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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rational_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rational model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_rational_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_rational_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Criticism of the rational model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_rational_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Action-centric_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Action-centric_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Action-centric model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Action-centric_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Philosophies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Approaches to design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_designing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_designing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types of designing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_designing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Design</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwerp" title="Ontwerp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontwerp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تصميم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصميم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenyo" title="Disenyo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Disenyo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1u" title="Diseñu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diseñu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizayn" title="Dizayn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dizayn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="নকশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নকশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siat-k%C3%A8" title="Siat-kè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siat-kè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дызайн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дызайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дызайн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дызайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenyo" title="Desenyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Desenyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajn" title="Dizajn – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dizajn" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disseny" title="Disseny – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disseny" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaru" title="Mutaru – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutaru" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylunio" title="Dylunio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dylunio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disain" title="Disain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Disain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σχεδιασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχεδιασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dise%C3%B1o" title="Diseño – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diseño" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasonado" title="Fasonado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fasonado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseinu" title="Diseinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diseinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="طراحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dese%C3%B1o" title="Deseño – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deseño" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8" title="디자인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디자인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Դիզայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիզայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="डिज़ाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिज़ाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajn" title="Dizajn – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dizajn" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasonado" title="Fasonado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fasonado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancangan" title="Rancangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rancangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nnun" title="Hönnun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hönnun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91" title="עיצוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desain" title="Desain – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Desain" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დიზაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიზაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9sen" title="Désen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Désen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizains" title="Dizains – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dizains" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizainas" title="Dizainas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dizainas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Дизајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дизајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8" title="രൂപകല്പന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രൂപകല്പന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka_bentuk" title="Reka bentuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reka bentuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဒီဇိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီဇိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwerp" title="Ontwerp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontwerp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="デザイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デザイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formgjeving" title="Formgjeving – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Formgjeving" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizayn" title="Dizayn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dizayn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%DA%9A%D8%AA_(%DA%89%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="جوړښت (ډیزاین) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوړښت (ډیزاین)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizayn" title="Dizayn – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dizayn" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27anta" title="Ch'anta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дізайн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дізайн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajni" title="Dizajni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dizajni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblikovanje" title="Oblikovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oblikovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Дизајн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизајн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizajn" title="Dizajn – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizajn" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muotoilu" title="Muotoilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muotoilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design" title="Design – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Design" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenyo" title="Disenyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Disenyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வடிவமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடிவமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="การออกแบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การออกแบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasar%C4%B1m" title="Tasarım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tasarım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дизайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизайн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="ترتیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترتیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF" title="Thiết kế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiết kế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenyo" title="Disenyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Disenyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="设计 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="设计" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דעזיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דעזיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="設計 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="設計" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Lubs" class="extiw" title="de:Dietrich Lubs">de</a>]</span> (early 1980s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg/250px-Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg/330px-Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg/500px-Swiss_army_knife_closed_20050612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victorinox" title="Victorinox">Victorinox</a> <i>Swiss Army</i> knife</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF,_2007_N.