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<!doctype html> <html lang=en> <head> <meta charset=utf-8> <title>Physics - Ciro Santilli</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.10.1/css/all.min.css" integrity="sha512-9my9Mb2+0YO+I4PUCSwUYO7sEK21Y0STBAiFEYoWtd2VzLEZZ4QARDrZ30hdM1GlioHJ8o8cWQiy8IAb1hy/Hg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"> <style>@import "_obb/dist/ourbigbook.css"; </style> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_raw/main.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013_square_398.jpg"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="brand-group"> <a href="." class="brand"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ID_photo_of_Ciro_Santilli_taken_in_2013_right_eye_200_100.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="ID photo of Ciro Santilli taken in 2013 right eye">Ciro Santilli</a> <a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cirosantilli/media/master/ourbigbook-logo-v1.svg" loading="lazy" alt="OurBigBook logo">OurBigBook.com</a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/895245"><i class="fab fa-stack-overflow fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://github.com/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-github fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-linkedin fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/CiroSantilli"><i class="fab fa-youtube fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://twitter.com/cirosantilli"><i class="fab fa-twitter fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.zhihu.com/people/cirosantilli/activities"><i class="fab fa-zhihu fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a class="font-awesome-container" href="https://www.weibo.com/p/1005055601627311"><i class="fab fa-weibo fa-fw icon"></i></a> <a href="sponsor"><span class="icon">$£</span> Sponsor</a> <a href="https://github.com/cirosantilli/china-dictatorship"><span class="icon">中国</span>独裁统治 China Dictatorship 新疆改造中心、六四事件、法轮功、郝海东、709大抓捕、2015巴拿马文件邓家贵、低端人口、西藏骚乱</a> </div> </header> <main class="ourbigbook"> <div class="h top" id="physics"><div class="notnav"><h1><a href="physics-split">Physics</a></h1></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav ancestors"><a href="."><span title="Home" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Home</a><a href="science"> Science</a><a href="science#natural-science"> Natural science</a></div><div class="nav"><a href="#_toc" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 50k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1k</span></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_1">Physics (like all well done <a href="science">science</a>) is the <a href="art">art</a> of predicting the future by modelling the world with <a href="mathematics">mathematics</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_2">And predicting the future is the first step towards <a href="calculus#control-engineering">controlling</a> it, i.e.: <a href="technology#engineering">engineering</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_3"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> doesn't know physics. He writes about it partly to start playing with some scientific content for: <a href="ourbigbook-com">OurBigBook.com</a>, partly because this stuff is just amazingly beautiful.</div><div class="p" id="_4">Ciro's main intellectual <a href="">physics</a> <a href="brain#fetish">fetishes</a> are to learn <a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> (understanding the point of <a href="geometry#lie-group">Lie groups</a> being a subpart of that) and <a href="condensed-matter-physics">condensed matter physics</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_5">Every science <a href="science#reductionism">is Physics in disguise</a>, but the number of objects in the real world is so large that we can't solve the real equations in practice.</div><div class="p" id="_6">Luckily, due to <a href="science#emergence">emergence</a>, we can use uglier higher level approximations of the world to solve many problems, with the complex limits of applicability of those approximations.</div><div class="p" id="_7">Therefore, such higher level approximations are highly specialized, and given different names such as:<div class="list"><ul id="_8"><li id="_9"><a href="chemistry">chemistry</a></li><li id="_10"><a href="biology">biology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_11">As of 2019, all known physics can be described by two theories:<div class="list"><ul id="_12"><li id="_13">the <a href="standard-model">Standard Model</a></li><li id="_14"><a href="relativity#general-relativity">general relativity</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_15">Unifying those two into the <a href="standard-model#theory-of-everything">theory of everything</a> one of the major goals of modern physics.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-xkcd-435-fields-arranged-by-purity"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925220347if_/https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/purity.png"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925220347if_/https://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/purity.png" loading="lazy" height="315"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-xkcd-435-fields-arranged-by-purity"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 1. </span></a><div class="title"><a href="art#xkcd">xkcd</a> 435: Fields arranged by purity</div>. <a href="https://xkcd.com/435/">Source</a>. <a href="science#reductionism">Reductionism</a> comes to mind.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="image-physically-accurate-genie-by-psychomic"><div class="float-wrap"><a href="https://archive.ph/rXzBu/c4f9e6589c6b9a6ea675bc883f3f28495c0de365.jpg"><img src="https://archive.ph/rXzBu/c4f9e6589c6b9a6ea675bc883f3f28495c0de365.jpg" loading="lazy" height="1000"></a></div><figcaption><a href="#image-physically-accurate-genie-by-psychomic"><span class="caption-prefix">Figure 2. </span></a><div class="title">Physically accurate genie by <a href="https://www.webtoons.com/en/canvas/psychomic-/list?title_no=473571">Psychomic</a></div>. <a href="https://www.webtoons.com/en/canvas/psychomic-/genie/viewer?title_no=473571&episode_no=26&webtoonType=CHALLENGE">Source</a>. This sane square composition from: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/u08dw3/nice_guy_genie/">www.reddit.com/r/funny/comments/u08dw3/nice_guy_genie/</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="toc-container" id="_toc"><ul><li class="has-child toplevel"><div class="title-div"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a class="title toc" href="#_toc"> Table of contents</a><input class="search" placeholder="🔍 Search. Shortcut: / (slash)"></input><span class="hover-metadata"><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50k</span><span class="dcnt"> 1k</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#how-to-teach-and-learn-physics">How to teach and learn physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-teach-and-learn-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 757</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history">Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history"></a><a href="#_toc/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 233</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field">There is value in tutorials written by early pioneers of the field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history" class="u"> Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 86</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number">Doing physics means calculating a number</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number"></a><a href="#_toc/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 152</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future">Physics is a way to predict the future</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future"></a><a href="#_toc/doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number" class="u"> Doing physics means calculating a number</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 83</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes">It is OK to treat things as black boxes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes"></a><a href="#_toc/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 166</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-most-important-physics-experiments">The most important physics experiments</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-most-important-physics-experiments"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 184</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video">Physics experiment without a decent modern video</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video"></a><a href="#_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/aharonov-bohm-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#aharonov-bohm-effect">Aharonov-Bohm effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aharonov-bohm-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/compton-scattering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#compton-scattering">Compton scattering <span class="meta">(1923)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compton-scattering"></a><a href="#_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 84</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/photoelectric-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#photoelectric-effect">Photoelectric effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photoelectric-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 46</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units">System of units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="system-of-units-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 52</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/intrinsic-standards"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#intrinsic-standards">Intrinsic standards</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intrinsic-standards"></a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="u"> System of units</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/physical-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#physical-constant">Physical constant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physical-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="u"> System of units</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/metrology"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#metrology">Metrology</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metrology"></a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="u"> System of units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/metrology-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#metrology-institute">Metrology institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metrology-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/metrology" class="u"> Metrology</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unit-of-measurement"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#unit-of-measurement">Unit of measurement</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-of-measurement"></a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="u"> System of units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dimension-system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#dimension-system-of-units">Dimension <span class="meta">(system of units)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dimension-system-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-measurement" class="u"> Unit of measurement</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-systems-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#list-of-systems-of-units">List of systems of units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-systems-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="u"> System of units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 45</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/international-system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#international-system-of-units">International System of Units <span class="meta">(SI)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="international-system-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-of-units" class="u"> List of systems of units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 43</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/international-bureau-of-weights-and-measures"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#international-bureau-of-weights-and-measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures <span class="meta">(Organization behind SI)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="international-bureau-of-weights-and-measures"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/origins-of-precision-by-machine-thinking-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#origins-of-precision-by-machine-thinking-2017">Origins of Precision by Machine Thinking (2017)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="origins-of-precision-by-machine-thinking-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/versions-of-the-international-system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#versions-of-the-international-system-of-units">Versions of the international System of Units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="versions-of-the-international-system-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units">2019 redefinition of the SI base units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units"></a><a href="#_toc/versions-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Versions of the international System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/2019-redefinition-of-the-kilogram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#2019-redefinition-of-the-kilogram">2019 redefinition of the Kilogram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2019-redefinition-of-the-kilogram"></a><a href="#_toc/2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units" class="u"> 2019 redefinition of the SI base units</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unit-of-the-international-system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#unit-of-the-international-system-of-units">Unit of the International System of Units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-of-the-international-system-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 513</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ampere"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#ampere">Ampere</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ampere"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Unit of the International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ampere-in-the-2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#ampere-in-the-2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units">Ampere in the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ampere-in-the-2019-redefinition-of-the-si-base-units"></a><a href="#_toc/ampere" class="u"> Ampere</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/kilogram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#kilogram">Kilogram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kilogram"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Unit of the International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/avogadro-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#avogadro-project">Avogadro project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="avogadro-project"></a><a href="#_toc/kilogram" class="u"> Kilogram</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/kibble-balance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#kibble-balance">Kibble balance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kibble-balance"></a><a href="#_toc/kilogram" class="u"> Kilogram</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units">Dimension of the International System of Units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 381</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/luminous-intensity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#luminous-intensity">Luminous intensity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="luminous-intensity"></a><a href="#_toc/dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Dimension of the International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/candela"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#candela">Candela</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="candela"></a><a href="#_toc/luminous-intensity" class="u"> Luminous intensity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lumen-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#lumen-unit">Lumen <span class="meta">(unit)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lumen-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/candela" class="u"> Candela</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/candela-vs-lumen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#candela-vs-lumen">Candela vs lumen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="candela-vs-lumen"></a><a href="#_toc/lumen-unit" class="u"> Lumen</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/weight"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#weight">Weight</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="weight"></a><a href="#_toc/dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Dimension of the International System of Units</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#time">Time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time"></a><a href="#_toc/dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Dimension of the International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 316</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/frequency"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#frequency">Frequency</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="frequency"></a><a href="#_toc/time" class="u"> Time</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/period-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#period-physics">Period <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="period-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/frequency" class="u"> Frequency</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hertz"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#hertz">Hertz <span class="meta">(1857-1894)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hertz"></a><a href="#_toc/frequency" class="u"> Frequency</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/megahertz"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#megahertz">Megahertz</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="megahertz"></a><a href="#_toc/hertz" class="u"> Hertz</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/clock"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#clock">Clock</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="clock"></a><a href="#_toc/time" class="u"> Time</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 58</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quartz-clock"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#quartz-clock">Quartz clock</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quartz-clock"></a><a href="#_toc/clock" class="u"> Clock</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/atomic-clock"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#atomic-clock">Atomic clock</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-clock"></a><a href="#_toc/clock" class="u"> Clock</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/caesium-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#caesium-standard">Caesium standard <span class="meta">(1967, 3.26 cm)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="caesium-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/atomic-clock" class="u"> Atomic clock</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unit-of-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#unit-of-time">Unit of time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-of-time"></a><a href="#_toc/time" class="u"> Time</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/decimal-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#decimal-time">Decimal time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="decimal-time"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-time" class="u"> Unit of time</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/second"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#second">Second <span class="meta">(s)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="second"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-time" class="u"> Unit of time</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/day"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#day">Day <span class="meta">(d)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="day"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-time" class="u"> Unit of time</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/calendar"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#calendar">Calendar</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="calendar"></a><a href="#_toc/day" class="u"> Day</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/year"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#year">Year <span class="meta">(y)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="year"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-time" class="u"> Unit of time</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/length"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#length">Length</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="length"></a><a href="#_toc/dimension-of-the-international-system-of-units" class="u"> Dimension of the International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/meter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#meter">Meter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="meter"></a><a href="#_toc/length" class="u"> Length</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/micrometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#micrometer">Micrometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="micrometer"></a><a href="#_toc/meter" class="u"> Meter</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nanometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#nanometer">Nanometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nanometer"></a><a href="#_toc/meter" class="u"> Meter</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/angstrom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#angstrom">Angstrom <span class="meta">(Ä)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="angstrom"></a><a href="#_toc/meter" class="u"> Meter</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/picometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#picometer">Picometer <span class="meta">(pm)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="picometer"></a><a href="#_toc/meter" class="u"> Meter</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/gauge-block"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#gauge-block">Gauge block</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gauge-block"></a><a href="#_toc/length" class="u"> Length</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/light-year"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#light-year">Light year</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="light-year"></a><a href="#_toc/length" class="u"> Length</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/geiger-counter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#geiger-counter">Geiger counter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="geiger-counter"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/natural-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#natural-units">Natural units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="natural-units"></a><a href="#_toc/international-system-of-units" class="u"> International System of Units</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/planck-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#planck-units">Planck units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="planck-units"></a><a href="#_toc/natural-units" class="u"> Natural units</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/imperial-units"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="system-of-units#imperial-units">Imperial units</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="imperial-units"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-systems-of-units" class="u"> List of systems of units</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics">Particle physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-physics-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29k</span><span class="dcnt"> 770</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnetism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetism-split"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 875</span><span class="dcnt"> 43</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#maxwell-s-equations">Maxwell's equations <span class="meta">(1861)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetism" class="u"> Electromagnetism</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 475</span><span class="dcnt"> 34</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/faraday-s-law-of-induction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#faraday-s-law-of-induction">Faraday's law of induction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="faraday-s-law-of-induction"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-induction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electromagnetic-induction">Electromagnetic induction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-induction"></a><a href="#_toc/faraday-s-law-of-induction" class="u"> Faraday's law of induction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/inductive-sensor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#inductive-sensor">Inductive sensor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inductive-sensor"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-induction" class="u"> Electromagnetic induction</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lorentz-force"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#lorentz-force">Lorentz force</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-force"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ampere-s-force-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#ampere-s-force-law">Ampère's force law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ampere-s-force-law"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-force" class="u"> Lorentz force</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/explicit-scalar-form-of-the-maxwell-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#explicit-scalar-form-of-the-maxwell-s-equations">Explicit scalar form of the Maxwell's equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="explicit-scalar-form-of-the-maxwell-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/overdetermination-of-maxwell-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#overdetermination-of-maxwell-s-equations">Overdetermination of Maxwell's equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="overdetermination-of-maxwell-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/explicit-scalar-form-of-the-maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Explicit scalar form of the Maxwell's equations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/coulomb-s-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#coulomb-s-law">Coulomb's law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coulomb-s-law"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solutions-of-maxwell-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#solutions-of-maxwell-s-equations">Solutions of Maxwell's equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solutions-of-maxwell-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-with-pointlike-particles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#maxwell-s-equations-with-pointlike-particles">Maxwell's equations with pointlike particles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-with-pointlike-particles"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Solutions of Maxwell's equations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-in-2d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#maxwell-s-equations-in-2d">Maxwell's equations in 2D</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-in-2d"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/existence-and-uniqueness-of-solutions-to-maxwell-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#existence-and-uniqueness-of-solutions-to-maxwell-s-equations">Existence and uniqueness of solutions to Maxwell's equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="existence-and-uniqueness-of-solutions-to-maxwell-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electric-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electric-field">Electric field <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2081em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2081em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">E</span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6861em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="0.522em" viewBox="0 0 400000 522" preserveAspectRatio="xMaxYMin slice"><path d="M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128 -16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85 -40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5 -12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electric-field"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 75</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electric-charge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electric-charge">Electric charge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electric-charge"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-field" class="u"> Electric field</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electric-charge-measure-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electric-charge-measure-unit">Electric charge measure unit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electric-charge-measure-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-charge" class="u"> Electric charge</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/coulomb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#coulomb">Coulomb <span class="meta">(C)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coulomb"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-charge-measure-unit" class="u"> Electric charge measure unit</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/charge-conservation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#charge-conservation">Charge conservation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="charge-conservation"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-charge" class="u"> Electric charge</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/electric-current"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electric-current">Electric current</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electric-current"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-charge" class="u"> Electric charge</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electric-potential"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electric-potential">Electric potential <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ϕ</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electric-potential"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-field" class="u"> Electric field</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 24</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/volt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#volt">Volt <span class="meta">(V)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="volt"></a><a href="#_toc/electric-potential" class="u"> Electric potential</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/voltmeter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#voltmeter">Voltmeter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="voltmeter"></a><a href="#_toc/volt" class="u"> Volt</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electrometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electrometer">Electrometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electrometer"></a><a href="#_toc/voltmeter" class="u"> Voltmeter</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nanovoltmeter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#nanovoltmeter">Nanovoltmeter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nanovoltmeter"></a><a href="#_toc/voltmeter" class="u"> Voltmeter</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/voltage"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#voltage">Voltage</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="voltage"></a><a href="#_toc/volt" class="u"> Volt</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/electronvolt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electronvolt">Electronvolt</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electronvolt"></a><a href="#_toc/volt" class="u"> Volt</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#hall-effect">Hall effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hall-resistance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#hall-resistance">Hall resistance <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0077em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0077em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hall-resistance"></a><a href="#_toc/hall-effect" class="u"> Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/charge-carrier-density"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#charge-carrier-density">Charge carrier density <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="charge-carrier-density"></a><a href="#_toc/hall-effect" class="u"> Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hall-effect-sensor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#hall-effect-sensor">Hall effect sensor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hall-effect-sensor"></a><a href="#_toc/hall-effect" class="u"> Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-four-potential"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electromagnetic-four-potential">Electromagnetic four-potential</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-four-potential"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations" class="u"> Maxwell's equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 17</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-tensor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#electromagnetic-tensor">Electromagnetic tensor <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">F</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.6644em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">μν</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-tensor"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-four-potential" class="u"> Electromagnetic four-potential</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/four-current"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#four-current">Four-current</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-current"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-four-potential" class="u"> Electromagnetic four-potential</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lorentz-gauge-condition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#lorentz-gauge-condition">Lorentz gauge condition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-gauge-condition"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-four-potential" class="u"> Electromagnetic four-potential</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/coulomb-gauge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#coulomb-gauge">Coulomb gauge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coulomb-gauge"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-gauge-condition" class="u"> Lorentz gauge condition</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnetism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetism">Magnetism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetism"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetism" class="u"> Electromagnetism</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-field">Magnetic field <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2081em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2081em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathbf">B</span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6861em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="0.522em" viewBox="0 0 400000 522" preserveAspectRatio="xMaxYMin slice"><path d="M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128 -16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85 -40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5 -12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetism" class="u"> Magnetism</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-b-and-h-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-b-and-h-field">Magnetic B and H field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-b-and-h-field"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-field" class="u"> Magnetic field</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tesla-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#tesla-unit">Tesla <span class="meta">(unit, T)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tesla-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-field" class="u"> Magnetic field</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-moment">Magnetic moment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetism" class="u"> Magnetism</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/magnetometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetometer">Magnetometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetometer"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetism" class="u"> Magnetism</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-flux"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-flux">Magnetic flux</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-flux"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetism" class="u"> Magnetism</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-vector-potential"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-vector-potential">Magnetic vector potential <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.2053em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:1.2053em;"><span style="top:-3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span></span><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.6833em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="height:0.522em;min-width:0.888em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="400em" height="0.522em" viewBox="0 0 400000 522" preserveAspectRatio="xMaxYMin slice"><path d="M0 241v40h399891c-47.3 35.3-84 78-110 128 -16.7 32-27.7 63.7-33 95 0 1.3-.2 2.7-.5 4-.3 1.3-.5 2.3-.5 3 0 7.3 6.7 11 20 11 8 0 13.2-.8 15.5-2.5 2.3-1.7 4.2-5.5 5.5-11.5 2-13.3 5.7-27 11-41 14.7-44.7 39-84.5 73-119.5s73.7-60.2 119-75.5c6-2 9-5.7 9-11s-3-9-9-11c-45.3-15.3-85 -40.5-119-75.5s-58.3-74.8-73-119.5c-4.7-14-8.3-27.3-11-40-1.3-6.7-3.2-10.8-5.5 -12.5-2.3-1.7-7.5-2.5-15.5-2.5-14 0-21 3.7-21 11 0 2 2 10.3 6 25 20.7 83.3 67 151.7 139 205zm0 0v40h399900v-40z"/></svg></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-vector-potential"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetism" class="u"> Magnetism</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity">Relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativity-split"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 62</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/special-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#special-relativity">Special relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="special-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/relativity" class="u"> Relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 49</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/invariance-of-the-speed-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#invariance-of-the-speed-of-light">Invariance of the speed of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="invariance-of-the-speed-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-special-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#history-of-special-relativity">History of special relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-special-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/luminiferous-aether"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#luminiferous-aether">Luminiferous aether</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="luminiferous-aether"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-special-relativity" class="u"> History of special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aether-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#aether-theory">Aether theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aether-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/luminiferous-aether" class="u"> Luminiferous aether</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/aether-drag-hypothesis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#aether-drag-hypothesis">Aether drag hypothesis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aether-drag-hypothesis"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-special-relativity" class="u"> History of special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lorentz-ether-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#lorentz-ether-theory">Lorentz ether theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-ether-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/aether-drag-hypothesis" class="u"> Aether drag hypothesis</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/special-relativity-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#special-relativity-experiment">Special relativity experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="special-relativity-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/aberration-astronomy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#aberration-astronomy">Aberration <span class="meta">(astronomy)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aberration-astronomy"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity-experiment" class="u"> Special relativity experiment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fizeau-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#fizeau-experiment">Fizeau experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fizeau-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity-experiment" class="u"> Special relativity experiment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/michelson-morley-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#michelson-morley-experiment">Michelson-Morley experiment <span class="meta">(1987)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="michelson-morley-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity-experiment" class="u"> Special relativity experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/on-the-relative-motion-of-the-earth-and-the-luminiferous-ether"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#on-the-relative-motion-of-the-earth-and-the-luminiferous-ether">On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether <span class="meta">(1987)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-the-relative-motion-of-the-earth-and-the-luminiferous-ether"></a><a href="#_toc/michelson-morley-experiment" class="u"> Michelson-Morley experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/hafele-keating-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#hafele-keating-experiment">Hafele-Keating experiment <span class="meta">(Special relativity atomic clock on planes experiment)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hafele-keating-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity-experiment" class="u"> Special relativity experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/einstein-synchronization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#einstein-synchronization">Einstein synchronization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="einstein-synchronization"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/frame-of-reference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#frame-of-reference">Frame of reference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="frame-of-reference"></a><a href="#_toc/einstein-synchronization" class="u"> Einstein synchronization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/inertial-frame-of-reference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#inertial-frame-of-reference">Inertial frame of reference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inertial-frame-of-reference"></a><a href="#_toc/frame-of-reference" class="u"> Frame of reference</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lorentz-transformation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#lorentz-transformation">Lorentz transformation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-transformation"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 207</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lorentz-covariance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#lorentz-covariance">Lorentz covariance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-covariance"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-transformation" class="u"> Lorentz transformation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lorentz-invariant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#lorentz-invariant">Lorentz invariant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-invariant"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-covariance" class="u"> Lorentz covariance</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/lorentz-transform-consequence-everyone-sees-the-same-speed-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#lorentz-transform-consequence-everyone-sees-the-same-speed-of-light">Lorentz transform consequence: everyone sees the same speed of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lorentz-transform-consequence-everyone-sees-the-same-speed-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-transformation" class="u"> Lorentz transformation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/length-contraction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#length-contraction">Length contraction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="length-contraction"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-transformation" class="u"> Lorentz transformation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/terrell-rotation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#terrell-rotation">Terrell rotation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="terrell-rotation"></a><a href="#_toc/length-contraction" class="u"> Length contraction</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/time-dilation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#time-dilation">Time dilation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-dilation"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-transformation" class="u"> Lorentz transformation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/transversal-time-dilation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#transversal-time-dilation">Transversal time dilation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transversal-time-dilation"></a><a href="#_toc/time-dilation" class="u"> Time dilation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/transverse-doppler-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#transverse-doppler-effect">Transverse Doppler effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transverse-doppler-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/time-dilation" class="u"> Time dilation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/twin-paradox"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#twin-paradox">Twin paradox</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="twin-paradox"></a><a href="#_toc/lorentz-transformation" class="u"> Lorentz transformation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity">Maxwell's equations require special relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 82</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/deriving-magnetism-from-electricity-and-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#deriving-magnetism-from-electricity-and-relativity">Deriving magnetism from electricity and relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="deriving-magnetism-from-electricity-and-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity" class="u"> Maxwell's equations require special relativity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/moving-magnet-and-conductor-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#moving-magnet-and-conductor-problem">Moving magnet and conductor problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="moving-magnet-and-conductor-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity" class="u"> Maxwell's equations require special relativity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism">Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-s-equations-require-special-relativity" class="u"> Maxwell's equations require special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-are-lorentz-invariant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#maxwell-s-equations-are-lorentz-invariant">Maxwell's equations are Lorentz invariant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-are-lorentz-invariant"></a><a href="#_toc/covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism" class="u"> Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-imply-that-the-speed-of-light-is-the-same-for-all-inertial-reference-frames"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#maxwell-s-equations-imply-that-the-speed-of-light-is-the-same-for-all-inertial-reference-frames">Maxwell's equations imply that the speed of light is the same for all inertial reference frames</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-imply-that-the-speed-of-light-is-the-same-for-all-inertial-reference-frames"></a><a href="#_toc/covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism" class="u"> Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#maxwell-lagrangian">Maxwell Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/covariant-formulation-of-classical-electromagnetism" class="u"> Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spacetime"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#spacetime">Spacetime</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacetime"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 367</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/four-vector"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#four-vector">Four-vector</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-vector"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime" class="u"> Spacetime</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/four-gradient"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#four-gradient">Four-gradient</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-gradient"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime" class="u"> Spacetime</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/minkowski-space"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#minkowski-space">Minkowski space</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minkowski-space"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime" class="u"> Spacetime</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 121</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/minkowski-inner-product"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#minkowski-inner-product">Minkowski inner product</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minkowski-inner-product"></a><a href="#_toc/minkowski-space" class="u"> Minkowski space</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/minkowski-inner-product-matrix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#minkowski-inner-product-matrix">Minkowski inner product matrix <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7167em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">η</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">μν</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2861em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minkowski-inner-product-matrix"></a><a href="#_toc/minkowski-inner-product" class="u"> Minkowski inner product</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spacetime-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#spacetime-diagram">Spacetime diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacetime-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime" class="u"> Spacetime</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/light-cone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#light-cone">Light cone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="light-cone"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime-diagram" class="u"> Spacetime diagram</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/timelike-separated-event"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#timelike-separated-event">Timelike-separated event</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="timelike-separated-event"></a><a href="#_toc/light-cone" class="u"> Light cone</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spacelike-separated-event"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#spacelike-separated-event">Spacelike-separated event</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacelike-separated-event"></a><a href="#_toc/light-cone" class="u"> Light cone</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relativistic-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#relativistic-mechanics">Relativistic mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/special-relativity" class="u"> Special relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 73</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/four-momentum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#four-momentum">Four-momentum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-momentum"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-mechanics" class="u"> Relativistic mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relativistic-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#relativistic-energy">Relativistic energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/four-momentum" class="u"> Four-momentum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/energy-momentum-relation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#energy-momentum-relation">Energy-momentum relation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="energy-momentum-relation"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-energy" class="u"> Relativistic energy</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mass-energy-equivalence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#mass-energy-equivalence">Mass-energy equivalence <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">E</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mass-energy-equivalence"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-energy" class="u"> Relativistic energy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spacetime-interval"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#spacetime-interval">Spacetime interval</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacetime-interval"></a><a href="#_toc/four-momentum" class="u"> Four-momentum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/proper-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#proper-time">Proper time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proper-time"></a><a href="#_toc/spacetime-interval" class="u"> Spacetime interval</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/general-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#general-relativity">General relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="general-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/relativity" class="u"> Relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/tests-of-general-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#tests-of-general-relativity">Tests of general relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tests-of-general-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/general-relativity" class="u"> General relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/perihelion-precession-of-mercury"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#perihelion-precession-of-mercury">Perihelion precession of Mercury <span class="meta">(observed 1859, explained 1915)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="perihelion-precession-of-mercury"></a><a href="#_toc/tests-of-general-relativity" class="u"> Tests of general relativity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/why-gravity-is-not-a-force"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#why-gravity-is-not-a-force">Why gravity is not a force?