CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1140409510" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="107031532675062" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="40BA1B879066C83CDFCA374CA4B490C3" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <title>AVR Archives - Engineers Garage</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="AVR Archives" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Engineers Garage" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@EngineersGarage" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/","name":"AVR Archives - Engineers Garage","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CircuitDiagramTree-rotator.png","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CircuitDiagramTree-rotator.png","contentUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CircuitDiagramTree-rotator.png","width":820,"height":500},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Electronic Projects","item":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"AVR"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#website","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","name":"Engineers Garage","description":"Electronic Projects, Electrical Engineering Resources, Makers Articles and Product News","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#organization","name":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/EGlogo.png","width":372,"height":52,"caption":"Engineer's Garage - WTWH Media"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.engineersgarage.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage","https://x.com/EngineersGarage","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0VITh11JSYk-UW7toLebUw"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » Comments Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Engineers Garage » AVR Category Feed" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-blocks-style-css-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/style-blocks.build.css?ver=1732716289' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-wtwh-amplifying-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/style.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='megamenu-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=404bb3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ea-style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/css/main.css?ver=1705628983' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='akismet-widget-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .a-stats { --akismet-color-mid-green: #357b49; --akismet-color-white: #fff; --akismet-color-light-grey: #f6f7f7; max-width: 350px; width: auto; } .a-stats * { all: unset; box-sizing: border-box; } .a-stats strong { font-weight: 600; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:visited, .a-stats a.a-stats__link:active { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); border: none; box-shadow: none; border-radius: 8px; color: var(--akismet-color-white); cursor: pointer; display: block; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', 'Roboto', 'Oxygen-Sans', 'Ubuntu', 'Cantarell', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif; font-weight: 500; padding: 12px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease; } /* Extra specificity to deal with TwentyTwentyOne focus style */ .widget .a-stats a.a-stats__link:focus { background: var(--akismet-color-mid-green); color: var(--akismet-color-white); text-decoration: none; } .a-stats a.a-stats__link:hover { filter: brightness(110%); box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.06), 0 0 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.16); } .a-stats .count { color: var(--akismet-color-white); display: block; font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 1.4; padding: 0 13px; white-space: nowrap; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='simple-social-icons-font-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-social-icons/css/style.css?ver=3.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tablepress-default-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=3.0.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-style-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/wtwh-universal-gam/assets/css/frontend/prestitial/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genesis-tabs-stylesheet-css' href='https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-tabs/assets/css/style.css?ver=0.9.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} via @EngineersGarage" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/371676a4da.js?ver=1.1.1" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-font-awesome-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/4043" /><style> #category-posts-2-internal ul {padding: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {max-width: initial; max-height: initial; margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-author {margin-bottom: 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {margin: 5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:before {content: ""; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-excerpt-more {display: inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item {list-style: none; margin: 3px 0 10px; padding: 3px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-current .cat-post-title {font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] {font-size: 0.85em;} #category-posts-2-internal [class*=cat-post-tax] * {display:inline-block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item .cat-post-title {overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;white-space: initial;display: -webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp: 4;-webkit-box-orient: vertical;padding-bottom: 0 !important;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item:after {content: ""; display: table; clear: both;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {display:block; float:left; margin:5px 10px 5px 0;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-crop {overflow:hidden;display:block;} #category-posts-2-internal p {margin:5px 0 0 0} #category-posts-2-internal li > div {margin:5px 0 0 0; clear:both;} #category-posts-2-internal .dashicons {vertical-align:middle;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {height: 95px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {width: 150px;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop img {object-fit: cover; max-width: 100%; display: block;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail .cat-post-crop-not-supported img {width: 100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-thumbnail {max-width:100%;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-item img {margin: initial;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark img {padding-bottom: 0 !important; -webkit-transition: all 0.3s ease; -moz-transition: all 0.3s ease; -ms-transition: all 0.3s ease; -o-transition: all 0.3s ease; transition: all 0.3s ease;} #category-posts-2-internal .cat-post-dark:hover img {-webkit-filter: brightness(75%); -moz-filter: brightness(75%); -ms-filter: brightness(75%); -o-filter: brightness(75%); filter: brightness(75%);} </style>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NJMRR6Z');</script>  <link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cropped-eg-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*body > div.site-container > div.site-inner > div > div > main > article > div > p > a { color: #D2232A; }*/ .entry-content a { font-weight: bold; } .site-header .title-area { width: 350px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1152px) { .site-header .title-area { width: 230px; } } .wtwhSpecial { display: none !important; } article > div > p > a { font-weight: bold; color:#337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /*RSS FEED FIX*/ #rss-3 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-3 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-3 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a { font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; float: none !important; } #rss-2 > div > h4 > a > img { display: none; } #rss-2 > div > ul { width: 100%; padding-left: 30px; } #recent-posts-2 > .widget-wrap > ul { padding-left: 30px; } .video-carousel .video-popup:before { background: none !important; } .video-carousel .video-popup:after { color: red !important; } .entry-categories a { font-weight: normal;} .entry-tags a{font-weight: normal;} .entry-categories { font-weight: bold;} .entry-tags {font-weight: bold;} .bawmrp a { font-weight: 400; } #digital > span { font-size: 16px !important; font-weight: 400 !important; } xmp { white-space:normal; } .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-4 .header-slide img { max-height:240px; object-fit:cover; } .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide, .slick-slider .col-sm-8 .header-slide img { object-fit:cover; max-height:500px; } /*EE Classrooms*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; width: 270px; height: 60px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: #313131; color: white; border-bottom: 4px solid #1f427e; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } /*Fix for Categories/home page article display*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 500px) { .content .entry .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-header { /* width: 100% !important;*/ /*padding-left: 0px !important; float: none !important;*/ } /* .content .entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; }*/ /* .entry-content p { float: none !important; }*/ .entry-content img { text-align: center !important; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry { display: flex; flex-direction: column-reverse; width: 100% !important; } .archive-entry > .entry-header, .archive-entry .entry-content { width: 100% !important; } /*.archive-entry .entry-image-link img { width: 100% !important; }*/ } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .archive.category .entry-content p { display: none !important } .blog .entry-content p { display: none !important; } } .