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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Blue" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Blue" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Blue" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>View source</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the colour. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Blue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Blue (disambiguation)">Blue (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Blue</b> is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Primary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colours">primary colours</a> in the <a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB colour model</a> (traditional colour theory), as well as in the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB (additive) colour model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies between <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical spectrum">spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. The term <i>blue</i> generally describes colours perceived by humans observing light with a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_wavelength" title="Dominant wavelength">dominant wavelength</a> that's between approximately 450 and 495 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a>. Most blues contain a slight mixture of other colours; <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a> contains some green, while <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> contains some violet. The clear daytime sky and the deep sea appear blue because of an optical effect known as <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering#Cause_of_the_blue_colour_of_the_sky" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>. An optical effect called the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall effect</a> explains <a href="/wiki/Eye_color#Blue" title="Eye color">blue eyes</a>. Distant objects appear more blue because of another optical effect called <a href="/wiki/Aerial_perspective" title="Aerial perspective">aerial perspective</a>. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Blue</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#0000FF!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:243px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/80px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/120px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/160px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/80px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/120px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG/160px-Iranian_Tiles_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="3648"></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp,_Netherlands-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg/80px-Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg/120px-Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg/160px-Cyanerpes_cyaneus_-Diergaarde_Blijdorp%2C_Netherlands-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="4168"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/121px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/182px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg/242px-Ocean_world_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300"></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/121px-Copper_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/182px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/242px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="922"></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg/243px-Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg" decoding="async" width="243" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg/365px-Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg/486px-Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o_north_north_east.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="4571"></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise, from top left: A <a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Ukraine)" title="Militsiya (Ukraine)">Ukrainian Police</a> officer on duty; Tiles of the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Lotfollah_Mosque" title="Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque">Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque</a>, Iran; <a href="/wiki/Red-legged_honeycreeper" title="Red-legged honeycreeper">Red-legged honeycreeper</a>; <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper(II) sulfate</a>; Sea at <a href="/wiki/Ponta_de_S%C3%A3o_Louren%C3%A7o" title="Ponta de São Lourenço">Ponta de São Lourenço</a>; The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> seen from space</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral coordinates</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">approx. 450–495 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~670–610 <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz (unit)">THz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60"></a></span></span> Colour coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#0000FF</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0, 0, 255)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(240°, 100%, 100%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(32, 131, 266°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/HTML_color_names" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML color names">HTML/CSS</a><sup id="cite_ref-css3-color_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br><b>H</b>: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Blue has been an important colour in art and decoration since ancient times. The semi-precious stone <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> was used in ancient Egypt for jewellery and ornament and later, in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, to make the pigment <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, the most expensive of all pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighth century Chinese artists used <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> to colour fine <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_white_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue and white porcelain">blue and white porcelain</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, European artists used it in the windows of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedrals</a>. Europeans wore clothing coloured with the vegetable dye <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> until it was replaced by the finer <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> from America. In the 19th century, synthetic blue dyes and pigments gradually replaced organic dyes and mineral pigments. Dark blue became a common colour for military uniforms and later, in the late 20th century, for business suits. Because blue has commonly been associated with harmony, it was chosen as the colour of the flags of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States and Europe, blue is the colour that both men and women are most likely to choose as their favourite, with at least one recent survey showing the same across several other countries, including China, Malaysia, and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller200922_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller200922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Past surveys in the US and Europe have found that blue is the colour most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">confidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">calmness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distance" title="Distance">distance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">cold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller200924_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller200924-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_linguistics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology and linguistics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Optics_and_colour_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Optics and colour theory</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#LED"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">LED</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Lasers"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Lasers</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Shades_and_variations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Shades and variations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#As_a_structural_colour"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">As a structural colour</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Colourants"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Colourants</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Artificial_blues"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Artificial blues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dyes_for_textiles_and_food"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dyes for textiles and food</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Pigments_for_painting_and_glass"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pigments for painting and glass</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Inks"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Inks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Inorganic_compounds"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Inorganic compounds</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#In_nature"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">In nature</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sky_and_sea"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sky and sea</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Minerals"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Minerals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Plants_and_fungi"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plants and fungi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Animals"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Animals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Eyes"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Eyes</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#In_the_ancient_world"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">In the ancient world</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#In_the_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">In the Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Renaissance_through_18th_century"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance through 18th century</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#19th-20th_century"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">19th-20th century</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#In_society_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In society and culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Uniforms"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Uniforms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Gender"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gender</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology_and_linguistics">Etymology and linguistics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">modern English</a> word <i>blue</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">bleu</i></span> or <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">blewe</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">bleu</i></span>, a word of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> origin, related to the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> word <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">blao</i></span> (meaning 'shimmering, lustrous').<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_1970_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster_1970-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, the word <i><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a></i> is used for <i>blue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, and some other languages, there is no single word for blue, but rather different words for light blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">голубой</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">goluboj</i></span>; <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Celeste</i></span>) and dark blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">синий</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">sinij</i></span>; <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Azul</i></span>) (see <a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour term</a>). </p><p>Several languages, including <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota Sioux</a>, use the same word to describe blue and green. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, the colour of both tree leaves and the sky is <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">xanh</i></span>. In Japanese, the word for blue (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:青">青</a></span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">ao</i></span>) is often used for colours that English speakers would refer to as green, such as the colour of a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signal</a> meaning "go". In Lakota, the word <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C8%9F%C3%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:tȟó">tȟó</a></i></span> is used for both blue and green, the two colours not being distinguished in older Lakota (for more on this subject, see <a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a>). </p><p>Linguistic research indicates that languages do not begin by having a word for the colour blue.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colour names often developed individually in natural languages, typically beginning with <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> (or dark and light), and then adding <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, and only much later – usually as the last main category of colour accepted in a language – adding the colour blue, probably when blue pigments could be manufactured reliably in the culture using that language.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Optics_and_colour_theory">Optics and colour theory</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The term <i>blue</i> generally describes colours perceived by humans observing light with a <a href="/wiki/Dominant_wavelength" title="Dominant wavelength">dominant wavelength</a> between approximately 450 and 495 nanometres.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blues with a higher frequency and thus a shorter wavelength gradually look more violet, while those with a lower frequency and a longer wavelength gradually appear more green. Purer blues are in the middle of this range, e.g., around 470 nanometres. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> included blue as one of the seven colours in his first description of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose seven colours because that was the number of notes in the musical scale, which he believed was related to the optical spectrum. He included <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, the hue between blue and violet, as one of the separate colours, though today it is usually considered a hue of blue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In painting and traditional <a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">colour theory</a>, blue is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colours</a> of pigments (red, yellow, blue), which can be mixed to form a wide <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a> of colours. Red and blue mixed together form violet, blue and yellow together form green. Mixing all three primary colours together produces a dark brown. From the Renaissance onward, painters used this system to create their colours (see <a href="/wiki/RYB_colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="RYB colour model">RYB colour model</a>). </p><p>The RYB model was used for <a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">colour printing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacob Christoph Le Blon</a> as early as 1725. Later, printers discovered that more accurate colours could be created by using combinations of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black ink, put onto separate inked plates and then overlaid one at a time onto paper. This method could produce almost all the colours in the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> with reasonable accuracy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdditiveColorMixing.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Additive colour mixing. The combination of primary colours produces secondary colours where two overlap; the combination red, green, and blue each in full intensity makes white."><noscript><img alt="Additive colour mixing. The combination of primary colours produces secondary colours where two overlap; the combination red, green, and blue each in full intensity makes white." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AdditiveColorMixing.svg/230px-AdditiveColorMixing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 154px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AdditiveColorMixing.svg/230px-AdditiveColorMixing.svg.png" data-alt="Additive colour mixing. The combination of primary colours produces secondary colours where two overlap; the combination red, green, and blue each in full intensity makes white." data-width="154" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AdditiveColorMixing.svg/346px-AdditiveColorMixing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AdditiveColorMixing.svg/461px-AdditiveColorMixing.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Additive colour mixing. The combination of <a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">primary colours</a> produces secondary colours where two overlap; the combination red, green, and blue each in full intensity makes white.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_pixels.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red, green, and blue subpixels on a liquid-crystal display."><noscript><img alt="Red, green, and blue subpixels on a liquid-crystal display." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Closeup_of_pixels.JPG/281px-Closeup_of_pixels.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Closeup_of_pixels.JPG/281px-Closeup_of_pixels.JPG" data-alt="Red, green, and blue subpixels on a liquid-crystal display." data-width="188" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Closeup_of_pixels.JPG/423px-Closeup_of_pixels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Closeup_of_pixels.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red, green, and blue <a href="/wiki/Subpixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpixels">subpixels</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV colour wheel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complement</a> of blue is <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>; that is, a colour corresponding to an equal mixture of <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> light. On a colour wheel based on traditional colour theory (<a href="/wiki/RYB_colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="RYB colour model">RYB</a>) where blue was considered a primary colour, its complementary colour is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell colour wheel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LED">LED</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_LED" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue LED">Blue LED</a></div> <p>In 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nichia_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichia Corporation">Nichia Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parallel, <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_University" title="Nagoya University">Nagoya University</a> were working on a new development which revolutionized LED lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nakamura was awarded the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize" title="Millennium Technology Prize">Millennium Technology Prize</a> for his invention.