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-gravity-is-not-a-force"></a><a href="#_toc/general-relativity" class="u"> General relativity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-s-equations-in-curved-spacetime"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#maxwell-s-equations-in-curved-spacetime">Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-s-equations-in-curved-spacetime"></a><a href="#_toc/general-relativity" class="u"> General relativity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gravity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#gravity">Gravity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravity"></a><a href="#_toc/general-relativity" class="u"> General relativity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gravimetry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#gravimetry">Gravimetry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravimetry"></a><a href="#_toc/gravity" class="u"> Gravity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gravimeter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#gravimeter">Gravimeter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravimeter"></a><a href="#_toc/gravimetry" class="u"> Gravimetry</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gravitational-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#gravitational-constant">Gravitational constant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravitational-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/gravity" class="u"> Gravity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/experiments-that-measure-the-gravitational-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#experiments-that-measure-the-gravitational-constant">Experiments that measure the gravitational constant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="experiments-that-measure-the-gravitational-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/gravitational-constant" class="u"> Gravitational constant</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cavendish-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#cavendish-experiment">Cavendish experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cavendish-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/experiments-that-measure-the-gravitational-constant" class="u"> Experiments that measure the gravitational constant</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/graviton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativity#graviton">Graviton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="graviton"></a><a href="#_toc/gravity" class="u"> Gravity</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/standard-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model">Standard Model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-model-split"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 170</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theory-of-everything"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#theory-of-everything">Theory of everything <span class="meta">(TOE)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theory-of-everything"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-model" class="u"> Standard Model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/grand-unified-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#grand-unified-theory">Grand Unified Theory <span class="meta">(GUT)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="grand-unified-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/theory-of-everything" class="u"> Theory of everything</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-standard-model-and-general-relativity-are-incompatible"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#the-standard-model-and-general-relativity-are-incompatible">The standard model and general relativity are incompatible</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-standard-model-and-general-relativity-are-incompatible"></a><a href="#_toc/theory-of-everything" class="u"> Theory of everything</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fundamental-interaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#fundamental-interaction">Fundamental interaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fundamental-interaction"></a><a href="#_toc/theory-of-everything" class="u"> Theory of everything</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-gravity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#quantum-gravity">Quantum gravity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-gravity"></a><a href="#_toc/theory-of-everything" class="u"> Theory of everything</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/string-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#string-theory">String theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="string-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-gravity" class="u"> Quantum gravity</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/subatomic-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#subatomic-particle">Subatomic particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subatomic-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-model" class="u"> Standard Model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 160</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elementary-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#elementary-particle">Elementary particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elementary-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/subatomic-particle" class="u"> Subatomic particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 148</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/are-there-more-than-3-generations-of-particles-in-the-standard-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#are-there-more-than-3-generations-of-particles-in-the-standard-model">Are there more than 3 generations of particles in the Standard Model?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="are-there-more-than-3-generations-of-particles-in-the-standard-model"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-particle" class="u"> Elementary particle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/defining-properties-of-elementary-particles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#defining-properties-of-elementary-particles">Defining properties of elementary particles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="defining-properties-of-elementary-particles"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-particle" class="u"> Elementary particle</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon">Photon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photon-split"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-particle" class="u"> Elementary particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 131</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#light">Light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="light"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 72</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wave-particle-duality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#wave-particle-duality">Wave-particle duality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wave-particle-duality"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/corpuscular-theory-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#corpuscular-theory-of-light">Corpuscular theory of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="corpuscular-theory-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-particle-duality" class="u"> Wave-particle duality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/newton-supported-the-corpuscular-theory-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#newton-supported-the-corpuscular-theory-of-light">Newton supported the corpuscular theory of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="newton-supported-the-corpuscular-theory-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/corpuscular-theory-of-light" class="u"> Corpuscular theory of light</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wave-theory-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#wave-theory-of-light">Wave theory of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wave-theory-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-particle-duality" class="u"> Wave-particle duality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/diffraction-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#diffraction-of-light">Diffraction of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffraction-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-theory-of-light" class="u"> Wave theory of light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/young-s-interference-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#young-s-interference-experiment">Young's interference experiment <span class="meta">(1803)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="young-s-interference-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/diffraction-of-light" class="u"> Diffraction of light</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/arago-spot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#arago-spot">Arago spot <span class="meta">(1818)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arago-spot"></a><a href="#_toc/diffraction-of-light" class="u"> Diffraction of light</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#electromagnetic-radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-particle-duality" class="u"> Wave-particle duality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-the-electromagnetic-theory-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#history-of-the-electromagnetic-theory-of-light">History of the electromagnetic theory of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-the-electromagnetic-theory-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-radiation" class="u"> Electromagnetic radiation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/faraday-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#faraday-effect">Faraday effect <span class="meta">(1845, Faraday rotation)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="faraday-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-electromagnetic-theory-of-light" class="u"> History of the electromagnetic theory of light</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/light-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#light-source">Light source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="light-source"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/light-source-characteristic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#light-source-characteristic">Light source characteristic</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="light-source-characteristic"></a><a href="#_toc/light-source" class="u"> Light source</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spectral-coherence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#spectral-coherence">Spectral coherence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spectral-coherence"></a><a href="#_toc/light-source-characteristic" class="u"> Light source characteristic</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spacial-coherence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#spacial-coherence">Spacial coherence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacial-coherence"></a><a href="#_toc/light-source-characteristic" class="u"> Light source characteristic</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lamp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#lamp">Lamp</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lamp"></a><a href="#_toc/light-source" class="u"> Light source</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/incandescent-light-bulb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#incandescent-light-bulb">Incandescent light bulb</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="incandescent-light-bulb"></a><a href="#_toc/lamp" class="u"> Lamp</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gas-discharge-lamp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#gas-discharge-lamp">Gas-discharge lamp</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gas-discharge-lamp"></a><a href="#_toc/lamp" class="u"> Lamp</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fluorescent-lamp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fluorescent-lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fluorescent-lamp"></a><a href="#_toc/gas-discharge-lamp" class="u"> Gas-discharge lamp</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/neon-lamp"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#neon-lamp">Neon lamp</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neon-lamp"></a><a href="#_toc/gas-discharge-lamp" class="u"> Gas-discharge lamp</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-fiber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-fiber">Optical fiber</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-fiber"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 416</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fiber-optic-equipment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optic-equipment">Fiber optic equipment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optic-equipment"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber" class="u"> Optical fiber</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fiber-optic-cable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optic-cable">Fiber optic cable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optic-cable"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optic-equipment" class="u"> Fiber optic equipment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-amplifier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-amplifier">Optical amplifier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-amplifier"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optic-equipment" class="u"> Fiber optic equipment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fiber-optical-amplifier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optical-amplifier">Fiber optical amplifier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optical-amplifier"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-amplifier" class="u"> Optical amplifier</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier">Erbium-doped fiber amplifier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="erbium-doped-fiber-amplifier"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optical-amplifier" class="u"> Fiber optical amplifier</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fiber-optic-communication"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optic-communication">Fiber-optic communication</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optic-communication"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber" class="u"> Optical fiber</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/small-form-factor-pluggable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#small-form-factor-pluggable">Small Form-factor Pluggable <span class="meta">(SFP)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="small-form-factor-pluggable"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optic-communication" class="u"> Fiber-optic communication</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fiber-optics-cables-often-come-in-pairs-because-it-is-needed-for-duplex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optics-cables-often-come-in-pairs-because-it-is-needed-for-duplex">Fiber optics cables often come in pairs because it is needed for duplex</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optics-cables-often-come-in-pairs-because-it-is-needed-for-duplex"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optic-communication" class="u"> Fiber-optic communication</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/single-mode-and-multi-mode-optical-fiber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#single-mode-and-multi-mode-optical-fiber">Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-mode-and-multi-mode-optical-fiber"></a><a href="#_toc/fiber-optic-communication" class="u"> Fiber-optic communication</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/single-mode-optical-fiber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#single-mode-optical-fiber">Single-mode optical fiber <span class="meta">(SMF)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-mode-optical-fiber"></a><a href="#_toc/single-mode-and-multi-mode-optical-fiber" class="u"> Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/multi-mode-optical-fiber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#multi-mode-optical-fiber">Multi-mode optical fiber <span class="meta">(MMF)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="multi-mode-optical-fiber"></a><a href="#_toc/single-mode-and-multi-mode-optical-fiber" class="u"> Single-mode and multi-mode optical fiber</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-fiber-optics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#history-of-fiber-optics">History of fiber optics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-fiber-optics"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber" class="u"> Optical fiber</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 27</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-fiber-engineer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-fiber-engineer">Optical fiber engineer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-fiber-engineer"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-fiber-optics" class="u"> History of fiber optics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/charles-k-kao"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#charles-k-kao">Charles K. Kao</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="charles-k-kao"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber-engineer" class="u"> Optical fiber engineer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-fiber-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-fiber-bibliography">Optical fiber bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-fiber-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber" class="u"> Optical fiber</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/city-of-light-the-story-of-fiber-optics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#city-of-light-the-story-of-fiber-optics">City of Light: The Story of Fiber Optics <span class="meta">(1999)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="city-of-light-the-story-of-fiber-optics"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber-bibliography" class="u"> Optical fiber bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-fiber-equipment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-fiber-equipment">Optical fiber equipment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-fiber-equipment"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber" class="u"> Optical fiber</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fiberscope"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiberscope">Fiberscope</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiberscope"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber-equipment" class="u"> Optical fiber equipment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fiber-optic-coupling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fiber-optic-coupling">Fiber optic coupling</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-optic-coupling"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-fiber-equipment" class="u"> Optical fiber equipment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photometer">Photometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photometer"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spectophotometry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#spectophotometry">Spectophotometry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spectophotometry"></a><a href="#_toc/photometer" class="u"> Photometer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/spectroscopy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spectroscopy"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/speed-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#speed-of-light">Speed of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="speed-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/speed-of-light-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#speed-of-light-experiment">Speed of light experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="speed-of-light-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/speed-of-light" class="u"> Speed of light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fizeau-s-determination-of-the-speed-of-light-with-a-rotating-cogwheel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fizeau-s-determination-of-the-speed-of-light-with-a-rotating-cogwheel">Fizeau's determination of the speed of light with a rotating cogwheel <span class="meta">(1848)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fizeau-s-determination-of-the-speed-of-light-with-a-rotating-cogwheel"></a><a href="#_toc/speed-of-light-experiment" class="u"> Speed of light experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/emission-theory-vision"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#emission-theory-vision">Emission theory <span class="meta">(vision)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="emission-theory-vision"></a><a href="#_toc/speed-of-light" class="u"> Speed of light</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/faster-than-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#faster-than-light">Faster-than-light <span class="meta">(FTL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="faster-than-light"></a><a href="#_toc/speed-of-light" class="u"> Speed of light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/faster-than-light-implies-time-travel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#faster-than-light-implies-time-travel">Faster-than-light implies time travel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="faster-than-light-implies-time-travel"></a><a href="#_toc/faster-than-light" class="u"> Faster-than-light</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tachyon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#tachyon">Tachyon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tachyon"></a><a href="#_toc/faster-than-light" class="u"> Faster-than-light</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tachyonic-antitelephone"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#tachyonic-antitelephone">Tachyonic antitelephone</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tachyonic-antitelephone"></a><a href="#_toc/faster-than-light" class="u"> Faster-than-light</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#electromagnetic-spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/light" class="u"> Light</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 565</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation">Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ionizing-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#ionizing-radiation">Ionizing radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ionizing-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation" class="u"> Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ionization-of-air-by-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#ionization-of-air-by-radiation">Ionization of air by radiation </a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ionization-of-air-by-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/ionizing-radiation" class="u"> Ionizing radiation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/non-ionizing-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#non-ionizing-radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-ionizing-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/ionizing-and-non-ionizing-radiation" class="u"> Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/very-low-frequency"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#very-low-frequency">Very