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h4, .slick-slider.header-slides .header-slide .overlay h2 { text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px black; background: none !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px !important; -webkit-text-stroke-color: transparent !important; } .nav-previous{ float:left; margin-bottom:50px } .nav-next{ float:right; margin-bottom:50px } .dropbtn { background-color: #04AA6D; color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} .dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;} /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } /*Overlapping Header article Title fix*/ @media only screen and (max-width: 780px) { .site-container { margin-top: 40px !important; } } p.must-log-in a, p.logged-in-as a { color: #23527c !important; font-weight: bold; } article li a { color: #337ab7; text-decoration: underline; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } @media only screen and (min-width: 988px) { .search .content { width: 66% !important; float: left; } .search .sidebar { width: 30%; float: right; } } </style> <script async id="wtwh-uni-gam-ad-manager-lib" src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-keyword-ads-variables">var KEYWORDADS = {"hasKeywordAds":0};</script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-ott-variables">var OTTINFO = { "hasOTT":0, "name":"", "prestital_behavior":"", "jumbo_banner_behavior":"" };</script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-ad-units"> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_header', [[728, 90],[300, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg-header' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([768, 0], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_wallpaper', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eg_wallpaper' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamflex', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_allstreamprelude', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([768, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([320, 0], [1, 1]) .addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebar1', [[300, 250],[300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebar1' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250],[300, 600]], 'div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[300, 250],[300, 600]]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_storeribbon', [[728, 90],[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_storeribbon' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[728, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([320, 0], [0, 0]) .addSize([0, 0], [0, 0]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_prestitial', [[640, 480],[300, 225]], 'gam-holder-prestitial-banner' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [640, 480]) .addSize([768, 0], [640, 480]) .addSize([320, 0], [300, 225]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 225]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); googletag .defineSlot( '/5272491/ee_network/eg_largeleader', [[970, 90],[970, 250]], 'div-gpt-eg_largeleader' ) .defineSizeMapping( googletag .sizeMapping() .addSize([991, 0], [[970, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([768, 0], [[970, 90],[970, 250]]) .addSize([320, 0], [0, 0]) .addSize([0, 0], [0, 0]) .build() ) .setTargeting( 'articletitle', ['how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip'] ) .setTargeting( 'cat_target', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros'] ) .setTargeting( 'contentHash', ['cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48'] ) .addService( googletag.pubads() ); // googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script id="wtwh-uni-gam-content-hash-variables"> var contentHash = "cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48"; var cat_target = "cfb50545e3445c751dec4dddeacb4c48,avr,ros"; </script> <style type="text/css">/** Mega Menu CSS: fs **/</style> </head> <body class="archive category category-avr category-4043 mega-menu-primary header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden">  <div id="prestitial" class="prestitial-no-show" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"></div> </div> <div class="site-container"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/">Engineers Garage</a></p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id='div-gpt-eg-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg-header'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> </div><div class="mobile-toggles"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a><a href="#" class="mobile-menu-toggle"><i class="icon-menu"></i></a></div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main"><div class="wrap"><div id="mega-menu-wrap-primary" class="mega-menu-wrap"><div class="mega-menu-toggle"><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-left"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-center"></div><div class="mega-toggle-blocks-right"><div class='mega-toggle-block mega-menu-toggle-animated-block mega-toggle-block-0' id='mega-toggle-block-0'><button aria-label="Toggle Menu" class="mega-toggle-animated mega-toggle-animated-slider" type="button" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-box"> <span class="mega-toggle-animated-inner"></span> </span> </button></div></div></div><ul id="mega-menu-primary" class="mega-menu max-mega-menu mega-menu-horizontal mega-no-js" data-event="hover_intent" data-effect="fade_up" data-effect-speed="200" data-effect-mobile="disabled" data-effect-speed-mobile="0" data-mobile-force-width="false" data-second-click="go" data-document-click="collapse" data-vertical-behaviour="standard" data-breakpoint="768" data-unbind="true" data-mobile-state="collapse_all" data-mobile-direction="vertical" data-hover-intent-timeout="300" data-hover-intent-interval="100"><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-post_type mega-menu-item-object-page mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current_page_ancestor mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-61908' id='mega-menu-item-61908'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Electronics Projects and Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-current-category-ancestor mega-current-menu-ancestor mega-current-menu-parent mega-current-category-parent mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-39808' id='mega-menu-item-39808'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/" aria-expanded="false">Electronic Projects<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-81272' id='mega-menu-item-81272'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-current-menu-item mega-menu-item-81273' id='mega-menu-item-81273'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/" aria-current="page">AVR</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80793' id='mega-menu-item-80793'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78430' id='mega-menu-item-78430'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78434' id='mega-menu-item-78434'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80794' id='mega-menu-item-80794'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-55864' id='mega-menu-item-55864'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80795' id='mega-menu-item-80795'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-60239' id='mega-menu-item-60239'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-item-7268' id='mega-menu-item-7268'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/" aria-expanded="false">Tutorials<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78818' id='mega-menu-item-78818'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78819' id='mega-menu-item-78819'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78820' id='mega-menu-item-78820'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78833' id='mega-menu-item-78833'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78822' id='mega-menu-item-78822'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78823' id='mega-menu-item-78823'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78826' id='mega-menu-item-78826'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-80151' id='mega-menu-item-80151'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78835' id='mega-menu-item-78835'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78829' id='mega-menu-item-78829'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78830' id='mega-menu-item-78830'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/">USB</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-78832' id='mega-menu-item-78832'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-56096' id='mega-menu-item-56096'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62725' id='mega-menu-item-62725'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-7269' id='mega-menu-item-7269'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-39810' id='mega-menu-item-39810'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Articles<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-63122' id='mega-menu-item-63122'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13371' id='mega-menu-item-13371'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13399' id='mega-menu-item-13399'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-13326' id='mega-menu-item-13326'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-59366' id='mega-menu-item-59366'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-1863' id='mega-menu-item-1863'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">News<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-39809' id='mega-menu-item-39809'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77696' id='mega-menu-item-77696'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-77697' id='mega-menu-item-77697'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14489' id='mega-menu-item-14489'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-taxonomy mega-menu-item-object-category