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakamura, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 2014 for the invention of an efficient blue LED.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141007-DO_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141007-DO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasers">Lasers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_laser" title="Blue laser">Blue laser</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> emitting in the blue region of the spectrum became widely available to the public in 2010 with the release of inexpensive high-powered 445–447 nm <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-laserglow_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laserglow-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously the blue wavelengths were accessible only through <a href="/wiki/DPSS" class="mw-redirect" title="DPSS">DPSS</a> which are comparatively expensive and inefficient, but still widely used by scientists for applications including <a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">optogenetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Particle_image_velocimetry" title="Particle image velocimetry">particle image velocimetry</a>, due to their superior beam quality.<sup id="cite_ref-laserglow2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laserglow2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue <a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">gas lasers</a> are also still commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_pumping" title="Optical pumping">optical pumping</a>, among other scientific and medical applications. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Shades_and_variations">Shades and variations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Shades of blue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_icon_blue.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Color_icon_blue.png/220px-Color_icon_blue.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Color_icon_blue.png/220px-Color_icon_blue.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Color_icon_blue.png/330px-Color_icon_blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Color_icon_blue.png/440px-Color_icon_blue.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">shades of blue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Blue is the colour of light between <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>. Hues of blue include indigo and <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, closer to violet; pure blue, without any mixture of other colours; Azure, which is a lighter shade of blue, similar to the colour of the sky; Cyan, which is midway in the spectrum between blue and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, and the other blue-greens such as <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">turquoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">teal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(color)" title="Aquamarine (color)">aquamarine</a>. </p><p>Blue also varies in shade or tint; darker shades of blue contain black or grey, while lighter tints contain white. Darker shades of blue include ultramarine, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>; while lighter tints include <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">sky blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a> (for a more complete list see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colours</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_structural_colour">As a structural colour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></div> <p>In nature, many blue phenomena arise from <a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">structural colouration</a>, the result of interference between reflections from two or more surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Thin_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin films">thin films</a>, combined with refraction as light enters and exits such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces interferes constructively, while at other angles, the light interferes destructively. Diverse colours therefore appear despite the absence of colourants.<sup id="cite_ref-ExeterIridescence_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExeterIridescence-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Colourants">Colourants</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colourants" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourants">Colourants</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian blue"><noscript><img alt="Egyptian blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Egyptian_blue.jpg/180px-Egyptian_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Egyptian_blue.jpg/180px-Egyptian_blue.jpg" data-alt="Egyptian blue" data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Egyptian_blue.jpg/270px-Egyptian_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Egyptian_blue.jpg/360px-Egyptian_blue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_Blue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cobalt blue"><noscript><img alt="Cobalt blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cobalt_Blue.JPG/176px-Cobalt_Blue.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cobalt_Blue.JPG/176px-Cobalt_Blue.JPG" data-alt="Cobalt blue" data-width="118" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cobalt_Blue.JPG/264px-Cobalt_Blue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cobalt_Blue.JPG/351px-Cobalt_Blue.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">Cobalt blue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bleu_phtalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper phthalocyanine"><noscript><img alt="Copper phthalocyanine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bleu_phtalo.jpg/150px-Bleu_phtalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bleu_phtalo.jpg/150px-Bleu_phtalo.jpg" data-alt="Copper phthalocyanine" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bleu_phtalo.jpg/225px-Bleu_phtalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bleu_phtalo.jpg/300px-Bleu_phtalo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Copper_phthalocyanine" title="Copper phthalocyanine">Copper phthalocyanine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="YInMn blue"><noscript><img alt="YInMn blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg/180px-YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg/180px-YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg" data-alt="YInMn blue" data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg/269px-YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg/359px-YInMn_Blue_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/YInMn_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="YInMn blue">YInMn blue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 458px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 456px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prussian blue, FeIII 4[FeII (CN) 6] 3, is the blue of blueprints."><noscript><img alt="Prussian blue, FeIII 4[FeII (CN) 6] 3, is the blue of blueprints." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/684px-Prussian_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="456" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 456px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/684px-Prussian_blue.jpg" data-alt="Prussian blue, FeIII 4[FeII (CN) 6] 3, is the blue of blueprints." data-width="456" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/1026px-Prussian_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/1368px-Prussian_blue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>, Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">III</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>[Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">II</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>(<a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN</a>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>, is the blue of <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_blues">Artificial blues</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>, the first artificial pigment, was produced in the third millennium BC in Ancient Egypt. It is produced by heating pulverized sand, copper, and <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a>. It was used in tomb paintings and funereal objects to protect the dead in their afterlife. Prior to the 1700s, blue colourants for artwork were mainly based on lapis lazuli and the related mineral ultramarine. A breakthrough occurred in 1709 when German druggist and pigment maker <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Diesbach" title="Johann Jacob Diesbach">Johann Jacob Diesbach</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>. The new blue arose from experiments involving heating dried blood with iron sulphides and was initially called Berliner Blau. By 1710 it was being used by the French painter <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a>, and later his successor <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lancret" title="Nicolas Lancret">Nicolas Lancret</a>. It became immensely popular for the manufacture of wallpaper, and in the 19th century was widely used by French impressionist painters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1820s, Prussian blue was imported into Japan through the port of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. It was called <i>bero-ai</i>, or Berlin blue, and it became popular because it did not fade like traditional Japanese blue pigment, <i>ai-gami</i>, made from the <a href="/wiki/Dayflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayflower">dayflower</a>. Prussian blue was used by both <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>, in his wave paintings, and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1799 a French chemist, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, made a synthetic cobalt blue pigment which became immensely popular with painters. </p><p>In 1824 the <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A9_pour_l%27Encouragement_d%27Industrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Societé pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie">Societé pour l'Encouragement d'Industrie</a> in France offered a prize for the invention of an artificial <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> which could rival the natural colour made from lapis lazuli. The prize was won in 1826 by a chemist named Jean Baptiste Guimet, but he refused to reveal the formula of his colour. In 1828, another scientist, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gmelin" title="Christian Gmelin">Christian Gmelin</a> then a professor of chemistry in Tübingen, found the process and published his formula. This was the beginning of new industry to manufacture artificial ultramarine, which eventually almost completely replaced the natural product.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1878 German chemists synthesized <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>. This product rapidly replaced natural indigo, wiping out vast farms growing indigo. It is now the blue of blue jeans. As the pace of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> accelerated, a succession of synthetic blue dyes were discovered including <a href="/wiki/Indanthrone_blue" title="Indanthrone blue">Indanthrone blue</a>, which had even greater resistance to fading during washing or in the sun, and <a href="/wiki/Copper_phthalocyanine" title="Copper phthalocyanine">copper phthalocyanine</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Blue Boy (1770), featuring lapis lazuli, indigo, and cobalt colourants,[29]"><noscript><img alt="The Blue Boy (1770), featuring lapis lazuli, indigo, and cobalt colourants,[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/203px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1289"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 136px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/203px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg" data-alt="The Blue Boy (1770), featuring lapis lazuli, indigo, and cobalt colourants,[29]" data-width="136" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/304px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/The_Blue_Boy.jpg/406px-The_Blue_Boy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Boy" title="The Blue Boy">The Blue Boy</a></i> (1770), featuring lapis lazuli, indigo, and cobalt colourants,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa illustrates the use of Prussian blue"><noscript><img alt="The Great Wave off Kanagawa illustrates the use of Prussian blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/439px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8242" data-file-height="5640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 293px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/439px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" data-alt="The Great Wave off Kanagawa illustrates the use of Prussian blue" data-width="293" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/658px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/877px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i> illustrates the use of <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigoproduktion_BASF_1890.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A synthetic indigo dye factory in Germany in 1890."><noscript><img alt="A synthetic indigo dye factory in Germany in 1890." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Indigoproduktion_BASF_1890.JPG" decoding="async" width="285" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="247"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 285px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Indigoproduktion_BASF_1890.JPG" data-alt="A synthetic indigo dye factory in Germany in 1890." data-width="285" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A synthetic indigo dye factory in Germany in 1890.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyes_for_textiles_and_food">Dyes for textiles and food</h3></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Ag_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">Woad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria" title="Indigofera tinctoria">true indigo</a> were once used but since the early 1900s, all indigo is synthetic. Produced on an industrial scale, indigo is the blue of blue jeans. Blue dyes are organic compounds, both synthetic and natural. </p><p>For food, the triarylmethane dye <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_blue_FCF" title="Brilliant blue FCF">Brilliant blue FCF</a> is used for candies. The search continues for stable, natural blue dyes suitable for the food industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Ag_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>-flavoured foods are dyed blue. This was done to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a>-flavoured foods.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company <a href="/wiki/The_Icee_Company" title="The Icee Company">ICEE</a> used Blue No. 1 for their blue raspberry ICEEs. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips,_Coconut,_and_Cherries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Raspberry Frozen Yogurt with White Chocolate Chips, Coconut, and Cherries."><noscript><img alt="Blue Raspberry Frozen Yogurt with White Chocolate Chips, Coconut, and Cherries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg/301px-Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 201px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg/301px-Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg" data-alt="Blue Raspberry Frozen Yogurt with White Chocolate Chips, Coconut, and Cherries." data-width="201" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg/453px-Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg/603px-Blue_Raspberry_Frozen_Yogurt_with_White_Chocolate_Chips%2C_Coconut%2C_and_Cherries.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue Raspberry Frozen Yogurt with White Chocolate Chips, Coconut, and Cherries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue haribo jelly beans. Raspberry flavour. Bought in the UK."><noscript><img alt="Blue haribo jelly beans. Raspberry flavour. Bought in the UK." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg/403px-Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="1048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 269px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg/403px-Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg" data-alt="Blue haribo jelly beans. Raspberry flavour. Bought in the UK." data-width="269" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg/605px-Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg/806px-Blue_haribo_jelly_beans.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue haribo jelly beans. Raspberry flavour. Bought in the UK.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-11-09_19_29_30_A_blue_raspberry-flavored_Jolly_Rancher_Hard_Candy_Stix_after_being_unwrapped_in_the_Dulles_section_of_Sterling,_Loudoun_County,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A blue raspberry-flavoured Jolly Rancher Hard Candy Stix after being unwrapped in the Dulles section of Sterling, Loudoun County, Virginia."><noscript><img alt="A blue raspberry-flavoured Jolly Rancher Hard Candy Stix after being unwrapped in the Dulles section of Sterling, Loudoun County, Virginia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2019-11-09_19_29_30_A_blue_raspberry-flavored_Jolly_Rancher_Hard_Candy_Stix_after_being_unwrapped_in_the_Dulles_section_of_Sterling%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2019-11-09_19_29_30_A_blue_raspberry-flavored_Jolly_Rancher_Hard_Candy_Stix_after_being_unwrapped_in_the_Dulles_section_of_Sterling%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" data-alt="A blue raspberry-flavoured Jolly Rancher Hard Candy Stix after being unwrapped in the Dulles section of Sterling, Loudoun County, Virginia." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2019-11-09_19_29_30_A_blue_raspberry-flavored_Jolly_Rancher_Hard_Candy_Stix_after_being_unwrapped_in_the_Dulles_section_of_Sterling%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/451px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/2019-11-09_19_29_30_A_blue_raspberry-flavored_Jolly_Rancher_Hard_Candy_Stix_after_being_unwrapped_in_the_Dulles_section_of_Sterling%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A blue raspberry-flavoured Jolly Rancher Hard Candy Stix after being unwrapped in the Dulles section of Sterling, Loudoun County, Virginia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigo_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of indigo dye, a widely produced blue dye. Blue jeans consist of 1–3% by weight of this organic compound."><noscript><img alt="Chemical structure of indigo dye, a widely produced blue dye. Blue jeans consist of 1–3% by weight of this organic compound." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/404px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/404px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png" data-alt="Chemical structure of indigo dye, a widely produced blue dye. Blue jeans consist of 1–3% by weight of this organic compound." data-width="270" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/607px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Indigo_skeletal.svg/808px-Indigo_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, a widely produced blue dye. <a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Blue jeans</a> consist of 1–3% by weight of this <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compound</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemical structure of C.I. Acid Blue 9, a dye commonly used in candies."><noscript><img alt="Chemical structure of C.I. Acid Blue 9, a dye commonly used in candies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg/403px-C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 269px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg/403px-C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg.png" data-alt="Chemical structure of C.I. Acid Blue 9, a dye commonly used in candies." data-width="269" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg/605px-C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg/805px-C.I._Acid_Blue_9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chemical structure of C.I. Acid Blue 9, a dye commonly used in candies.