low frequency <span class="meta">(VLF, 100 to 10 km, 3 kHz - 30 kHh)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="very-low-frequency"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/radio-wave"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#radio-wave">Radio wave <span class="meta">(1 m or more, 300 GHz or less)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="radio-wave"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 169</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microwave"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave">Microwave <span class="meta">(1 mm - 1 m, 300 MHz - 300 GHz)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave"></a><a href="#_toc/radio-wave" class="u"> Radio wave</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 99</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ultra-high-frequency"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#ultra-high-frequency">Ultra High Frequency <span class="meta">(10 mm - 1 m, 300 MHz - 3 GHz)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ultra-high-frequency"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave" class="u"> Microwave</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microwave-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave-source">Microwave source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave-source"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave" class="u"> Microwave</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/klystron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#klystron">Klystron <span class="meta">(1937)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="klystron"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave-source" class="u"> Microwave source</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cavity-magnetron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#cavity-magnetron">Cavity magnetron <span class="meta">(1940)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cavity-magnetron"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave-source" class="u"> Microwave source</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/microwave-transmission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave-transmission">Microwave transmission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave-transmission"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave" class="u"> Microwave</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/microwave-transmission-for-trading"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave-transmission-for-trading">Microwave transmission for trading</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave-transmission-for-trading"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave-transmission" class="u"> Microwave transmission</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/microwave-vs-radio-wave-transmission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave-vs-radio-wave-transmission">Microwave vs radio wave transmission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave-vs-radio-wave-transmission"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave-transmission" class="u"> Microwave transmission</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/microwave-oven"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#microwave-oven">Microwave oven</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="microwave-oven"></a><a href="#_toc/microwave" class="u"> Microwave</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/infrared"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#infrared">Infrared <span class="meta">(680 nm - 1 m)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infrared"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/visible-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#visible-spectrum">Visible spectrum <span class="meta">(420-680 nm, 400-700 THz)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="visible-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ultraviolet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#ultraviolet">Ultraviolet <span class="meta">(10 nm - 400 nm)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ultraviolet"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x-ray"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#x-ray">X-ray <span class="meta">(10 pm - 10 nm)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x-ray"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnetic-spectrum" class="u"> Electromagnetic spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 108</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/x-ray-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#x-ray-source">X-ray source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x-ray-source"></a><a href="#_toc/x-ray" class="u"> X-ray</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/x-ray-tube"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#x-ray-tube">X-ray tube</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="x-ray-tube"></a><a href="#_toc/x-ray-source" class="u"> X-ray source</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/photon-spin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photon-spin">Photon spin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photon-spin"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/radiation-pressure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#radiation-pressure">Radiation pressure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="radiation-pressure"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nichols-radiometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#nichols-radiometer">Nichols radiometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nichols-radiometer"></a><a href="#_toc/radiation-pressure" class="u"> Radiation pressure</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/solar-sail"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#solar-sail">Solar sail</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solar-sail"></a><a href="#_toc/radiation-pressure" class="u"> Radiation pressure</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/single-photon-production-and-detection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#single-photon-production-and-detection">Single photon production and detection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-photon-production-and-detection"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 394</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/single-photon-production"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#single-photon-production">Single photon production</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-photon-production"></a><a href="#_toc/single-photon-production-and-detection" class="u"> Single photon production and detection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spontaneous-parametric-down-conversion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#spontaneous-parametric-down-conversion">Spontaneous parametric down-conversion <span class="meta">(SPDC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spontaneous-parametric-down-conversion"></a><a href="#_toc/single-photon-production" class="u"> Single photon production</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/single-photon-detection"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#single-photon-detection">Single photon detection</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-photon-detection"></a><a href="#_toc/single-photon-production-and-detection" class="u"> Single photon production and detection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 101</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photomultiplier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photomultiplier">Photomultiplier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photomultiplier"></a><a href="#_toc/single-photon-detection" class="u"> Single photon detection</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/photomultiplier-tube"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photomultiplier-tube">Photomultiplier tube</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photomultiplier-tube"></a><a href="#_toc/photomultiplier" class="u"> Photomultiplier</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/silicon-photomultiplier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#silicon-photomultiplier">Silicon photomultiplier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silicon-photomultiplier"></a><a href="#_toc/photomultiplier" class="u"> Photomultiplier</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/two-photon-interference-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#two-photon-interference-experiment">Two photon interference experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-photon-interference-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/single-photon-production-and-detection" class="u"> Single photon production and detection</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/squeezed-state-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#squeezed-state-of-light">Squeezed state of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="squeezed-state-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optics">Optics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optics"></a><a href="#_toc/photon" class="u"> Photon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 44</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-optics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#quantum-optics">Quantum optics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-optics"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/optoelectronics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optoelectronics"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-component"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-component">Optical component</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-component"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 249</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/beam-splitter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#beam-splitter">Beam splitter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="beam-splitter"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/half-silvered-mirror"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#half-silvered-mirror">Half-silvered mirror</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="half-silvered-mirror"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/collimator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#collimator">Collimator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="collimator"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/collimated-beam"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#collimated-beam">Collimated beam</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="collimated-beam"></a><a href="#_toc/collimator" class="u"> Collimator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/parallel-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#parallel-light">Parallel light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parallel-light"></a><a href="#_toc/collimated-beam" class="u"> Collimated beam</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/diffraction-grating"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#diffraction-grating">Diffraction grating</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffraction-grating"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/diaphragm-optics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#diaphragm-optics">Diaphragm <span class="meta">(optics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diaphragm-optics"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lens"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#lens">Lens</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lens"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/biconvex-spherical-lens"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#biconvex-spherical-lens">Biconvex spherical lens</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="biconvex-spherical-lens"></a><a href="#_toc/lens" class="u"> Lens</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/focal-length"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#focal-length">Focal length <span class="meta">(f)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="focal-length"></a><a href="#_toc/biconvex-spherical-lens" class="u"> Biconvex spherical lens</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/photodetector"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photodetector">Photodetector</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photodetector"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-component" class="u"> Optical component</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/camera-obscura"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#camera-obscura">Camera obscura</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="camera-obscura"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/optical-cavity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-cavity">Optical cavity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-cavity"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optics-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optics-vendor">Optics vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optics-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/carl-zeiss-ag"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#carl-zeiss-ag">Carl Zeiss AG</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-zeiss-ag"></a><a href="#_toc/optics-vendor" class="u"> Optics vendor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/carl-zeiss-smt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#carl-zeiss-smt">Carl Zeiss SMT</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-zeiss-smt"></a><a href="#_toc/carl-zeiss-ag" class="u"> Carl Zeiss AG</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/point-light-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#point-light-source">Point light source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="point-light-source"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photonics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photonics">Photonics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photonics"></a><a href="#_toc/optics" class="u"> Optics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 463</span><span class="dcnt"> 23</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/silicon-photonics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#silicon-photonics">Silicon photonics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="silicon-photonics"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics" class="u"> Photonics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-computer">Optical computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/silicon-photonics" class="u"> Silicon photonics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/celestial-ai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#celestial-ai">Celestial AI <span class="meta">(2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="celestial-ai"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-computer" class="u"> Optical computer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/lightmatter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#lightmatter">Lightmatter <span class="meta">(2017)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lightmatter"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-computer" class="u"> Optical computer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/lumai"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#lumai">Lumai</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lumai"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-computer" class="u"> Optical computer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photon-polarization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photon-polarization">Photon polarization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photon-polarization"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics" class="u"> Photonics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 149</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/polarization-of-light"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#polarization-of-light">Polarization of light</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polarization-of-light"></a><a href="#_toc/photon-polarization" class="u"> Photon polarization</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/polarizer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#polarizer">Polarizer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polarizer"></a><a href="#_toc/photon-polarization" class="u"> Photon polarization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fresnel-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fresnel-equations">Fresnel equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fresnel-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/polarizer" class="u"> Polarizer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/brewster-s-angle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#brewster-s-angle">Brewster's angle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brewster-s-angle"></a><a href="#_toc/fresnel-equations" class="u"> Fresnel equations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/history-of-polarization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#history-of-polarization">History of polarization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-polarization"></a><a href="#_toc/polarizer" class="u"> Polarizer</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/malus-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#malus-law">Malus' Law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="malus-law"></a><a href="#_toc/polarizer" class="u"> Polarizer</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/etienne-louis-malus"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#etienne-louis-malus">Étienne-Louis Malus <span class="meta">(1775-1812)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="etienne-louis-malus"></a><a href="#_toc/malus-law" class="u"> Malus' Law</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/three-polarizers-45-degrees-apart"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#three-polarizers-45-degrees-apart">Three polarizers 45 degrees apart</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="three-polarizers-45-degrees-apart"></a><a href="#_toc/polarizer" class="u"> Polarizer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/poincare-sphere"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#poincare-sphere">Poincaré sphere</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="poincare-sphere"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics" class="u"> Photonics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photonics-equipment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#photonics-equipment">Photonics equipment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photonics-equipment"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics" class="u"> Photonics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 107</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/acousto-optic-modulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#acousto-optic-modulator">Acousto-optic modulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="acousto-optic-modulator"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics-equipment" class="u"> Photonics equipment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/interferometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#interferometer">Interferometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interferometer"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics-equipment" class="u"> Photonics equipment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fabry-perot-interferometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#fabry-perot-interferometer">Fabry-Pérot interferometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fabry-perot-interferometer"></a><a href="#_toc/interferometer" class="u"> Interferometer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mach-zehnder-interferometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#mach-zehnder-interferometer">Mach-Zehnder interferometer <span class="meta">(MZI, 1891)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mach-zehnder-interferometer"></a><a href="#_toc/interferometer" class="u"> Interferometer</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/optical-fibre"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-fibre">Optical fibre</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-fibre"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics-equipment" class="u"> Photonics equipment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/optical-table"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-table">Optical table</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-table"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics-equipment" class="u"> Photonics equipment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/optical-ring-resonator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="photon#optical-ring-resonator">Optical ring resonator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-ring-resonator"></a><a href="#_toc/photonics-equipment" class="u"> Photonics equipment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/higgs-boson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#higgs-boson">Higgs boson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="higgs-boson"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-particle" class="u"> Elementary particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/goldstone-s-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#goldstone-s-theorem">Goldstone's theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="goldstone-s-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/higgs-boson" class="u"> Higgs boson</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/higgs-mechanism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#higgs-mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="higgs-mechanism"></a><a href="#_toc/higgs-boson" class="u"> Higgs boson</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lepton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#lepton">Lepton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lepton"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-particle" class="u"> Elementary particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 220</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#electron">Electron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron"></a><a href="#_toc/lepton" class="u"> Lepton</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 164</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/elementary-charge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#elementary-charge">Elementary charge <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">1.60217663</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">19</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">C</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elementary-charge"></a><a href="#_toc/electron" class="u"> Electron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-do-the-electron-and-the-proton-have-the-same-charge-except-for-the-opposite-signs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#why-do-the-electron-and-the-proton-have-the-same-charge-except-for-the-opposite-signs">Why do the electron and the proton have the same charge except for the opposite signs?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-do-the-electron-and-the-proton-have-the-same-charge-except-for-the-opposite-signs"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-charge" class="u"> Elementary charge</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/oil-drop-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#oil-drop-experiment">Oil drop experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oil-drop-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/elementary-charge" class="u"> Elementary charge</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/electron-rest-mass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#electron-rest-mass">Electron rest mass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-rest-mass"></a><a href="#_toc/electron" class="u"> Electron</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/positron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#positron">Positron <span class="meta">(1932)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="positron"></a><a href="#_toc/electron" class="u"> Electron</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/muon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#muon">Muon <span class="meta">(1936)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="muon"></a><a href="#_toc/lepton" class="u"> Lepton</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/neutrino"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#neutrino">Neutrino</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutrino"></a><a href="#_toc/lepton" class="u"> Lepton</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/neutrino-emission-on-earth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#neutrino-emission-on-earth">Neutrino emission on Earth</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutrino-emission-on-earth"></a><a href="#_toc/neutrino" class="u"> Neutrino</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cowan-reines-neutrino-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#cowan-reines-neutrino-experiment">Cowan-Reines neutrino experiment <span class="meta">(1956)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cowan-reines-neutrino-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/neutrino" class="u"> Neutrino</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/composite-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#composite-particle">Composite particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="composite-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/subatomic-particle" class="u"> Subatomic particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 201</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hadron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#hadron">Hadron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hadron"></a><a href="#_toc/composite-particle" class="u"> Composite particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 149</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/baryon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#baryon">Baryon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="baryon"></a><a href="#_toc/hadron" class="u"> Hadron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/baryon-vs-meson-vs-lepton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#baryon-vs-meson-vs-lepton">Baryon vs meson vs lepton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="baryon-vs-meson-vs-lepton"></a><a href="#_toc/baryon" class="u"> Baryon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/neutron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#neutron">Neutron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutron"></a><a href="#_toc/hadron" class="u"> Hadron</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/proton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#proton">Proton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proton"></a><a href="#_toc/hadron" class="u"> Hadron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/proton-to-electron-mass-ratio"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#proton-to-electron-mass-ratio">Proton-to-electron mass ratio</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proton-to-electron-mass-ratio"></a><a href="#_toc/proton" class="u"> Proton</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/meson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#meson">Meson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="meson"></a><a href="#_toc/hadron" class="u"> Hadron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#pion">Pion <span class="meta">(1947)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pion"></a><a href="#_toc/meson" class="u"> Meson</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/kaon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#kaon">Kaon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kaon"></a><a href="#_toc/meson" class="u"> Meson</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/eightfold-way-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#eightfold-way-physics">Eightfold way <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eightfold-way-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/subatomic-particle" class="u"> Subatomic particle</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/parameters-of-the-standard-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#parameters-of-the-standard-model">Parameters of the Standard Model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parameters-of-the-standard-model"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-model" class="u"> Standard Model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/standard-model-lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#standard-model-lagrangian">Standard Model Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-model-lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-model" class="u"> Standard Model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/why-do-symmetries-such-as-su-3-su-2-and-u-1-matter-in-particle-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="standard-model#why-do-symmetries-such-as-su-3-su-2-and-u-1-matter-in-particle-physics">Why do symmetries such as SU(3), SU(2) and U(1) matter in particle physics?