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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_dates_and_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_dates_and_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Notable dates and projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_dates_and_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headquarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Headquarters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_and_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_and_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Divisions and districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_and_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Engineer_Regiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Engineer_Regiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Engineer Regiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Engineer_Regiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_USACE_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_USACE_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other USACE organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_USACE_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directly_reporting_military_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directly_reporting_military_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Directly reporting military units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directly_reporting_military_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warfighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Warfighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homeland_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homeland_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Homeland security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homeland_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Infrastructure support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_facts_and_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_facts_and_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operational facts and figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_facts_and_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_protection_and_regulatory_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_protection_and_regulatory_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental protection and regulatory program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_protection_and_regulatory_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Civil works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Military construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_whistleblower_suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_whistleblower_suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Greenhouse whistleblower suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_whistleblower_suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Army Corps of Engineers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="فيلق القوات البرية الأمريكي الهندسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلق القوات البرية الأمريكي الهندسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos_d%27Enginyers_de_l%27Ex%C3%A8rcit_dels_Estats_Units" title="Cos d'Enginyers de l'Exèrcit dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cos d'Enginyers de l'Exèrcit dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Ingenieros_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuerpo de Ingenieros del Ejército de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سپاه مهندسی ارتش ایالات متحده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپاه مهندسی ارتش ایالات متحده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_du_g%C3%A9nie_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Corps du génie de l'armée des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corps du génie de l'armée des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B3%91%EB%8C%80" title="미국 육군 공병대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 육군 공병대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korps_Zeni_Angkatan_Darat_Amerika_Serikat" title="Korps Zeni Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korps Zeni Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חיל ההנדסה של צבא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל ההנדסה של צבא ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8" title="アメリカ陸軍工兵司令部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ陸軍工兵司令部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpus_In%C5%BCynieryjny_Armii_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Korpus Inżynieryjny Armii Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korpus Inżynieryjny Armii Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_de_Engenharia_do_Ex%C3%A9rcito_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Corpo de Engenharia do Exército dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpo de Engenharia do Exército dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Корпус инженеров Армии США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корпус инженеров Армии США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Army Corps of Engineers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Direct reporting unit and U.S. Army's branch for military engineering</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">United States Army Corps of Engineers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/USACE.gif/220px-USACE.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/USACE.gif/330px-USACE.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/USACE.gif/440px-USACE.gif 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="678" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">USACE <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_sleeve_insignia" title="Shoulder sleeve insignia">Shoulder Sleeve Insignia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1775–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Direct Reporting Unit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg/23px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg/35px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg/46px-Emblem_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">U.S. Department of the Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Motto(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Essayons</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Let Us Try'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF2000; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid silver;"> </span> Scarlet and white</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">16 June (Organization Day)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">War with Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Relief_Expedition" title="China Relief Expedition">China Relief Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine Insurrection</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Mexican Expedition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Southwest Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terrorism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usace.army.mil/">usace.army.mil</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Chiefs_of_Engineers" title="List of United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers">Chief of Engineers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Graham_Jr." title="William H. Graham Jr.">William H. Graham Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Deputy Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberly_A._Colloton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimberly A. Colloton (page does not exist)">Kimberly A. Colloton</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png/100px-Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png/150px-Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png/200px-Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Corps_Castle" title="Corps Castle">Logo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg/100px-United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg/150px-United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg/200px-United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg/100px-US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg/150px-US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg/200px-US-ArmyCorpsOfEngineers-COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Regimental_System" title="U.S. Army Regimental System">Engineer Regimental insignia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png/100px-US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png/150px-US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/US-Engineers-Regimental_Insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">USACE</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg/220px-Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg/330px-Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg/440px-Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Headquarters_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The headquarters of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg/220px-OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg/330px-OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg/440px-OlmstedAerial_22May2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Locks_and_Dam" title="Olmsted Locks and Dam">Olmsted Locks and Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olmsted,_Illinois" title="Olmsted, Illinois">Olmsted, Illinois</a>, was under construction for over 20 years under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' watch; it opened in 2018.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Debra_Lewis,_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg/220px-Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg/330px-Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg/440px-Colonel_Debra_Lewis%2C_a_district_commander_with_the_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_and_Sheik_O%27rhaman_Hama_Raheem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption>Celebratory proceedings in 2006 for the opening of a new women's center in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, constructed by the Corps of Engineers<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg/220px-Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg/330px-Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg/440px-Dredge_Tauracavor_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge <i>Tauracavor 3</i> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg/220px-Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg/330px-Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg/440px-Mississippi_River_Improvement_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> improvements made by the Corps of Engineers in 1890</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proctor_Lake,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Proctor_Lake%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proctor_Lake" title="Proctor Lake">Proctor Lake</a> in Texas, constructed by the Corps of Engineers to provide flood control, drinking water, and recreation</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>United States Army Corps of Engineers</b> (<b>USACE</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">military engineering</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. A direct reporting unit (DRU), it has three primary mission areas: <a href="#The_Engineer_Regiment">Engineer Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Military construction">military construction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil works">civil works</a>. USACE has 37,000 civilian and military personnel,<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public</a> engineering, design, and <a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">construction management</a> agencies. The USACE workforce is approximately 97% civilian, 3% active duty military. The civilian workforce is primarily located in the United States, Europe and in select Middle East office locations. Civilians do not function as active duty military and are not required to be in active war and combat zones; however, volunteer (with pay) opportunities do exist for civilians to do so. </p><p>The day-to-day activities of the three mission areas are administered by a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_Chiefs_of_Engineers" title="List of United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers">chief of engineers</a>/commanding general. The chief of engineers commands the Engineer Regiment, comprising <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">combat engineer</a>, rescue, construction, dive, and other specialty units, and answers directly to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the Army</a>. Combat engineers, sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Sappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappers">sappers</a>, form an integral part of the Army's <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms team</a> and are found in all Army service components: Regular Army, <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army Reserve</a>. Their duties are to breach obstacles; construct fighting positions, fixed/floating bridges, and obstacles and defensive positions; place and detonate explosives; conduct route clearance operations; emplace and detect landmines; and fight as provisional infantry when required. For the military construction mission, the chief of engineers is directed and supervised by the Assistant Secretary of the Army for installations, environment, and energy, whom the President appoints and the Senate confirms. Military construction relates to construction on military bases and worldwide installations. </p><p>On 16 June 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, gathered in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, granted authority for the creation of a "Chief Engineer for the Army". Congress authorized a corps of engineers for the United States on 11 March 1779. The Corps as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the president was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a> and shall constitute a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">Military Academy</a>." A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">Corps of Topographical Engineers</a>, authorized on 4 July 1838, merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863. </p><p>Civil works are managed and supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_(Civil_Works)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)">Assistant Secretary of the Army</a>. Army civil works include three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>-authorized business lines: navigation, flood and storm damage protection, and aquatic ecosystem restoration. Civil works is also tasked with administering the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> Section 404 program, including recreation, hydropower, and water supply at USACE flood control reservoirs, and environmental infrastructure. The civil works staff oversee construction, operation, and maintenance of dams, <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flood_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood protection">flood protection</a> in the U.S., as well as a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of its dams, reservoirs, and flood control projects also serve as public outdoor recreation facilities. Its hydroelectric projects provide 24% of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> capacity. </p><p>The Corps of Engineers is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and has a budget of $7.8 billion (FY2021).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corps's mission is to "deliver vital public and military engineering services; partnering in peace and war to strengthen our nation's security, energize the economy and reduce risks from disasters."<sup id="cite_ref-mission_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its most visible civil works missions include: </p> <ul><li>Planning, designing, building, and operating <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> and dams. Other <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> projects include <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>, and dredging for waterway navigation.</li> <li>Design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">mandates</a>.</li> <li>Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>, Army Reserve, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Reserve_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Reserve Command">Air Force Reserve</a> as well as other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and federal government agencies.</li> <li>Environmental regulation and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> restoration.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Point,_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg/220px-West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg/330px-West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg/440px-West_Point%2C_From_Above_Washington_Valley_Concept_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. On 16 June 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> organized the Corps of Engineers, whose initial staff included a <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Engineers">chief engineer</a> and two assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gridley" title="Richard Gridley">Richard Gridley</a> became General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s first chief engineer. One of his first tasks was to build fortifications near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Monument" title="Bunker Hill Monument">Bunker Hill</a>. The Continental Congress recognized the need for engineers trained in military fortifications and asked the government of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a> of France for assistance. Many of the early engineers in the Continental Army were former French officers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Louis Lebègue Duportail</a>, a lieutenant colonel in the French Royal Corps of Engineers, was secretly sent to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> in March 1777 to serve in <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. In July 1777 he was appointed colonel and commander of all engineers in the Continental Army and, on 17 November 1777, he was promoted to brigadier general. When the Continental Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers in May 1779, Duportail was appointed as its commander. In late 1781 he directed the construction of the allied U.S.