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigments_for_painting_and_glass">Pigments for painting and glass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blue_pigments" title="Blue pigments">Blue pigments</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="main_pigment"></span>Blue <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> were once produced from minerals, especially <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> and its close relative <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>. These minerals were crushed, ground into powder, and then mixed with a quick-drying binding agent, such as egg yolk (<a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera painting</a>); or with a slow-drying oil, such as <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>. Two inorganic but synthetic blue pigments are <a href="/wiki/Cerulean" title="Cerulean">cerulean blue</a> (primarily cobalt(II) stanate: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Co<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> (milori blue: primarily <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub></span>). The chromophore in blue <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> and glazes is <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>(II). Diverse cobalt(II) salts such as cobalt carbonate or cobalt(II) aluminate are mixed with the silica prior to firing. The cobalt occupies sites otherwise filled with silicon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inks">Inks</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methyl_blue" title="Methyl blue">Methyl blue</a> is the dominant blue pigment in inks used in pens.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprinting</a> involves the production of <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> in situ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inorganic_compounds">Inorganic compounds</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/110px-Copper_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/110px-Copper_sulfate.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="110" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/165px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Copper_sulfate.jpg/220px-Copper_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">CuSO<sub>4</sub><sup>.</sup>5H<sub>2</sub>O</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg/85px-Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg/85px-Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="85" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg/128px-Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg/170px-Cobaltous_chloride_anhydrous.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">Anhydrous</a> cobalt(II) chloride</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:113px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg/85px-Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg/85px-Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="85" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg/128px-Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg/170px-Vanadyl_sulfate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">Vanadyl sulfate</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Certain metal <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> characteristically form blue solutions or blue salts. Of some practical importance, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> is used to make the deep blue glazes and glasses. It substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> ions in these materials. Cobalt is the blue <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass windows</a>, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals</a> and in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copper#Compounds" title="Copper">Copper(II)</a> (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) also produces many blue compounds, including the commercial <a href="/wiki/Algaecide" title="Algaecide">algicide</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a> (CuSO<sub>4</sub><sup>.</sup>5H<sub>2</sub>O). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_ion" title="Vanadyl ion">vanadyl</a> salts and solutions are often blue, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">vanadyl sulfate</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_nature">In nature</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sky_and_sea">Sky and sea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Why_is_the_sky_blue%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Why is the sky blue?">Why is the sky blue?</a></div> <p>When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue wavelengths are scattered more widely by the oxygen and nitrogen molecules, and more blue comes to our eyes. This effect is called <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea is seen as blue for largely the same reason: the water absorbs the longer wavelengths of red and reflects and scatters the blue, which comes to the eye of the viewer. The deeper the observer goes, the darker the blue becomes. In the open sea, only about 1% of light penetrates to a depth of 200 metres (see <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphotic_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphotic depth">euphotic depth</a>). </p><p>The colour of the sea is also affected by the colour of the sky, reflected by particles in the water; and by <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and plant life in the water, which can make it look green; or by sediment, which can make it look brown.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The farther away an object is, the more blue it often appears to the eye. For example, mountains in the distance often appear blue. This is the effect of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric perspective">atmospheric perspective</a>; the farther an object is away from the viewer, the less contrast there is between the object and its background colour, which is usually blue. In a painting where different parts of the composition are blue, green and red, the blue will appear to be more distant, and the red closer to the viewer. The cooler a colour is, the more distant it seems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller200914_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller200914-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue light is <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">scattered more</a> than other wavelengths by the gases in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, hence our "blue planet". </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 303.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 301.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earth's blue halo when seen from space"><noscript><img alt="Earth's blue halo when seen from space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/452px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="302" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 302px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/452px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" data-alt="Earth's blue halo when seen from space" data-width="302" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/678px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/904px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earth's blue <a href="/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon)" title="Halo (optical phenomenon)">halo</a> when seen from space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_perspective_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Another example of Rayleigh scattering"><noscript><img alt="Another example of Rayleigh scattering" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aerial_perspective_1.JPG/400px-Aerial_perspective_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 267px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aerial_perspective_1.JPG/400px-Aerial_perspective_1.JPG" data-alt="Another example of Rayleigh scattering" data-width="267" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aerial_perspective_1.JPG/600px-Aerial_perspective_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Aerial_perspective_1.JPG/800px-Aerial_perspective_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another example of <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sea"><noscript><img alt="The sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg/240px-LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg/240px-LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg" data-alt="The sea" data-width="160" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg/360px-LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/LightningVolt_Deep_Blue_Sea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sea</div> </li> </ul> <p><br> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minerals">Minerals</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapis-lazuli"><noscript><img alt="Lapis-lazuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/262px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1679"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/262px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg" data-alt="Lapis-lazuli" data-width="175" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/394px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg/525px-Lapis-lazuli_hg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lapis-lazuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapis-lazuli">Lapis-lazuli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode,_La_Sal,_Utah,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azurite"><noscript><img alt="Azurite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7338" data-file-height="5504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg" data-alt="Azurite" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg/451px-Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg/600px-Azurite_-_New_Nevada_Lode%2C_La_Sal%2C_Utah%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">Azurite</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural ultramarine pigment"><noscript><img alt="Natural ultramarine pigment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/270px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="375"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/270px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg" data-alt="Natural ultramarine pigment" data-width="180" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg/406px-Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Natural <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> pigment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logan sapphire"><noscript><img alt="Logan sapphire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/171px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/171px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg" data-alt="Logan sapphire" data-width="114" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/257px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg/342px-Logan_Sapphire_SI.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Logan_sapphire" class="mw-redirect" title="Logan sapphire">Logan sapphire</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Some of the most desirable gems are blue, including <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">tanzanite</a>. Compounds of copper(II) are characteristically blue and so are many copper-containing minerals. <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">Azurite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)</span>, with a deep blue colour, was once employed in medieval years, but it is unstable pigment, losing its colour especially under dry conditions. <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a>, mined in Afghanistan for more than three thousand years, was used for jewelry and ornaments, and later was crushed and powdered and used as a pigment. The more it was ground, the lighter the blue colour became. Natural <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>, made by grinding lapis lazuli into a fine powder, was the finest available blue pigment in the Middle Ages and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. It was extremely expensive, and in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> art, it was often reserved for the robes of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants_and_fungi">Plants and fungi</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaue_Primeln.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Primula acaulis"><noscript><img alt="Primula acaulis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blaue_Primeln.JPG/300px-Blaue_Primeln.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blaue_Primeln.JPG/300px-Blaue_Primeln.JPG" data-alt="Primula acaulis" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blaue_Primeln.JPG/451px-Blaue_Primeln.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Blaue_Primeln.JPG/600px-Blaue_Primeln.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Primula acaulis</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morning glory (Ipomoea acuminata)"><noscript><img alt="Morning glory (Ipomoea acuminata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg/357px-Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="1755"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg/357px-Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg" data-alt="Morning glory (Ipomoea acuminata)" data-width="238" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg/536px-Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg/713px-Ipomoea_August_2007-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morning glory (<i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_acuminata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipomoea acuminata">Ipomoea acuminata</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaccinium corymbosum"><noscript><img alt="Vaccinium corymbosum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg/345px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg/345px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg" data-alt="Vaccinium corymbosum" data-width="230" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg/518px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg/689px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_Beeren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">Vaccinium corymbosum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vinca minor"><noscript><img alt="Vinca minor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg/338px-Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg/338px-Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg" data-alt="Vinca minor" data-width="226" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg/507px-Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg/675px-Vinca_minor_Nashville.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Vinca_minor" title="Vinca minor">Vinca minor</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Delphinium flower"><noscript><img alt="Blue Delphinium flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg/331px-Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3630" data-file-height="2466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 221px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg/331px-Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg" data-alt="Blue Delphinium flower" data-width="221" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg/498px-Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg/663px-Delphinium_denudatum_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue Delphinium flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Lupme flower Lupinus pilosus"><noscript><img alt="Blue Lupme flower Lupinus pilosus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg/272px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3304" data-file-height="2730"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg/272px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg" data-alt="Blue Lupme flower Lupinus pilosus" data-width="182" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg/409px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg/545px-Lupinus-pilosus-2015-Zachi-Evenor-cropped02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue Lupme flower <i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_pilosus" title="Lupinus pilosus">Lupinus pilosus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lactarius indigo[37]"><noscript><img alt="Lactarius indigo[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg/300px-Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg/300px-Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg" data-alt="Lactarius indigo[37]" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg/451px-Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg/600px-Lactarius_indigo_48568_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_indigo" title="Lactarius indigo">Lactarius indigo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>Intense efforts have focused on blue flowers and the possibility that natural blue colourants could be used as food dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ag_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, blue colours in plants are <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>: "the largest group of water-soluble pigments found widespread in the plant kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the few plants that exploit structural colouration, brilliant colours are produced by structures within cells. The most brilliant blue colouration known in any living tissue is found in the marble berries of <i><a href="/wiki/Pollia_condensata" title="Pollia condensata">Pollia condensata</a></i>, where a spiral structure of cellulose fibrils scattering blue light. The fruit of <a href="/wiki/Quandong" title="Quandong">quandong</a> (<i>Santalum acuminatum</i>) can appear blue owing to the same effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Ag_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ag-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morpho butterfly"><noscript><img alt="Morpho butterfly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/242px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5410" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/242px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" data-alt="Morpho butterfly" data-width="162" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/362px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/483px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morpho_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Morpho butterfly">Morpho butterfly</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indigo buntings have iridescent feathers."><noscript><img alt="Indigo buntings have iridescent feathers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg/240px-Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg/240px-Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg" data-alt="Indigo buntings have iridescent feathers." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg/360px-Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg/480px-Indigo_Bunting_by_Dan_Pancamo_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indigo_bunting" title="Indigo bunting">Indigo buntings</a> have iridescent feathers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandrill-k-means.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue facial ridges of mandrill"><noscript><img alt="Blue facial ridges of mandrill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mandrill-k-means.png/180px-Mandrill-k-means.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mandrill-k-means.png/180px-Mandrill-k-means.png" data-alt="Blue facial ridges of mandrill" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mandrill-k-means.png/270px-Mandrill-k-means.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Mandrill-k-means.png/360px-Mandrill-k-means.