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-do-symmetries-such-as-su-3-su-2-and-u-1-matter-in-particle-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/standard-model" class="u"> Standard Model</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/applications-of-particle-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#applications-of-particle-physics">Applications of particle physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applications-of-particle-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanics-split"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16k</span><span class="dcnt"> 349</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-mechanics-experiment">Quantum mechanics experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanics-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 34</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/emission-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#emission-spectrum">Emission spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="emission-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum mechanics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 950</span><span class="dcnt"> 20</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spectral-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#spectral-line">Spectral line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spectral-line"></a><a href="#_toc/emission-spectrum" class="u"> Emission spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 602</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nist-atomic-spectra-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#nist-atomic-spectra-database">NIST Atomic Spectra Database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nist-atomic-spectra-database"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/forbidden-mechanism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#forbidden-mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="forbidden-mechanism"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 46</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/selection-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#selection-rule">Selection rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="selection-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/forbidden-mechanism" class="u"> Forbidden mechanism</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/metastable-electron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#metastable-electron">Metastable electron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metastable-electron"></a><a href="#_toc/selection-rule" class="u"> Selection rule</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/triplet-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#triplet-state">Triplet state</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="triplet-state"></a><a href="#_toc/metastable-electron" class="u"> Metastable electron</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/rydberg-atom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#rydberg-atom">Rydberg atom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rydberg-atom"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hydrogen-emission-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hydrogen-emission-spectrum">Hydrogen emission spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hydrogen-emission-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gross-hydrogen-emission-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#gross-hydrogen-emission-spectrum">Gross hydrogen emission spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gross-hydrogen-emission-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/hydrogen-emission-spectrum" class="u"> Hydrogen emission spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hydrogen-1-2-spectral-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hydrogen-1-2-spectral-line">Hydrogen 1-2 spectral line <span class="meta">(121.6 nm, 10.2e V)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hydrogen-1-2-spectral-line"></a><a href="#_toc/gross-hydrogen-emission-spectrum" class="u"> Gross hydrogen emission spectrum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rydberg-formula"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#rydberg-formula">Rydberg formula <span class="meta">(1888)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rydberg-formula"></a><a href="#_toc/hydrogen-emission-spectrum" class="u"> Hydrogen emission spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/balmer-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#balmer-series">Balmer series <span class="meta">(1885)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="balmer-series"></a><a href="#_toc/rydberg-formula" class="u"> Rydberg formula</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hydrogen-spectral-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hydrogen-spectral-series">Hydrogen spectral series</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hydrogen-spectral-series"></a><a href="#_toc/hydrogen-emission-spectrum" class="u"> Hydrogen emission spectrum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pickering-series"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#pickering-series">Pickering series <span class="meta">(1896)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pickering-series"></a><a href="#_toc/hydrogen-spectral-series" class="u"> Hydrogen spectral series</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fine-structure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fine-structure">Fine structure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fine-structure"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 25</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fine-structure-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fine-structure-constant">Fine structure constant <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fine-structure-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/fine-structure" class="u"> Fine structure</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hyperfine-structure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hyperfine-structure">Hyperfine structure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hyperfine-structure"></a><a href="#_toc/fine-structure" class="u"> Fine structure</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hydrogen-line"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hydrogen-line">Hydrogen line</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hydrogen-line"></a><a href="#_toc/hyperfine-structure" class="u"> Hyperfine structure</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/zeeman-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#zeeman-effect">Zeeman effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zeeman-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/spectral-line" class="u"> Spectral line</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/anomalous-zeeman-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#anomalous-zeeman-effect">Anomalous Zeeman effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anomalous-zeeman-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/zeeman-effect" class="u"> Zeeman effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/double-slit-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#double-slit-experiment">Double-slit experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="double-slit-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum mechanics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 110</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/single-particle-double-slit-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#single-particle-double-slit-experiment">Single particle double slit experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-particle-double-slit-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/double-slit-experiment" class="u"> Double-slit experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/single-electron-double-slit-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#single-electron-double-slit-experiment">Single electron double slit experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="single-electron-double-slit-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/single-particle-double-slit-experiment" class="u"> Single particle double slit experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/are-particles-bounced-by-the-first-wall-in-the-double-slit-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#are-particles-bounced-by-the-first-wall-in-the-double-slit-experiment">Are particles bounced by the first wall in the double slit experiment?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="are-particles-bounced-by-the-first-wall-in-the-double-slit-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/double-slit-experiment" class="u"> Double-slit experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/franck-hertz-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#franck-hertz-experiment">Franck-Hertz experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="franck-hertz-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum mechanics experiment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-hall-effect">Quantum Hall effect <span class="meta">(theorized 1975, observed 1978)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum mechanics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/integer-quantum-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#integer-quantum-hall-effect">Integer quantum Hall effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="integer-quantum-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Quantum Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect">Fractional quantum Hall effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fractional-quantum-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Quantum Hall effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-1-m"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-1-m">Fractional quantum Hall effect for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-1-m"></a><a href="#_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional quantum Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-ne-1-m"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-ne-1-m">Fractional quantum Hall effect for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-ne-1-m"></a><a href="#_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional quantum Hall effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect-5-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect-5-2">Fractional quantum Hall effect 5/2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fractional-quantum-hall-effect-5-2"></a><a href="#_toc/fractional-quantum-hall-effect-for-nu-ne-1-m" class="u"> Fractional quantum Hall effect for <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel"><span class="mrel"><span class="mord vbox"><span class="thinbox"><span class="rlap"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="inner"><span class="mord"><span class="mrel"></span></span></span><span class="fix"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mrel">=</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/spin-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#spin-hall-effect">Spin Hall effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Quantum Hall effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/macroscopic-quantum-phenomena"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#macroscopic-quantum-phenomena">Macroscopic quantum phenomena</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="macroscopic-quantum-phenomena"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum mechanics experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#history-of-quantum-mechanics">History of quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/timeline-of-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#timeline-of-quantum-mechanics">Timeline of quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="timeline-of-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> History of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/old-quantum-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#old-quantum-theory">Old quantum theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="old-quantum-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> History of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#history-of-quantum-mechanics-bibliography">History of quantum mechanics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-quantum-mechanics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-quantum-story-by-jim-baggott-2011"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#the-quantum-story-by-jim-baggott-2011">The Quantum Story by Jim Baggott (2011)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-quantum-story-by-jim-baggott-2011"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> History of quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-old-quantum-theory-by-dirk-ter-haar-1967"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#the-old-quantum-theory-by-dirk-ter-haar-1967">The Old Quantum Theory by Dirk ter Haar (1967)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-old-quantum-theory-by-dirk-ter-haar-1967"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> History of quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-mechanics-bibliography">Quantum mechanics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/introductory-quantum-mechanics-by-richard-fitzpatrick-2020"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#introductory-quantum-mechanics-by-richard-fitzpatrick-2020">Introductory Quantum Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick (2020)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="introductory-quantum-mechanics-by-richard-fitzpatrick-2020"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-1930"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-1930">The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac (1930)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-1930"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-revised-fourth-edition-1967"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-revised-fourth-edition-1967">The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac revised fourth edition (1967)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-revised-fourth-edition-1967"></a><a href="#_toc/the-principles-of-quantum-mechanics-by-paul-dirac-1930" class="u"> The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Paul Dirac (1930)</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mit-8-06-quantum-physics-iii-spring-2018-by-barton-zwiebach"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#mit-8-06-quantum-physics-iii-spring-2018-by-barton-zwiebach">MIT 8.06 Quantum Physics III, Spring 2018 by Barton Zwiebach</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mit-8-06-quantum-physics-iii-spring-2018-by-barton-zwiebach"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/applications-of-quantum-mechanics-by-david-tong-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#applications-of-quantum-mechanics-by-david-tong-2017">Applications of Quantum Mechanics by David Tong (2017)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applications-of-quantum-mechanics-by-david-tong-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanics-for-engineers-by-leon-van-dommelen-2011"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-mechanics-for-engineers-by-leon-van-dommelen-2011">Quantum Mechanics for Engineers by Leon van Dommelen (2011)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanics-for-engineers-by-leon-van-dommelen-2011"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-physics-by-jim-branson-2003"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-physics-by-jim-branson-2003">Quantum physics by Jim Branson (2003)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-physics-by-jim-branson-2003"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum mechanics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics">Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 126</span><span class="dcnt"> 14</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-picture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-picture">Schrödinger picture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-picture"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/schrodinger-picture-example-quantum-harmonic-oscillator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-picture-example-quantum-harmonic-oscillator">Schrödinger picture example: quantum harmonic oscillator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-picture-example-quantum-harmonic-oscillator"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-picture" class="u"> Schrödinger picture</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wave-function-collapse"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#wave-function-collapse">Wave function collapse</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wave-function-collapse"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-picture" class="u"> Schrödinger picture</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 29</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-function-collapse" class="u"> Wave function collapse</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/categorical-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#categorical-quantum-mechanics">Categorical quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="categorical-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/epr-paradox"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#epr-paradox">EPR paradox</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="epr-paradox"></a><a href="#_toc/interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/many-worlds-interpretation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#many-worlds-interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="many-worlds-interpretation"></a><a href="#_toc/interpretations-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/universal-wavefunction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#universal-wavefunction">Universal wavefunction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="universal-wavefunction"></a><a href="#_toc/many-worlds-interpretation" class="u"> Many-worlds interpretation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/born-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#born-rule">Born rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="born-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bra-ket-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#bra-ket-notation">Bra-ket notation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bra-ket-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/dirac-von-neumann-axioms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#dirac-von-neumann-axioms">Dirac-von Neumann axioms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-von-neumann-axioms"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/linearity-of-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#linearity-of-quantum-mechanics">Linearity of quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="linearity-of-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/observable"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#observable">Observable</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="observable"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/phase-space-formulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#phase-space-formulation">Phase-space formulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phase-space-formulation"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics">Non-relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5k</span><span class="dcnt"> 100</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation">Schrödinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Non-relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 94</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/time-independent-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#time-independent-schrodinger-equation">Time-independent Schrödinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-independent-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/solving-the-schrodinger-equation-with-the-time-independent-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#solving-the-schrodinger-equation-with-the-time-independent-schrodinger-equation">Solving the Schrodinger equation with the time-independent Schrödinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solving-the-schrodinger-equation-with-the-time-independent-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/time-independent-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Time-independent Schrödinger equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/derivation-of-the-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#derivation-of-the-schrodinger-equation">Derivation of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="derivation-of-the-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-are-complex-numbers-used-in-the-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#why-are-complex-numbers-used-in-the-schrodinger-equation">Why are complex numbers used in the Schrodinger equation?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-are-complex-numbers-used-in-the-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/derivation-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Derivation of the Schrodinger equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian">Schrodinger equation Hamiltonian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian-has-to-be-hermitian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#the-schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian-has-to-be-hermitian">The Schrodinger equation Hamiltonian has to be Hermitian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-schrodinger-equation-hamiltonian-has-to-be-hermitian"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation">Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 66</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-simulations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-simulations">Schrödinger equation simulations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-simulations"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-it-is-hard-to-simulate-quantum-systems"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#why-it-is-hard-to-simulate-quantum-systems">Why it is hard to simulate quantum systems?