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href="../xenon/atom_sizes.html">Xenon</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item f"><a class="pure-menu-link f" href="../ytterbium/atom_sizes.html">Ytterbium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../yttrium/atom_sizes.html">Yttrium</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zinc/atom_sizes.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/atom_sizes.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/Si.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Silicon - <sub>14</sub>Si</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/Si.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Silicon</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Кремній</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 矽</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Silicium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Silicium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Silicium</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 צורן</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Silicio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 ケイ素</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Silício</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Silicio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Kisel</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Кремний</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="p">Silicon - <sub><small>14</small></sub>Si: radii of atoms and ions</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a href="../silicon/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ Si Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../silicon/contents.html">List all Si properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p class="p_first">One measure of size is the element-element distance within the element. It is not always easy to make sensible comparisons between the elements however as some bonds are quite short because of multiple bonding (for instance the O=O distance in O<sub>2</sub> is short because of the the double bond connecting the two atoms. The <a href="../periodicity/bond_length_elem/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of bond lengths in the elements">bond length in SiSi</a> is: 235.2pm. </p> <p>There are several other ways ways to define radius for atoms and ions. Follow the appropriate hyperlinks for literature references and definitions of each type of radius. All values of radii are given in picometres (pm). Conversion factors are:</p> <ul> <li>1 pm = 1 × 10<sup>‑12</sup> metre (meter)</li> <li>100 pm = 1 Ångstrom</li> <li>1000 pm = 1 nanometre (nm, nanometer)</li> </ul> <h2 class="p">Neutral radii</h2> <p>The size of neutral atoms depends upon the way in which the measurement is made and the environment. Follow the appropriate hyperlinks for definitions of each radius type. The term "atomic radius" is not particularly helpful although its use is widespread. The problem is its meaning, which is clearly very different in different sources and books. Two values are given here, one is based upon calculations and the other upon observation - follow the appropriate link for further details.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <thead> <tr> <th>Radius type</th> <th>Radius value / pm</th> <th>Periodicity link</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/atom_radius_emp/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of atomic radius for the elements">Atomic radius (empirical)</a></td> <td>110</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/atom_radius_emp/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of atomic radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/atom_radius_emp.png" alt="empirical atomic radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/atomic_radius/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of atomic radius for the elements">Atomic radius (calculated)</a></td> <td>111</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/atomic_radius/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of atomic radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/atomic_radius.png" alt="Atomic radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/covalent_rad_2008/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of covalent radius (2008 values) for the elements">Covalent radius (2008 values)</a></td> <td>111</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/covalent_rad_2008/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of covalent radius (2008 values) for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/covalent_rad_2008.png" alt="2008 values of covalent radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_single/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular single bond covalent radii for the elements">Molecular single bond covalent radius</a></td> <td>116 (coordination number 4)</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_single/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular single bond covalent radii for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_cov_single.png" alt="Molecular single bond covalent radii of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_double/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular double bond covalent radii for the elements">Molecular double bond covalent radius</a></td> <td>107</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_double/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular double bond covalent radii for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_cov_double.png" alt="Molecular double bond covalent radii of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_triple/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular triple bond covalent radii for the elements">Molecular triple bond covalent radius</a></td> <td>102</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_cov_triple/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of molecular triple bond covalent radii for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_cov_triple.png" alt="Molecular triple bond covalent radii of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/covalent_radius/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of covalent radius for the elements">Covalent radius (empirical)</a></td> <td>111</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/covalent_radius/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of covalent radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/covalent_radius.png" alt="covalent radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/van_der_waals_rad/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of van der Waals' radius for the elements">van der Waals radius</a></td> <td>219</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/van_der_waals_rad/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of van der Waals' radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/van_der_waals_rad.png" alt="Van der Waals' radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_balls_black/atomic_radius_balls_b.png" alt="Image showing periodicity for atomic radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of atomic radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_balls_black/rad_cov_single_balls_b.