-French siege works at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Battle of Yorktown</a>. </p><p>On 26 February 1783, the Corps was disbanded. It was re-established during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a>. </p><p>From 1794 to 1802, the engineers were combined with the artillery as the <a href="/wiki/Early_U.S._Artillery_formations" title="Early U.S. Artillery formations">Corps of Artillerists and Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers</a></div> <p>The Corps of Engineers, as it is known today, was established on 16 March 1802, when President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Peace_Establishment_Act" title="Military Peace Establishment Act">Military Peace Establishment Act</a>, whose aim was to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> in the State of New York and shall constitute a military academy." Until 1866, the superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> was always an Engineer Officer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Survey_Act" title="General Survey Act">General Survey Act</a> of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes for the growing nation.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Survey_Act_of_1824_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Survey_Act_of_1824-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Congress passed an "Act to Improve the Navigation of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers" and to remove sand bars on the Ohio and "planters, sawyers, or snags" (trees fixed in the riverbed) on the Mississippi, for which the Corps of Engineers was identified as the responsible agency.<sup id="cite_ref-USACE_history_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USACE_history-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the Corps of Topographical Engineers consisted only of officers and was used for mapping and the design and construction of federal civil works and other coastal fortifications and navigational routes. It was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, Congress created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lake_Survey" title="United States Lake Survey">Lake Survey</a>. The survey, based in Detroit, Michigan, was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers' officers ran <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouse Districts</a> in tandem with U.S. Naval officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River,_Virginia_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pontoon bridge across the James River in Virginia in 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg/220px-Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg/330px-Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg/440px-Ponton_Bridge_across_the_James_River%2C_Virginia_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">Pontoon bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this organization were West Point graduates. Several rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some examples include <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> generals <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate</a> generals <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph Johnston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P.G.T._Beauregard" class="mw-redirect" title="P.G.T. Beauregard">P.G.T. Beauregard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, destroying enemy supply lines (including railroads), and constructing roads for the movement of troops and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides recognized the critical work of engineers. On 6 March 1861, once the South had <a href="/wiki/Seceded" class="mw-redirect" title="Seceded">seceded</a> from the Union, its legislature passed an act to create a Confederate Corps of Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-shaun_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaun-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South was initially at a disadvantage in engineering expertise; of the initial 65 cadets who resigned from West Point to accept positions with the Confederate Army, only seven were placed in the Corps of Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-shaun_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaun-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate Congress passed legislation that authorized a company of engineers for every division in the field; by 1865, the CSA had more engineer officers serving in the field of action than the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-shaun_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaun-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the main projects for the Army Corps of Engineers was constructing railroads and bridges. Union forces took advantage of such Confederate infrastructure because railroads and bridges provided access to resources and industry. The Confederate engineers, using slave labor,<sup id="cite_ref-slave_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slave-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built fortifications that were used both offensively and defensively, along with trenches that made them harder to penetrate. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-shaun_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaun-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledo_Road,_Burma_1944,_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg/220px-Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg/330px-Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg/440px-Ledo_Road%2C_Burma_1944%2C_Sgt._CG_McCutcheon_of_1304th_Engineer_Construction_Battalion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A bulldozer operated by Sergeant C. G. McCutcheon of the 1304th Engineer Construction Battalion on <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Act_of_1916" title="National Defense Act of 1916">National Defense Act of 1916</a> authorized a reserve corps in the Army, and the Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps and the Engineer Enlisted Reserve Corps became one of the branches.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these personnel were called into active service for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p><p>From the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and civil works. Assigned the military construction mission on 1 December 1941, after the Quartermaster Department struggled with the expanding mission,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Corps built facilities at home and abroad to support the U.S. Army and Air Force. During World War II the USACE program expanded to more than 27,000 military and industrial projects in a $15.3 billion mobilization effort. Included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants; camps for 5.3 million soldiers; depots, ports, and hospitals; and the rapid construction of such landmark projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at Los Alamos, Hanford and Oak Ridge among other places, and <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, the Department of Defense headquarters across the Potomac from Washington, DC. </p><p>In civilian projects, the Corps of Engineers became the lead federal navigation and flood control agency. Congress significantly expanded its civil works activities, becoming a major provider of hydroelectric energy and the country's leading provider of recreation, Its role in responding to natural disasters also grew dramatically, especially following the devastating <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Flood of 1927">Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>. In the late 1960s, the agency became a leading environmental preservation and restoration agency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1944, specially trained army <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineers">combat engineers</a> were assigned to blow up underwater obstacles and clear defended ports during the invasion of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, the Army Corps of Engineers in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European Theater of Operations</a> was responsible for building numerous bridges, including the first and longest floating tactical bridge across the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a>, and building or maintaining roads vital to the Allied advance across Europe into the heart of Germany. In the Pacific theater, the "Pioneer troops" were formed, a hand-selected unit of volunteer Army combat engineers trained in jungle warfare, knife fighting, and unarmed <a href="/wiki/Jujitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujitsu">jujitsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>) techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-WHI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working in camouflage, the Pioneers cleared jungle, prepared routes of advance and established bridgeheads for the infantry, as well as demolishing enemy installations.<sup id="cite_ref-WHI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">commanding generals</a> (chiefs of staff after the 1903 reorganization) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> held engineer commissions early in their careers. All transferred to other branches before being promoted to the top position. They were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(American_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Macomb (American general)">Alexander Macomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Maxwell D. Taylor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_dates_and_projects">Notable dates and projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable dates and projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatun_Lock_Construction,_Panama_Canal,_March_12,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg/220px-Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg/330px-Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg/440px-Gatun_Lock_Construction%2C_Panama_Canal%2C_March_12%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Construction on the Gatun Lock at the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> on 12 March 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg/220px-Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg/330px-Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg/440px-Aerial_View_of_Launch_Complex_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/General_Survey_Act" title="General Survey Act">General Survey Act</a> of 1824 authorized use of army engineers to survey roads and canals. The next month, an act to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers initiated the Corps of Engineers' permanent civil works construction mission. Although the 1824 act to improve the Mississippi and Ohio rivers is often called the first <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act" title="Rivers and Harbors Act">rivers and harbors legislation</a>, the act passed in 1826 was the first to combine authorizations for both surveys and projects, thereby establishing a pattern that continues to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Survey and construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a> until Federal funds were withdrawn (1838)</li> <li>The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>555 ft <span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in (169.29 m) tall <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>, completed under the direction and command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln_Casey_Sr." title="Thomas Lincoln Casey Sr.">Thomas Lincoln Casey</a>, 1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, completed under supervision of Army Engineer officers, 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1936" title="Flood Control Act of 1936">Flood Control Act of 1936</a> made flood control a federal policy and officially recognized the Corps of Engineers as the major federal flood control agency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Dam" title="Bonneville Dam">Bonneville Dam</a>, completed in 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1941" title="Flood Control Act of 1941">Flood Control Act of 1941</a>, which channelized the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_River" title="Los Angeles River">Los Angeles River</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_River" title="Santa Ana River">Santa Ana River</a></li> <li>USACE took over all real estate acquisition, construction, and maintenance for army facilities, 1941</li> <li>There was no road between <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> until the Corps began one in 1941–1943. The concern was access to the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> during wartime.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> (1942–1946)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Planning and construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, completed in 1943 just 16 months after groundbreaking<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Everglades_Restoration_Plan" title="Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan">Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan</a>, first authorized by congress in 1948</li> <li>USACE began construction support for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> leading to major activities at the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned Spacecraft Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, 1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_Military_City" title="King Khalid Military City">King Khalid Military City</a> 1973–1987<sup id="cite_ref-thesis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">Water Resources Development Act of 1986</a> (WRDA 86) brought major change in financing by requiring non-federal contributions toward most federal water resource projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Florida_Barge_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross Florida Barge Canal">Cross Florida Barge Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee-Tombigbee_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway">Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway</a></li></ul> <p>Occasional civil disasters, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mississippi_Flood_of_1927" title="Great Mississippi Flood of 1927">Great Mississippi Flood of 1927</a>, resulted in greater responsibilities for the Corps of Engineers. The aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina_in_New_Orleans" title="Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse" title="Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse">collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> provide other examples of this.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headquarters">Headquarters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Headquarters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chief of Engineers and Commanding General (Lt. general) of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has three mission areas: combat engineers, military construction, and civil works. For each mission area the Chief of Engineers/Commanding General is supervised by a different person. For civil works the Commanding General is supervised by the civilian <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_(Civil_Works)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)">Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works)</a>. Three deputy commanding generals (major generals) report to the chief of engineers, who have the following titles: Deputy Commanding General, Deputy Commanding General for Civil and Emergency Operation, and Deputy Commanding General for Military and International Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corps of Engineers headquarters is located in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The headquarters staff is responsible for Corps of Engineers policy and plans the future direction of all other USACE organizations. It comprises the executive office and 17 staff principals. USACE has two civilian directors who head up Military and Civil Works programs in concert with their respective DCG for the mission area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_and_districts">Divisions and districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divisions and districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is organized geographically into eight permanent divisions, one provisional division, one provisional district, and one research command reporting directly to the HQ. Within each division, there are several districts.