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue facial ridges of <a href="/wiki/Mandrill" title="Mandrill">mandrill</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue poison dart frog"><noscript><img alt="Blue poison dart frog" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg/180px-2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg/180px-2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg" data-alt="Blue poison dart frog" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg/270px-2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg/360px-2009-03-29Dendrobates_tinctorius_azureus106.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue_poison_dart_frog" title="Blue poison dart frog">Blue poison dart frog</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The mandarin fish is one of few animal species with blue pigment"><noscript><img alt="The mandarin fish is one of few animal species with blue pigment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png/247px-Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 165px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png/247px-Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png" data-alt="The mandarin fish is one of few animal species with blue pigment" data-width="165" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png/371px-Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png/494px-Synchiropus_splendidus_2_Luc_Viatour_cropped.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Synchiropus_splendidus" title="Synchiropus splendidus">mandarin fish</a> is one of few animal species with blue pigment</div> </li> </ul> <p>Blue-pigmented animals are relatively rare.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of which include butterflies of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nessaea" title="Nessaea">Nessaea</a></i>, where blue is created by <a href="/wiki/Pterobilin" title="Pterobilin">pterobilin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane-Wright_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-Wright-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other blue pigments of animal origin include phorcabilin, used by other butterflies in <i><a href="/wiki/Graphium_(butterfly)" title="Graphium (butterfly)">Graphium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio" title="Papilio">Papilio</a></i> (specifically <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_phorcas" title="Papilio phorcas">P. phorcas</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_weiskei" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilio weiskei">P. weiskei</a></i>), and sarpedobilin, which is used by <i><a href="/wiki/Graphium_sarpedon" title="Graphium sarpedon">Graphium sarpedon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonis_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonis-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue-pigmented <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a>, known as "cyanosomes", exist in the <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophores</a> of at least two fish species, the <a href="/wiki/Synchiropus_splendidus" title="Synchiropus splendidus">mandarin fish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque_dragonet" title="Picturesque dragonet">picturesque dragonet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More commonly, blueness in animals is a <a href="/wiki/Structural_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural color">structural colouration</a>; an optical interference effect induced by organized nanometre-sized scales or fibres. Examples include the plumage of several birds like the <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigo_bunting" title="Indigo bunting">indigo bunting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the scales of butterflies like the <a href="/wiki/Morpho_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Morpho butterfly">morpho butterfly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibres in the skin of some species of monkey and <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Prum2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prum2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore#Iridophores_and_leucophores" title="Chromatophore">iridophore</a> cells in some fish and frogs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_colour#Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye colour">Eye colour § Blue</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_blue_eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/150px-A_blue_eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/150px-A_blue_eye.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/225px-A_blue_eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/A_blue_eye.jpg/300px-A_blue_eye.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Blue eyes actually contain no blue pigment. The colour is caused by an effect called <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall scattering</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Blue eyes do not actually contain any blue pigment. <a href="/wiki/Eye_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye colour">Eye colour</a> is determined by two factors: the <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigmentation</a> of the eye's <a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">iris</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wielgus_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wielgus-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prota_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prota-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> of light by the <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbid</a> medium in the <a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">stroma of the iris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, the pigmentation of the iris varies from light brown to black. The appearance of blue, green, and hazel eyes results from the <a href="/wiki/Tyndall_effect" title="Tyndall effect">Tyndall scattering</a> of light in the stroma, an optical effect similar to what accounts for the blueness of the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mason_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irises of the eyes of people with blue eyes contain less dark <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> than those of people with brown eyes, which means that they absorb less short-wavelength blue light, which is instead reflected out to the viewer. Eye colour also varies depending on the lighting conditions, especially for lighter-coloured eyes. </p><p>Blue eyes are most common in Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> area and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BostonGlobe_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are also found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>. Blue eyes are also found in parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-altervista1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altervista1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, 99% of people have blue eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-More_than_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More_than-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1978, only 8% of the population had brown eyes, though through immigration, today that number is about 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-More_than_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More_than-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, about 75% have blue eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-More_than_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-More_than-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, as of 2006, 1 out of every 6 people, or 16.6% of the total population, and 22.3% of the <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white population</a>, have blue eyes, compared with about half of Americans born in 1900, and a third of Americans born in 1950. Blue eyes are becoming less common among American children<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the US, males are 3–5% more likely to have blue eyes than females.<sup id="cite_ref-BostonGlobe_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_ancient_world">In the ancient world</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapis_bowl_Iran,_AO_26477.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lapis lazuli bowl from Iran, end of 3rd – beginning of 2nd millennium BC (Louvre Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Lapis lazuli bowl from Iran, end of 3rd – beginning of 2nd millennium BC (Louvre Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg/263px-Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1349"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 176px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg/263px-Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg" data-alt="Lapis lazuli bowl from Iran, end of 3rd – beginning of 2nd millennium BC (Louvre Museum)" data-width="176" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg/395px-Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg/527px-Lapis_bowl_Iran%2C_AO_26477.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a> bowl from Iran, end of 3rd – beginning of 2nd millennium BC (Louvre Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Egyptian blue tripodic beaker imitating lapis lazuli. South Mesopotamia. (1399-1200 BC)"><noscript><img alt="Egyptian blue tripodic beaker imitating lapis lazuli. South Mesopotamia. (1399-1200 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg/202px-Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg/202px-Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg" data-alt="Egyptian blue tripodic beaker imitating lapis lazuli. South Mesopotamia. (1399-1200 BC)" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg/304px-Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg/405px-Tripodic_goblet_Louvre_AO4079.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a> tripodic beaker imitating lapis lazuli. South Mesopotamia. (1399-1200 BC)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fresco of Polyphemus and Galatea, Pompei, using Egyptian blue (1st c. BC) (Metropolitan Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Fresco of Polyphemus and Galatea, Pompei, using Egyptian blue (1st c. BC) (Metropolitan Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg/406px-WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 271px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg/406px-WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg" data-alt="Fresco of Polyphemus and Galatea, Pompei, using Egyptian blue (1st c. BC) (Metropolitan Museum)" data-width="271" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg/609px-WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg/812px-WLA_metmuseum_Wall_painting_Polyphemus_and_Galaltea_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fresco of Polyphemus and Galatea, Pompei, using <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a> (1st c. BC) (Metropolitan Museum)</div> </li> </ul> <p>As early as the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>, lapis lazuli was mined in the <a href="/wiki/Sar-i_Sang" title="Sar-i Sang">Sar-i Sang</a> mines,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashok_Roy_2009_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashok_Roy_2009-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Shortugai" title="Shortugai">Shortugai</a>, and in other mines in <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> province in northeast <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lapis lazuli artifacts, dated to 7570 BC, have been found at <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a>, which is the oldest site of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lapis_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapis was highly valued by the Indus Valley Civilisation (7570–1900 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-lapis_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lapis beads have been found at <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> burials in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and as far away as <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bc1995_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc1995-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used in the <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamun's mask">funeral mask of Tutankhamun</a> (1341–1323 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A term for Blue was relatively rare in many forms of ancient art and decoration, and even in ancient literature. The Ancient Greek poets described the sea as green, brown or "the colour of wine". The colour is mentioned several times in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as '<a href="/wiki/Tekhelet" title="Tekhelet">tekhelet</a>'. Reds, blacks, browns, and ochres are found in <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> from the Upper <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period, but not blue. Blue was also not used for dyeing fabric until long after red, ochre, pink, and purple. This is probably due to the perennial difficulty of making blue dyes and pigments. On the other hand, the rarity of blue pigment made it even more valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known blue dyes were made from plants – <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> in Europe, <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> in Asia and Africa, while blue pigments were made from minerals, usually either <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a>, and required more.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue glazes posed still another challenge since the early blue dyes and pigments were not thermally robust. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BC</span>, the blue glaze <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a> was introduced for ceramics, as well as many other objects.<sup id="cite_ref-chase_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chase-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greeks imported indigo dye from India, calling it indikon, and they painted with Egyptian blue. Blue was not one of the four primary colours for Greek painting described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (red, yellow, black, and white). For the Romans, blue was the colour of mourning, as well as the colour of barbarians. The Celts and Germans reportedly dyed their faces blue to frighten their enemies, and tinted their hair blue when they grew old.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans made extensive use of indigo and Egyptian blue pigment, as evidenced, in part, by frescos in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. The Romans had many words for varieties of blue, including <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caeruleus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caesius</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">glaucus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cyaneus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lividus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venetus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aerius</i></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ferreus</i></span>, but two words, both of foreign origin, became the most enduring; <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">blavus</i></span>, from the Germanic word <i>blau</i>, which eventually became <i>bleu</i> or blue; and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">azureus</i></span>, from the Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lazaward</i></span>, which became azure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200026_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200026-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue was widely used in the decoration of churches in the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, in the Islamic world, blue was of secondary to green, believed to be the favourite colour of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet Mohammed</a>. At certain times in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish Spain</a> and other parts of the Islamic world, blue was the colour worn by Christians and Jews, because only Muslims were allowed to wear white and green.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarichon2005175_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarichon2005175-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Middle_Ages">In the Middle Ages</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass window at Saint Denis Basilica (1130–1140), coloured with cobalt blue"><noscript><img alt="Stained glass window at Saint Denis Basilica (1130–1140), coloured with cobalt blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/248px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 166px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/248px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg" data-alt="Stained glass window at Saint Denis Basilica (1130–1140), coloured with cobalt blue" data-width="166" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/371px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/495px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass window at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a> (1130–1140), coloured with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Blue Virgin Window, Chartres Cathedral (12th c.)"><noscript><img alt="Detail of the Blue Virgin Window, Chartres Cathedral (12th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/168px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/168px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg" data-alt="Detail of the Blue Virgin Window, Chartres Cathedral (12th c.)" data-width="112" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/252px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/336px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the Blue Virgin Window, <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (12th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilton_diptych.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wilton Diptych (1395–1399). The Virgin Mary was traditionally shown in blue(14th c.)"><noscript><img alt="The Wilton Diptych (1395–1399). The Virgin Mary was traditionally shown in blue(14th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wilton_diptych.jpg/346px-Wilton_diptych.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 231px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wilton_diptych.jpg/346px-Wilton_diptych.jpg" data-alt="The Wilton Diptych (1395–1399). The Virgin Mary was traditionally shown in blue(14th c.)" data-width="231" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wilton_diptych.jpg/519px-Wilton_diptych.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wilton_diptych.jpg/692px-Wilton_diptych.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Diptych" title="Wilton Diptych">Wilton Diptych</a> (1395–1399). The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> was traditionally shown in blue(14th c.)