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-it-is-hard-to-simulate-quantum-systems"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-simulations" class="u"> Schrödinger equation simulations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-for-a-one-dimensional-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-for-a-one-dimensional-particle">Schrödinger equation for a one dimensional particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-for-a-one-dimensional-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle">Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/plane-wave-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#plane-wave-function">Plane wave function</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="plane-wave-function"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle" class="u"> Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/time-independent-schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#time-independent-schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle">Time-independent Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-independent-schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-for-a-free-one-dimensional-particle" class="u"> Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-in-a-box"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#particle-in-a-box">Particle in a box</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-in-a-box"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-well"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-well">Quantum well</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-well"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-in-a-box" class="u"> Particle in a box</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-harmonic-oscillator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-harmonic-oscillator">Quantum harmonic oscillator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-harmonic-oscillator"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-lc-circuit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-lc-circuit">Quantum LC circuit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-lc-circuit"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-harmonic-oscillator" class="u"> Quantum harmonic oscillator</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hermite-polynomials"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hermite-polynomials">Hermite polynomials</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hermite-polynomials"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-harmonic-oscillator" class="u"> Quantum harmonic oscillator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hermite-functions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hermite-functions">Hermite functions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hermite-functions"></a><a href="#_toc/hermite-polynomials" class="u"> Hermite polynomials</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ladder-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#ladder-operator">Ladder operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ladder-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-harmonic-oscillator" class="u"> Quantum harmonic oscillator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-tunnelling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-tunnelling">Quantum tunnelling</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-tunnelling"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom">Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 285</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/atomic-orbital"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#atomic-orbital">Atomic orbital</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-orbital"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom" class="u"> Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-number">Quantum number</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom" class="u"> Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen atom</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 49</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/principal-quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#principal-quantum-number">Principal quantum number <span class="meta">(n)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="principal-quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-number" class="u"> Quantum number</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/azimuthal-quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#azimuthal-quantum-number">Azimuthal quantum number <span class="meta">(l)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="azimuthal-quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-number" class="u"> Quantum number</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/s-orbital"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#s-orbital">s-orbital</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="s-orbital"></a><a href="#_toc/azimuthal-quantum-number" class="u"> Azimuthal quantum number</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/p-orbital"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#p-orbital">p-orbital</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="p-orbital"></a><a href="#_toc/azimuthal-quantum-number" class="u"> Azimuthal quantum number</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/d-orbital"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#d-orbital">d-orbital</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="d-orbital"></a><a href="#_toc/azimuthal-quantum-number" class="u"> Azimuthal quantum number</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/f-orbital"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#f-orbital">f-orbital</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="f-orbital"></a><a href="#_toc/azimuthal-quantum-number" class="u"> Azimuthal quantum number</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#magnetic-quantum-number">Magnetic quantum number <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3361em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-number" class="u"> Quantum number</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spin-quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#spin-quantum-number">Spin quantum number <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-number" class="u"> Quantum number</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spectroscopic-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#spectroscopic-notation">Spectroscopic notation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spectroscopic-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-quantum-number" class="u"> Spin quantum number</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles">Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 884</span><span class="dcnt"> 36</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/separable-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#separable-state">Separable state</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="separable-state"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation-for-two-electrons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation-for-two-electrons">Solutions of the Schrodinger equation for two electrons</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation-for-two-electrons"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/orbital-approximation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#orbital-approximation">Orbital approximation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="orbital-approximation"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-helium-atom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-helium-atom">Schrödinger equation solution for the helium atom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-helium-atom"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hartree-fock-method"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hartree-fock-method">Hartree-Fock method</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hartree-fock-method"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 650</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hartree-fock-method-for-the-helium-atom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hartree-fock-method-for-the-helium-atom">Hartree-Fock method for the helium atom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hartree-fock-method-for-the-helium-atom"></a><a href="#_toc/hartree-fock-method" class="u"> Hartree-Fock method</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/why-do-multiple-electrons-occupy-the-same-orbital-if-electrons-repel-each-other"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#why-do-multiple-electrons-occupy-the-same-orbital-if-electrons-repel-each-other">Why do multiple electrons occupy the same orbital if electrons repel each other?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-do-multiple-electrons-occupy-the-same-orbital-if-electrons-repel-each-other"></a><a href="#_toc/hartree-fock-method" class="u"> Hartree-Fock method</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/aufbau-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#aufbau-principle">Aufbau principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="aufbau-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/hartree-fock-method" class="u"> Hartree-Fock method</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 155</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electron-configuration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#electron-configuration">Electron configuration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-configuration"></a><a href="#_toc/aufbau-principle" class="u"> Aufbau principle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/electron-configuration-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#electron-configuration-notation">Electron configuration notation <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0085em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">6</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, 1s2 2s2 2p6)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-configuration-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/aufbau-principle" class="u"> Aufbau principle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/why-does-2s-have-less-energy-than-1s-if-they-have-the-same-principal-quantum-number"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#why-does-2s-have-less-energy-than-1s-if-they-have-the-same-principal-quantum-number">Why does 2s have less energy than 1s if they have the same principal quantum number?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-does-2s-have-less-energy-than-1s-if-they-have-the-same-principal-quantum-number"></a><a href="#_toc/aufbau-principle" class="u"> Aufbau principle</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/madelung-energy-ordering-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#madelung-energy-ordering-rule">Madelung energy ordering rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="madelung-energy-ordering-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/aufbau-principle" class="u"> Aufbau principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/exception-to-the-madelung-energy-ordering-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#exception-to-the-madelung-energy-ordering-rule">Exception to the Madelung energy ordering rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="exception-to-the-madelung-energy-ordering-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/madelung-energy-ordering-rule" class="u"> Madelung energy ordering rule</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/term-symbol"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#term-symbol">Term symbol <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1693em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1693em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1693em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">P</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">3/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="term-symbol"></a><a href="#_toc/aufbau-principle" class="u"> Aufbau principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hund-s-rules"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hund-s-rules">Hund's rules <span class="meta">(1927)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hund-s-rules"></a><a href="#_toc/term-symbol" class="u"> Term symbol</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hund-s-first-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hund-s-first-rule">Hund's first rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hund-s-first-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/hund-s-rules" class="u"> Hund's rules</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hund-s-second-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#hund-s-second-rule">Hund's second rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hund-s-second-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/hund-s-rules" class="u"> Hund's rules</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/term-symbols-for-carbon-ground-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#term-symbols-for-carbon-ground-state">Term symbols for carbon ground state</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="term-symbols-for-carbon-ground-state"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-molecule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-solution-for-molecule">Schrödinger equation solution for molecule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-solution-for-molecule"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-for-the-schrodinger-equation-with-multiple-particles" class="u"> Solutions for the Schrodinger equation with multiple particles</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-molecule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-molecule">Schrödinger equation solution for the hydrogen molecule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schrodinger-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-molecule"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-molecule" class="u"> Schrödinger equation solution for molecule</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chemical-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#chemical-bond">Chemical bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chemical-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation-solution-for-molecule" class="u"> Schrödinger equation solution for molecule</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 112</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/molecule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#molecule">Molecule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="molecule"></a><a href="#_toc/chemical-bond" class="u"> Chemical bond</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 88</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/molecule-representation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#molecule-representation">Molecule representation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="molecule-representation"></a><a href="#_toc/molecule" class="u"> Molecule</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ball-and-stick-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#ball-and-stick-model">Ball-and-stick model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ball-and-stick-model"></a><a href="#_toc/molecule-representation" class="u"> Molecule representation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/isomer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#isomer">Isomer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isomer"></a><a href="#_toc/molecule" class="u"> Molecule</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cis-trans-isomerism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#cis-trans-isomerism">Cis-trans isomerism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cis-trans-isomerism"></a><a href="#_toc/isomer" class="u"> Isomer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/enantiomer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#enantiomer">Enantiomer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="enantiomer"></a><a href="#_toc/isomer" class="u"> Isomer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/polymorphism-materials-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#polymorphism-materials-science">Polymorphism <span class="meta">(materials science)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polymorphism-materials-science"></a><a href="#_toc/isomer" class="u"> Isomer</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/stereochemistry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stereochemistry"></a><a href="#_toc/isomer" class="u"> Isomer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/covalent-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#covalent-bond">Covalent bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="covalent-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/chemical-bond" class="u"> Chemical bond</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/sigma-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#sigma-bond">Sigma bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sigma-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/covalent-bond" class="u"> Covalent bond</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pi-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#pi-bond">Pi bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pi-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/covalent-bond" class="u"> Covalent bond</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/double-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#double-bond">Double bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="double-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/pi-bond" class="u"> Pi bond</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/triple-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#triple-bond">Triple bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="triple-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/pi-bond" class="u"> Pi bond</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ionic-bond"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#ionic-bond">Ionic bond</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ionic-bond"></a><a href="#_toc/chemical-bond" class="u"> Chemical bond</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/octet-rule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#octet-rule">Octet rule</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="octet-rule"></a><a href="#_toc/chemical-bond" class="u"> Chemical bond</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/two-state-quantum-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#two-state-quantum-system">Two-state quantum system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-state-quantum-system"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bloch-sphere"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#bloch-sphere">Bloch sphere</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bloch-sphere"></a><a href="#_toc/two-state-quantum-system" class="u"> Two-state quantum system</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pauli-matrix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#pauli-matrix">Pauli matrix</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pauli-matrix"></a><a href="#_toc/two-state-quantum-system" class="u"> Two-state quantum system</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/born-oppenheimer-approximation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#born-oppenheimer-approximation">Born-Oppenheimer approximation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="born-oppenheimer-approximation"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/uncertainty-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#uncertainty-principle">Uncertainty principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="uncertainty-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 174</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/position-and-momentum-space"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#position-and-momentum-space">Position and momentum space</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="position-and-momentum-space"></a><a href="#_toc/uncertainty-principle" class="u"> Uncertainty principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/position-representation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#position-representation">Position representation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="position-representation"></a><a href="#_toc/position-and-momentum-space" class="u"> Position and momentum space</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/position-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#position-operator">Position operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="position-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/position-and-momentum-space" class="u"> Position and momentum space</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/momentum-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#momentum-operator">Momentum operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="momentum-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/position-and-momentum-space" class="u"> Position and momentum space</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/squeezed-coherent-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#squeezed-coherent-state">Squeezed coherent state</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="squeezed-coherent-state"></a><a href="#_toc/position-and-momentum-space" class="u"> Position and momentum space</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/energy-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#energy-operator">Energy operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="energy-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/uncertainty-principle" class="u"> Uncertainty principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/time-energy-uncertainty-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#time-energy-uncertainty-principle">Time-energy uncertainty principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-energy-uncertainty-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/energy-operator" class="u"> Energy operator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/angular-momentum-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#angular-momentum-operator">Angular momentum operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="angular-momentum-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/uncertainty-principle" class="u"> Uncertainty principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/total-angular-momentum-operator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#total-angular-momentum-operator">Total angular momentum operator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="total-angular-momentum-operator"></a><a href="#_toc/angular-momentum-operator" class="u"> Angular momentum operator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/complementarity-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#complementarity-physics">Complementarity <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="complementarity-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/uncertainty-principle" class="u"> Uncertainty principle</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/conservation-laws-in-schrodinger-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#conservation-laws-in-schrodinger-equations">Conservation laws in Schrodinger equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="conservation-laws-in-schrodinger-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/conservation-of-the-square-amplitude-in-the-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#conservation-of-the-square-amplitude-in-the-schrodinger-equation">Conservation of the square amplitude in the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="conservation-of-the-square-amplitude-in-the-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/conservation-laws-in-schrodinger-equations" class="u"> Conservation laws in Schrodinger equations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/probability-current"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#probability-current">Probability current</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="probability-current"></a><a href="#_toc/conservation-of-the-square-amplitude-in-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Conservation of the square amplitude in the Schrodinger equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/wave-function"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#wave-function">Wave function <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">ψ</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wave-function"></a><a href="#_toc/schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Schrödinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 77</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/matter-wave"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#matter-wave">Matter wave <span class="meta">(1923)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="matter-wave"></a><a href="#_toc/wave-function" class="u"> Wave function</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electron-diffraction-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#electron-diffraction-experiment">Electron diffraction experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-diffraction-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/matter-wave" class="u"> Matter wave</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/diffraction-of-cathode-rays-by-a-thin-film-by-thomson-and-reid-1927"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#diffraction-of-cathode-rays-by-a-thin-film-by-thomson-and-reid-1927">Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film by Thomson and Reid (1927)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffraction-of-cathode-rays-by-a-thin-film-by-thomson-and-reid-1927"></a><a href="#_toc/electron-diffraction-experiment" class="u"> Electron diffraction experiment</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/davisson-germer-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#davisson-germer-experiment">Davisson-Germer experiment <span class="meta">(1927, Electron diffraction pattern)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="davisson-germer-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/electron-diffraction-experiment" class="u"> Electron diffraction experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/de-broglie-relations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#de-broglie-relations">de Broglie relations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="de-broglie-relations"></a><a href="#_toc/matter-wave" class="u"> Matter wave</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/equivalent-alternatives-to-the-schrodinger-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#equivalent-alternatives-to-the-schrodinger-equation">Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="equivalent-alternatives-to-the-schrodinger-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Non-relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 35</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/matrix-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#matrix-mechanics">Matrix mechanics <span class="meta">(1925)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="matrix-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/equivalent-alternatives-to-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanical-re-interpretation-of-kinematic-and-mechanical-relations-by-heisenberg-1925"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-mechanical-re-interpretation-of-kinematic-and-mechanical-relations-by-heisenberg-1925">Quantum mechanical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations by Heisenberg (1925) <span class="meta">(Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanical-re-interpretation-of-kinematic-and-mechanical-relations-by-heisenberg-1925"></a><a href="#_toc/matrix-mechanics" class="u"> Matrix mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/heisenberg-picture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#heisenberg-picture">Heisenberg picture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="heisenberg-picture"></a><a href="#_toc/matrix-mechanics" class="u"> Matrix mechanics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/de-broglie-bohm-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#de-broglie-bohm-theory">De Broglie-Bohm theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="de-broglie-bohm-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/equivalent-alternatives-to-the-schrodinger-equation" class="u"> Equivalent alternatives to the Schrodinger equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/planck-einstein-relation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#planck-einstein-relation">Planck-Einstein