mega-menu-item-14287' id='mega-menu-item-14287'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55871' id='mega-menu-item-55871'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Forums<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55870' id='mega-menu-item-55870'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55869' id='mega-menu-item-55869'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-1851' id='mega-menu-item-1851'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-menu-megamenu mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-megamenu mega-menu-item-1868' id='mega-menu-item-1868'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">DigiKey Store<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1869' id='mega-menu-item-1869'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1870' id='mega-menu-item-1870'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1871' id='mega-menu-item-1871'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1872' id='mega-menu-item-1872'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1873' id='mega-menu-item-1873'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1874' id='mega-menu-item-1874'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1875' id='mega-menu-item-1875'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1876' id='mega-menu-item-1876'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1877' id='mega-menu-item-1877'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1878' id='mega-menu-item-1878'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1879' id='mega-menu-item-1879'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1880' id='mega-menu-item-1880'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1881' id='mega-menu-item-1881'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1882' id='mega-menu-item-1882'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1883' id='mega-menu-item-1883'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-clear mega-menu-item-1884' id='mega-menu-item-1884'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-columns-1-of-3 mega-menu-item-1885' id='mega-menu-item-1885'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-56062' id='mega-menu-item-56062'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Learn<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80114' id='mega-menu-item-80114'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-76567' id='mega-menu-item-76567'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77221' id='mega-menu-item-77221'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-81739' id='mega-menu-item-81739'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-80113' id='mega-menu-item-80113'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-has-children mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-55895' id='mega-menu-item-55895'><a class="mega-menu-link" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0">Resources<span class="mega-indicator"></span></a> <ul class="mega-sub-menu"> <li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77693' id='mega-menu-item-77693'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77694' id='mega-menu-item-77694'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55899' id='mega-menu-item-55899'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77695' id='mega-menu-item-77695'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-77375' id='mega-menu-item-77375'><a target="_blank" class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55898' id='mega-menu-item-55898'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-62203' id='mega-menu-item-62203'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-menu-item-55896' id='mega-menu-item-55896'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li></ul> </li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80115' id='mega-menu-item-80115'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" tabindex="0">Subscribe</a></li><li class='mega-menu-item mega-menu-item-type-custom mega-menu-item-object-custom mega-align-bottom-left mega-menu-flyout mega-menu-item-80423' id='mega-menu-item-80423'><a class="mega-menu-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/" tabindex="0">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li><li class="menu-item search"><a href="#" class="search-toggle"><i class="icon-search"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></nav><div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center;"><div id='div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_storeribbon'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center"><div id='jumbo-banner-ad-container' style='min-width: 970px; min-height: 90px;'><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("jumbo-banner-ad-container"); });</script></div></div> <div class="archive-intro"><div class="wrap"><h1 class="archive-title"><span>AVR</span></h1></div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="wrap"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How to make a decorative coconut tree using a digital RGB LED strip"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/abhatt/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 1, 2023</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip/">How to make a decorative coconut tree using a digital RGB LED strip</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-make-a-decorative-coconut-tree-using-a-digital-rgb-led-strip/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CircuitDiagramTree-rotator-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-78553" alt="" decoding="async" /></a><p>In this project, we’ll demonstrate how to make a colorful, king-sized coconut tree (5 feet) decorative showpiece using a digital RGB LED strip. The RGB LED strip is cut and arranged to form the shape of a coconut tree. The ATMega328 microcontroller is used to control the LED strip, generating several flashing, fading, and blinking…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="What is the 1-Wire protocol?"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/nikhil-agnihotri/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Nikhil Agnihotri</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 17, 2022</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-the-1-wire-protocol/">What is the 1-Wire protocol?</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-the-1-wire-protocol/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1Wire-rotator-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-76633" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1Wire-rotator-268x170.png 268w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1Wire-rotator-300x189.png 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1Wire-rotator-768x483.png 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/1Wire-rotator.png 954w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px" /></a><p>The 1-Wire protocol is a single-wire interface, half-duplex, bidirectional, low-speed and power, long-distance serial-data communication protocol. Although this protocol is classified as a 1-wire standard, at least two wires are required in the 1-wire standard bus — one for the data and/or power supply and another for the ground return. An additional wire might be…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Microchip adds to its 8-bit PIC and AVR microcontroller family"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/mfroese/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Michelle Froese</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 16, 2022</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/microchip-adds-to-its-8-bit-pic-and-avr-microcontroller-family/">Microchip adds to its 8-bit PIC and AVR microcontroller family</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/microchip-adds-to-its-8-bit-pic-and-avr-microcontroller-family/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Microchip-268x170.jpeg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-76339" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>With smartphones, autonomous vehicles, and 5G wireless connectivity dominating the landscape of embedded design in 2022, Microchip’s 8-bit PIC and AVR microcontroller (MCU) families are gaining market share. Over the past 50 years, the market for 8-bit MCUs has grown steadily and Microchip currently sells one device for every human in the western hemisphere each…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="What is an embedded system?"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/pjain/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Preeti Jain</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">March 16, 2022</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/embedded-system/">What is an embedded system?</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/embedded-system/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="210" height="150" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/IR-Sensor-Icon_0.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-42150" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>If we look around, we will find ourselves to be surrounded by computing systems. Every year millions of computing systems are built destined for desktop computers (Personal Computers, workstations, mainframes and servers) but surprisingly, billions of computing systems are built every year embedded within larger electronic devices and still goes unnoticed. Any device running on electric power either already has computing system or will soon have computing system embedded in it.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="FPGA vs microcontrollers: Another approach to embedded design"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/egarage/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Engineers Garage</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">January 17, 2022</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/fpga-vs-microcontrollers-another-approach-to-embedded-design/">FPGA vs microcontrollers: Another approach to embedded design</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/fpga-vs-microcontrollers-another-approach-to-embedded-design/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FPGA-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-25942" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Most engineers start their journey in embedded systems with microcontrollers. With microcontrollers, one gets a complete miniature computing system on a single integrated circuit. The CPU, RAM, ROM and Input / Output peripherals all on a single thumb size SoC. This very popular approach to learning embedded design and development is in fact just the one side of the complete picture. Working with microcontrollers (and microprocessors) is all about software-based embedded design. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="ATtiny85 microcontroller tutorials, Part 1: Introduction"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/abhatt/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">July 27, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/attiny85-microcontroller-tutorials-part-1/">ATtiny85 microcontroller tutorials, Part 1: Introduction</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/attiny85-microcontroller-tutorials-part-1/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ATtiny85-featured-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-64493" alt="ATtiny85" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>ATtiny85 microcontroller is a very popular 8-bit RISC microcontroller. It has become the first choice for professionals and developers because of its incredible features in such a small size. As its name suggests, it’s a tiny 8-pin (PDIP) microcontroller with almost all required features that any microcontroller should have such as built-in FLASH, EEPROM, SRAM,…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Atmega162 UAR serial communication using Arduino IDE"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/eg-projects/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">EG Projects</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 15, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/atmega162-programmed-using-arduino-ide/">Atmega162 UAR serial communication using Arduino IDE</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/atmega162-programmed-using-arduino-ide/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/uart_orig-1-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-59935" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>I started working on a project with involves Atmega162 to be programmed in order to achieve the desired output. I started to write code using Atmel studio ide but I found it very hard to work with the Atmel studio ide. Atmel studio is slow and finding bugs etc is also very difficult. So I…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Controlling a BLDC Motor with an ESC"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/gsingh/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Gurmeet Singh</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 14, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/controlling-a-bldc-motor-with-an-esc/">Controlling a BLDC Motor with an ESC</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/controlling-a-bldc-motor-with-an-esc/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Prototype-AVR-ATMega16-Brushless-DC-Motor-Controller-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-50929" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Brushless motors have much more satisfying results as compared to brushed motors. The basic difference between them is that in a brushless motor, the rotor itself contains the permanent magnets and the electromagnets move to the stator which is quite opposite as seen in a brushed motors. It’s more precise and can also factor the speed of the motor into the equation. This makes brushless motors more efficient. There is no sparking and much less electrical noise. There are no brushes to wear out. With the electromagnets on the stator, they are very easy to cool. You can have a lot of electromagnets on the stator for more precise control. The only disadvantage of a brushless motor is its higher initial cost, but you can often recover that cost through the greater efficiency over the life of the motor.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="LED chaser using AVR ATMega16"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/abhat/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashuthosh Bhat</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 13, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/led-chaser-using-avr-atmega16/">LED chaser using AVR ATMega16</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/led-chaser-using-avr-atmega16/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Prototype-AVR-ATMega16-Based-LED-Chaser-Circuit-Designed-Breadboard-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-53770" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>You may have seen many different LED chaser projects. Simple LED chaser can be built using IC555 and digital counter chips. Many LED chasers are built using micro controllers. Micro controller based LED chaser have variety of different chasing effect. One can generate awesome LED chasing effect using micro controller programming. There may be 8 or 10 or 16 or even more LEDs connected with micro controller and it will turn LEDs ON/OFF LED or vary its brightness or blink them to create wonderful effects.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="10 Noteworthy Apps for Electronics Designers"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/nrastogi/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Neha Rastogi</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 9, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/10-noteworthy-apps-for-electronics-designers/">10 Noteworthy Apps for Electronics Designers</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/10-noteworthy-apps-for-electronics-designers/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/maxresdefault-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-62920" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>With the rapid use of smartphones and tablets around the globe, apps have become an inseparable part of our lives. Not only we tend to use them for entertainment but these are also quite useful for educational as well as professional purposes. This wide spectrum of users also includes people belonging to the field of electronics ranging from beginners to professionals.There are different apps which provide access to important information regarding the materials, tools, calculations and notable theoretical knowledge involved in the electronics projects. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How to measure voltage of multiple batteries connected in string/array in series or parallel combination with microcontrollers"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/eg-projects/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">EG Projects</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">February 7, 2021</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/series-combination-of-batteries-voltage-monitor/">How to measure voltage of multiple batteries connected in string/array in series or parallel combination with microcontrollers</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/series-combination-of-batteries-voltage-monitor/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/voltage-divider_orig-1-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-60092" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>Measuring an individual battery voltage or a whole bank of battery using any microcontroller(arduino, microship pic, Avr, Atmega, Intel, NXP, stm32)is an easy task. You can find many tutorials on internet on how to do so. But what about if we want to measure an individual battery connected to a cluster of batteries in series…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Satellite dish antenna angle controller using ATmega16"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/abhatt/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">October 1, 2020</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/satellite-dish-antenna-angle-controller-using-atmega16/">Satellite dish antenna angle controller using ATmega16</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/satellite-dish-antenna-angle-controller-using-atmega16/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/dish-antenna-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-26907" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The first thing we need to understand is that what it servomechanism? Servomechanism means generating error output as a difference between output feedback and control input and reduces this error until it becomes zero – that means when the system reaches desired state when the system produces desired output.  </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="VAT meter using ATMega8"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/fhassan/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Fayaz Hassan</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 28, 2019</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/vat-meter-using-atmega8/">VAT meter using ATMega8</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/vat-meter-using-atmega8/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Components_project_0-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-40499" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>While measuring voltage and current with multi-meter, the probes have to be changed its position carefully. There is a probability of damaging the multi-meter, if voltage is measured in high current mode by mistake.  In case, both voltage and current to be measured at a time, we have to use two multi-meters and care should be taken while wiring both the multi-meters. VAT meter is combination of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Thermometer. It can measure voltage and current simultaneously along with the temperature. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Interfacing 24×2 lcd with 8051(89c51,89c52) and microchip pic16f877 microcontroller"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/eg-projects/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">EG Projects</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">May 23, 2019</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/interfacing-24x2-lcd-with-microcontroller/">Interfacing 24×2 lcd with 8051(89c51,89c52) and microchip pic16f877 microcontroller</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/interfacing-24x2-lcd-with-microcontroller/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/8231838_orig-1-268x170.png" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-60194" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In this post i am going to explain how to interface 24×2 lcd with microcontroller. I am going to interface lcd with 8051(89c51,89c52) and Microchip Pic16f877 microcontrollers. 24×2 means 24-Coulombs and 2-Rows. Total characters which we can display on 24×2 lcd  (24×2=48) 48. 24 Characters on each row. Interfacing 24×2 lcd with microcontroller is same as…</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="Arduino Vs Raspberry Pi: How to select between the two?"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/na/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Nikhil A.</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">December 3, 2016</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino-vs-raspberry-pi-how-to-select-between-the-two/">Arduino Vs Raspberry Pi: How to select between the two?</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino-vs-raspberry-pi-how-to-select-between-the-two/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Arduino-Uno-and-RASPBERRY_PI_0-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-21598" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>This is a common dilemma among electronics community of engineers whether they are DIY hobbyists or professionals working on a prototype. There may be a case that one might have worked on some microcontrollers and now willing to propel the academic excellence by working on development boards or do one needs to choose a development board for a do-it-yourself engineering project. Let’s have a fundamental understanding of both the boards to make clear which to select.First thing is that both Arduino and Raspberry Pi offer a range of development boards with different specifications and features.</p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry" aria-label="Electronic Voting Machine using Internal EEPROM of AVR"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/dmiyares/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 25, 2013</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-voting-machine-using-internal-eeprom-of-avr/">Electronic Voting Machine using Internal EEPROM of AVR</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><p>The microcontroller based voting machines made the process of voting and counting the voted lot easier than before. Previously the votes were marked in paper which are then stored safely in a box and inside a well secure room for days. The process of separating the votes and counting them manually may take a lot of days. But after finding the electronic voting machine the votes can be marked without using papers, which makes the voting process eco-friendly. Moreover it makes the counting process faster and the results can be announced in a comparatively shorter period of time. There should be a controller inside the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) which controls the process and there should be storage medium where the details of the vote are stored. There should be a ballet unit which is been used in such a way that the one who came to cast the vote can do only one vote.  </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="LCD Scrolling Display Module- (Part 30/46)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/dmiyares/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 18, 2013</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/lcd-scrolling-display-module-part-30-46/">LCD Scrolling Display Module- (Part 30/46)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/lcd-scrolling-display-module-part-30-46/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/LCD-Scrolling-Display-Module-using-AVR-controller-and-16x2-alphanumeric-LCD-display-setup-on-breadboard-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-15863" alt="LCD Scrolling Display Module using AVR controller and 16x2 alphanumeric LCD display setup on breadboard" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>A microcontroller is a device which has an inbuilt processor surrounded by few dedicated hardware modules. Once the microcontroller initializes them they start operating on their own. In case of an ADC it will do the sampling and digital to analog conversion all by itself and keep the converted data in its buffer so that the microcontroller can read that later. The advantage of this kind of implementation is that the microcontroller is free to do other tasks during that time and hence increase the overall efficiency. That was the case of hardware modules or peripherals inside a microcontroller which increases the processing efficiency of the built in processor. The efficiency can increase even more if the external hardware attached to the microcontroller can also does lot more tasks by their own without depending the microcontroller. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How To Write a Simple Bootloader For AVR In C language- (Part 35/46)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/dmiyares/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 14, 2013</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-write-a-simple-bootloader-for-avr-in-c-language-part-35-46/">How To Write a Simple Bootloader For AVR In C language- (Part 35/46)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-write-a-simple-bootloader-for-avr-in-c-language-part-35-46/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Wrting-Simple-Boot-Loader-code-for-AVR-microcontroller-in-C-to-Initialize-peripherals-circuit-set-up-on-breadboard-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-15858" alt="Wrting Simple Boot-Loader code for AVR microcontroller in C to Initialize peripherals circuit set up on breadboard" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The Boot-Loader is a code which executes when a microcontroller is powered ON or reset. It basically sets an environment for the application code to execute. It is the Boot-Loader that sets the hardware and loads the application code from any storage medium or received through external communication and let the application to execute. Thus a Boot-Loader has to perform the following basic function : Initialize the controller peripherals, Initialize the devices in the board, Allow an option for the user to select from the available applications to load, Load the selected application, Let the application code to execute. Apart from the above mentioned functions some Boot-Loaders can perform many other functions and there are Boot-Loaders which don’t perform all these functions like provide option to select the required application etc. The Boot-Loader codes in microcontrollers are actually very small and simple compared to the Boot-Loaders in advanced devices like PC. In most of the microcontroller the functionality of a Boot-Loader is limited only to set the initial clock and other settings for the microcontroller, load an application binary from the serial port etc. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How To Use SPM To load Application from EEPROM – (Part 34/46)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/dmiyares/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 14, 2013</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-use-spm-to-load-application-from-eeprom-part-34-46/">How To Use SPM To load Application from EEPROM – (Part 34/46)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-use-spm-to-load-application-from-eeprom-part-34-46/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Summary1_0-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-15857" alt="How To Use SPM To load Application from EEPROM" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>In any microcontroller the Boot-Loader is the first code which executes before the application code does. The major function of the Boot-Loader is to load the application code into the flash memory of the microcontroller and execute it. In AVR microcontroller the Self Programming Mode (SPM) helps the Boot-Loader to load a particular application from where the application binary is stored.The Boot-Loader may receive the code binary from other memory chips, SD-cards or through the serial port of the microcontroller in case of serial programming. It is then with the help of the SPM that the microcontroller write the binary code into the application flash section. In this particular project the operation of a Boot-Loader code using the SPM is demonstrated by re-writing flash memory with the code binary which has already been flashed into the built-in EEPROM of the ATMEGA16. The hardware used in this project includes ATMEGA16 as microcontroller, USBASP as the programmer and the software used are AVR STUDIO4 as IDE and AVR-BURNO-MAT as the burner software. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><article class="type-post entry has-post-thumbnail" aria-label="How to Use SPM for Flash to Flash Programming – (Part 33/46)"><header class="entry-header"><p class="entry-meta">By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/author/dmiyares/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Ashutosh Bhatt</span></a></span> <time class="entry-time">June 14, 2013</time> </p><h2 class="entry-title"><a class="entry-title-link" rel="bookmark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-use-spm-for-flash-to-flash-programming-part-33-46/">How to Use SPM for Flash to Flash Programming – (Part 33/46)</a></h2> </header><div class="entry-content"><a class="entry-image-link" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-use-spm-for-flash-to-flash-programming-part-33-46/" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="268" height="170" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Configuring-SPM-of-AVR-for-Flash-to-Flash-Programming-Circuit-Setp-up-on-breadboard-268x170.jpg" class="alignleft post-image entry-image wp-image-15856" alt="Configuring SPM of AVR for Flash to Flash Programming Circuit Setp up on breadboard" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /></a><p>The Self Programming Mode (SPM) is a feature which enables a microcontroller to program its own flash memory. Using the SPM a microcontroller can program itself with an SPM code. The SPM is commonly used with the microcontroller Boot-Loader codes which help to program the microcontroller serially. In AVR microcontroller the SPM is available only for the code running in the BLS of the flash memory. With the help of the SPM a code in BLS can rewrite the application flash memory entirely or a part of it. It can even rewrite its own code in the BLS section. The SPM is a key factor of the Boot-Loader code since the major function of the Boot-Loader is to load an application code into the application flash section. The Boot-Loader may receive the code binary from other memory chips, SD-cards or through the serial port of the microcontroller in case of serial programming. </p> </div><footer class="entry-footer"></footer></article><div class="archive-pagination pagination"><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/page/2/" class="button">Next ></a></div></div></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar"><section id="search-2" class="widget widget_search"><div class="widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div align="center"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-20" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE TECH TOOLBOX</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-connectivity/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EE-TechToolbox-Connectors_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Connectivity</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> In this Tech Toolbox, we keep you connected to the connectivity technologies enabling Industry 4.0, AI/ML, and high-performance computing. Gain practical insights into selecting and implementing the right connector solutions. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-connectivity/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-14" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE Learning Center</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-19" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EG-300x100-1.jpg" alt=“engineers garage newsletter”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-15" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">HAVE A QUESTION?</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div id="digital" style="padding: 0 15px 10px 15px;"> <span style="font-size: 12px;font-weight:bold"> Have a technical question about an article or other engineering questions? Check out our engineering forums <a href="https://www.edaboard.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">EDABoard.com</a> and <a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com" target="_blank" style="color:red">Electro-Tech-Online.com</a> where you can get those questions asked and answered by your peers! </span> <br /> <br /> <div align="Center"> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">EDA Board</button></a></div> <br /> <div style="float: center;"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/?utm_source=EG&utm_medium=widget&utm_campaign=question&utm_term=HaveQuestion" target="_blank" rel="nofollow"><button class="greenbutton">Electro-Tech-Online</button></a></div> </div> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABOARD.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/led-driver-lm3409.414072/'>LED Driver LM3409</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/measurement-of-power-supply-inductance.414056/'>Measurement of power supply inductance</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/crystal-load-capacitor.414075/'>Crystal load capacitor</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/about-periodic-tests.414071/'>About periodic tests</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/how-to-create-subcircuit-in-ltspice.413910/'>How to create subcircuit in Ltspice</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h4> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/programmatically-pressing-buttons-with-4n25-max395-multiplex-or-suggested-setup.167347/'>Programmatically pressing buttons with 4n25/MAX395, multiplex or suggested setup</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/shoe-dryer.167336/'>Shoe dryer</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/making-a-bluetooth-adapter-for-a-car-phone-from-the-90s.162764/'>Making a Bluetooth adapter for a Car Phone from the 90's</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/intel-nuc-d34010wyk-computer.167350/'>Intel NUC d34010wyk computer</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/ac-signal-input-what-will-be-in-the-output-of-an-opamp-or-a-transistor.167349/'>AC signal input, what will be in the output of an opamp or a transistor</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="category-posts-2" class="widget cat-post-widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Featured – EMI/EMC Series</h4> <ul id="category-posts-2-internal" class="category-posts-internal"> <li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-emc/" title="What is EMC?"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/EMC-featured-1.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-65587 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/EMC-featured-1.jpg 944w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/EMC-featured-1-300x159.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/EMC-featured-1-768x407.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/EMC-featured-1-368x195.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-emc/" rel="bookmark">What is EMC?</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-are-the-ems-emc-immunity-lab-tests/" title="What are EMS/EMC immunity lab tests?"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1Block-diagram-of-EMC-immunity-test.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-65846 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1Block-diagram-of-EMC-immunity-test.jpg 801w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1Block-diagram-of-EMC-immunity-test-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1Block-diagram-of-EMC-immunity-test-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1Block-diagram-of-EMC-immunity-test-317x238.jpg 317w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-are-the-ems-emc-immunity-lab-tests/" rel="bookmark">What are EMS/EMC immunity lab tests?</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/some-common-emi-emc-tests/" title="What are some common EMI/EMC tests?"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dreamstime_s_150541257.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-65707 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dreamstime_s_150541257.jpg 800w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dreamstime_s_150541257-300x225.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dreamstime_s_150541257-768x576.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/dreamstime_s_150541257-317x238.jpg 317w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/some-common-emi-emc-tests/" rel="bookmark">What are some common EMI/EMC tests?</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-perform-an-emi-emc-pre-compliance-test/" title="How to perform an EMI/EMC pre-compliance test"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-65943 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field.jpg 1814w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field-300x141.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field-1024x482.jpg 1024w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field-768x361.jpg 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field-1536x722.jpg 1536w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3E-field-electric-field-and-H-field-magnetic-field-368x173.jpg 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-perform-an-emi-emc-pre-compliance-test/" rel="bookmark">How to perform an EMI/EMC pre-compliance test</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ems-emc-pre-compliance-immunity-test/" title="EMS/EMC Pre-Compliance immunity test"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/6TEM-cell-for-immunity-test-768x438-1.png" class="attachment- size- wp-image-71059 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/6TEM-cell-for-immunity-test-768x438-1.png 768w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/6TEM-cell-for-immunity-test-768x438-1-300x171.png 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/6TEM-cell-for-immunity-test-768x438-1-368x210.png 368w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/ems-emc-pre-compliance-immunity-test/" rel="bookmark">EMS/EMC Pre-Compliance immunity test</a></h6></div></li><li class='cat-post-item'><div><a class="cat-post-thumbnail cat-post-dark" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/non-invasive-current-sensor-with-arduino/" title="Non-invasive current sensor with Arduino"><span class="cat-post-crop cat-post-format cat-post-format-standard"><img width="150" height="95" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/current-sensor-figure-1.jpg" class="attachment- size- wp-image-63609 wp-post-image" alt="" data-cat-posts-width="150" data-cat-posts-height="95" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/current-sensor-figure-1.jpg 624w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/current-sensor-figure-1-300x212.jpg 300w, https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/current-sensor-figure-1-338x238.jpg 338w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></span></a> <h6 class="widget-title"><a class="cat-post-title" href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/non-invasive-current-sensor-with-arduino/" rel="bookmark">Non-invasive