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In the art and life of Europe during the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, blue played a minor role. This changed dramatically between 1130 and 1140 in Paris, when the <a href="/wiki/Abbe_Suger" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbe Suger">Abbe Suger</a> rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a>. Suger considered that light was the visible manifestation of the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He installed <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows coloured with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, which, combined with the light from the red glass, filled the church with a bluish violet light. The church became the marvel of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>, and the colour became known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"bleu de Saint-Denis"</i></span>. In the years that followed even more elegant blue stained glass windows were installed in other churches, including at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200044–47_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200044%E2%80%9347-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th century the Roman Catholic Church dictated that painters in Italy (and the rest of Europe consequently) to paint the Virgin Mary with blue, which became associated with holiness, humility and virtue. In medieval paintings, blue was used to attract the attention of the viewer to the Virgin Mary. Paintings of the mythical <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> began to show him dressed in blue. The coat of arms of the kings of France became an azure or light blue shield, sprinkled with golden <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a> or lilies. Blue had come from obscurity to become the royal colour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200051–52_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200051%E2%80%9352-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_through_18th_century">Renaissance through 18th century</h3></div> <p>Blue came into wider use beginning in the Renaissance, when artists began to paint the world with perspective, depth, shadows, and light from a single source. In Renaissance paintings, artists tried to create harmonies between blue and red, lightening the blue with lead white paint and adding shadows and highlights. <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> was a master of this technique, carefully balancing the reds and the blues so no one colour dominated the picture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2001165_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2001165-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">Ultramarine</a> was the most prestigious blue of the Renaissance, being more expensive than gold. Wealthy art patrons commissioned works with the most expensive blues possible. In 1616 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville,_3rd_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Richard Sackville, 3rd Earl of Dorset">Richard Sackville</a> commissioned a portrait of himself by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Oliver" title="Isaac Oliver">Isaac Oliver</a> with three different blues, including ultramarine pigment for his stockings.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Richard Sackville (1616), using three expensive blues, including ultramarine for his stockings"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of Richard Sackville (1616), using three expensive blues, including ultramarine for his stockings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg/185px-Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg/185px-Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of Richard Sackville (1616), using three expensive blues, including ultramarine for his stockings" data-width="124" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg/278px-Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg/371px-Oliver_Richard_Sackville_Earl_of_Dorset_1616.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Richard Sackville (1616), using three expensive blues, including ultramarine for his stockings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP251168.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ming dynasty, Porcelain vase painted with cobalt blue under transparent glaze. (15th c.) (Metropolitan Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Ming dynasty, Porcelain vase painted with cobalt blue under transparent glaze. (15th c.) (Metropolitan Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MET_DP251168.jpg/202px-MET_DP251168.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MET_DP251168.jpg/202px-MET_DP251168.jpg" data-alt="Ming dynasty, Porcelain vase painted with cobalt blue under transparent glaze. (15th c.) (Metropolitan Museum)" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MET_DP251168.jpg/304px-MET_DP251168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MET_DP251168.jpg/405px-MET_DP251168.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, Porcelain vase painted with cobalt blue under transparent glaze. (15th c.) (Metropolitan Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delftware plaque with cobalt blue painting (1683) (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)"><noscript><img alt="Delftware plaque with cobalt blue painting (1683) (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg/273px-Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg/273px-Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg" data-alt="Delftware plaque with cobalt blue painting (1683) (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)" data-width="182" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg/410px-Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg/547px-Delftware_plaque_with_New_Testament_scene_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delftware</a> plaque with cobalt blue painting (1683) (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_(by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud)_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of King Louis XIV of France in coronation robes, by Hyacinthe Rigaud (c. 1700) (Louvre Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Portrait of King Louis XIV of France in coronation robes, by Hyacinthe Rigaud (c. 1700) (Louvre Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg/194px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="4018"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg/194px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg" data-alt="Portrait of King Louis XIV of France in coronation robes, by Hyacinthe Rigaud (c. 1700) (Louvre Museum)" data-width="130" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg/290px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg/387px-Portrait_of_Louis_XIV_of_France_in_Coronation_Robes_%28by_Hyacinthe_Rigaud%29_-_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> in coronation robes, by <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a> (c. 1700) (Louvre Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urn by Josiah Wedgwood (1780s) (Metropolitan Museum)"><noscript><img alt="Urn by Josiah Wedgwood (1780s) (Metropolitan Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg/264px-Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 176px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg/264px-Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg" data-alt="Urn by Josiah Wedgwood (1780s) (Metropolitan Museum)" data-width="176" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg/395px-Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg/527px-Urn_with_cover_MET_DP104608.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Urn by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> (1780s) (Metropolitan Museum)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_(1734-1816)_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Maria I of Portugal (late 1700s)"><noscript><img alt="Queen Maria I of Portugal (late 1700s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg/189px-Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 126px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg/189px-Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg" data-alt="Queen Maria I of Portugal (late 1700s)" data-width="126" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg/284px-Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg/378px-Queen_Maria_I_of_Portugal_%281734-1816%29_in_an_18th_century_painting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a> (late 1700s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer features ultramarine pigment"><noscript><img alt="Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer features ultramarine pigment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/225px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1197"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/225px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg" data-alt="Girl with a Pearl Earring by Johannes Vermeer features ultramarine pigment" data-width="150" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/338px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg/451px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring_-_WGA24666.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_with_a_Pearl_Earring" title="Girl with a Pearl Earring">Girl with a Pearl Earring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> features <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> pigment</div> </li> </ul> <p>An industry for the manufacture of fine blue and white pottery began in the 14th century in <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen" title="Jingdezhen">Jingdezhen</a>, China, using white Chinese porcelain decorated with patterns of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, imported from Persia. It was first made for the family of the Emperor of China, then was exported around the world, with designs for export adapted to European subjects and tastes. The Chinese blue style was also adapted by Dutch craftsmen in <a href="/wiki/Delftware" title="Delftware">Delft</a> and English craftsmen in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> in the 17th-18th centuries. in the 18th century, blue and white porcelains were produced by <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> and other British craftsmen.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-20th_century">19th-20th century</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrummellDighton1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beau Brummel (1776–1840) introduced the ancestor of the modern blue suit"><noscript><img alt="Beau Brummel (1776–1840) introduced the ancestor of the modern blue suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/195px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/195px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg" data-alt="Beau Brummel (1776–1840) introduced the ancestor of the modern blue suit" data-width="130" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/293px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BrummellDighton1805.jpg/390px-BrummellDighton1805.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beau Brummel">Beau Brummel</a> (1776–1840) introduced the ancestor of the modern blue suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Maria_II_(1834)_-_Joaquim_Rafael_(Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Maria II of Portugal in a blue and gold embroidered gown (1835)"><noscript><img alt="Queen Maria II of Portugal in a blue and gold embroidered gown (1835)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png/177px-D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="654"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png/177px-D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png" data-alt="Queen Maria II of Portugal in a blue and gold embroidered gown (1835)" data-width="118" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png/265px-D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png/354px-D._Maria_II_%281834%29_-_Joaquim_Rafael_%28Museu_Militar_de_Lisboa%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> in a blue and <a href="/wiki/Goldwork_(embroidery)" title="Goldwork (embroidery)">gold embroidered</a> gown (1835)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A California gold miner in blue jeans (1853)"><noscript><img alt="A California gold miner in blue jeans (1853)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg/319px-A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="508"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg/319px-A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg" data-alt="A California gold miner in blue jeans (1853)" data-width="213" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg/478px-A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/A_Miner_in_His_Cabin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A California gold miner in blue jeans (1853)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil in light blue gown (1853)"><noscript><img alt="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil in light blue gown (1853)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg/216px-Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 144px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg/216px-Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg" data-alt="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil in light blue gown (1853)" data-width="144" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg/324px-Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg/432px-Ferdinand_Krumholz_Isabel_do_Brasil_1853.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isabel,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil" title="Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil">Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil</a> in light blue gown (1853)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New York City police in 1871"><noscript><img alt="New York City police in 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg/426px-New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 284px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg/426px-New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg" data-alt="New York City police in 1871" data-width="284" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg/639px-New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/New_York_Metropolitan_Police_Uniforms_1871.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New York City police in 1871</div> </li> </ul> <p>The early 19th century saw the ancestor of the modern blue business suit, created by <a href="/wiki/Beau_Brummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beau Brummel">Beau Brummel</a> (1776–1840), who set fashion at the London Court. It also saw the invention of <a href="/wiki/Blue_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue jeans">blue jeans</a>, a highly popular form of workers's costume, invented in 1853 by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_W._Davis" title="Jacob W. Davis">Jacob W. Davis</a> who used metal rivets to strengthen blue <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a> work clothing in the California gold fields. The invention was funded by San Francisco entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a>, and spread around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-p32_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Van Gogh's Starry Night Over the Rhône (1888). Blue used to create a mood or atmosphere. A cobalt blue sky, and cobalt or ultramarine water."><noscript><img alt="Van Gogh's Starry Night Over the Rhône (1888). Blue used to create a mood or atmosphere. A cobalt blue sky, and cobalt or ultramarine water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/348px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5407" data-file-height="4191"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 232px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/348px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg" data-alt="Van Gogh's Starry Night Over the Rhône (1888). Blue used to create a mood or atmosphere. A cobalt blue sky, and cobalt or ultramarine water." data-width="232" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/523px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg/697px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Van Gogh's <i><a href="/wiki/Starry_Night_Over_the_Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Starry Night Over the Rhône">Starry Night Over the Rhône</a></i> (1888). Blue used to create a mood or atmosphere. A cobalt blue sky, and cobalt or ultramarine water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matisse_Conversation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Conversation by Henri Matisse (1908–1912)"><noscript><img alt="The Conversation by Henri Matisse (1908–1912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Matisse_Conversation.jpg/334px-Matisse_Conversation.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="575"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 223px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Matisse_Conversation.jpg/334px-Matisse_Conversation.jpg" data-alt="The Conversation by Henri Matisse (1908–1912)" data-width="223" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Matisse_Conversation.jpg/500px-Matisse_Conversation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Matisse_Conversation.jpg/667px-Matisse_Conversation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(Matisse)" title="The Conversation (Matisse)">The Conversation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> (1908–1912)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Recognizing the emotional power of blue, many artists made it the central element of paintings in the 19th and 20th centuries. They included <a href="/wiki/Picasso%27s_Blue_Period" title="Picasso's Blue Period">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kuznetsov" title="Pavel Kuznetsov">Pavel Kuznetsov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Rose_(art_group)" title="Blue Rose (art group)">Blue Rose</a> art group, and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a> (The Blue Rider) school.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a> expressed deep emotions with blue, "A certain blue penetrates your soul."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 20th century, painters of the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract expressionist">abstract expressionist</a> movement use blues to inspire ideas and emotions. Painter <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a> observed that colour was "only an instrument;" his interest was "in expressing human emotions tragedy, ecstasy, doom, and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_society_and_culture">In society and culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HoratioNelson1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Navy blue derives its name from the uniform of Royal Navy officers"><noscript><img alt="Navy blue derives its name from the uniform of Royal Navy officers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/224px-HoratioNelson1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/224px-HoratioNelson1.jpg" data-alt="Navy blue derives its name from the uniform of Royal Navy officers" data-width="150" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/336px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/448px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">Navy blue</a> derives its name from the uniform of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TSA_agents,_ca._2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transportation Security Administration agents"><noscript><img alt="Transportation Security Administration agents" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TSA_agents%2C_ca._2016.jpg/385px-TSA_agents%2C_ca._2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="386"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 257px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TSA_agents%2C_ca._2016.jpg/385px-TSA_agents%2C_ca._2016.jpg" data-alt="Transportation Security Administration agents" data-width="257" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/TSA_agents%2C_ca._2016.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> agents</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ukrainian police officer in Donetsk"><noscript><img alt="Ukrainian police officer in Donetsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/202px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/202px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg" data-alt="Ukrainian police officer in Donetsk" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/304px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg/405px-2010._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ukrainian police officer in Donetsk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officers of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil"><noscript><img alt="Officers of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg/404px-PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2007"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg/404px-PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg" data-alt="Officers of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil" data-width="270" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg/606px-PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg/807px-PM_do_Rio_muda_o_comando_de_25_UPPs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officers of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_State" title="Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State">Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State</a>, Brazil</div> </li> </ul> <p>In the 17th century. The Prince-Elector of Brandenburg, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a>, chose <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> as the new colour of Prussian military uniforms, because it was made with <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">Woad</a>, a local crop, rather than <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">Indigo</a>, which was produced by the colonies of Brandenburg's rival, England. It was worn by the German army until World War I, with the exception of the soldiers of Bavaria, who wore sky-blue.