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of cutlery designed by Zaha Hadid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg/220px-Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg/330px-Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg/440px-Cutlery_designed_by_Zaha_Hadid_for_company_WMF%2C_2007_N.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a> designed by architect and designer <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a> (2007). The slightly oblique end part of the fork and the spoons, as well as the knife handle, are examples of designing for both aesthetic form and practical function.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg/250px-Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg/330px-Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg/500px-Y-blokken_som_plassvegg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Early concept design sketches by the architect Erling Viksjø, exploring the relationships between existing and proposed new buildings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Béla Barényi holding car model" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg/220px-Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg/330px-Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg/440px-Bar%C3%A9nyi_B%C3%A9la-biztons%C3%A1gi_fejleszt%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bar%C3%A9nyi" title="Béla Barényi">Barényi Béla</a>, considered to be the father of safe driving and safety tests, preparing for safety development, which is a core part of the designing process</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>design</b> is the concept of or proposal for an object, process, or <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>. The word <i>design</i> refers to something that is or has been intentionally created by a thinking agent, and is sometimes used to refer to the inherent nature of something – its design. The verb <i>to design</i> expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan may also be considered to be a design (such as in arts and crafts). A design is expected to have a purpose within a specific context, typically aiming to satisfy certain <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a> and constraints while taking into account <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a>, functional and experiential considerations. Traditional examples of designs include <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architectural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">engineering</a> drawings, <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)" title="Pattern (sewing)">sewing patterns</a>, and less tangible artefacts such as <a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">business process</a> models.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designing">Designing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Designing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People who produce designs are called <i><a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designers</a></i>. The term 'designer' usually refers to someone who works professionally in one of the various design areas. Within the professions, the word 'designer' is generally qualified by the area of practice (for example: a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion designer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product designer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web designer</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior designer</a>), but it can also designate other practitioners such as architects and engineers (see below: Types of designing). A designer's sequence of activities to produce a design is called a design process, with some employing designated processes such as <a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">design thinking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">design methods</a>. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">modeling</a>, interactive adjustment, and re-design. </p><p>Designing is also a widespread activity outside of the professions of those formally recognized as designers. In his influential book <i>The Sciences of the Artificial,</i> the interdisciplinary scientist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> proposed that, "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the design researcher <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Cross" title="Nigel Cross">Nigel Cross</a>, "Everyone can – and does – design," and "Design ability is something that everyone has, to some extent, because it is embedded in our brains as a natural <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> function."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_design">History of design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">Design history</a></div> <p>The study of design history is complicated by varying interpretations of what constitutes 'designing'. Many design historians, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Heskett" title="John Heskett">John Heskett</a>, look to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the development of mass production.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others subscribe to conceptions of design that include pre-industrial objects and artefacts, beginning their narratives of design in prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-Huppatz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huppatz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally situated within <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, the historical development of the discipline of design history coalesced in the 1970s, as interested academics worked to recognize design as a separate and legitimate target for historical research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early influential design historians include German-British art historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> and Swiss historian and architecture critic <a href="/wiki/Sigfried_Giedion" title="Sigfried Giedion">Sigfried Giedion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_education">Design education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western Europe, institutions for design education date back to the nineteenth century. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Academy_of_Craft_and_Art_Industry" title="Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry">Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry</a> was founded in 1818, followed by the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Government School of Design</a> (1837), and <a href="/wiki/Konstfack" title="Konstfack">Konstfack</a> in Sweden (1844). The <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a> was founded in the United States in 1877. The German art and design school <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>, founded in 1919, greatly influenced modern design education.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">Design education</a> covers the teaching of theory, knowledge, and values in the design of products, services, and environments, with a focus on the development of both particular and general skills for designing. Traditionally, its primary orientation has been to prepare students for professional design practice, based on project work and studio, or <a href="/wiki/Atelier" title="Atelier">atelier</a>, teaching methods. </p><p>There are also broader forms of higher education in <a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">design studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">design thinking</a>. Design is also a part of general education, for example within the curriculum topic, <a href="/wiki/Design_and_Technology" title="Design and Technology">Design and Technology</a>. The development of design in general education in the 1970s created a need to identify fundamental aspects of 'designerly' ways of knowing, thinking, and acting, which resulted in establishing design as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">discipline</a> of study.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_process">Design process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Design researchers Dorst and Dijkhuis acknowledged that "there are many ways of describing design processes," and compare and contrast two dominant but different views of the design process: as a rational problem-solving process and as a process of reflection-in-action. They suggested that these two <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> "represent two fundamentally different ways of looking at the world –  <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructionism_(learning_theory)" title="Constructionism (learning theory)">constructionism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paradigms may reflect differing views of how designing <i>should be</i> done and how it <i>actually is</i> done, and both have a variety of names. The problem-solving view has been called "the rational model,"<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "technical rationality"<sup id="cite_ref-Schön_1983_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schön_1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the reason-centric perspective."