<sup id="cite_ref-locations_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Districts are defined by <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> boundaries for civil works projects and by political boundaries for military projects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE-District-Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/USACE-District-Map.jpg/500px-USACE-District-Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/USACE-District-Map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Map of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Engineer divisions and districts</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_and_Ohio_River_Division" title="Great Lakes and Ohio River Division">Great Lakes and Ohio River Division</a> (LRD), located in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>. Reaches from the <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lawrence Seaway">St Lawrence Seaway</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, down the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio River Valley">Ohio River Valley</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland</a> rivers. Covers 355,300 square miles (920,000 km<sup>2</sup>), parts of 17 states. Serves 56 million people. Its seven districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a>. The division commander serves on two national and international decision-making bodies: co-chair of the Lake Superior, Niagara, and Ontario/St Lawrence Seaway boards of control; and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Commission">Mississippi River Commission</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_Division" title="Mississippi Valley Division">Mississippi Valley Division</a> (MVD), located in <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from Canada to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Covers 370,000 square miles (960,000 km<sup>2</sup>), and portions of 12 states bordering the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Serves 28 million people. Its six districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. MVD serves as headquarters for the Mississippi River Commission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Division" title="North Atlantic Division">North Atlantic Division</a> (NAD), headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton" title="Fort Hamilton">Fort Hamilton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, with an overseas mission to provide engineering, construction, and project management services to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._European_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. European Command">U.S. European Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Africa_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Africa Command">U.S. Africa Command</a>. Serves 62 million people. Its six districts are located in New York City, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Massachusetts" title="Concord, Massachusetts">Concord, Massachusetts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Germany. NAD has the largest <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> program in USACE with 60% of the funding. NAD's <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers,_Europe_District" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Europe District">Europe District</a> has done work in dozens of countries and has offices in Germany, Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, Romania, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Israel, Spain, and soon <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Division" title="Northwestern Division">Northwestern Division</a> (NWD), located in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from Canada to California, and from the Pacific Ocean to <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. Covers nearly 1,000,000 square miles (2,600,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in all or parts of 14 states. Its five districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla,_Washington" title="Walla Walla, Washington">Walla Walla</a>. NWD has 35% of the total Corps of Engineers' water storage capacity and 75% of the total hydroelectric capacity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Division" title="Pacific Ocean Division">Pacific Ocean Division</a> (POD), located at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shafter" title="Fort Shafter">Fort Shafter</a>, Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches across 12 million square miles of the Pacific Ocean from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> to <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> below the equator and across the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>, and into Asia. Includes the territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a> as well as the Freely Associated States including the <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Republic of Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Republic of the Marshall Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its four districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>. Unlike other military work, POD designs and builds for all of the military services — Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines — in Japan, Korea, and <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Division" title="South Atlantic Division">South Atlantic Division</a> (SAD), located in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and South America. Covers all or parts of six states. Its five districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>. One-third of the stateside Army and one-fifth of the stateside Air Force are located within the division boundaries. The largest single environmental restoration project in the world — the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Everglades" title="Restoration of the Everglades">Everglades Restoration</a> — is managed by SAD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division" title="South Pacific Division">South Pacific Division</a> (SPD), located in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from California to <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. Covers all or parts of seven states. Its four districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, Los Angeles, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. Its region is host to 18 of the 25 fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Division" title="Southwestern Division">Southwestern Division</a> (SWD), located in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reaches from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. Covers all or part of seven states. Its four districts are located in <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>. SWD's recreation areas are the most visited in USACE with more than 11,400 miles (18,300 km) of shoreline and 1,172 recreation sites.</li> <li>Transatlantic Division (TAD), located in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>. Supports Federal programs and policies overseas. Consists of the Gulf Region District, the Afghanistan Engineer District South, the Afghanistan Engineer District North, the Middle East District, the USACE Deployment Center and the TAD G2 Intelligence Fusion Center. TAD oversees thousands of projects overseas. TAD overseas locations are staffed primarily by civilian volunteers from throughout USACE.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corps of Engineers built much of Afghanistan's original <a href="/wiki/Highway_1_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 1 (Afghanistan)">Ring Road</a> in the early 1960s and returned in 2002. Supports the full spectrum of regional support, including the Afghan National Security Forces, U.S. and Coalition Forces, Counter Narcotics and Border Management, Strategic Reconstruction support to USAID, and the <a href="/wiki/Commander%27s_Emergency_Response_Program" title="Commander's Emergency Response Program">Commander's Emergency Response Program</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Engineer_Regiment">The Engineer Regiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Engineer Regiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering_of_the_United_States" title="Military engineering of the United States">Military engineering of the United States</a></div> <p>U.S. Army engineer units outside of USACE Districts and not listed below fall under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engineer_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engineer Regiment (page does not exist)">Engineer Regiment</a> of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which comprises the majority of Army engineer soldiers. The Regiment includes <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineers">combat engineers</a>, whose duties are to breach obstacles; construct fighting positions, fixed/floating bridges, and obstacles and defensive positions; place and detonate explosives; conduct route clearance operations; emplace and detect landmines; and fight as provisional infantry when required. It also includes support engineers, who are more focused on construction and sustainment. Headquartered at Fort Leonard Wood, MO, the Engineer Regiment is commanded by the Engineer Commandant, currently a position filled by an Army brigadier general. </p><p>The Engineer Regiment includes the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Engineer_School" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Engineer School">U.S. Army Engineer School</a> (USAES) which publishes its mission as: Generate the military engineer capabilities the Army needs: training and certifying Soldiers with the right knowledge, skills, and critical thinking; growing and educating professional leaders; organizing and equipping units; establishing a doctrinal framework for employing capabilities; and remaining an adaptive institution in order to provide Commanders with the freedom of action they need to successfully execute Unified Land Operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_USACE_organizations">Other USACE organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other USACE organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several other organizations within the Corps of Engineers:<sup id="cite_ref-org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC) — the Corps of Engineers research and development command. ERDC comprises seven laboratories. (see <a href="#Research">research</a> below)</li> <li>U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center (CEHNC) — provides engineering and technical services, program and project management, construction management, and innovative contracting initiatives, for programs that are national or broad in scope or not normally provided by other Corps of Engineers elements</li> <li>Finance Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CEFC) — supports the operating finance and accounting functions throughout the Corps of Engineers</li> <li>Humphreys Engineer Center Support Activity (HECSA) — provides administrative and operational support for Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and various field offices.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Geospatial_Center" title="Army Geospatial Center">Army Geospatial Center</a> (AGC)  — provides <a href="/wiki/Geospatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial">geospatial</a> information, standards, systems, support, and services across the Army and the Department of Defense.</li> <li>Marine Design Center (CEMDC) — provides total project management including planning, engineering, and shipbuilding contract management in support of USACE, Army, and national water resource projects in peacetime, and augments the military construction capacity in time of national emergency or mobilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Water_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Water Resources">Institute for Water Resources</a> (IWR) — supports the Civil Works Directorate and other Corps of Engineers commands by developing and applying new planning evaluation methods, policies and data in anticipation of changing water resources management conditions.</li> <li>USACE Logistics Activity (ULA)- Provides logistics support to the Corps of Engineers including supply, maintenance, readiness, materiel, transportation, travel, aviation, facility management, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_logistics_support" title="Integrated logistics support">integrated logistics support</a>, management controls, and strategic planning.</li> <li>Enterprise Infrastructure Services (CEEIS) — designs information technology standards for the Corps, including automation, communications, management, visual information, printing, records management, and information assurance. CEEIS outsources the maintenance of its IT services, forming the Army Corps of Engineers Information Technology (ACE-IT). ACE-IT is made up of both civilian government employees and contractors.</li> <li>Deployable Tactical Operations System (DTOS) — provides mobile command and control platforms in support of the quick ramp-up of initial emergency response missions for the Corps. DTOS is a system designed to respond to District, Division, National, and International events.</li> <li>Until 2001 local Directorates of Engineering and Housing (DEH), being constituents of the USACE, had been responsible for the housing, infrastructure and related tasks as environmental protection, garbage removal and special fire departments or fire alarm coordination centers in the garrisons of the U.S. Army abroad as in Europe (e.g. Germany, as in Berlin, Wiesbaden, Karlsruhe etc.) Subsequently, a similar structure called DPWs (Directorates of Public Works), subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Installation_Management_Command" title="United States Army Installation Management Command">United States Army Installation Management Command</a>, assumed the tasks formerly done by the DEHs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directly_reporting_military_units">Directly reporting military units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Directly reporting military units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/249th_Engineer_Battalion_(Prime_Power)" class="mw-redirect" title="249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power)">249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power)</a> — generates and distributes prime <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> in support of fighting wars, disaster relief, stability and support operations as well as provides advice and technical assistance in all aspects of electrical power and distribution systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/911th_Engineer_Company" title="911th Engineer Company">911th Engineer Company</a> — (formerly the MDW Engineer Company) provides specialized technical <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> support for the Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>; it is also a vital support member of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Headquarters_National_Capital_Region" title="Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region">Joint Force Headquarters National Capital Region</a>, which is charged with the homeland security of the United States capital region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/412th_Engineer_Command_(United_States)" title="412th Engineer Command (United States)">412th Theater Engineer Command</a>, U.S. Army Reserve, located in Vicksburg, MS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/416th_Engineer_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="416th Engineer Command">416th Theater Engineer Command</a>, U.S. Army Reserve, located in Darien, IL.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_areas">Mission areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mission areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfighting">Warfighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Warfighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">Sapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Combat engineer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg/220px-20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg/330px-20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg/440px-20_ENG_BDE_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>20th Engineer Brigade soldiers construct a bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>USACE provides support directly and indirectly to the warfighting effort.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They build and help maintain much of the <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> that the Army and the Air Force use to train, house, and deploy <a href="/wiki/Troop" title="Troop">troops</a>. USACE built and maintained <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> systems and ports provide the means to <a href="/wiki/Deployments_of_the_United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Deployments of the United States Military">deploy</a> vital equipment and other material. Corps of Engineers Research and Development (R&D) facilities help develop new methods and measures for deployment, force protection, terrain analysis, mapping, and other support. </p><p>USACE directly supports the military in the battle zone, making expertise available to <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commanders</a> to help solve or avoid engineering (and other) problems. Forward Engineer Support Teams, FEST-A's or FEST-M's, may accompany combat engineers to provide immediate support, or to reach electronically into the rest of USACE for the necessary expertise. A FEST-A team is an eight-person detachment; a FEST-M is approximately 36. These teams are designed to provide immediate technical-engineering support to the warfighter or in a disaster area. Corps of Engineers' professionals use the knowledge and skills honed on both military and civil projects to support the U.S. and local communities in the areas of real estate, contracting, mapping, construction, logistics, engineering, and management experience. Prior to their respective troop withdrawals in 2021, this included support for rebuilding <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, establishing infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and supporting international and inter-agency services. </p><p>In addition, the work of almost 26,000 civilians on civil-works programs throughout USACE provides a training ground for similar capabilities worldwide. USACE civilians volunteer for assignments worldwide. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> experts have helped repair, renovate, and run hydropower dams in Iraq in an effort to help get Iraqis to become self-sustaining.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homeland_security">Homeland security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Homeland security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USACE supports the United States' <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) through its security planning, force protection, research and development, <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a> preparedness efforts, and quick response to emergencies and disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CoE conducts its emergency response activities under two basic authorities — the Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/84/99">84–99</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Disaster_Relief_and_Emergency_Assistance_Act" title="Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act">Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/93/288">93–288</a>). In a typical year, the Corps of Engineers responds to more than 30 Presidential disaster declarations, plus numerous state and local emergencies. Emergency responses usually involve cooperation with other military elements and Federal agencies in support of State and local efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_support">Infrastructure support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infrastructure support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG/220px-HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG/330px-HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG/440px-HESCOBarrierAssembleFargoMar2409.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3628" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers assembling sections of a <a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">HESCO collapsible barrier</a> device in <a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Work comprises engineering and management support to military installations, global real estate support, civil works support (including risk and priorities), operations and maintenance of Federal navigation and flood control projects, and monitoring of dams and levees.