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2022" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, A. (2022-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GRhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143"><i>Physiological Processes in Plants Under Low Temperature Stress</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=In+Vivo+Observation+of+Cavitation+and+Embolism+Repair+Using+Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-31&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1540104%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11351066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.126.1.27&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1540104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiaz2015" class="citation book cs1">Tiaz, Lincoln (2015). <i>Plant Physiology and Development</i>. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605352558" title="Special:BookSources/978-1605352558"><bdi>978-1605352558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Physiology+and+Development&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1605352558&rft.aulast=Tiaz&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbesWatson1992" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, James C.; Watson, Drennan (1992-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itB5yKv7-rIC&pg=PA101"><i>Plants in Agriculture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42791-3"><bdi>978-0-521-42791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+in+Agriculture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42791-3&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Drennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitB5yKv7-rIC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_auto_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisonMorrisLocatelliSheil2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, David; Morris, Cindy E.; Locatelli, Bruno; Sheil, Douglas; Cohen, Jane; Murdiyarso, Daniel; Gutierrez, Victoria; Noordwijk, Meine van; Creed, Irena F.; Pokorny, Jan; Gaveau, David; Spracklen, Dominick V.; Tobella, Aida Bargués; Ilstedt, Ulrik; Teuling, Adriaan J. (2017-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2017.01.002">"Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world"</a>. <i>Global Environmental Change</i>. <b>43</b>: 51–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2017.01.002">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780">0959-3780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Trees%2C+forests+and+water%3A+Cool+insights+for+a+hot+world&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=51-61&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2017.01.002&rft.issn=0959-3780&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Morris%2C+Cindy+E.&rft.au=Locatelli%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Sheil%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Jane&rft.au=Murdiyarso%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Gutierrez%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Noordwijk%2C+Meine+van&rft.au=Creed%2C+Irena+F.&rft.au=Pokorny%2C+Jan&rft.au=Gaveau%2C+David&rft.au=Spracklen%2C+Dominick+V.&rft.au=Tobella%2C+Aida+Bargu%C3%A9s&rft.au=Ilstedt%2C+Ulrik&rft.au=Teuling%2C+Adriaan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gloenvcha.2017.01.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Transpirational_cooling_(biological)_:4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokorny2019" class="citation cs2">Pokorny, Jan (2019-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489111820">"Evapotranspiration☆"</a>, in Fath, Brian (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition)</i>, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 292–303, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4"><bdi>978-0-444-64130-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evapotranspiration%E2%98%86&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=292-303&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-444-64130-4&rft.aulast=Pokorny&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780124095489111820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspiration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpiration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html">USGS The Water Cycle: Evapotranspiration</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation 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