<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative view has been called "reflection-in-action,"<sup id="cite_ref-Schön_1983_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schön_1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "coevolution"<sup id="cite_ref-DC_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the action-centric perspective."<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational_model">Rational model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rational model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rational model was independently developed by Herbert A. Simon,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an American scientist, and two German engineering design theorists, Gerhard Pahl and Wolfgang Beitz.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It posits that: </p> <ol><li>Designers attempt to <a href="/wiki/Optimization_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimization (mathematics)">optimize</a> a design candidate for known <a href="/wiki/Constraint_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Constraint optimization">constraints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">objectives</a>.</li> <li>The design process is plan-driven.</li> <li>The design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.</li></ol> <p>The rational model is based on a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and underlies the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Royce_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">systems development life cycle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bourque_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourque-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">engineering design</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical stages consistent with the rational model include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pre-production design <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">Design brief</a> – initial statement of intended outcome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a> – analysis of design goals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a> – investigating similar designs in the field or related topics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">Specification</a> – specifying requirements of a design for a product (<a href="/wiki/Product_design_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Product design specification">product design specification</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conceptualize" class="extiw" title="wikt:conceptualize">conceptualizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documenting</a> designs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation" title="Presentation">Presentation</a> – presenting designs.</li></ul></li> <li>Design during production. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Development</a> – continuation and improvement of a design.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">Product testing</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> testing of a design.</li></ul></li> <li>Post-production design feedback for future designs. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">Implementation</a> – introducing the design into the environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">Evaluation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logical_consequence" title="Logical consequence">conclusion</a> – summary of process and results, including <a href="/wiki/Constructive_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive criticism">constructive criticism</a> and suggestions for future improvements.</li></ul></li> <li>Redesign – any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.</li></ul> <p>Each stage has many associated <a href="/wiki/Best_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Best practices">best practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_rational_model">Criticism of the rational model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism of the rational model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rational model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds: </p> <ol><li>Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demonstrated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.<sup id="cite_ref-Schön_1983_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schön_1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Action-centric_model">Action-centric model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Action-centric model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The action-centric perspective is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the rational model.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It posits that: </p> <ol><li>Designers use <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> to generate design candidates.</li> <li>The design process is <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvised</a>.</li> <li>No universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design, and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The action-centric perspective is based on an <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist philosophy</a> and broadly consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile approach</a><sup id="cite_ref-Beck_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and methodical development.<sup id="cite_ref-Truex_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truex-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial empirical evidence supports the veracity of this perspective in describing the actions of real designers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cross_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the rational model, the action-centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two views of design activity are consistent with the action-centric perspective. Both involve these three basic activities: </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">reflection-in-action paradigm</a>, designers alternate between "<a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a>", "making moves", and "evaluating moves". "Framing" refers to conceptualizing the problem, i.e., defining goals and objectives. A "move" is a tentative design decision. The evaluation process may lead to further moves in the design.<sup id="cite_ref-Schön_1983_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schön_1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the sensemaking–coevolution–implementation framework, designers alternate between its three titular activities. <a href="/wiki/Sensemaking_(information_science)" title="Sensemaking (information science)">Sensemaking</a> includes both framing and evaluating moves. Implementation is the process of constructing the design object. Coevolution is "the process where the design agent simultaneously refines its mental picture of the design object based on its mental picture of the context, and vice versa".<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_2010_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_2010-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Design_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Design cycle">design cycle</a> is understood as a circular time structure,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may start with the thinking of an idea, then expressing it by the use of visual or verbal means of communication (design tools), the sharing and perceiving of the expressed idea, and finally starting a new cycle with the critical rethinking of the perceived idea. Anderson points out that this concept emphasizes the importance of the means of expression, which at the same time are means of perception of any design ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophies">Philosophies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Philosophies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a> is the study of definitions, assumptions, foundations, and implications of design. There are also many informal 'philosophies' for guiding design such as personal values or preferred approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_to_design">Approaches to design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Approaches to design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of these values and approaches include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical design</a> uses designed artefacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Critical design can make aspects of the future physically present to provoke a reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a> is a design approach that prioritizes the consideration of the environmental impacts of a product or service, over its whole lifecycle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecodesign research focuses primarily on barriers to implementation, ecodesign tools and methods, and the intersection of ecodesign with other research disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory design</a> (originally co-operative design, now often co-design) is the practice of collective creativity to design, attempting to actively involve all stakeholders (e.g. employees, partners, customers, citizens, end-users) in the design process to help ensure the result meets their needs and is usable.