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1748, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> adopted a dark shade of blue for the uniform of officers.<sup id="cite_ref-p32_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first known as marine blue, now known as <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The militia organized by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> selected blue and <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a>, the colours of the British <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig Party</a>. Blue continued to be the colour of the field uniform of the US Army until 1902, and is still the colour of the dress uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, police in the United Kingdom, including the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a> also adopted a navy blue uniform. Similar traditions were embraced in France and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also adopted at about the same time for the uniforms of the officers of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">New York City Police Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p32_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p32-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gendered_associations_of_pink_and_blue" title="Gendered associations of pink and blue">Gendered associations of pink and blue</a></div> <p>Blue is used to represent <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">males</a>. Beginning as a trend the mid-19th century and applying primarily to clothing, gendered associations with blue became more widespread from the 1950s. The colour became associated with males after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This restroom sign on an All Nippon Airways Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender."><noscript><img alt="This restroom sign on an All Nippon Airways Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg/169px-ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg/169px-ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg" data-alt="This restroom sign on an All Nippon Airways Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender." data-width="113" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg/253px-ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg/337px-ANAB767300Restroomsign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This restroom sign on an <a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">All Nippon Airways</a> Boeing 767-300 uses pink for the female gender and blue for the male gender.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gender_Reveal_Cake_(28005690402).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cake using blue to represent the male sex."><noscript><img alt="Cake using blue to represent the male sex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg/300px-Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg/300px-Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg" data-alt="Cake using blue to represent the male sex." data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg/451px-Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg/600px-Gender_Reveal_Cake_%2828005690402%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cake using blue to represent the male sex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baby blue newborn male clothing"><noscript><img alt="Baby blue newborn male clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg/169px-Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 113px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg/169px-Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg" data-alt="Baby blue newborn male clothing" data-width="113" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg/253px-Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg/337px-Fynn_Esser_2013-11-18_21-47.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baby blue newborn male clothing</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Hinduism, Krishna is depicted with blue skin"><noscript><img alt="In Hinduism, Krishna is depicted with blue skin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/202px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/202px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg" data-alt="In Hinduism, Krishna is depicted with blue skin" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/303px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg/405px-Sri_Mariamman_Temple_Singapore_2_amk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> is depicted with blue skin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani,_Santorini_island_(Thira),_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue domes of the Church dedicated to St. Spirou in Firostefani, Santorini island (Thira), Greece."><noscript><img alt="Blue domes of the Church dedicated to St. Spirou in Firostefani, Santorini island (Thira), Greece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg/405px-Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg/405px-Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg" data-alt="Blue domes of the Church dedicated to St. Spirou in Firostefani, Santorini island (Thira), Greece." data-width="270" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg/608px-Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg/810px-Reknown_blue_domes_of_the_Church_dedicated_to_St._Spirou_in_Firostefani%2C_Santorini_island_%28Thira%29%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue domes of the Church dedicated to St. Spirou in Firostefani, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> island (Thira), Greece.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 267.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezquita_Shah,_Isfah%C3%A1n,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-20,_DD_64.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Persian blue in Shah mosque (16th c.) in Isfahan, Iran"><noscript><img alt="Persian blue in Shah mosque (16th c.) in Isfahan, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg/401px-Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7082" data-file-height="4770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 268px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg/401px-Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg" data-alt="Persian blue in Shah mosque (16th c.) in Isfahan, Iran" data-width="268" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg/602px-Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg/802px-Mezquita_Shah%2C_Isfah%C3%A1n%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-20%2C_DD_64.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Persian blue in <a href="/wiki/Shah_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah mosque">Shah mosque</a> (16th c.) in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue in Judaism">Blue in Judaism</a>: In the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> were commanded to put fringes, <i><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">tzitzit</a></i>, on the corners of their garments, and to weave within these fringes a "twisted thread of blue (<i>tekhelet</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient days, this blue thread was made from a dye extracted from a Mediterranean snail called the <i>hilazon</i>. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> claimed that this blue was the colour of "the clear noonday sky"; <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, the colour of the evening sky.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to several rabbinic sages, blue is the colour of God's Glory.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staring at this colour aids in mediation, bringing us a glimpse of the "pavement of sapphire, like the very sky for purity", which is a likeness of the Throne of God.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word for glory) Many items in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishkan">Mishkan</a></i>, the portable sanctuary in the wilderness, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a></i>, many of the vessels, and the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, were covered with blue cloth when transported from place to place.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blue in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: Blue is particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>. This was the result of a decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (540–601) who ordered that all religious paintings should tell a story which was clearly comprehensible to all viewers, and that figures should be easily recognizable, especially that of the figure of Mary. If she was alone in the image, her costume was usually painted with the finest blue, <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a>. If she was with Christ, her costume was usually painted with a less expensive pigment, to avoid outshining him.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_2009_p._32_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller_2009_p._32-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blue in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>: Many of the gods are depicted as having blue-coloured skin, particularly those associated with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, who is said to be the preserver of the world, and thus intimately connected to water. <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, Vishnu's avatars, are usually depicted with blue skin. <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, the destroyer deity, is also depicted in a light-blue hue, and is called <i><a href="/wiki/Nilakanta_(Hinduism)" title="Nilakanta (Hinduism)">Nīlakaṇṭha</a></i>, or blue-throated, for having swallowed poison to save the universe during the <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Manthana" title="Samudra Manthana">Samudra Manthana</a>, the churning of the ocean of milk. Blue is used to symbolically represent the fifth, and the throat, <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishuddha" title="Vishuddha">Vishuddha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blue in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Akali Nihangs</a> warriors wear all-blue attire. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> also has a <a href="/wiki/Roan_(horse)" title="Roan (horse)">blue roan</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. The Sikh Rehat Maryada states that the <a href="/wiki/Nishan_Sahib" title="Nishan Sahib">Nishan Sahib</a> hoisted outside every <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurudwara</a> should be <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">xanthic</a> (Basanti in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>) or greyish blue (modern day <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a>) (Surmaaee in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>) colour.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blue in <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a>: Blue is associated with peace, truth, wisdom, protection, and patience. It helps with healing, psychic ability, harmony, and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_Team_-_Rome,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Italian national football team"><noscript><img alt="The Italian national football team" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg/351px-Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 234px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg/351px-Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg" data-alt="The Italian national football team" data-width="234" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg/526px-Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg/702px-Italy_Team_-_Rome%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italian national football team</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_(7913882066).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serbian national volleyball team, 2012 Olympics"><noscript><img alt="Serbian national volleyball team, 2012 Olympics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg/407px-Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 272px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg/407px-Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg" data-alt="Serbian national volleyball team, 2012 Olympics" data-width="272" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg/610px-Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg/813px-Serbia_national_volleyball_team_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%287913882066%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Serbian national volleyball team, 2012 Olympics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_White,_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basketball player for the Blue Devils at Cassell Coliseum"><noscript><img alt="Basketball player for the Blue Devils at Cassell Coliseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg/180px-Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4496"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg/180px-Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg" data-alt="Basketball player for the Blue Devils at Cassell Coliseum" data-width="120" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg/270px-Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg/360px-Jack_White%2C_Duke_Blue_Devils.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Basketball player for the Blue Devils at Cassell Coliseum</div> </li> </ul> <p>In sports, blue is widely represented in uniforms in part because the majority of national teams wear the colours of their national flag. For example, the national men's football team of <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> are known as <i>Les Bleus</i> (the Blues). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team" title="Argentina national football team">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team" title="Uruguay national football team">Uruguay</a> wear blue shirts.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation" title="Oceania Football Confederation">Oceania Football Confederation</a> use blue text on their logos. Blue is well represented in <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays" title="Toronto Blue Jays">Blue Jays</a>), <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">basketball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">American football</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">Ice hockey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">Indian national cricket team</a> wears blue uniform during <a href="/wiki/One_day_international" class="mw-redirect" title="One day international">One day international</a> matches, as such the team is also referred to as "Men in Blue".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description" title='Flag of the United Nations, approximates "sky blue"'><noscript><img alt='Flag of the United Nations, approximates "sky blue"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/338px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/338px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" data-alt='Flag of the United Nations, approximates "sky blue"' data-width="226" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/507px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/675px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, approximates "sky blue"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title='Flag of the European Union is "reflex blue", a medium dark blue'><noscript><img alt='Flag of the European Union is "reflex blue", a medium dark blue' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/338px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/338px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt='Flag of the European Union is "reflex blue", a medium dark blue' data-width="226" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/507px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/675px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is "reflex blue", a medium dark blue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008,_2012,_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg" class="mw-file-description" title='A presidential-election map of the US, 2008–2020. States that consistently vote for Democrats are termed "blue states".'><noscript><img alt='A presidential-election map of the US, 2008–2020. States that consistently vote for Democrats are termed "blue states".' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/357px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/357px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png" data-alt='A presidential-election map of the US, 2008–2020. States that consistently vote for Democrats are termed "blue states".' data-width="238" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/536px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg/714px-Red_states_and_blue_states_of_the_US_based_on_data_from_the_2008%2C_2012%2C_2016_and_2020_presidential_elections.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A presidential-election map of the US, 2008–2020. States that consistently vote for Democrats are termed "blue states".</div> </li> </ul> <p>Unlike red or green, blue was not strongly associated with any particular country, religion or political movement. As the colour of harmony, it was chosen as the colour for the flags of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PsyCoul_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PsyCoul-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In politics, blue is often used as the colour of conservative parties, contrasting with the red associated with left-wing parties.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some conservative parties that use the colour blue include the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">Liberal Party of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> of Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in some countries, blue is not associated main conservative party. In the United States, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> is associated with blue, while the conservative <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> with red. US states which have been won by the Democratic Party in four consecutive presidential elections are termed "blue states", while those that have been won by the Republican Party are termed "red states".<sup id="cite_ref-latmpexp16_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latmpexp16-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> also uses this colour model, with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party</a> on the left using blue<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> on the right using red. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of colours">Lists of colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photo_blue" title="Non-photo blue">Non-photo blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_pigments" title="Blue pigments">Blue pigments</a></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Blue" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Blue">All pages with titles beginning with <i>Blue</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Blue%22" title='Special:Search/intitle:"Blue"'>All pages with titles containing <i>Blue</i></a></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-css3-color-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-css3-color_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">"CSS Color Module Level 3"</a>. <i>W3C</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223001703/http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=CSS+Color+Module+Level+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcss3-color%2F%23html4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefonseka2019" class="citation book cs1">Defonseka, Chris (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3icDwAAQBAJ&dq=blue+in+ryb+colour+model&pg=PA94"><i>Polymeric Composites with Rice Hulls: An Introduction</i></a>. 