relation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="planck-einstein-relation"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/planck-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#planck-constant">Planck constant <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">6.62607015</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">34</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.09618em;">J</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⋅</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="planck-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/planck-einstein-relation" class="u"> Planck-Einstein relation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/reduced-planck-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#reduced-planck-constant">Reduced Planck constant <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6889em;"></span><span class="mord">ℏ</span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord">/2</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">π</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reduced-planck-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/planck-constant" class="u"> Planck constant</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/relativistic-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics">Relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics-split"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7k</span><span class="dcnt"> 171</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-schrodinger-equation-is-not-relativistic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#the-schrodinger-equation-is-not-relativistic">The Schrödinger equation is not relativistic</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-schrodinger-equation-is-not-relativistic"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Relativistic quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dirac-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#dirac-equation">Dirac equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 872</span><span class="dcnt"> 54</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission">Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 59</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spontaneous-emission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spontaneous-emission">Spontaneous emission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spontaneous-emission"></a><a href="#_toc/absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission" class="u"> Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spontaneous-emission-defies-causality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spontaneous-emission-defies-causality">Spontaneous emission defies causality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spontaneous-emission-defies-causality"></a><a href="#_toc/spontaneous-emission" class="u"> Spontaneous emission</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/photon-absorption"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#photon-absorption">Photon absorption</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photon-absorption"></a><a href="#_toc/absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission" class="u"> Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/stimulated-emission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#stimulated-emission">Stimulated emission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stimulated-emission"></a><a href="#_toc/absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission" class="u"> Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-stimulated-emission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#history-of-stimulated-emission">History of stimulated emission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-stimulated-emission"></a><a href="#_toc/stimulated-emission" class="u"> Stimulated emission</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/on-the-quantum-theory-of-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#on-the-quantum-theory-of-radiation">On the Quantum Theory of Radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-the-quantum-theory-of-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-stimulated-emission" class="u"> History of stimulated emission</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/einstein-coefficients"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#einstein-coefficients">Einstein coefficients</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="einstein-coefficients"></a><a href="#_toc/absorption-spontaneous-and-stimulated-emission" class="u"> Absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/the-dirac-equation-predicts-spin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#the-dirac-equation-predicts-spin">The Dirac equation predicts spin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-dirac-equation-predicts-spin"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/antimatter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#antimatter">Antimatter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="antimatter"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-creation-and-annihilation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#particle-creation-and-annihilation">Particle creation and annihilation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-creation-and-annihilation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#particle-decay">Particle decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-creation-and-annihilation" class="u"> Particle creation and annihilation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pair-production"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#pair-production">Pair production</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pair-production"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-decay" class="u"> Particle decay</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/relativistic-particle-in-a-box-thought-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#relativistic-particle-in-a-box-thought-experiment">Relativistic particle in a box thought experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-particle-in-a-box-thought-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-creation-and-annihilation" class="u"> Particle creation and annihilation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/the-dirac-equation-is-consistent-with-special-relativity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#the-dirac-equation-is-consistent-with-special-relativity">The Dirac equation is consistent with special relativity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-dirac-equation-is-consistent-with-special-relativity"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/derivation-of-the-dirac-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#derivation-of-the-dirac-equation">Derivation of the Dirac equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="derivation-of-the-dirac-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pauli-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#pauli-equation">Pauli equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pauli-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/klein-gordon-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#klein-gordon-equation">Klein-Gordon equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="klein-gordon-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/derivation-of-the-klein-gordon-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#derivation-of-the-klein-gordon-equation">Derivation of the Klein-Gordon equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="derivation-of-the-klein-gordon-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/klein-gordon-equation" class="u"> Klein-Gordon equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solutions-of-the-dirac-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#solutions-of-the-dirac-equation">Solutions of the Dirac equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solutions-of-the-dirac-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dirac-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#dirac-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom">Dirac equation solution for the hydrogen atom</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-equation-solution-for-the-hydrogen-atom"></a><a href="#_toc/solutions-of-the-dirac-equation" class="u"> Solutions of the Dirac equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spin-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-physics">Spin <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 318</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spin-experiments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-experiments">Spin experiments</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-experiments"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-physics" class="u"> Spin</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 88</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/stern-gerlach-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#stern-gerlach-experiment">Stern-Gerlach experiment <span class="meta">(1921)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stern-gerlach-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-experiments" class="u"> Spin experiments</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-stern-gerlach-experiment-needs-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#the-stern-gerlach-experiment-needs-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field">The Stern-Gerlach experiment needs an inhomogenous magnetic field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-stern-gerlach-experiment-needs-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/stern-gerlach-experiment" class="u"> Stern-Gerlach experiment</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/stern-gerlach-experiment-paper"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#stern-gerlach-experiment-paper">Stern-Gerlach experiment paper</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stern-gerlach-experiment-paper"></a><a href="#_toc/stern-gerlach-experiment" class="u"> Stern-Gerlach experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-experimental-proof-of-directional-quantization-in-the-magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#the-experimental-proof-of-directional-quantization-in-the-magnetic-field">The experimental proof of directional quantization in the magnetic field <span class="meta">(1922)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-experimental-proof-of-directional-quantization-in-the-magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/stern-gerlach-experiment-paper" class="u"> Stern-Gerlach experiment paper</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spintronics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spintronics">Spintronics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spintronics"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-experiments" class="u"> Spin experiments</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spin-valve"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-valve">Spin valve</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-valve"></a><a href="#_toc/spintronics" class="u"> Spintronics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tunnel-magnetoresistance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#tunnel-magnetoresistance">Tunnel magnetoresistance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tunnel-magnetoresistance"></a><a href="#_toc/spintronics" class="u"> Spintronics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/giant-magnetoresistance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#giant-magnetoresistance">Giant magnetoresistance <span class="meta">(1988)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="giant-magnetoresistance"></a><a href="#_toc/spintronics" class="u"> Spintronics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spin-transfer-torque"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-transfer-torque">Spin-transfer torque <span class="meta">(1996)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-transfer-torque"></a><a href="#_toc/spintronics" class="u"> Spintronics</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spin-number-of-a-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-number-of-a-field">Spin number of a field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-number-of-a-field"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-physics" class="u"> Spin</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spin-0"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-0">Spin 0</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-0"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-number-of-a-field" class="u"> Spin number of a field</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spin-half"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-half">Spin half</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-half"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-number-of-a-field" class="u"> Spin number of a field</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/spin-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-1">Spin 1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-1"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-number-of-a-field" class="u"> Spin number of a field</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/proca-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#proca-equation">Proca equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proca-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-1" class="u"> Spin 1</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/spin-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-2">Spin 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-2"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-number-of-a-field" class="u"> Spin number of a field</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/why-is-the-spin-of-the-electron-half"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#why-is-the-spin-of-the-electron-half">Why is the spin of the electron half?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-is-the-spin-of-the-electron-half"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-number-of-a-field" class="u"> Spin number of a field</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pauli-exclusion-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#pauli-exclusion-principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pauli-exclusion-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/spin-physics" class="u"> Spin</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/slater-determinant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#slater-determinant">Slater determinant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="slater-determinant"></a><a href="#_toc/pauli-exclusion-principle" class="u"> Pauli exclusion principle</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fermions-bosons-and-anyons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#fermions-bosons-and-anyons">Fermions, bosons and anyons</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fermions-bosons-and-anyons"></a><a href="#_toc/pauli-exclusion-principle" class="u"> Pauli exclusion principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fermion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#fermion">Fermion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fermion"></a><a href="#_toc/fermions-bosons-and-anyons" class="u"> Fermions, bosons and anyons</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/boson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#boson">Boson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="boson"></a><a href="#_toc/fermions-bosons-and-anyons" class="u"> Fermions, bosons and anyons</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/anyon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#anyon">Anyon <span class="meta">(experimental: 2020, 2D only)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anyon"></a><a href="#_toc/fermions-bosons-and-anyons" class="u"> Fermions, bosons and anyons</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/abelian-an-non-abelian-anyons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#abelian-an-non-abelian-anyons">Abelian an non abelian anyons</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abelian-an-non-abelian-anyons"></a><a href="#_toc/anyon" class="u"> Anyon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/abelian-anyon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#abelian-anyon">Abelian anyon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abelian-anyon"></a><a href="#_toc/abelian-an-non-abelian-anyons" class="u"> Abelian an non abelian anyons</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/non-abelian-anyon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#non-abelian-anyon">Non Abelian anyon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="non-abelian-anyon"></a><a href="#_toc/abelian-an-non-abelian-anyons" class="u"> Abelian an non abelian anyons</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/spin-statistics-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#spin-statistics-theorem">Spin-statistics theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spin-statistics-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/pauli-exclusion-principle" class="u"> Pauli exclusion principle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/electron-degeneracy-pressure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#electron-degeneracy-pressure">Electron degeneracy pressure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-degeneracy-pressure"></a><a href="#_toc/pauli-exclusion-principle" class="u"> Pauli exclusion principle</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dirac-lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#dirac-lagrangian">Dirac Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation" class="u"> Dirac equation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dirac-adjoint"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#dirac-adjoint">Dirac adjoint</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-adjoint"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-lagrangian" class="u"> Dirac Lagrangian</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gamma-matrices"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#gamma-matrices">Gamma matrices</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gamma-matrices"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-lagrangian" class="u"> Dirac Lagrangian</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/feynman-slash-notation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics#feynman-slash-notation">Feynman slash notation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="feynman-slash-notation"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-lagrangian" class="u"> Dirac Lagrangian</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory">Quantum field theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-split"></a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Relativistic quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 114</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field">Quantum field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory">Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 391</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gauge-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#gauge-theory">Gauge theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gauge-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lattice-gauge-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#lattice-gauge-theory">Lattice gauge theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lattice-gauge-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/gauge-theory" class="u"> Gauge theory</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gauge-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#gauge-field">Gauge field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gauge-field"></a><a href="#_toc/gauge-theory" class="u"> Gauge theory</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gauge-symmetry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#gauge-symmetry">Gauge symmetry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gauge-symmetry"></a><a href="#_toc/gauge-theory" class="u"> Gauge theory</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/fock-space"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#fock-space">Fock space</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fock-space"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/second-quantization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#second-quantization">Second quantization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="second-quantization"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/canonical-quantization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#canonical-quantization">Canonical quantization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="canonical-quantization"></a><a href="#_toc/second-quantization" class="u"> Second quantization</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/path-integral-formulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#path-integral-formulation">Path integral formulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="path-integral-formulation"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-particles-take-all-possible-paths"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-particles-take-all-possible-paths">Quantum particles take all possible paths</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-particles-take-all-possible-paths"></a><a href="#_toc/path-integral-formulation" class="u"> Path integral formulation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/propagator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#propagator">Propagator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="propagator"></a><a href="#_toc/path-integral-formulation" class="u"> Path integral formulation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/infinitely-many-slits-thought-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#infinitely-many-slits-thought-experiment">Infinitely many slits thought experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infinitely-many-slits-thought-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/path-integral-formulation" class="u"> Path integral formulation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/renormalization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#renormalization">Renormalization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="renormalization"></a><a href="#_toc/mathematical-formulation-of-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Mathematical formulation of quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 225</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mass-renormalization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#mass-renormalization">Mass renormalization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mass-renormalization"></a><a href="#_toc/renormalization" class="u"> Renormalization</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/renormalization-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#renormalization-group">Renormalization group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="renormalization-group"></a><a href="#_toc/renormalization" class="u"> Renormalization</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cutoff-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#cutoff-energy">Cutoff energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cutoff-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/renormalization" class="u"> Renormalization</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/effective-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#effective-field-theory">Effective field theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="effective-field-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/renormalization" class="u"> Renormalization</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/yang-mills-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#yang-mills-theory">Yang-Mills theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yang-mills-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/renormalization" class="u"> Renormalization</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/yang-mills-existence-and-mass-gap"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#yang-mills-existence-and-mass-gap">Yang-Mills existence and mass gap</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yang-mills-existence-and-mass-gap"></a><a href="#_toc/yang-mills-theory" class="u"> Yang-Mills theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wightman-axioms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#wightman-axioms">Wightman axioms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wightman-axioms"></a><a href="#_toc/yang-mills-existence-and-mass-gap" class="u"> Yang-Mills existence and mass gap</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-electrodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-electrodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 32</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics-experiment">Quantum electrodynamics experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-electrodynamics-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 337</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lamb-shift"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#lamb-shift">Lamb shift <span class="meta">(1947)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lamb-shift"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lamb-retherford-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#lamb-retherford-experiment">Lamb-Retherford experiment <span class="meta">(1947, Lamb shift experiment)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lamb-retherford-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/lamb-shift" class="u"> Lamb shift</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electron-magnetic-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#electron-magnetic-moment">Electron magnetic moment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-magnetic-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 80</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment">Anomalous magnetic dipole moment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/electron-magnetic-moment" class="u"> Electron magnetic moment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment-of-the-electron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment-of-the-electron">Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment-of-the-electron"></a><a href="#_toc/anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment" class="u"> Anomalous magnetic dipole moment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-magnetic-moment-of-the-electron-by-kusch-and-foley-1948"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#the-magnetic-moment-of-the-electron-by-kusch-and-foley-1948">The Magnetic Moment of the Electron by Kusch and Foley (1948)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-magnetic-moment-of-the-electron-by-kusch-and-foley-1948"></a><a href="#_toc/anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment-of-the-electron" class="u"> Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the electron</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dirac-equation-vs-quantum-electrodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#dirac-equation-vs-quantum-electrodynamics">Dirac equation vs quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dirac-equation-vs-quantum-electrodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-experiment" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics experiment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-dirac-equation-does-not-work-for-more-than-one-electron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#the-dirac-equation-does-not-work-for-more-than-one-electron">The Dirac equation does not work for more than one electron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-dirac-equation-does-not-work-for-more-than-one-electron"></a><a href="#_toc/dirac-equation-vs-quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Dirac equation vs quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/applications-of-quantum-electrodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#applications-of-quantum-electrodynamics">Applications of quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applications-of-quantum-electrodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian">Quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/derivation-of-the-quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#derivation-of-the-quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian">Derivation of the quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="derivation-of-the-quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-lagrangian" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics Lagrangian</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/what-does-it-mean-that-photons-are-force-carriers-for-electromagnetism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#what-does-it-mean-that-photons-are-force-carriers-for-electromagnetism">What does it mean that photons are force carriers for electromagnetism?