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 67 percent of the goods consumed by Americans and more than half of the nation's oil imports are processed through <a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_water_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deep water ports">deepwater ports</a> maintained by the Corps of Engineers, which maintains more than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of commercially navigable channels across the U.S. </p><p>In both its Civil Works mission and Military Construction program, the Corps of Engineers is responsible for billions of dollars of the nation's infrastructure. For example, USACE maintains direct control of 609 dams, maintains or operates 257 navigation locks, and operates 75 hydroelectric facilities generating 24% of the nation's hydropower and three percent of its total electricity. USACE inspects over 2,000 Federal and non-Federal levees every two years. </p><p>Four billion gallons of water per day are drawn from the Corps of Engineers' 136 multi-use flood control projects comprising 9,800,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre-feet</a> (12.1 km<sup>3</sup>) of water storage, making it one of the United States' largest water supply agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/249th_Engineer_Battalion_(Prime_Power)" class="mw-redirect" title="249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power)">249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power)</a>, the only active duty unit in USACE, generates and distributes prime electrical power in support of warfighting, disaster relief, stability and support operations as well as provides advice and technical assistance in all aspects of electrical power and distribution systems. The battalion deployed in support of recovery operations after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> and was instrumental in getting Wall Street back up and running within a week.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battalion also deployed in support of post-Katrina operations. </p><p>All of this work represents a significant investment in the nation's resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg/220px-MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg/330px-MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg/440px-MV_Gelberman_USACE_Hudson_with_debris_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Removing a hazard to navigation on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg/220px-Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg/330px-Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg/440px-Linthicum_surveys_channels_near_Fort_McHenry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The survey vessel <i>Linthicum</i> in a channel near <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a>; the ball-diamond-ball <a href="/wiki/Day_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Day shape">day shape</a> displayed indicates a vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver. </figcaption></figure> <p>Through its Civil Works program, USACE carries out a wide array of projects that provide coastal protection, flood protection, hydropower, navigable waters and ports, recreational opportunities, and water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work includes coastal protection and restoration, including a new emphasis on a more <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a> approach to risk management. As part of this work, USACE is the number one provider of outdoor recreation in the U.S., so there is a significant emphasis on water safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Army involvement in works "of a civil nature," including water resources, goes back almost to the origins of the U.S. Over the years, as the nation's needs have changed, so have the Army's Civil Works missions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Major areas of emphasis include the following: </p> <ul><li>Navigation. Supporting navigation by maintaining and improving channels was the Corps of Engineers' earliest Civil Works mission, dating to <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal laws</a> in 1824 authorizing the Corps to improve safety on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers and several ports. Today, the Corps of Engineers maintains more than 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of inland waterways and operates 235 locks. These waterways—a system of rivers, lakes and coastal bays improved for commercial and recreational transportation—carry about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span> of the nation's inter-city freight, at a cost per ton-mile about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> that of rail or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> that of trucks. USACE also maintains 300 commercial harbors, through which pass 2,000,000,000 short tons (1.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> metric tons) of cargo a year, and more than 600 smaller harbors. New locks are needed, according to the Corps and barge shippers, where existing locks are in poor condition, requiring frequent closures for repairs, and/or because a lock's size causes delays for barge tows.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Flood Risk Management. The Engineers were first called upon to address flood problems along the Mississippi river in the mid-19th century. They began work on the Mississippi River and Tributaries Flood Control Project in 1928, and the <a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1936" title="Flood Control Act of 1936">Flood Control Act of 1936</a> gave the Corps the mission to provide flood protection to the entire country.</li> <li>Recreation. The Corps of Engineers is the nation's largest provider of outdoor recreation, operating more than 2,500 recreation areas at 463 projects (mostly lakes) and leasing an additional 1,800 sites to state or local park and recreation authorities or private interests. USACE hosts about 260 million visits<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a year at its lakes, beaches and other areas, and estimates that 25 million Americans (one in ten) visit a Corps' project at least once a year. Supporting visitors to these recreation areas generates 600,000 jobs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">Hydroelectric</a> Power. The Corps of Engineers was first authorized to build hydroelectric plants in the 1920s, and today operates 75 power plants, producing one fourth of the nation's hydro-electric power—or three percent of its total electric energy. This makes USACE the fifth largest electric supplier in the United States.</li> <li>Shore Protection. With a large proportion of the U.S. population living near our sea and lake shores, and an estimated 75% of U.S. vacations being spent at the beach, there has been Federal interest — and a Corps of Engineers mission — in protecting these areas from hurricane and coastal storm damage.</li> <li>Dam Safety. The Corps of Engineers develops engineering criteria for safe dams, and conducts an active inspection program of its own dams.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Water Supply. The Corps first got involved in water supply in the 1850s, when they built the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Aqueduct" title="Washington Aqueduct">Washington Aqueduct</a>. Today USACE reservoirs supply water to nearly 10 million people in 115 cities. In the drier parts of the Nation, water from Corps reservoirs is also used for agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Water Safety. The Corps of Engineers has taken an interest in recreational water safety, with current initiatives for increasing the use rate of life jackets and preventing the use of alcohol while boating.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg/220px-Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg/330px-Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg/440px-Martis_Creek_Wetland_Project%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Martis_Creek" title="Martis Creek">Martis Creek</a> Wetland Project in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers environmental mission has two major focus areas: restoration and <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a>. The Corps supports and manages numerous environmental programs, that run the gamut from cleaning up areas on former military installations contaminated by <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> or munitions to helping establish/reestablish <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> that helps <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Enviro_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enviro-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these programs include Ecosystem Restoration, Formerly Used Defense Sites, Environmental Stewardship, EPA <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a>, Abandoned Mine Lands, <a href="/wiki/Formerly_Utilized_Sites_Remedial_Action_Program" title="Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program">Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Base Realignment and Closure, 2005">Base Realignment and Closure, 2005</a>, and Regulatory. </p><p>This mission includes education as well as regulation and cleanup. </p><p>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has an active environmental program under both its Military and Civil Programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Enviro_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enviro-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Civil Works environmental mission that ensures all USACE projects, facilities and associated lands meet environmental standards. The program has four functions: compliance, restoration, prevention, and conservation. The Corps also regulates all work in wetlands and waters of the United States. </p><p>The Military Programs Environmental Program manages design and execution of a full range of cleanup and protection activities: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Test_Pit,_USACE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Test_Pit%2C_USACE.jpg/220px-Test_Pit%2C_USACE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Test_Pit%2C_USACE.jpg/330px-Test_Pit%2C_USACE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Test_Pit%2C_USACE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>A member of the Radiation Safety Support Team, wearing a <a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat suit</a>, tests excavated soil.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>cleans up sites contaminated with hazardous waste, radioactive waste, or ordnance</li> <li>complies with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations</li> <li>strives to minimize our use of hazardous materials</li> <li>conserves our natural and cultural resources</li></ul> <p>The following are major areas of environmental emphasis: </p> <ul><li>Wetlands and Waterways Regulation and Permitting</li> <li>Ecosystem Restoration</li> <li>Environmental Stewardship</li> <li>Radioactive site cleanup through the Formerly Used Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure" title="Base Realignment and Closure">Base Realignment and Closure</a> (BRAC)</li> <li>Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS)</li> <li>Support to EPA's Superfund Program</li></ul> <p>See also <a href="#Environmental_protection_and_regulatory_program">Environmental Enforcement</a> below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Army adopted a sustainability policy in the early 2000s to make military bases, and the force as a whole, more resilient and less dependent on fossil fuels. Since the US military is one of the world's largest institutional energy consumers, this would have a significant impact on reducing waste, improving efficiency, and ensuring that public resources are used effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army has developed and adopted its own <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">triple bottom line</a> framework shifting from the traditional "People Planet, and Profit" to "Mission, Community, and Environment". To meet these new sustainability targets, it has implemented regulations such as designing all new projects to meet the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a> silver standard. Additional regulations are detailed in the Sustainable Design and Development Policy. </p><p>The 2017 revision to the Sustainable Design and Development Policy outlines the updated goals and requirements the Army established in an effort to successfully complete the sustainability mission.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these requirements result in stricter regulations on the planning, design and construction of new projects and major renovations: </p> <ul><li>Siting and site development</li> <li>Energy performance and security</li> <li>Indoor and outdoor water use</li> <li>Metering, monitoring, and subsystem measurement</li> <li>Indoor environmental quality</li> <li>Waste and recyclables management</li> <li>New and underused technologies</li> <li>Commissioning and plans for operation</li></ul> <p>Many of these goals fall directly onto USACE, as it oversees most construction and maintenance of Army bases and infrastructure. To embrace the branch's movement toward sustainability, USACE added sustainability as an overarching mission with several specific focus areas: </p> <ul><li>Gaining expertise and becoming a leader in industry technology and advancement; primarily in areas surrounding construction and energy to enable high-performance buildings and civil works projects, as well as energy security</li> <li>Planning and implementing a number of approaches to mitigate the potential environmental changes due to the climate crisis specifically with regard to the nation's water infrastructure</li> <li>Focusing on purchases that further the sustainability mission and prioritizing designs/technology that are recycled, bio-based, or benefit the environment</li> <li>Releasing annual Sustainability Report and Implementation Plans for accountability and to track progress toward achieving energy goals</li></ul> <p>This challenge is not without its difficulties. The first report issued in 2008 showed that 78% of new projects were built to the LEED silver standard (without actually getting the certification) instead of the 100% required. In addition, there was an 8.4% and 32% reduction in energy use intensity and water use, respectively, and a 35% increase in hazardous waste production.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later reports show some improvement toward resilience and sustainability. The 2020 Sustainability Report and Implementation Plan show a further 12% reduction in water use as well as 35% total reduction in energy use intensity since 2003. Future projections show that USACE intends to continue to build on these focus areas and drive down its demands in areas such as fuel, electricity and water.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_facts_and_figures">Operational facts and figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operational facts and figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Summary of facts and figures as of 2007, provided by the Corps of Engineers:<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>One HQ, 8 Divisions, 2 Provisional Division, 45 Districts, 6 Centers, one active-duty unit, 2 Engineer Reserve Command</li> <li>At work in more than 90 countries</li> <li>Supports 159 Army installations and 91 Air Force installations</li> <li>Owns and operates 609 dams</li> <li>Owns or operates 257 navigation lock chambers at 212 sites</li> <li>Largest owner-operator of hydroelectric plants in the US. Owns and operates 75 plants—24% of U.S. hydropower capacity (3% of the total U.S. electric capacity)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Operates and maintains 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of commercial inland navigation channels</li> <li>Maintains 926 coast, Great Lakes, and inland harbors</li> <li>Dredge 255,000,000 cubic yards (195,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) annually for construction or maintenance</li> <li>Nation's <i>number one provider of outdoor recreation</i> with more than 368 million visits annually to 4,485 sites at 423 USACE projects (383 major lakes and reservoirs)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Total water supply storage capacity of 329,900,000 <a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">acre-feet</a> (406.9 km<sup>3</sup>)</li> <li>Average annual damages prevented by Corps flood risk management projects (1995–2004) of $21 billion (see "Civil works controversies" below)</li> <li>Approximately 137 environmental protection projects under construction (September 2006 figure)</li> <li>Approximately 38,700 acres (157,000,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of wetlands restored, created, enhanced, or preserved annually under the Corps' Regulatory Program</li> <li>Approximately $4 billion in technical services to 70 non-DoD Federal agencies annually</li> <li>Completed (and continuing work on) thousands of infrastructure projects in Iraq at an estimated cost over $9 billion: school projects (324,000 students), crude oil production 3 million barrels per day (480,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d), potable water projects (3.9 million people (goal 5.2 million)), fire stations, border posts, prison/courthouse improvements, transportation/communication projects, village road/expressways, railroad stations, postal facilities, and aviation projects. More than 90 percent of the USACE construction contracts have been awarded to Iraqi-owned businesses — offering employment opportunities, boosting the economy, providing jobs, and training, promoting stability and security where before there was none. Consequently, the mission is a central part of the U.S. exit strategy.</li> <li>The Corps of Engineers has one of the strongest Small Business Programs in the Army—Each year, approximately 33% of all contract dollars are obligated with Small Businesses, Small Disadvantaged Businesses, Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Businesses, Women Owned Small Businesses, Historically Underutilized Business Zones, and Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Jackie Robinson-Burnette was named the Chief of the Corps' Small Business Program in May 2010. The program is managed through an integrated network of over 60 Small Business Advisors, 8 Division Commanders, 4 Center Directors, and 45 District Commanders.