current sensor with Arduino</a></h6></div></li></ul> </div></section> <section id="recent-posts-2" class="widget widget_recent_entries"><div class="widget-wrap"> <h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Recent Articles</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how-to-setup-headless-raspberry-pi-for-remote-access-using-ssh-and-vnc/">How to setup headless Raspberry Pi for remote access using SSH and VNC</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/infineons-multi-rail-power-ic-fits-48-pin-package/">Infineon’s multi-rail power IC fits 48-pin package</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/seco-introduces-modular-interface-solution/">Seco introduces modular interface solution</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/conformable-cables-from-amphenol-rf-enhance-microwave-connections/">Conformable cables from Amphenol RF enhance microwave connections</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/1-0-x-0-6-mm-protection-diodes-meet-open-alliance-specs/">1.0 x 0.6 mm protection diodes meet OPEN Alliance specs</a> </li> </ul> </div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-18" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">EE ENGINEERING TRAINING DAYS</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-17" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Submit a Guest Post</h4> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <a href="/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/"> <img src="/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/guest-post-banner.jpg" alt="submit a guest post"> </a> </center></div></div></section> </aside></div></div></div><div class="footer-socials"><div class="wrap"><label style="color:#ffffff">Connect with Engineers Garage</label> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/EngineersGarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@engineersgarage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="icon-youtube"></i></a></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><div class="row"><div class="footer-logo"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com">Engineers Garage</a></div><div class="footer-menu"><div class="menu-footer-nav-container"><ul id="menu-footer-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-55876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.analogictips.com/">Analog IC TIps</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.connectortips.com/">Connector Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80507" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/">Battery Power Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.DesignFast.com/">DesignFast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com">EE World Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online Forums</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79699" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.evengineeringonline.com/">EV Engineering</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.microcontrollertips.com/">Microcontroller Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.powerelectronictips.com/">Power Electronic Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sensortips.com/">Sensor Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/">Test and Measurement Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60429" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/">5G Technology World</a></li> <li id="menu-item-79962" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55885" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/about-us/">About Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55886" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55887" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/">Advertise</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer-copyright"><p>Copyright © 2025 WTWH Media LLC. All Rights Reserved. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media<br /> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> </p></div></div></div></footer></div><div class="site-search"><div class="wrap"><div class="search-inner"><h2>Search Engineers Garage</h2><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" role="search"><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-2" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="GO"><meta content="https://www.engineersgarage.com/?s={s}"></form></div></div></div> <script type="text/javascript"> function genesisBlocksShare( url, title, w, h ){ var left = ( window.innerWidth / 2 )-( w / 2 ); var top = ( window.innerHeight / 2 )-( h / 2 ); return window.open(url, title, 'toolbar=no, location=no, directories=no, status=no, menubar=no, scrollbars=no, resizable=no, copyhistory=no, width=600, height=600, top='+top+', left='+left); } </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NJMRR6Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-eg_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <div id="sidr-mobile-menu" class="sidr right"><a class="sidr-menu-close" href="#"><i class="icon-close"></i></a><div class="menu-main-nav-container"><ul id="menu-main-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-61908" class="menu-item current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/projects-and-tutorials/">Electronics Projects and Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39808" class="menu-item current-menu-ancestor menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/">Electronic Projects</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-81272" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/arduino/">Arduino Projects</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81273" class="menu-item current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/avr/" aria-current="page">AVR</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80793" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/raspberry-pi-electronic-projects/">Raspberry pi</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78430" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/esp8266-electronic-projects/">ESP8266</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78434" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/beaglebone-electronic-projects/">BeagleBone</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80794" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/8051-microcontroller/">8051 Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55864" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/arm-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">ARM</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80795" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/pic-microcontroller-electronic-projects/">PIC Microcontroller</a></li> <li id="menu-item-60239" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-projects/stm32-electronic-projects-electronic-projects/">STM32</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-7268" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/">Tutorials</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78818" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/audio-tutorials/">Audio Electronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78819" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/battery-management-systems/">Battery Management</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78820" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/brainwave/">Brainwave</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/evs/">Electric Vehicles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78822" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/emc-emi/">EMI/EMC/RFI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78823" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/filters/">Hardware Filters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78826" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/iot-tutorials/">IoT tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80151" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/power/">Power Tutorials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/python/">Python</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78829" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/sensors-tutorials/">Sensors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78830" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/usb/">USB</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78832" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/vhdl-tutorials/">VHDL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56096" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/circuit_design/">Circuit Design</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62725" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/engineersgarage">Project Videos</a></li> <li id="menu-item-7269" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/components/">Components</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-39810" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/article_page/">Articles</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-63122" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/tech-articles/">Tech Articles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13371" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/">Insight</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13399" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/invention-stories/">Invention Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13326" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/how_to/">How to</a></li> <li id="menu-item-59366" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/what_is/">What Is</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1863" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="#">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-39809" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/">Electronic Product News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77696" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/business-news/">Business