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research suggests that designers create more innovative concepts and ideas when working within a co-design environment with others than they do when creating ideas on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Value_of_Codesign_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Value_of_Codesign-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scientific design refers to industrialised design based on scientific knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science can be used to study the effects and need for a potential or existing product in general and to design products that are based on scientific knowledge. For instance, a scientific design of <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks for COVID-19 mitigation</a> may be based on investigations of filtration performance, mitigation performance,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thermal comfort, <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> and flow resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a> is a term that is used for designing or organizing the experience around a product and the service associated with a product's use. The purpose of service design methodologies is to establish the most effective practices for designing services, according to both the needs of users and the competencies and capabilities of service providers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a> design, a philosophy and tools for participative designing of work arrangements and supporting processes – for organizational purpose, quality, safety, economics, and customer requirements in core work processes, the quality of peoples experience at work, and the needs of society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a>, the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a>, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end-user of the designed artefact. One aspect of user-centered design is <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_arts">Relationship with the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brionvega_RR126,_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg/250px-Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg/330px-Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg/500px-Brionvega_RR126%2C_Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni_-_MNAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4988" data-file-height="3326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brionvega" title="Brionvega">Brionvega</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=RR_126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RR 126 (page does not exist)">RR 126</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RR_126" class="extiw" title="it:RR 126">it</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(device)" title="Radiogram (device)">radiogram</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Achille_Castiglioni" title="Achille Castiglioni">Achille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pier_Giacomo_Castiglioni" title="Pier Giacomo Castiglioni">Pier Giacomo Castiglioni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The boundaries between art and design are blurry, largely due to a range of applications both for the term 'art' and the term 'design'. <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">Applied arts</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative arts</a> which traditionally includes craft objects. In <a href="/wiki/Graphic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic art">graphic arts</a> (2D image making that ranges from photography to illustration), the distinction is often made between <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_art" title="Commercial art">commercial art</a>, based on the context within which the work is produced and how it is traded. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_designing">Types of designing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of designing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">Applied arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Biological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_design" title="Cartographic design">Cartographic or map design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">Design management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting designer">Lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">Systems architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillography" title="Vexillography">Vexillography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">Design methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Design museums">Design museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_prototyping" title="Design prototyping">Design prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">Design research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">Design science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">Design theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">Design thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design-based_learning" title="Design-based learning">Design-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Design_Database" title="Global Design Database">Global Design Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_design_awards" title="List of design awards">List of design awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_design" title="Outline of design">Outline of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_design_elements_and_principles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Visual design elements and principles (disambiguation)">Visual design elements and principles</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary meanings in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/design">Cambridge Dictionary of American English</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.dictionary.com/browse/design">Dictionary.com</a> (esp. meanings 1–5 and 7–8) and at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/design">AskOxford</a> (especially verbs).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/longform/100-best-designs/">"The greatest designs of modern times"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+greatest+designs+of+modern+times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Flongform%2F100-best-designs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimon1969" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Herbert A. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencesofartifi00simo/page/54"><i>The Sciences of the Artificial</i></a> (first ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: M.I.T. Press. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sciences+of+the+Artificial&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencesofartifi00simo%2Fpage%2F54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross2011" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Nigel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4SUVT1XCCwC"><i>Design Thinking: Understanding How Designers Think and Work</i></a>. Berg. pp. 3 & 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84788-846-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84788-846-4"><bdi>978-1-84788-846-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Design+Thinking%3A+Understanding+How+Designers+Think+and+Work&rft.pages=3+%26+140&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84788-846-4&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4SUVT1XCCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heskett, John (1963) <i>Industrial Design</i>. Thames & Hudson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huppatz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huppatz_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuppatz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Huppatz, D. J. 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(2007 ) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsKNwB2gL5wC">Engineering design: A systematic approach</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217050322/http://books.google.com/books?id=qsKNwB2gL5wC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2013-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84628-318-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84628-318-3">1-84628-318-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMielnik" class="citation book cs1">Mielnik, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suw.biblos.pk.edu.pl/downloadResource%26mId%3D2650996"><i>Under the power of reason</i></a>. Krakow University of Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827204829/https://suw.biblos.pk.edu.pl/downloadResource%26mId%3D2650996">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+power+of+reason&rft.pub=Krakow+University+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Mielnik&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuw.biblos.pk.edu.pl%2FdownloadResource%2526mId%253D2650996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCondreaBotezatuSlătineanuOroian2021" class="citation journal cs1">Condrea, Ionut; Botezatu, C.; Slătineanu, L.; Oroian, B. 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Milton Keynes: The Open University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ullman, David G. (2009) <i>The Mechanical Design Process</i>, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-297574-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-297574-1">0-07-297574-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cross, N., Dorst, K., and Roozenburg, N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Designers+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Demystifying+%22design+research%22%3A+design+is+not+research%2C+research+is+design&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Faste&rft.aufirst=Trygve&rft.au=Faste%2C+Haakon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFaste.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer, Thomas "Design Enigma. A typographical metaphor for enigmatic processes, including designing", in: T. Fischer, K. De Biswas, J.J. Ham, R. Naka, W.X. Huang, <i>Beyond Codes and Pixels: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia</i>, p. 686</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Jane (2011) <i>Architectural Design</i>, Basics Architecture 03, Lausanne, AVA academia, p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-940411-26-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-940411-26-9">978-2-940411-26-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLab2015" class="citation web cs1">Lab, MIT Media (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@medialab/introducing-the-media-lab-award-795ac9e7a8d9">"Introducing the Media Lab Award"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+Media+Lab+Award&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=Lab&rft.aufirst=MIT+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40medialab%2Fintroducing-the-media-lab-award-795ac9e7a8d9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunneRaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunne, Anthony; Raby, Fiona (6 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/speculative-everything"><i>Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01984-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01984-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-18318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-18318-1"><bdi>978-1-003-18318-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332789897">1332789897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827204829/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1332789897">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thinking+and+Doing+Ethnography+in+Service+Design&rft.pub=Link%C3%B6ping+University%2C+Department+of+Computer+and+Information+Science&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Segelstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Fabian&rft.au=Raijmakers%2C+Bas&rft.au=Holmlid%2C+Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ida.liu.se%2F~steho87%2Fiasdr%2FSegelstromRaijmakersHolmlid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuurBinderBrandt2000" class="citation journal cs1">Buur, Jacob; Binder, Thomas; Brandt, Eva (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242609565">"Taking Video beyond 'Hard Data' in User Centred Design"</a>. <i>Participatory Design Conference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Participatory+Design+Conference&rft.atitle=Taking+Video+beyond+%27Hard+Data%27+in+User+Centred+Design&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.aulast=Buur&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Binder%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242609565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmlid2007" class="citation journal cs1">Holmlid, Stefan (2007-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jorz.art/">"Creative Arts"</a>. <i>Nordes</i>. Nordes 2007: Design Inquiries. <b>1</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21606%2Fnordes.2007.031">10.21606/nordes.2007.031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781912294466" title="Special:BookSources/9781912294466"><bdi>9781912294466</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1604-9705">1604-9705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109110352">109110352</a> – via nordes.org in proceedings from Nordic Design Research Conference, Design Inquiries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordes&rft.atitle=Creative+Arts&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21606%2Fnordes.2007.031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109110352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1604-9705&rft.isbn=9781912294466&rft.aulast=Holmlid&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjorz.art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSophiaHeapy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sophia, Parker; Heapy, Joe (2006-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialinnovation.typepad.com/files/journey-to-the-interface.pdf">"The Journey to the Interface, how public service design can connect users to reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Demos</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demos&rft.atitle=The+Journey+to+the+Interface%2C+how+public+service+design+can+connect+users+to+reform&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.aulast=Sophia&rft.aufirst=Parker&rft.au=Heapy%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialinnovation.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fjourney-to-the-interface.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Design</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Design">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Margolin, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A5EKMQAACAAJ">World History of Design</a>. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. (2 vols) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472569288" title="Special:BookSources/9781472569288">9781472569288</a>.</li> <li>Raizman, David Seth (12 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkZJAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Modern Design</i></a>. Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131830400" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131830400">978-0131830400</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Brand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_title_design" title="Film title design">Film title design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_design" title="Postage stamp design">Postage stamp design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_design" title="Print design">Print design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_design" title="News design">News design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_design" title="Retail design">Retail design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">Signage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign_design" title="Traffic sign design">Traffic sign design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a> / <a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_lighting_design" title="Architectural lighting design">Architectural lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_design" title="Building design">Building design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">Computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_design" title="Hotel design">Hotel design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_interior_design" title="Experiential interior design">EID</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_design" title="Spatial design">Spatial design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_suspension_design_process" title="Automotive suspension design process">Automotive suspension design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMF_design" title="CMF design">CMF design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar_design" title="Electric guitar design">Electric guitar design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_furniture_design" title="Sustainable furniture design">Sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_design" title="Motorcycle design">Motorcycle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labeling">Packaging and labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens_design" title="Photographic lens design">Photographic lens design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">Product design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">Production design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_design" title="Sensory design">Sensory design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_design" title="Service design">Service design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction<br />design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experience_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience design">Experience design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">EED</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Video game design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface_design" title="Hardware interface design">Hardware interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_design" title="Icon design">Icon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_design" title="Immersive design">Immersive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_design" title="Interactive design">Interactive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_interaction_design" title="Sonic interaction design">Sonic interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">Game art design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Scenic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_design" title="Sound design">Sound design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_design" title="Lighting design">Stage/set lighting