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_protection_and_regulatory_program">Environmental protection and regulatory program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environmental protection and regulatory program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regulatory program is authorized to protect the nation's aquatic resources. USACE personnel evaluate permit applications for essentially all construction activities that occur in the nation's waters, including wetlands. Two primary authorities granted to the Army Corps of Engineers by Congress fall under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. </p><p>Section 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899</a> (codified in Chapter 33, Section 403 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>) gave the Corps authority over <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigable</a> waters of the United States, defined as "those waters that are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide and/or are presently being used, or have been used in the past, or may be susceptible for use to transport interstate or foreign commerce." Section 10 covers construction, excavation, or deposition of materials in, over, or under such waters, or any work that would affect the course, location, condition or capacity of those waters. Actions requiring section 10 permits include structures (e.g., piers, wharfs, breakwaters, bulkheads, jetties, weirs, transmission lines) and work such as dredging or disposal of dredged material, or excavation, filling or other modifications to the navigable waters of the United States. The Coast Guard also has responsibility for permitting the erection or modification of bridges over navigable waters of the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another of the major responsibilities of the Army Corps of Engineers is administering the permitting program under Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>. The Secretary of the Army is authorized under this act to issue permits for the discharge of dredged and fill material in waters of the United States, including adjacent wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-serving_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serving-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographic extent of waters of the United States subject to section 404 permits fall under a broader definition and include tributaries to navigable waters and adjacent wetlands. The engineers must first determine if the waters at the project site are jurisdictional and subject to the requirements of the section 404 permitting program. Once jurisdiction has been established, permit review and authorization follows a sequence process that encourages avoidance of impacts, followed by minimizing impacts and, finally, requiring mitigation for unavoidable impacts to the aquatic environment. This sequence is described in the section 404(b)(1) guidelines. </p><p>There are three types of permits issued by the Corps of Engineers: Nationwide, Regional General, and Individual. 80% of the permits issued are nationwide permits, which include 50 general type of activities for minimal impacts to waters of the United States, as published in the Federal Register. Nationwide permits are subject to a reauthorization process every 5 years, with the most recent reauthorization occurring in March, 2012. To gain authorization under a nationwide permit, an applicant must comply with the terms and conditions of the nationwide permit. Select nationwide permits require preconstruction notification to the applicable corps district office notifying them of his or her intent, type and amount of impact and fill in waters, and a site map. Although the nationwide process is fairly simple, corps approval must be obtained before commencing with any work in waters of the United States. Regional general permits are specific to each corps district office. Individual permits are generally required for projects that impact greater than 0.5 acres (2,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of waters of the United States. Individual permits are required for activities that result in more than minimal impacts to the aquatic environment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Corps of Engineers has two research organizations, the <a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC) and the <a href="/wiki/Army_Geospatial_Center" title="Army Geospatial Center">Army Geospatial Center</a> (AGC). </p><p>ERDC provides science, technology, and expertise in engineering and environmental sciences to support both military and civilian customers. ERCD research support includes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam_safety_system" title="Dam safety system">Dam safety systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Mapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> terrain analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> design, construction, operations and maintenance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRREL" class="mw-redirect" title="CRREL">Cold-regions science and engineering</a></li> <li>Coastal and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>, producing products such as <a href="/wiki/HEC-RAS" title="HEC-RAS">HEC-RAS</a></li> <li>Environmental quality, including toxic chemistry of <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a> and other dredge spoils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li>High performance computing and information technology</li></ul> <p>AGC coordinates, integrates, and synchronizes geospatial information requirements and standards across the Army and provides direct geospatial support and products to warfighters. See also Geospatial Information Officer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia">Insignia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Insignia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corps_Castle" title="Corps Castle">Corps Castle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle-gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Castle-gold.jpg/220px-Castle-gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Castle-gold.jpg/330px-Castle-gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Castle-gold.jpg/440px-Castle-gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers gold castle branch insignia, worn by engineer officers</figcaption></figure> <p>The Corps of Engineers branch insignia, the <a href="/wiki/Corps_Castle" title="Corps Castle">Corps Castle</a>, is believed to have originated on an informal basis. In 1841, cadets at West Point wore insignia of this type. In 1902, the Castle was formally adopted by the Corps of Engineers as branch insignia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "castle" is actually the Pershing Barracks at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A current tradition was established with the "<a href="/wiki/Gold_Castles" title="Gold Castles">Gold Castles</a>" branch insignia of General of the Army <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, West Point Class of 1903, who served in the Corps of Engineers early in his career and had received the two pins as a graduation gift of his family. In 1945, near the conclusion of World War II, General MacArthur gave his personal pins to his Chief Engineer, General <a href="/wiki/Leif_J._Sverdrup" title="Leif J. Sverdrup">Leif J. Sverdrup</a>. On 2 May 1975, upon the 200th anniversary of the Corps of Engineers, retired General Sverdrup, who had <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineering</a> projects including the landmark 17-mile (27 km)-long <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Bridge-Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel">Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel</a> to his credit, presented the Gold Castles to then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Engineers">Chief of Engineers</a> Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_C._Gribble,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Gribble, Jr.">William C. Gribble, Jr.</a>, who had also served under General MacArthur in the Pacific. General Gribble then announced a tradition of passing the insignia along to future Chiefs of Engineers, and it has been done so since.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_works">Civil works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Civil works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers_civil_works_controversies" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear,_Oct._2_2006,_in_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Secretary_Harvey_and_Brig._Gen._Crear%2C_Oct._2_2006%2C_in_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">U.S. Secretary of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Francis J. Harvey</a> (on right) discusses U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operations in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> with Brigadier General Robert Crear, commander of the Mississippi Valley Division in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the Corps of Engineers' civil works projects have been characterized in the press as being <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boondoggle_(project)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boondoggle (project)">boondoggles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Madrid_Floodway_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="New Madrid Floodway Project">New Madrid Floodway Project</a> and the New Orleans flood protection.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projects have allegedly been justified based on flawed or manipulated analyses during the planning phase. Some projects are said to have created profound detrimental environmental effects or provided questionable economic benefit such as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River%E2%80%93Gulf_Outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet">Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet</a> in southeast Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faulty design and substandard construction have been cited in the <a href="/wiki/2005_levee_failures_in_Greater_New_Orleans" title="2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans">failure of levees</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> that caused flooding of 80% of the city of New Orleans. </p><p>Review of Corps of Engineers' projects has also been criticized for its lack of impartiality. The investigation of levee failure in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina was sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE) but funded by the Corps of Engineers and involved its employees.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corps of Engineers projects can be found in all 50 states,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are specifically authorized and funded directly by Congress. Local citizen, special interest, and political groups <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> Congress for authorization and appropriations for specific projects in their area.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senator <a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> sponsored an amendment requiring peer review of Corps projects to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2006 (page does not exist)">Water Resources Development Act of 2006</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Feingold_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feingold-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proclaiming "efforts to reform and add transparency to the way the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers receives funding for and undertakes water projects." A similar bill, the <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">Water Resources Development Act of 2007</a>, which included the text of the original Corps' peer review measure, was eventually passed by Congress in 2007, overriding Presidential veto.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg/610px-USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="610" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg/915px-USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg/1220px-USACE_Project_map_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14942" data-file-height="8761" /></a><figcaption>USACE civil works activities 2005</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_construction">Military construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Military construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Army camps and facilities designed by the Corps of Engineers, including the former <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Ryan" title="Camp O'Ryan">Camp O'Ryan</a> in New York State, have reportedly had a negative impact on the surrounding communities. Camp O'Ryan, with its <a href="/wiki/Rifle_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle range">rifle range</a>, has possibly contaminated well and storm runoff water with <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a>. This runoff water eventually runs into the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>, sources of drinking water to millions of people. This situation is exacerbated by a failure to locate the engineering and architectural plans for the camp, which were produced by the New York District in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_whistleblower_suit">Greenhouse whistleblower suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Greenhouse whistleblower suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Greenhouse" title="Bunny Greenhouse">Bunnatine "Bunny" Greenhouse</a>, a formerly high-ranking official in the Corps of Engineers, won a lawsuit against the United States government in July 2011. Greenhouse had objected to the Corps accepting cost projections from <a href="/wiki/KBR_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KBR (company)">KBR</a> in a no-bid, noncompetitive contract. After she complained, Greenhouse was demoted from her <a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a> position, stripped of her top secret security clearance, and even, according to Greenhouse, had her office booby-trapped with a trip-wire from which she sustained a knee injury. A U.S. District court awarded Greenhouse $970,000 in full restitution of lost wages, compensatory damages, and attorney fees.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/412th_Engineer_Command_(United_States)" title="412th Engineer Command (United States)">412th Engineer Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/416th_Engineer_Command_(United_States)" title="416th Engineer Command (United States)">416th Engineer Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="1st Engineer Brigade (United States)">1st Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="2nd Engineer Brigade (United States)">2nd Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="16th Engineer Brigade (United States)">16th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="18th Engineer Brigade (United States)">18th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="20th Engineer Brigade (United States)">20th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="35th Engineer Brigade (United States)">35th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="36th Engineer Brigade (United States)">36th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/130th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="130th Engineer Brigade (United States)">130th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/194th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="194th Engineer Brigade (United States)">194th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/372nd_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="372nd Engineer Brigade (United States)">372nd Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/411th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="411th Engineer Brigade (United States)">411th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/420th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="420th Engineer Brigade (United States)">420th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/555th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="555th Engineer Brigade (United States)">555th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/926th_Engineer_Brigade_(United_States)" title="926th Engineer Brigade (United States)">926th Engineer Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="1st Engineer Battalion (United States)">1st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="2nd Engineer Battalion (United States)">2nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="3rd Engineer Battalion (United States)">3rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="4th Engineer Battalion (United States)">4th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">5th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">6th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="7th Engineer Battalion (United States)">7th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="8th Engineer Battalion (United States)">8th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="9th Engineer Battalion (United States)">9th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="10th Engineer Battalion (United States)">10th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">11th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Engineer Battalion (United States)">14th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="15th Engineer Battalion (United States)">15th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="16th Engineer Battalion (United States)">16th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Engineer Battalion (United States)">19th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Engineer Battalion (United States)">20th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">21st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=23rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="23rd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">23rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="27th Engineer Battalion (United States)">27th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=29th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="29th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">29th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="31st Engineer Battalion (United States)">31st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=35th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="35th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">35th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="37th Engineer Battalion (United States)">37th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=39th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="39th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">39th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=40th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="40th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">40th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=41st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="41st Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">41st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=44th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">44th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="46th Engineer Battalion (United States)">46th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=52nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="52nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">52nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="54th