News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77697" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/news/company-start-up-news/">Company/Start-up News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14489" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/reviews/">DIY Reviews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14287" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/guest_post/">Guest Post</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55871" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Forums</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-55870" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.edaboard.com/">EDABoard.com</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55869" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Electro-Tech-Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1851" class="menu-item"><a href="https://forums.engineersgarage.com/">EG Forum Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1868" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">DigiKey Store</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1869" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ml">Cables, Wires</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1870" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mm">Connectors, Interconnect</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1871" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mn">Discrete</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1872" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mo">Electromechanical</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1873" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mp">Embedded Computers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1874" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mq">Enclosures, Hardware, Office</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1875" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mr">Integrated Circuits (ICs)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1876" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9ms">Isolators</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1877" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mt">LED/Optoelectronics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1878" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mu">Passive</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1879" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mv">Power, Circuit Protection</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1880" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mw">Programmers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1881" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mx">RF, Wireless</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1882" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mk">Semiconductors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1883" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9my">Sensors, Transducers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1884" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mz">Test Products</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1885" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://wtwh.me/9mA">Tools</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-56062" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learn</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-80114" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/">eBooks/Tech Tips</a></li> <li id="menu-item-76567" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library">Design Guides</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77221" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center">Learning Center</a></li> <li id="menu-item-81739" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/">Tech Toolboxes</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80113" class="menu-item"><a href="https://gateway.on24.com/wcc/experience/elitewtwhmedia/2927718/4415581/eeworld">Webinars & Digital Events</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55895" class="menu-item menu-item-has-children"><a>Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-77693" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/digital-issues/">Digital Issues</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77694" class="menu-item"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/">EE Training Days</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55899" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/">LEAP Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77695" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-77375" class="menu-item"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/">Webinars / Digital Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55898" class="menu-item"><a href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/">White Papers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62203" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/engineering-diversity/">Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-55896" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.DesignFast.com">DesignFast</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-80115" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/subscribe-engineers-garage-newsletter/">Subscribe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-80423" class="menu-item"><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/join-us-as-a-guest-post-writer/">Guest Post Guidelines</a></li> </ul></div></div></div><style type="text/css" media="screen"></style><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-blocks/dist/assets/js/dismiss.js?ver=1732716289" id="genesis-blocks-dismiss-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/themes/ThemeWTWHv2/assets/js/global-min.js?ver=1629218360" id="ea-global-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.4.1" id="megamenu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-core-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var PRESTITIALINFO = {"logoHeight":"100","logoWidth":"100","backgroundColor":"clear","siteUrl":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com","siteName":"Engineers Garage","siteLogo":"svg","mainCss":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/wtwh-universal-gam\/assets\/css\/frontend\/prestitial\/main.css?=1.1.1","prestitialCss":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/wtwh-universal-gam\/assets\/css\/frontend\/prestitial\/prestitial.css?=1.1.1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/wtwh-universal-gam/assets/js/frontend/prestitial/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.1" id="wtwh-uni-gam-prestitial-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async data-no-optimize="1" src="https://www.engineersgarage.com/wp-content/plugins/perfmatters/vendor/instant-page/pminstantpage.min.js?ver=2.3.9" id="perfmatters-instant-page-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".ui-tabs").tabs(); });</script> <script>"undefined"!=typeof jQuery&&jQuery(document).ready(function(){"objectFit"in document.documentElement.style==!1&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").removeClass("cat-post-crop"),jQuery(".cat-post-item figure").addClass("cat-post-crop-not-supported")),(document.documentMode||/Edge/.test(navigator.userAgent))&&(jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("+=1"),window.setTimeout(function(){jQuery(".cat-post-item figure img").height("-=1")},0))});</script> <script type="text/javascript"> if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined') { var cat_posts_namespace = window.cat_posts_namespace || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size || {}; cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text = { preWrap : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ var _that = jQuery(this); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass('cpwp-wrap-text'); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('div').wrap('<div class="cpwp-wrap-text-stage"></div>'); }); return; }, add : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this); if (_that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').height() < _that.find('.cat-post-thumbnail').height()) { _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); }else{ _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').removeClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); _that.find('p.cpwp-excerpt-text').closest('.cpwp-wrap-text-stage').addClass( "cpwp-wrap-text" ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).find('img').width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).find('img').one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.add(_this); }); } return; }, setClass : function (widget) { // var _widget = jQuery(widget); jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size = { replace : function(_this){ var _that = jQuery(_this), resp_w = _that.width(), resp_h = _that.height(), orig_w = _that.data('cat-posts-width'), orig_h = _that.data('cat-posts-height'); if( resp_w < orig_w ){ _that.height( resp_w * orig_h / orig_w ); } else { _that.height( '' ); } return; }, handleLazyLoading : function(_this) { var width = jQuery(_this).width(); if( 0 !== width ){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); } else { jQuery(_this).one("load", function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.replace(_this); }); } return; }, setHeight : function (widget) { jQuery(widget).find('.cat-post-item img').each(function(){ cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.handleLazyLoading(this); }); return; } } let widget = jQuery('#category-posts-2-internal'); jQuery( document ).ready(function () { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); jQuery(window).on('load resize', function() { cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); }); // low-end mobile cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.preWrap(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_wrap_text.setClass(widget); cat_posts_namespace.layout_img_size.setHeight(widget); } </script> </body></html>