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Smith (July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patarnott.com/atms749/pdf/blueSkyHumanResponse.pdf">"Human color vision and the unsaturated blue color of the daytime sky"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>73</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">590–</span>597. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AmJPh..73..590S">2005AmJPh..73..590S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1858479">10.1119/1.1858479</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050855/http://www.patarnott.com/atms749/pdf/blueSkyHumanResponse.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 July 2011. <q>Near sunrise and sunset, most of the light we see comes in nearly tangent to the Earth's surface, so that the light's path through the atmosphere is so long that much of the blue and even green light is scattered out, leaving the sun rays and the clouds it illuminates red. Therefore, when looking at the sunset and sunrise, the colour red is more perceptible than any of the other colours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Human+color+vision+and+the+unsaturated+blue+color+of+the+daytime+sky&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E590-%3C%2Fspan%3E597&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1858479&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AmJPh..73..590S&rft.au=Glenn+S.+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patarnott.com%2Fatms749%2Fpdf%2FblueSkyHumanResponse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Marie_Helmenstine" class="citation web cs1">Anne Marie Helmenstine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/waterchemistry/f/why-is-the-ocean-blue.htm">"Why Is the Ocean Blue?"</a>. <i>About.com Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118203351/http://chemistry.about.com/od/waterchemistry/f/why-is-the-ocean-blue.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Education&rft.atitle=Why+Is+the+Ocean+Blue%3F&rft.au=Anne+Marie+Helmenstine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.about.com%2Fod%2Fwaterchemistry%2Ff%2Fwhy-is-the-ocean-blue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeller200914-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeller200914_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeller2009">Heller 2009</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmonWeisgraberWeiss1980" class="citation journal cs1">Harmon, A. 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title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.00989">10.1242/jeb.00989</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F1599">1808/1599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15143148">15143148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8268610">8268610</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/12/2157.full.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span 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"Melanin in human irides of different color and age of donors". <i>Pigment Cell Res</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2005.00268.x">10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00268.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16280011">16280011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pigment+Cell+Res.&rft.atitle=Melanin+in+human+irides+of+different+color+and+age+of+donors&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0749.2005.00268.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16280011&rft.aulast=Wielgus&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Sarna%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prota-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prota_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProtaHuVincensiMcCormick1998" class="citation journal cs1">Prota G, Hu DN, Vincensi MR, McCormick SA, Napolitano A (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexer.1998.0518">"Characterization of melanins in human irides and cultured uveal melanocytes from eyes of different colors"</a>. <i>Exp. Eye Res</i>. <b>67</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexer.1998.0518">10.1006/exer.1998.0518</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9778410">9778410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Exp.+Eye+Res.&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+melanins+in+human+irides+and+cultured+uveal+melanocytes+from+eyes+of+different+colors&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fexer.1998.0518&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9778410&rft.aulast=Prota&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Hu%2C+DN&rft.au=Vincensi%2C+MR&rft.au=McCormick%2C+SA&rft.au=Napolitano%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fexer.1998.0518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1979" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Denis Llewellyn (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c2xyxwlm2UkC&pg=PA9"><i>Biochromy: Natural Coloration of Living Things</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03699-4"><bdi>978-0-520-03699-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232604/https://books.google.com/books?id=c2xyxwlm2UkC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochromy%3A+Natural+Coloration+of+Living+Things&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03699-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Denis+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc2xyxwlm2UkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1924" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Clyde W. 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"Blue Eyes". <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>28</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">498–</span>501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj150239a007">10.1021/j150239a007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Blue+Eyes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E501&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj150239a007&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Clyde+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostonGlobe-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobe_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobe_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Belkin2006" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Belkin (17 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/10/17/dont_it_make_my_blue_eyes_brown/">"Don't it make my blue eyes brown Americans are seeing a dramatic color change"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223022627/http://www.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/10/17/dont_it_make_my_blue_eyes_brown/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Don%27t+it+make+my+blue+eyes+brown+Americans+are+seeing+a+dramatic+color+change&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.au=Douglas+Belkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fyourlife%2Farticles%2F2006%2F10%2F17%2Fdont_it_make_my_blue_eyes_brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altervista1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-altervista1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726095519/http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/08-05.htm">"Pigmentation, the Pilous System, and Morphology of the Soft Parts"</a>. <i>altervista.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnby.altervista.org/troe/08-05.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=altervista.org&rft.atitle=Pigmentation%2C+the+Pilous+System%2C+and+Morphology+of+the+Soft+Parts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnby.altervista.org%2Ftroe%2F08-05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">statement by Hans Eiberg from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-More_than-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-More_than_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-More_than_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-More_than_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeise2008" class="citation web cs1">Weise, Elizabeth (5 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910205153/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-02-05-blue-eyes_N.htm">"More than meets the blue eye: You may all be related"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2008-02-05-blue-eyes_N.htm">the original</a> on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=More+than+meets+the+blue+eye%3A+You+may+all+be+related&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2F2008-02-05-blue-eyes_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashok_Roy_2009-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashok_Roy_2009_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bomford and Ashok Roy, <i>A Closer Look- Colour</i> (2009), National Gallery Company, London, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85709-442-8">978-1-85709-442-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&q=Lapis+lazuli+++mines+in+the+Badakhshan&pg=PA86"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: the Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+the+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC%26q%3DLapis%2Blazuli%2B%2B%2Bmines%2Bin%2Bthe%2BBadakhshan%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapis-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapis_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapis_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://excnagasi.in/excavation_bhirrana.html">"Excavation Bhirrana | ASI Nagpur"</a>. <i>excnagasi.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=excnagasi.in&rft.atitle=Excavation+Bhirrana+%7C+ASI+Nagpur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexcnagasi.in%2Fexcavation_bhirrana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkarMukherjeeBeraDas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Anindya; Mukherjee, Arati Deshpande; Bera, M. K.; Das, B.; Juyal, Navin; Morthekai, P.; Deshpande, R. D.; Shinde, V. S.; Rao, L. S. (25 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879637">"Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: Implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 26555. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...626555S">2016NatSR...626555S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep26555">10.1038/srep26555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879637">4879637</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27222033">27222033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4425978">4425978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Oxygen+isotope+in+archaeological+bioapatites+from+India%3A+Implications+to+climate+change+and+decline+of+Bronze+Age+Harappan+civilization&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26555&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4879637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4425978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...626555S&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep26555&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27222033&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Anindya&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Arati+Deshpande&rft.au=Bera%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Das%2C+B.&rft.au=Juyal%2C+Navin&rft.au=Morthekai%2C+P.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Shinde%2C+V.+S.&rft.au=Rao%2C+L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4879637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDIKSHIT2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">DIKSHIT, K.N. (2012). "The Rise of Indian Civilization: Recent Archaeological Evidence from the Plains of 'Lost' River Saraswati and Radio-Metric Dates". <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>. 72/73: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0045-9801">0045-9801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43610686">43610686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Indian+Civilization%3A+Recent+Archaeological+Evidence+from+the+Plains+of+%27Lost%27+River+Saraswati+and+Radio-Metric+Dates&rft.volume=72%2F73&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43610686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0045-9801&rft.aulast=DIKSHIT&rft.aufirst=K.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc1995-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bc1995_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowersoxChamberlin1995">Bowersox & Chamberlin 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandro Bongioanni & Maria Croce</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFPastoureau2000">Pastoureau 2000</a>, pp. 13–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC"><i>Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries: the archaeological evidence</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA86">86</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+mesopotamian+materials+and+industries%3A+the+archaeological+evidence&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chase-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chase_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chase, W.T. 1971, "Egyptian blue as a pigment and ceramic material." In: R. Brill (ed.) <i>Science and Archaeology</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-02061-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-02061-0">0-262-02061-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Baines, "Color Terminology and Color Classification in Ancient Egyptian Color Terminology and Polychromy", in <i>The American Anthropologist</i>, volume 87, 1985, pp. 282–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <i>The Gallic Wars</i>, V., 14, 2. Cited by Miche Pastourou, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200026-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastoureau200026_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoureau2000">Pastoureau 2000</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. 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T. Sadler (Translator) <i>Concerning the Spiritual in Art</i>. Dover Publ. (Paperback). 80 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23411-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23411-8">0-486-23411-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">"Un certain bleu pénètre votre âme."</i></span> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFRiley1995">Riley 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mark Rothko 1903–1970</i>. Tate Gallery Publishing, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heller (2010) p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.R. Hill, <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy</i>, Oxford University Press, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_H._Bradford" class="citation web cs1">Walter H. Bradford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119095538/http://www.army.mil/symbols/uniforms/history.html">"Wearing Army Blue: a 200-year Tradition"</a>. <i>army.mil</i>. 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London: Penguin Group. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7541-0503-3"><bdi>978-2-7541-0503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bright+Earth%2C+Art%2C+and+the+Invention+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span> (page numbers refer to the French translation)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowersoxChamberlin1995" class="citation book cs1">Bowersox, Gary W.; Chamberlin, Bonita E. (1995). <i>Gemstones of Afghanistan</i>. Tucson, AZ: Geoscience Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemstones+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Geoscience+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bowersox&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft.au=Chamberlin%2C+Bonita+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heller, Eva (2009). <i>Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques</i> (in French). Munich: Pyramyd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2"><bdi>978-2-35017-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur%3A+effets+et+symboliques&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Pyramyd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pastoureau, Michel (2000). <i>Bleu: Histoire d'une couleur</i> (in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-086991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-086991-1"><bdi>978-2-02-086991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bleu%3A+Histoire+d%27une+couleur&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-02-086991-1&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1995" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Charles A. II (1995). <i>Color Codes: Modern Theories of Color in Philosophy, Painting and Architecture, Literature, Music, and Psychology</i>. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Codes%3A+Modern+Theories+of+Color+in+Philosophy%2C+Painting+and+Architecture%2C+Literature%2C+Music%2C+and+Psychology&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2020" class="citation book cs1">Travis, Tim (2020). <i>The Victoria and Albert Museum Book of Colour in Design</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-48027-4"><bdi>978-0-500-48027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+Book+of+Colour+in+Design&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-500-48027-4&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varichon, Anne (2005). <i>Couleurs : pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i> (in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs+%3A+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLours2020" class="citation book cs1">Lours, Mathieu (2020). <i>Le Vitrai</i>. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-755-80845-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-755-80845-2"><bdi>978-2-755-80845-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Vitrai&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-755-80845-2&rft.aulast=Lours&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalfour-Paul1998" class="citation book cs1">Balfour-Paul, Jenny (1998). <i>Indigo</i>. London: British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1776-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1776-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1776-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1776-8&rft.aulast=Balfour-Paul&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosserandMeeussenMajid2021" class="citation journal cs1">Josserand, M.; Meeussen, E.; Majid, A. (27 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8476573">"Environment and culture shape both the colour lexicon and the genetics of colour perception"</a>. <i>Sci Rep</i>. <b>11</b> (19095). Nature: 19095. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1119095J">2021NatSR..1119095J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98550-3">10.1038/s41598-021-98550-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8476573">8476573</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34580373">34580373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238202924">238202924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Rep&rft.atitle=Environment+and+culture+shape+both+the+colour+lexicon+and+the+genetics+of+colour+perception&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=19095&rft.pages=19095&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8476573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238202924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1119095J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34580373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-98550-3&rft.aulast=Josserand&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Meeussen%2C+E.