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of single bond covalent radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of single bond covalent radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9334432533380510" data-ad-slot="4479092381" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div> <h2 class="p">Valence shell orbital radii</h2> <p>The following are calculated values of <a href="../periodicity/valence_orbital_r_maxima/">valence shell orbital radii</a>, R<sub>max</sub></p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>Table: valence shell orbital radii for silicon.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Orbital</th> <th>Radius [/pm]</th> <th>Radius [/AU]</th> <th>Periodicity link</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_s/">s orbital</a></td> <td>95.1</td> <td>1.79642</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_s/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of s-orbital radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_valence_s.png" alt="s-orbital radius radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_p/">p orbital</a></td> <td>115.1</td> <td>2.17544</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_p/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of p-orbital radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_valence_p.png" alt="p-orbital radius radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_d/">d orbital</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_d/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of d-orbital radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_valence_d.png" alt="d-orbital radius radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_f/">f orbital</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/rad_valence_f/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of f-orbital radius for the elements"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/rad_valence_f.png" alt="f-orbital radius radius of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <figure><img class="pure-img" src= "../_media/periodicity/tables/periodic_table_balls_black/rad_valence_s_balls_b.png" alt="Image showing periodicity of valence s-orbital radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid." /><figcaption>Image showing periodicity of valence s-orbital radius for the chemical elements as size-coded balls on a periodic table grid.</figcaption></figure> <h3 class="p">References</h3> <p>The R<sub>max</sub> values for neutral gaseous element valence orbitals are abstracted from reference 1.</p> <ol> <li>J.B. Mann, <em>Atomic Structure Calculations II. Hartree-Fock wave functions and radial expectation values: hydrogen to lawrencium</em>, LA-3691, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, USA, 1968.</li> </ol> <h2 class="p">Ionic radii</h2> <p>This table gives some <a href="../periodicity/ionic_radius/" title="Select for definitions and graphical displays of periodicity of ionic radii for the elements">ionic radii</a>. In this table, <em>geometry</em> refers to the arrangment of the ion's nearest neighbours. Size does depend upon geometry and environment. For electronic configurations, where it matters, the values given for octahedral species are low spin unless stated to be high spin. The terms <em>low spin</em> and <em>high spin</em> refer to the electronic configurations of particular geomtries of certain <em>d</em>-block metal ions. Further information is available in inorganic chemistry textbooks, usually at Level 1 or First Year University level. For definitions of <a href="../periodicity/ionic_radius/" title="Select for definitions and graphical displays of periodicity of ionic radii for the elements">ionic</a> radius and further information, follow the hypertext link.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <thead> <tr> <th>Ion</th> <th>Coordination type</th> <th>Radius / pm</th> <th>Periodicity link</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>Si(IV)</td><td>4-coordinate, tetrahedral</td><td>40</td><td><a href="../periodicity/ion_rad_4_tet/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of ionic radius for tetrahedral +4 ions"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/ion_rad_4_tet.png" alt="Ionic radius for tetrahedral +4 ions of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table"></a></td></tr><tr><td>Si(IV)</td><td>6-coordinate, octahedral</td><td>54.0</td><td></td></tr></tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="p">Pauling ionic radii</h2> <div class="table-responsive"> <table class="pure-table pure-table-striped"> <caption>This table shows Pauling radii for silicon</caption> <thead> <tr> <th>Ion</th> <th>Pauling radius / pm</th> <th>Periodicity link</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Si(I)</td> <td>65</td> <td><a href="../periodicity/ion_rad_pauling_1/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of Pauling radius for +1 ions"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/ion_rad_pauling_1.png" alt="Pauling radius for +1 ions of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table"></a></td> </tr> <tr><td>Si(IV)</td><td>41</td><td><a href="../periodicity/ion_rad_pauling_4/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of Pauling radius for +4 ions"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/ion_rad_pauling_4.png" alt="Pauling radius for +4 ions of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table"></a></td></tr><tr><td>Si(-I)</td><td>384</td><td><a href="../periodicity/ion_rad_pauling_-1/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of Pauling radius for -1 ions"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/ion_rad_pauling_-1.png" alt="Pauling radius for -1 ions of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table"></a></td></tr><tr><td>Si(-III)</td><td>271</td><td><a href="../periodicity/ion_rad_pauling_-3/" title="Select for graphical displays of periodicity of Pauling radius for -3 ions"><img src="../_media/periodicity/tables/sparktables2/ion_rad_pauling_-3.png" alt="Pauling radius for -3 ions of the chemical elements displayed on a miniature periodic table"></a></td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" 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