design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Textile design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />design<br />& <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">Behavioural design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_design" title="Boiler design">Boiler design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">Database design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_system_design" title="Electrical system design">Electrical system design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Experimental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_design" title="Filter design">Filter design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_design" title="Geometric design">Geometric design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_design" title="Work design">Work design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_design" title="Circuit design">Circuit design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_design_(electronics)" title="Physical design (electronics)">Physical design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_network_design_(IC)" title="Power network design (IC)">Power network design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_design" title="Nucleic acid design">Nucleic acid design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_architecture" title="Organizational architecture">Organization design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">Processor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_design" title="Protein design">Protein design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_design" title="Social design">Social design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_design" title="Spacecraft design">Spacecraft design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_design" title="Strategic design">Strategic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_design" title="Test design">Test design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Approaches56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Approaches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_design" title="Active design">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity-centered_design" title="Activity-centered design">Activity-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_web_design" title="Adaptive web design">Adaptive web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_design" title="Affective design">Affective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_committee" title="Design by committee">By committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">By contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Co-design</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concept-oriented_design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concept-oriented design (page does not exist)">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_design" title="Configuration design">Configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextual_design" title="Contextual design">Contextual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_design" title="Continuous design">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_problem-solving" title="Creative problem-solving">Creative problem-solving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_techniques" title="Creativity techniques">Creativity techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_design" title="Critical design">Critical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">Design fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_design" title="Defensive design">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect-led_design%E2%80%93build" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect-led design–build">architect-led</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_design" title="Diffuse design">Diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_neutral_design" title="Energy neutral design">Energy neutral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">Engineering design process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_design" title="Probabilistic design">Probabilistic design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomic_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic design">Ergonomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error-tolerant_design" title="Error-tolerant design">Error-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_design" title="Evidence-based design">Evidence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerant_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerant design">Fault-tolerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework-oriented_design" title="Framework-oriented design">Framework-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_assembly" title="Design for assembly">For assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_design" title="Behavioural design">For behaviour change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability" title="Design for manufacturability">For manufacturability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_Six_Sigma" title="Design for Six Sigma">For Six Sigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_testing" title="Design for testing">For testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_environment" title="Design for the environment">For the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_X" title="Design for X">For X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_design" title="Functional design">Functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_design" title="Generative design">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-centered_design" title="Human-centered design">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile design">Hostile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_design" title="Integrated design">Integrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_topside_design" title="Integrated topside design">Integrated topside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence-based_design" title="Intelligence-based design">Intelligence-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_design" title="Iterative design">Iterative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KISS_principle" title="KISS principle">KISS principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_design" title="Low-level design">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadesign" title="Metadesign">Metadesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_map" title="Mind map">Mind mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_design" title="Modular design">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_(design)" title="New Wave (design)">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented design">Object-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overengineering" title="Overengineering">Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">Parametric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy-based_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy-based design">Policy-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-centered_design" title="Process-centered design">Process-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_design" title="Rational design">Rational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_design" title="Regenerative design">Regenerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research-based_design" title="Research-based design">Research-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility-driven_design" title="Responsibility-driven design">Responsibility-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">RWD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe-life_design" title="Safe-life design">Safe-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_design" title="Speculative design">Speculative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_design" title="Systemic design">Systemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems-oriented_design" title="Systems-oriented design">SOD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableless_web_design" title="Tableless web design">Tableless web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constraints" title="Theory of constraints">Theory of constraints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_design" title="Transformation design">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIZ" title="TRIZ">TRIZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-centered_design" title="Usage-centered design">Usage-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use-centered_design" title="Use-centered design">Use-centered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathic_design" title="Empathic design">Empathic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_innovation" title="User innovation">User innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-driven_design" title="Value-driven design">Value-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_sensitive_design" title="Value sensitive design">Value sensitive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_by_design" title="Privacy by design">Privacy by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_by_design" title="Quality by design">Quality by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_by_design" title="Secure by design">Secure