&rft.au=Majid%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8476573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2018" class="citation web cs1">Macdonald, Fiona (7 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624002709/https://www.sciencealert.com/humans-didn-t-see-the-colour-blue-until-modern-times-evidence-science">"There's Evidence Humans Didn't Actually See Blue Until Modern Times"</a>. <i>Science Alert</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/humans-didn-t-see-the-colour-blue-until-modern-times-evidence-science">the original</a> on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Alert&rft.atitle=There%27s+Evidence+Humans+Didn%27t+Actually+See+Blue+Until+Modern+Times&rft.date=2018-04-07&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fhumans-didn-t-see-the-colour-blue-until-modern-times-evidence-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1991" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, John (1991). <i>Uniforms of The American Revolution in Color</i>. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McGregor" title="Malcolm McGregor">Malcolm McGregor</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Stirling Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-8240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-8240-3"><bdi>978-0-8069-8240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+The+American+Revolution+in+Color&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stirling+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-8240-3&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:blue"><i>blue</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blue" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Blue">blue</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/friday-essay-from-the-great-wave-to-starry-night-how-a-blue-pigment-changed-the-world-81031">"Friday essay: from the Great Wave to Starry Night, how a blue pigment changed the world", By Hugh Davies, theconversation.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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</div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Randy Kryn" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1739623322"> <span>Last edited on 15 February 2025, at 12:42</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blou" title="Blou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%AB%E1%8B%8A" title="ሰማያዊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሰማያዊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नीला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नीला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C4%81w" title="Blāw – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Blāw" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="أزرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܙܪܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܪܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BF_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Կապոյտ (գոյն) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կապոյտ (գոյն)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Albastru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="निलहा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="निलहा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovy" title="Hovy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hovy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larama" title="Larama – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Larama" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6y_(r%C9%99ng)" title="Göy (rəng) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göy (rəng)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C_(%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="گؤی (رنگ) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤی (رنگ)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelung" title="Pelung – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pelung" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2" title="নীল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-sek" title="Lâm-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Сіні колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіні колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asul" title="Asul – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asul" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Син цвят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Син цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="སྔོན་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྔོན་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plava" title="Plava – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas_(liv)" title="Glas (liv) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glas (liv)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Кăвак тĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăвак тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modr%C3%A1" title="Modrá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Modrá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85sut" title="Åsut – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Åsut" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungu" title="Ungu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ungu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas" title="Glas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5" title="Blå – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blå" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloh" title="Bloh – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bloh" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="निलो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="निलो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinine" title="Sinine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sinine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5" title="Μπλε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπλε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сэнь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сэнь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blua" title="Blua – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blua" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdin" title="Urdin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleu" title="Bleu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bleu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorm" title="Gorm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gorm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" title="藍 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="藍" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0m-set" title="Làm-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Làm-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%9E%91" title="파랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%AB" title="Polū – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Polū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF_(%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6)" title="Կապույտ (գույն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապույտ (գույն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="नीला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plava" title="Plava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uquaqtaaq" title="Uquaqtaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uquaqtaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Копрадзхуыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Копрадзхуыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhlaza" title="Luhlaza – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Luhlaza" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okulundwa" title="Okulundwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Okulundwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1r" title="Blár – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blár" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu" title="Blu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="כחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulee_t%C9%94l%C9%A9m" title="Yulee tɔlɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yulee tɔlɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ನೀಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iro" title="Iro – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Iro" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ლურჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლურჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%D9%84" title="نیوٗل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیوٗل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Көк түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көк түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buluu" title="Buluu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Buluu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bule" title="Bule – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bule" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ble_(koul%C3%A8)" title="Ble (koulè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ble (koulè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AEn_(reng)" title="Şîn (reng) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şîn (reng)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi" title="Mavi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mavi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="НякӀсса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="НякӀсса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeruleus" title="Caeruleus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caeruleus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Zilā krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zilā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blo" title="Blo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Blo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97lyna" title="Mėlyna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėlyna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozinga" title="Bozinga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bozinga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu" title="Blu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Blu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B6" title="Blö – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Blö" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9k" title="Kék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сина боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сина боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2" title="നീല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik%C4%A7al" title="Ikħal – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ikħal" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE" title="निळा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निळा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="ازرق (لون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ازرق (لون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A6%D9%88" title="کئو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کئو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0ng-s%C3%A1ik" title="Làng-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Làng-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Сенем – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сенем" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အပြာရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြာရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlaltic" title="Matlaltic – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Matlaltic" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauw_(kleur)" title="Blauw (kleur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blauw (kleur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B" title="निलो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निलो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81" title="वचु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वचु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92" title="青 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сийна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4" title="Blä – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Blä" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5tt" title="Blått – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blått" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5" title="Blå – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blå" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliu" title="Bliu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bliu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBk" title="Koʻk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੀਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="زنگالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زنگالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9C" title="ពណ៌ខៀវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពណ៌ខៀវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleus" title="Bleus – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bleus" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_(kala)" title="Blu (kala) – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Blu (kala)" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_niebieska" title="Barwa niebieska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa niebieska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul" title="Azul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albastru" title="Albastru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albastru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anqas" title="Anqas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anqas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Синий цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синий цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="नीलः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नीलः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱞᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" title="Blue – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Blue" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau" title="Blau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Blau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putswa" title="Putswa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Putswa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngjyra_e_kalt%C3%ABr" title="Ngjyra e kaltër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngjyra e kaltër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="නිල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නිල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" title="Blue – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blue" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نيرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modr%C3%A1" title="Modrá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Modrá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modra" title="Modra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraad_(midab)" title="Ciraad (midab) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraad (midab)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Плава боја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плава боја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plavo" title="Plavo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plavo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul" title="Paul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sininen" title="Sininen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sininen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5" title="Blå – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bughaw" title="Bughaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bughaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Зәңгәр төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зәңгәр төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="నీలము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీలము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สีน้ำเงิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีน้ำเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Кабуд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кабуд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavi" title="Mavi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mavi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Синій колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синій колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="نیلا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%86%D9%83_%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD" title="كۆك رەڭ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۆك رەڭ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeklamz" title="Saeklamz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saeklamz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu" title="Blu – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Blu" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinine_muju" title="Sinine muju – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sinine muju" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanh_d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Xanh dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xanh dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinine" title="Sinine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sinine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuitus" title="Wuitus – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Wuitus" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" title="藍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="藍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauw" title="Blauw – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Blauw" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulhog" title="Bulhog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulhog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxa" title="Baxa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Baxa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%89%B2" title="蓝色 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蓝色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasi" title="Wasi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Wasi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99" title="בלוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בלוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" title="藍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel%C4%97na" title="Mielėna – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mielėna" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%89%B2" title="藍色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="藍色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru" title="Biru – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Biru" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 12:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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[\"CITEREFTravis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmbers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVane-Wright1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarichon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_H._Bradford\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeise2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWielgusSarna2005\"] = 1,\n [\"main_pigment\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite podcast\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Color topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"EMSpectrum\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvcolnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox colour\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 23,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Photomontage\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Shades of blue\"] = 1,\n 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-31T21:37:30Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T12:42:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f6\/Ocean_world_Earth.jpg","headline":"primary color between purple and green in the spectrum"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>