Engineer Battalion (United States)">54th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=62nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="62nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">62nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Engineer Battalion (United States)">65th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=70th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="70th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">70th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=82nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="82nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">82nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=84th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="84th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">84th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/91st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="91st Engineer Battalion (United States)">91st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="92nd Engineer Battalion (United States)">92nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=94th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="94th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">94th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="101st Engineer Battalion (United States)">101st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)">103rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/107th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="107th Engineer Battalion (United States)">107th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=112th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="112th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">112th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=120th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="120th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">120th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=122nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="122nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">122nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=127th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="127th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">127th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/130th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="130th Engineer Battalion (United States)">130th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/133rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="133rd Engineer Battalion (United States)">133rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=168th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="168th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">168th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="169th Engineer Battalion (United States)">169th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=178th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="178th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">178th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/204th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="204th Engineer Battalion (United States)">204th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=206th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="206th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">206th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=216th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="216th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">216th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=224th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="224th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">224th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=227th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="227th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">227th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=244th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="244th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">244th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/249th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="249th Engineer Battalion (United States)">249th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=299th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="299th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">299th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=307th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="307th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">307th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/315th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="315th Engineer Battalion (United States)">315th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=317th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="317th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">317th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/321st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="321st Engineer Battalion (United States)">321st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/326th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="326th Engineer Battalion (United States)">326th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=363rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="363rd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">363rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=365th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="365th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">365th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=367th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="367th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">367th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=368th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="368th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">368th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=389th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="389th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">389th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=391st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="391st Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">391st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/397th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="397th Engineer Battalion (United States)">397th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=411th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="411th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">411th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=448th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="448th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">448th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=458th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="458th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">458th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=467th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="467th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">467th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=463rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="463rd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">463rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=478th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="478th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">478th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=479th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="479th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">479th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=489th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="489th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">489th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/528th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="528th Engineer Battalion (United States)">528th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/554th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="554th Engineer Battalion (United States)">554th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=572nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="572nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">572nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=588th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="588th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">588th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=724th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="724th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">724th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=837th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="837th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">837th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=841st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="841st Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">841st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=844th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="844th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">844th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=854th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="854th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">854th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="863rd Engineer Battalion (United States)">863rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/864th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="864th Engineer Battalion (United States)">864th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=877th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="877th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">877th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=961st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="961st Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">961st Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=980th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="980th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">980th Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=983rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="983rd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">983rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1092nd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1092nd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">1092nd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1203rd_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1203rd Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">1203rd Engineer Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1249th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1249th Engineer Battalion (United States) (page does not exist)">1249th Engineer Battalion</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_personnel">Notable personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notable personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Keller_(military)" title="Charles Keller (military)">Charles Keller</a>, former U.S. Army Brigadier General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellerbio2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellerbio2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kellerbio4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellerbio4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Conover_Hains" title="Peter Conover Hains">Peter Conover Hains</a>, former U.S. Army Major General and the oldest Army officer to serve on active duty during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The only known person to serve in both the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Pin_for_Civilian_Service" title="Combat Pin for Civilian Service">Combat Pin for Civilian Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDEF" title="SDEF">SDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_33_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li>United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Engineer_Deployable_Heavy_Operational_Repair_Squadron_Engineers" title="Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers">Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Seabee" title="Seabee">Seabees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/publications/misc/ceho.htm"><i>Miscellaneous USACE History Publications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellaneous+USACE+History+Publications&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2Fpublications%2Fmisc%2Fceho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/"><i>The United States Army Corps of Engineers website</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+website&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilgeo.com/debra-m-lewis/">"Biography of Debra M. Lewis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Debra+M.+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilgeo.com%2Fdebra-m-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_the_US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_the_US_Army_Corps_of_Engineers_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About.aspx">"About -- Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"</a>. usace.army.mil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+--+Headquarters+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.pub=usace.army.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FAbout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil">"Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"</a>. <i>army.mil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mil&rft.atitle=Headquarters+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormandCarter2021" class="citation report cs1">Normand, Anna E.; Carter, Nicole T. (24 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11462">Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Army+Corps+of+Engineers%3A+FY2021+Appropriations&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft.aulast=Normand&rft.aufirst=Anna+E.&rft.au=Carter%2C+Nicole+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrsreports.congress.gov%2Fproduct%2Fpdf%2FIF%2FIF11462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mission-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mission_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/MissionandVision.aspx">"Mission and Vision -- Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"</a>. <i>army.mil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mil&rft.atitle=Mission+and+Vision+--+Headquarters+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FAbout%2FMissionandVision.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/BriefHistoryoftheCorps.aspx">The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: A Brief History</a>, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2011" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Arthur P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Py7DBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>Artillerists and Engineers: The Beginnings of American Seacoast Fortifications, 1794-1815</i></a>. CDSG Press. pp. 22–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748167-2-2"><bdi>978-0-9748167-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artillerists+and+Engineers%3A+The+Beginnings+of+American+Seacoast+Fortifications%2C+1794-1815&rft.pages=22-84&rft.pub=CDSG+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9748167-2-2&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPy7DBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-General_Survey_Act_of_1824-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-General_Survey_Act_of_1824_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130409224152/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&sid=cp10902KMw&r_n=hr474.109&dbname=cp109&&sel=TOC_5842&">"Committee Reports"</a>. <i>loc.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&sid=cp10902KMw&r_n=hr474.109&dbname=cp109&&sel=TOC_5842&">the original</a> on 9 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loc.gov&rft.atitle=Committee+Reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcpquery%2F%3F%26sid%3Dcp10902KMw%26r_n%3Dhr474.109%26dbname%3Dcp109%26%26sel%3DTOC_5842%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USACE_history-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USACE_history_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/BriefHistoryoftheCorps/ImprovingTransportation.aspx">"Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers > About > History > Brief History of the Corps > Improving Transportation"</a>. <i>army.mil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=army.mil&rft.atitle=Headquarters+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+%3E+About+%3E+History+%3E+Brief+History+of+the+Corps+%3E+Improving+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FAbout%2FHistory%2FBriefHistoryoftheCorps%2FImprovingTransportation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake Survey</i>, Arthur M. Woodford, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatlakesmaps.org/Default.aspx?tabid=55">"Lake Survey"</a>. Greatlakesmaps.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lake+Survey&rft.pub=Greatlakesmaps.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatlakesmaps.org%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaun-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shaun_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaun_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaun_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaun_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">First Lieutenant Shaun Martin, "Confederate Engineers in the American Civil War," <i>Engineer: The Professional Bulletin for Army Engineers</i>. Technology Industry. U.S. Civil War Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slave-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slave_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCredico2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">DeCredico, Mary (22 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/confederate-impressment-during-the-civil-war/">"Confederate Impressment During the Civil War"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i>. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/298460602">298460602</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Confederate+Impressment+During+the+Civil+War&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.pub=Virginia+Foundation+for+the+Humanities&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F298460602&rft.aulast=DeCredico&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fconfederate-impressment-during-the-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dots.el.erdc.dren.mil/dig/ChiefsReportsFinal/TextFiles/1918%20Pt.1%20(entire).norm.txt">Report of the Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, 1918</a></i>, United States army Chief of Engineers, (Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1918). Retrieved 26 May 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm">USACE Office of History vignettes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415174741/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/vignette_1.htm">Archived</a> 15 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yung, Christopher D., <i>Gators of Neptune: naval amphibious planning for the Normandy invasion</i>, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-997-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-997-5">1-59114-997-5</a> (2006), pp. 99–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, Alfred M., <i>United States Army in World War 2: The Technical Services, Ch. 14: Preparing For D-Day Landings</i>, CMH Pub. 10-22, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1985), p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHI_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHI_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whittaker, Wayne, "Tough Guys", <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, February 1943, Vol. 79 No. 2, pp. 41, 44-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/Macomb-A.htm">Bell, William Gardner, <i>Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer</i> (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422131659/https://history.army.mil/books/CG%26CSA/Macomb-A.htm">Archived</a> 22 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072376-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072376-0">0-16-072376-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/History/Documents/Brief/03-transportation/transport.html">Improving Transportation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106170052/http://www.usace.army.mil/History/Documents/Brief/03-transportation/transport.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2021" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Max (19 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ticotimes.net/2021/11/19/tbt-the-birth-of-the-pan-american-highway">"The birth of the Pan-American Highway in Costa Rica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tico_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Tico Times">Tico Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tico+Times&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+the+Pan-American+Highway+in+Costa+Rica&rft.date=2021-11-19&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fticotimes.net%2F2021%2F11%2F19%2Ftbt-the-birth-of-the-pan-american-highway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/HistoricalVignettes/MilitaryConstructionCombat/113AtomicBomb.aspx">"Historical Vignette 113 - Hide the development of the atomic bomb"</a>. US Army Corps of Engineers Official Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Vignette+113+-+Hide+the+development+of+the+atomic+bomb&rft.pub=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FAbout%2FHistory%2FHistoricalVignettes%2FMilitaryConstructionCombat%2F113AtomicBomb.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/HistoricalVignettes/MilitaryConstructionCombat/034Pentagon.aspx">"Historical Vignette 034 - the Corps Built the Pentagon in 16 Months"</a>. US Army Corps of Engineers Official Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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MIT. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208151850/https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA231228">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mega-Project+Construction+Management%3A+The+Corps+of+Engineers+and+Bechtel+Group+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=smith&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdocs%2Fcitations%2FADA231228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2024" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Ellen (28 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/4560925-army-corps-of-engineers-to-deploy-1100-personnel-to-baltimore/">"Army Corps of Engineers to deploy 1,100 personnel to Baltimore"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Army+Corps+of+Engineers+to+deploy+1%2C100+personnel+to+Baltimore&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2F4560925-army-corps-of-engineers-to-deploy-1100-personnel-to-baltimore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leadership-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/Leadership.aspx">"Headquarters"</a>. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Headquarters&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FAbout%2FLeadership.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-locations-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-locations_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/Locations/">"Map -- Headquarters U.S. Army Corps of Engineers"</a>. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+--+Headquarters+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil%2FLocations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serving-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serving_28-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i>Serving The Armed Forces and The Nation</i> 2007 edition (October 2007), and data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poh.usace.army.mil">"Honolulu District Corps of Engineers"</a>. Poh.usace.army.mil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honolulu+District+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.pub=Poh.usace.army.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poh.usace.army.mil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usace.army.mil/HECSA.aspx">Humphreys Engineer Center Support Activity (HECSA)</a> usace.army.mil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/warfighting.html">USACE Warfighting Mission webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913145536/http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/warfighting.html">Archived</a> 13 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/jan08/story2.htm"><i>Engineer Update</i> Story on Iraqi Hydropower</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/Security.html">USACE Homeland Security Mission webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216234240/http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/Security.html">Archived</a> 16 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/infrastructure.html">USACE Infrastructure Mission webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014175133/http://www.usace.army.mil/missions/infrastructure.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624221751/http://www.wood.army.mil/ENGRMAG/Disaster%20Relief%20PDFs/Pung.pdf">"<i>Engineer Magazine</i> article "Disaster Relief"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wood.army.mil/ENGRMAG/Disaster%20Relief%20PDFs/Pung.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineer+Magazine+article+%22Disaster+Relief%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood.army.mil%2FENGRMAG%2FDisaster%2520Relief%2520PDFs%2FPung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090617224026/http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/waterresources/programs.cfm">"USACE Institute for Water Resources: Programs Overview"</a>. Iwr.usace.army.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/waterresources/programs.cfm">the original</a> on 17 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USACE+Institute+for+Water+Resources%3A+Programs+Overview&rft.pub=Iwr.usace.army.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwr.usace.army.mil%2Fwaterresources%2Fprograms.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2018" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Nicole T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Corps+of+Engineers%3A+Water+Resource+Authorization+and+Project+Delivery+Processes&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Nicole+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fnatsec%2FR45185.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrittelli2018" class="citation book cs1">Frittelli, John (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R45211.pdf"><i>Prioritizing Waterway Lock Projects: Barge Traffic Changes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prioritizing+Waterway+Lock+Projects%3A+Barge+Traffic+Changes&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.aulast=Frittelli&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR45211.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/">"Civil Works Recreation"</a>. <i>www.usace.army.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/militaryscienceandleadership/Home/spring-2009/branch-ebook">the original</a> on 17 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military+Science+and+Leadership&rft.atitle=Branch+eBook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fmilitaryscienceandleadership%2FHome%2Fspring-2009%2Fbranch-ebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111042808/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/Vignettes/Vignette_89.htm">"Do You Know? The History of the Chief of Engineers' Gold Castles?"</a>. <i>Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/history/vignettes/Vignette_89.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+History%2C+U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.atitle=Do+You+Know%3F+The+History+of+the+Chief+of+Engineers%27+Gold+Castles%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.usace.army.mil%2Fhistory%2Fvignettes%2FVignette_89.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunwald2007" class="citation web cs1">Grunwald, Michael (2 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070827053327/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1646611_1646683_1648904,00.html">"The Threatening Storm - Hurricane Katrina - Two Years Later"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1646611_1646683_1648904,00.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Threatening+Storm+-+Hurricane+Katrina+-+Two+Years+Later&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.aulast=Grunwald&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2F2007%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1646611_1646683_1648904%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/stories.nsf/missouristatenews/story/AFF2AC0B5A2C828C8625735A0073D4FD?OpenDocument"><i>St Louis Today</i>, Missouri State News</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrgomustgo.org/">"Close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlef – The Hurricane Highway"</a>. Mrgomustgo.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Close+the+Mississippi+River+Gulf+Outlef+%E2%80%93+The+Hurricane+Highway&rft.pub=Mrgomustgo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrgomustgo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier" class="citation web cs1">Charpentier, Colley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725145727/http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/critic_corps_tried_to_thwart_i.html">"Critics of Corps investigation"</a>. Blog.nola.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/critic_corps_tried_to_thwart_i.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critics+of+Corps+investigation&rft.pub=Blog.nola.com&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Colley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nola.com%2Ftimes-picayune%2F2007%2F11%2Fcritic_corps_tried_to_thwart_i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://levees.org/2/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/IPET-leadership-.doc">"IPET Leadership"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPET+Leadership&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flevees.org%2F2%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FIPET-leadership-.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usace.army.mil">"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Home website"</a>. Usace.army.mil. 25 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Corps+of+Engineers+Home+website&rft.pub=Usace.army.mil&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usace.army.mil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/news/featurex/2007/08/broken-the-army-corps-of-engineers.html">Army Corps of Engineers is Broken</a>(See "Skewed Priorities")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feingold-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feingold_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feingold.senate.gov/~feingold/releases/07/05/20070514.html">Feingold, McCain, Coburn Work to Reform Army Corps of Engineers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119100812/http://feingold.senate.gov/~feingold/releases/07/05/20070514.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Baquet,_The_Times-Picayune" class="citation web cs1">Terry Baquet, The Times-Picayune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908043915/http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/water_bill_passes_despite_bush.html">"Water bill passes despite Bush veto"</a>. Blog.nola.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.nola.com/times-picayune/2007/11/water_bill_passes_despite_bush.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+bill+passes+despite+Bush+veto&rft.pub=Blog.nola.com&rft.au=Terry+Baquet%2C+The+Times-Picayune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.nola.com%2Ftimes-picayune%2F2007%2F11%2Fwater_bill_passes_despite_bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FOIA Request to the Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, "records pertaining to the former Camp O'Ryan site, previously the Wethersfield Range", 21 February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"State of New York Annual Report of the Chief of Staff to the Governor for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Division_of_Military_and_Naval_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs">Division of Military and Naval Affairs</a> for the Year 1949 ", Karl F. Hausauer, Major General, <a href="/wiki/N.Y.N.G." class="mw-redirect" title="N.Y.N.G.">N.Y.N.G.</a>, Chief of Staff to the Governor, 31 December 1949, pages 57–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Joe, "A Bittersweet Win for a Whistleblower", <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i>, 27 July 2011, p. B4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/eng/defaultEN.htm#Brigades">"Lineage Information"</a>. <i>U.S. Army Center of Military History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Lineage+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fforcestruc%2Flineages%2Fbranches%2Feng%2FdefaultEN.htm%23Brigades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellerbio2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellerbio2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/Historical-Vignettes/Military-Construction-Combat/079-Oldest-Officer/">Historical Vignette 079 – The Oldest U.S. Army Officer to Serve in World War II Was an Engineer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellerbio4-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellerbio4_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/charles-keller.htm">Charles Keller – Brigadier General, United States Army</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/pchains.htm">Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>US Army Corps of Engineers. <i>The History of the US Army Corps of Engineers</i> (Army Corps of Engineers, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790004.ca.archive.org/0/items/historyofusarmyc00wash_0/historyofusarmyc00wash_0.pdf">online; can be downloaded at no cost; not copyright</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Angevine, Robert G. "Individuals, organizations, and engineering: US Army officers and the American railroads, 1827-1838." <i>Technology and Culture</i> 42.2 (2001): 292-320. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert-Angevine/publication/236820086_Individuals_Organizations_and_Engineering_US_Army_Officers_and_the_American_Railroads_1827-1838/links/58bee97092851cd83aa12306/Individuals-Organizations-and-Engineering-US-Army-Officers-and-the-American-Railroads-1827-1838.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Ballard, Joe N., ed. <i>The history of the US Army Corps of Engineers</i> (DIANE Publishing, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EKieF_-ycGkC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=Y8zbvRYftL&sig=jHtRWFwQDYZFUzHqhLevaVnendc">online</a></li> <li>Becker, William H. <i>From the Atlantic to the Great Lakes: a history of the US Army Corps of Engineers and the St. Lawrence Seaway</i> (Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers, 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=3kT4F9sKs3sC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=fIDOPWfXAb&sig=B99RRkjZAdRR5hxIdrUbDjPM78Q">online</a>.</li> <li>Cowdrey, Albert E. "Pioneering Environmental Law: The Army Corps of Engineers and the Refuse Act." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> (1975): 331-349. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638031">online</a></li> <li>Crump, Irving. <i>Our Army Engineer</i> (1954), popular history of 19 great projects; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourarmyengineer0000irvi/page/n5/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Dobney, Fredrick J. <i>River Engineers on the Middle Mississippi: A History of the St. Louis District, US Army Corps of Engineers</i> (US Government Printing Office, 1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HRBSAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=4clQP_KsN5&sig=dML2L2fkjQvmmkwOG_UAAnK203I">online</a>.</li> <li>Fine, Lenore, and Jesse Arthur Remington. <i>The corps of engineers: Construction in the United States</i> (Vol. 10. No. 5. Center of Military History, US Army, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sayH0re0p6MC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=mLRAatG-Y8&sig=HRyi3EnG40Fpa2rftpYDXaajrCo">online</a></li> <li>Grathwol, Robert P., and Donita M. Moorhus. <i>Bricks, sand, and marble: US Army Corps of Engineers construction in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991</i> (Vol. 45. Center of Military History, Corps of Engineers, US Army, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HCAQHPJRiokC&oi=fnd&pg=PP18&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=kvCzGNIL8O&sig=xiTxmivpb2PB0bqN5YPPWJxo0v8">online</a>.</li> <li>Griggs, William E. <i>The World War II Black Regiment that Built the Alaska Military Highway: A Photographic History</i> (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=32OXlhNpto8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA5&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=_l-ZY-hAiY&sig=0n6ysXyEKzlVH3yUF_x2JiwJ6aU">online</a>.