by</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/Design_choice" title="Design choice">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_computing" title="Design computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_controls" title="Design controls">controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_culture" title="Design culture">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_leadership" title="Design leadership">leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_management" title="Design management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_marker" title="Design marker">marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_methods" title="Design methods">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_research" title="Design research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_science" title="Design science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_sprint" title="Design sprint">sprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Design strategy">strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_theory" title="Design theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_thinking" title="Design thinking">thinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="ToolsIntellectual_propertyOrganizationsAwards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Intellectual property</li><li>Organizations</li><li>Awards</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Design_tool" title="Design tool">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms-Aided_Design" title="Algorithms-Aided Design">AAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_layout" title="Comprehensive layout">Comprehensive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_industrial_design" title="Computer-aided industrial design">CAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_home_design_software" title="Virtual home design software">Virtual home design software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-automated_design" title="Computer-automated design">CAutoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_quality_indicator" title="Design quality indicator">Design quality indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockup" title="Mockup">Mockup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storyboard" title="Storyboard">Storyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">HTML editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_wireframe" title="Website wireframe">Website wireframe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual<br />property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean-room_design" title="Clean-room design">Clean-room design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_design" title="Community design">Community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_around" title="Design around">Design around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_infringement" title="Design infringement">Design infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_patent" title="Design patent">Design patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geschmacksmuster" title="Geschmacksmuster">Geschmacksmuster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Graphic_Arts" title="American Institute of Graphic Arts">American Institute of Graphic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Society_of_Designers" title="Chartered Society of Designers">Chartered Society of Designers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_and_Industries_Association" title="Design and Industries Association">Design and Industries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Council" title="Design Council">Design Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Forum_Design" title="International Forum Design">International Forum Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Research_Society" title="Design Research Society">Design Research Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Design_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Design Award">European Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Design_Award" title="German Design Award">German Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Museum_of_Modern_Art)" title="Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)">Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Design_Award_(Chicago_Athenaeum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)">Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphex" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphex">Graphex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF_Product_Design_Award" title="IF Product Design Award">IF Product Design Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dyson_Award" title="James Dyson Award">James Dyson Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Designers_Prize" title="Prince Philip Designers Prize">Prince Philip Designers Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_art" title="Concept art">Concept art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_design" title="Conceptual design">Conceptual design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.design" title=".design">.design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_design" title="Dominant design">Dominant design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futures studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_design" title="Indie design">Indie design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_management" title="Innovation management">Innovation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_startup" title="Lean startup">Lean startup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_product_development" title="New product development">New product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OODA_loop" title="OODA loop">OODA loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_simulation" title="Process simulation">Process simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_design" title="Reference design">Reference design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow design">Slow design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEAM_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Unintelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Design <a href="/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" title="List of system quality attributes">attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_brief" title="Design brief">brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_change" title="Design change">change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_classic" title="Design classic">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_competition" title="Design competition">competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_competition" title="Architectural design competition">architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_design_competition" title="Student design competition">student</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_director" title="Design director">director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_education" title="Design education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_elements" title="Design elements">elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Design firm">firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_history" title="Design history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_knowledge" title="Design knowledge">knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_language" title="Design language">language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_load" title="Design load">load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_optimization" title="Design optimization">optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_paradigm" title="Design paradigm">paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_principles" title="Design principles">principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">rationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studies" title="Design studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Design studio">studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_technology" title="Design technology">technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82604#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82604#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Design"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011510-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037197">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="デザイン"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561494">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="design"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114303&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="projektování"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph184848&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX527044">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550393305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011172">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Design</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Design" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Design">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Design" class="extiw" title="q:Design">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span 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