</li> <li>Hendricks, Charles. <i>Combat and Construction: US Army Engineers in World War I</i> (Vol. 870. No. 1-47. US Army Corps of Engineers, 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=o8HUMvSDs6MC&oi=fnd&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=yFLmknvmUF&sig=FhwK0vQtmDWuZ3H-Xef4CuF1bbQ">online</a>.</li> <li>Hill, Forest G. <i>Roads, rails & waterways: the army engineers and early transportation</i> (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadsrailswaterw00hill/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Klawonn, Marion J. <i>Cradle of the Corps: A History of the New York District, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1775-1975</i> (Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, New York District, 1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4Sg0kSqBWNwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=ZuRaOix_CT&sig=OIewI4AZo-9mUF4QhdsIjio13ZA">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Johnson, Leland R. <i>The Falls City Engineers: A History of the Louisville District, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 1970-1983</i> (US Army Engineer District, 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xUosAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP10&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=zOtNbjmNxw&sig=aHU5I17-JiLOeTDS62ahdfGmM0w">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Prucha, Francis Paul. <i>Broadax and bayonet : the role of the United States Army in the development of the northwest, 1815-1860</i> (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/broadaxbayonetro0000pruc">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Scott, Pamela. <i>Capital Engineers: The US Army Corps of Engineers in the Development of Washington, DC 1790-2004</i> (Office of History, Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA581171.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Shallat, Todd. "Building waterways, 1802–1861: Science and the United States Army in early public works." <i>Technology and Culture</i> 31.1 (1990): 18-50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/888918/summary">excerpt</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Shallat, Todd. <i>Structures in the stream: Water, science, and the rise of the US Army Corps of Engineers</i> (University of Texas Press, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NawAAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=IA1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=gR3A7JsR9Z&sig=9kJC-IUpZULqXauM6i-kyevTvBg">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Thompson, Erwin N. <i>Pacific Ocean Engineers: History of the US Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific, 1905-1980</i> (US Government Printing Office, 1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YiEmQqfnSPsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=J_M5gxyM3-&sig=NJL37AjFqOo2nxKA60K2p1Oj6Rs">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. <i>Builders and Fighters: U. S. Army Engineers in World War II</i> (University Press of the Pacific, 2005) 556pp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1410221776" title="Special:BookSources/1410221776">1410221776</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Willingham, William F. <i>Northwest Passages: A History of the Seattle District, US Army Corps of Engineers</i> (US Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, 1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=68mVZxPWcYMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR2&dq=%22army+corps+of+engineers%22+history+roads&ots=kB_DlJx5Th&sig=Cb5QUMn5b1v6UvsRErCq0om5pM8">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/browse/collection/ACE/">Historic photos of Corps of Engineers lock and dam projects throughout Texas in 1910-20s</a> (from the <i>Portal to Texas History</i>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStars_and_Stripes1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes_(newspaper)" title="Stars and Stripes (newspaper)">Stars and Stripes</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/gi_stories_booklets/engineers/index.html"><i>Engineering the Victory: The Story of the Corps of Engineers</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+the+Victory%3A+The+Story+of+the+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Stars+and+Stripes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Fgi_stories_booklets%2Fengineers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Army+Corps+of+Engineers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png/29px-Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png/38px-Chief_of_Engineers_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="198" /></span></span></span> Divisions of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_and_Ohio_River_Division" title="Great Lakes and Ohio River Division">Great Lakes and Ohio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley_Division" title="Mississippi Valley Division">Mississippi Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Division" title="North Atlantic Division">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Division" title="Northwestern Division">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Division" title="Pacific Ocean Division">Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Division" title="South Atlantic Division">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division" title="South Pacific Division">South Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Division" title="Southwestern Division">Southwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_navbox" title="Template talk:US Army navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under Secretary of the Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_four-star_generals" title="List of United States Army four-star generals">4-star generals</a></li> <li>3-star generals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_generals_in_the_United_States_Army_before_1960" title="List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960">1798–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_lieutenant_generals_from_1990_to_1999" title="List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 1990 to 1999">1990–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_lieutenant_generals_from_2000_to_2009" title="List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2000 to 2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_lieutenant_generals_from_2010_to_2019" title="List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019">2010–2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_lieutenant_generals_since_2020" title="List of United States Army lieutenant generals since 2020">2020–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Staff_Senior_Warrant_Officer" title="Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer">Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_Major_of_the_Army" title="Sergeant Major of the Army">Sergeant Major of the Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Armed Services Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Tactical_Air_and_Land_Forces" title="United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces">House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Committee on Armed Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Airland" title="United States Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Airland">Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Mark_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components<br />and<br />commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army#Regular_combat_maneuver_organizations" title="United States Army">Active Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">Reorganization plan of United States Army</a><br /></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_Command" title="United States Army Forces Command">Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command" title="United States Army Futures Command">Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command" title="United States Army Materiel Command">Materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" title="United States Army Training and Doctrine Command">Training and Doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Service <br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe_and_Africa" title="United States Army Europe and Africa">Europe</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Pacific" title="United States Army Pacific">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_South" title="United States Army South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Army Special Operations Command">Special Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Surface_Deployment_and_Distribution_Command" title="Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command">Surface Deployment and Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Space_and_Missile_Defense_Command" title="United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command">Space and Missile Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Cyber_Command" title="United States Army Cyber Command">Cyber Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Direct reporting<br />units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_States_Army" title="Second United States Army">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Command" title="United States Army Medical Command">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Intelligence and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Division">Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corps of Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_District_of_Washington" title="United States Army Military District of Washington">Military District of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve_Command" title="United States Army Reserve Command">Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Acquisition_Support_Center" title="U.S. Army Acquisition Support Center">Acquisition Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Installation_Management_Command" title="United States Army Installation Management Command">Installation Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">War College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_field_armies_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of field armies of the United States Army">Field armies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_States)" title="First Army (United States)">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(United_States)" title="Sixth Army (United States)">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe_and_Africa" title="United States Army Europe and Africa">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_States)" title="Eighth Army (United States)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(United_States)" title="Ninth Army (United States)">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Acquisition_Corps" title="United States Army Acquisition Corps">Acquisition Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Adjutant_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Army Adjutant General's Corps">Adjutant General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defense_Artillery_Branch" title="Air Defense Artillery Branch">Air Defense Artillery Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_Branch" title="Armor Branch">Armor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Aviation_Branch" title="United States Army Aviation Branch">Aviation Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_bands" title="United States military bands">Army Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Chaplain Corps (United States Army)">Chaplain Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Corps" title="Chemical Corps">Chemical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Civil_Affairs_and_Psychological_Operations_Command" title="United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command">Civil Affairs Corps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corps of Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Branch_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber Branch (United States Army)">Cyber Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Dental_Command" title="United States Army Dental Command">Dental Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_Artillery_Branch_(United_States)" title="Field Artillery Branch (United States)">Field Artillery Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Corps" title="Finance Corps">Finance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">Infantry Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army">Inspector General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Logistics_Branch" title="United States Army Logistics Branch">Logistics Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Corps" title="United States Army Medical Corps">Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_(United_States)" title="Army Medical Department (United States)">Medical Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Medical_Department_(United_States)" title="Army Medical Department (United States)">Medical Specialist Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)" title="Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">Military Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Army Nurse Corps">Nurse Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="United States Army Ordnance Corps">Ordnance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_operations_(United_States)" title="Psychological operations (United States)">Psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Quartermaster_Corps" title="United States Army Quartermaster Corps">Quartermaster Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">Special Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Corps" title="Transportation Corps">Transportation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Veterinary_Corps" title="United States Army Veterinary Corps">Veterinary Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Installations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_Army_installations" title="List of former United States Army installations">United States and overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations_in_Germany" title="List of United States Army installations in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Installations_of_the_United_States_Army_in_Japan" title="Category:Installations of the United States Army in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations_in_Kuwait" title="List of United States Army installations in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_installations_in_South_Korea" title="List of United States Army installations in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">Basic Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Officer_Leaders_Course" title="Basic Officer Leaders Course">BOLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Early_Commissioning_Program" title="Early Commissioning Program">ECP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">OCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course" title="Warrant Officer Basic Course">WOBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School">WOCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">Military Academy (West Point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_careers" title="List of United States Army careers">MOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uniforms and<br />insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Department of the Army">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_branch_insignia" title="United States Army branch insignia">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">Enlisted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia_of_World_War_I" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia_of_World_War_II" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">Uniforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of equipment of the United States Army">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_premier_ensembles" title="List of United States military premier ensembles">Premier<br />ensembles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Band" title="United States Army Field Band">Army Field Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Band" title="United States Army Band">Army Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_Fife_and_Drum_Corps" title="Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps">Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Point_Band" title="West Point Band">West Point Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History and<br /> traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_I" title="History of the United States Army">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Institute_of_Heraldry" title="United States Army Institute of Heraldry">Institute of Heraldry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Army" title="America's Army">America's Army</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Army" title="National Museum of the United States Army">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#West_Point_Museum" title="United States Military Academy">West Point Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Rangers" title="United States Army Rangers">Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Regimental_System" title="U.S. Army Regimental System">U.S. Army Regimental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">Soldier's Creed</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_United_States_Army_divisions" title="List of nicknames of United States Army divisions">Division nicknames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">Service numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra">Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Soldier" title="Buffalo Soldier">Buffalo Soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Service_Forces" title="Army Service Forces">Army Service Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Cavalry" title="United States Cavalry">U.S. Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Hospital_Corps" title="United States Army Hospital Corps">United States Army Hospital Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405824666">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157704448">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/534195/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/114157-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79069640">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863616p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500221924">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/996942">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034867392">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh793p">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>   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