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="what-does-it-mean-that-photons-are-force-carriers-for-electromagnetism"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/photon-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#photon-field">Photon field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photon-field"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/schwinger-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#schwinger-effect">Schwinger effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="schwinger-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/feynman-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#feynman-diagram">Feynman diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="feynman-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/feynman-diagram-solver"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#feynman-diagram-solver">Feynman diagram solver</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="feynman-diagram-solver"></a><a href="#_toc/feynman-diagram" class="u"> Feynman diagram</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/does-the-exact-position-of-vertices-matter-in-feynman-diagrams"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#does-the-exact-position-of-vertices-matter-in-feynman-diagrams">Does the exact position of vertices matter in Feynman diagrams?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="does-the-exact-position-of-vertices-matter-in-feynman-diagrams"></a><a href="#_toc/feynman-diagram" class="u"> Feynman diagram</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/wheeler-feynman-absorber-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#wheeler-feynman-absorber-theory">Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wheeler-feynman-absorber-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cavity-quantum-electrodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#cavity-quantum-electrodynamics">Cavity quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cavity-quantum-electrodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/circuit-quantum-electrodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#circuit-quantum-electrodynamics">Circuit quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="circuit-quantum-electrodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/cavity-quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Cavity quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/positrons-are-electrons-travelling-back-in-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#positrons-are-electrons-travelling-back-in-time">Positrons are electrons travelling back in time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="positrons-are-electrons-travelling-back-in-time"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography">Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 176</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-theory-of-radiation-by-fermi-1932"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-theory-of-radiation-by-fermi-1932">Quantum Theory of Radiation by Fermi (1932)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-theory-of-radiation-by-fermi-1932"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/advanced-quantum-mechanics-by-freeman-dyson-1951"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#advanced-quantum-mechanics-by-freeman-dyson-1951">Advanced quantum mechanics by Freeman Dyson (1951)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="advanced-quantum-mechanics-by-freeman-dyson-1951"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/selected-papers-on-quantum-electrodynamics-by-julian-schwinger-1958"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#selected-papers-on-quantum-electrodynamics-by-julian-schwinger-1958">Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics by Julian Schwinger (1958)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="selected-papers-on-quantum-electrodynamics-by-julian-schwinger-1958"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979">Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-mechanical-view-of-reality-by-richard-feynman-1983"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-mechanical-view-of-reality-by-richard-feynman-1983">Quantum Mechanical View of Reality by Richard Feynman (1983)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-mechanical-view-of-reality-by-richard-feynman-1983"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979" class="u"> Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-by-lifshitz-et-al-2nd-edition-1982"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics-by-lifshitz-et-al-2nd-edition-1982">Quantum electrodynamics by Lifshitz et al. 2nd edition (1982)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-electrodynamics-by-lifshitz-et-al-2nd-edition-1982"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/physics-253a-by-sidney-coleman-1986"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#physics-253a-by-sidney-coleman-1986">Physics 253a by Sidney Coleman (1986)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-253a-by-sidney-coleman-1986"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/qed-and-the-men-who-made-it-dyson-feynman-schwinger-and-tomonaga-by-silvan-schweber-1994"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#qed-and-the-men-who-made-it-dyson-feynman-schwinger-and-tomonaga-by-silvan-schweber-1994">QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="qed-and-the-men-who-made-it-dyson-feynman-schwinger-and-tomonaga-by-silvan-schweber-1994"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/advanced-quantum-mechanics-ii-by-douglas-gingrich-2004"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#advanced-quantum-mechanics-ii-by-douglas-gingrich-2004">Advanced quantum mechanics II by Douglas Gingrich (2004)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="advanced-quantum-mechanics-ii-by-douglas-gingrich-2004"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-electrodynamics-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum electrodynamics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/weak-interaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#weak-interaction">Weak interaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="weak-interaction"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electroweak-interaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#electroweak-interaction">Electroweak interaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electroweak-interaction"></a><a href="#_toc/weak-interaction" class="u"> Weak interaction</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/parity-violation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#parity-violation">Parity violation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="parity-violation"></a><a href="#_toc/weak-interaction" class="u"> Weak interaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wu-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#wu-experiment">Wu experiment <span class="meta">(1956)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wu-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/parity-violation" class="u"> Parity violation</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cp-violation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#cp-violation">CP Violation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cp-violation"></a><a href="#_toc/parity-violation" class="u"> Parity violation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cpt-symmetry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#cpt-symmetry">CPT symmetry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cpt-symmetry"></a><a href="#_toc/cp-violation" class="u"> CP Violation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/strong-cp-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#strong-cp-problem">Strong CP problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="strong-cp-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/cp-violation" class="u"> CP Violation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/weak-charge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#weak-charge">Weak charge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="weak-charge"></a><a href="#_toc/weak-interaction" class="u"> Weak interaction</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/w-boson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#w-boson">W boson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="w-boson"></a><a href="#_toc/weak-interaction" class="u"> Weak interaction</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/z-boson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#z-boson">Z boson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="z-boson"></a><a href="#_toc/weak-interaction" class="u"> Weak interaction</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-chromodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics <span class="meta">(QCD)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-chromodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quark">Quark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quark"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/down-quark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#down-quark">Down quark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="down-quark"></a><a href="#_toc/quark" class="u"> Quark</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/up-quark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#up-quark">Up quark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="up-quark"></a><a href="#_toc/quark" class="u"> Quark</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-do-the-up-ad-down-quarks-have-different-masses"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#why-do-the-up-ad-down-quarks-have-different-masses">Why do the up ad down quarks have different masses?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-do-the-up-ad-down-quarks-have-different-masses"></a><a href="#_toc/up-quark" class="u"> Up quark</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/strange-quark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#strange-quark">Strange quark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="strange-quark"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gluon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#gluon">Gluon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gluon"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/glueball"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#glueball">Glueball</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="glueball"></a><a href="#_toc/gluon" class="u"> Gluon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/proton-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#proton-decay">Proton decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="proton-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/strong-interaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#strong-interaction">Strong interaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="strong-interaction"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/color-charge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#color-charge">Color charge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="color-charge"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/color-confinement"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#color-confinement">Color confinement</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="color-confinement"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chromodynamics" class="u"> Quantum chromodynamics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-simulations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-simulations">Quantum field theory simulations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-simulations"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nielsen-ninomiya-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#nielsen-ninomiya-theorem">Nielsen-Ninomiya theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nielsen-ninomiya-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-simulations" class="u"> Quantum field theory simulations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/infinities-in-quantum-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#infinities-in-quantum-field-theory">Infinities in quantum field theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infinities-in-quantum-field-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mathematical-consistency-of-quantum-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#mathematical-consistency-of-quantum-field-theory">Mathematical consistency of quantum field theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mathematical-consistency-of-quantum-field-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/infinities-in-quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Infinities in quantum field theory</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/internal-and-spacetime-symmetries"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#internal-and-spacetime-symmetries">Internal and spacetime symmetries</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internal-and-spacetime-symmetries"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/internal-symmetry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#internal-symmetry">Internal symmetry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="internal-symmetry"></a><a href="#_toc/internal-and-spacetime-symmetries" class="u"> Internal and spacetime symmetries</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spacetime-symmetry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#spacetime-symmetry">Spacetime symmetry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spacetime-symmetry"></a><a href="#_toc/internal-and-spacetime-symmetries" class="u"> Internal and spacetime symmetries</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-bibliography">Quantum field theory bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory" class="u"> Quantum field theory</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 968</span><span class="dcnt"> 30</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes">Quantum field theory lecture notes</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum field theory bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/an-introduction-to-qed-and-qcd-by-jeff-forshaw-1997"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#an-introduction-to-qed-and-qcd-by-jeff-forshaw-1997">An Introduction to QED and QCD by Jeff Forshaw (1997)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="an-introduction-to-qed-and-qcd-by-jeff-forshaw-1997"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture notes</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes-by-david-tong-2007"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes-by-david-tong-2007">Quantum Field Theory lecture notes by David Tong (2007)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes-by-david-tong-2007"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture notes</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-book-by-mark-srednicki-2006"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-book-by-mark-srednicki-2006">Quantum Field Theory book by Mark Srednicki (2006)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-book-by-mark-srednicki-2006"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture notes</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lectures"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lectures">Quantum field theory lectures</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lectures"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum field theory bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 463</span><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/relativistic-quantum-mechanics-by-apoorva-d-patel-2014"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#relativistic-quantum-mechanics-by-apoorva-d-patel-2014">Relativistic Quantum Mechanics by Apoorva D Patel (2014)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-quantum-mechanics-by-apoorva-d-patel-2014"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lectures" class="u"> Quantum field theory lectures</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/new-revolutions-in-particle-physics-by-leonard-susskind-2009"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#new-revolutions-in-particle-physics-by-leonard-susskind-2009">New Revolutions in Particle Physics by Leonard Susskind (2009)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="new-revolutions-in-particle-physics-by-leonard-susskind-2009"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lectures" class="u"> Quantum field theory lectures</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute">David Tong's 2009 Quantum Field Theory lectures at the Perimeter Institute</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lectures" class="u"> Quantum field theory lectures</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute/lecture-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute/lecture-1">Lecture 1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute/lecture-1"></a><a href="#_toc/david-tong-s-2009-quantum-field-theory-lectures-at-the-perimeter-institute" class="u"> David Tong's 2009 Quantum Field Theory lectures at the Perimeter Institute</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-courses-by-tobias-osborne"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-courses-by-tobias-osborne">Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-courses-by-tobias-osborne"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lectures" class="u"> Quantum field theory lectures</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 400</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017">Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-courses-by-tobias-osborne" class="u"> Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-1">Lecture 1</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-1"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2">Lecture 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-3"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-3">Lecture 3</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-3"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-4"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-4">Lecture 4</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-4"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-5"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-5">Lecture 5</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-5"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-8"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-8">Lecture 8</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-8"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-9"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-9">Lecture 9</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-9"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-14"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-14">Lecture 14</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-14"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-15"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-15">Lecture 15</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-15"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017">Advanced quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-courses-by-tobias-osborne" class="u"> Quantum field theory courses by Tobias Osborne</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2">Lecture 2</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017/lecture-2"></a><a href="#_toc/advanced-quantum-field-theory-lecture-by-tobias-osborne-2017" class="u"> Advanced quantum field theory lecture by Tobias Osborne (2017)</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-book"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-book">Quantum field theory book</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-book"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-bibliography" class="u"> Quantum field theory bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/no-nonsense-quantum-field-theory-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2020"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#no-nonsense-quantum-field-theory-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2020">No-Nonsense Quantum Field Theory by Jakob Schwichtenberg (2020)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="no-nonsense-quantum-field-theory-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2020"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-for-the-gifted-amateur-by-tom-lancaster-2015"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-for-the-gifted-amateur-by-tom-lancaster-2015">Quantum Field Theory for The Gifted Amateur by Tom Lancaster (2015)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-for-the-gifted-amateur-by-tom-lancaster-2015"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/student-friendly-quantum-field-theory-by-robert-d-klauber-2013"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#student-friendly-quantum-field-theory-by-robert-d-klauber-2013">Student Friendly Quantum Field Theory by Robert D Klauber (2013)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="student-friendly-quantum-field-theory-by-robert-d-klauber-2013"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-in-a-nutshell-by-anthony-zee-2010"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-in-a-nutshell-by-anthony-zee-2010">Quantum field theory in a nutshell by Anthony Zee (2010)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-in-a-nutshell-by-anthony-zee-2010"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/problem-book-in-quantum-field-theory-by-voja-radovanovic-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#problem-book-in-quantum-field-theory-by-voja-radovanovic-2008">Problem Book in Quantum Field Theory by Voja Radovanovic (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="problem-book-in-quantum-field-theory-by-voja-radovanovic-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/quantum-field-theory-demystified-by-david-mcmahon-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-demystified-by-david-mcmahon-2008">Quantum Field Theory Demystified by David McMahon (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-field-theory-demystified-by-david-mcmahon-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/an-introduction-to-quantum-field-theory-by-peskin-and-schroeder-1995"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-field-theory#an-introduction-to-quantum-field-theory-by-peskin-and-schroeder-1995">An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory by Peskin and Schroeder (1995)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="an-introduction-to-quantum-field-theory-by-peskin-and-schroeder-1995"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-field-theory-book" class="u"> Quantum field theory book</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantization-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantization-physics">Quantization <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantization-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantization-of-a-real-scalar-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantization-of-a-real-scalar-field">Quantization of a real scalar field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantization-of-a-real-scalar-field"></a><a href="#_toc/quantization-physics" class="u"> Quantization</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-superposition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-superposition">Quantum superposition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-superposition"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-entanglement"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-entanglement">Quantum entanglement</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-entanglement"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 25</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bell-s-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#bell-s-theorem">Bell's theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bell-s-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-entanglement" class="u"> Quantum entanglement</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bell-test-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#bell-test-experiment">Bell test experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bell-test-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/bell-s-theorem" class="u"> Bell's theorem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/loopholes-in-bell-test-experiments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#loopholes-in-bell-test-experiments">Loopholes in Bell test experiments</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="loopholes-in-bell-test-experiments"></a><a href="#_toc/bell-test-experiment" class="u"> Bell test experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/local-hidden-variable-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#local-hidden-variable-theory">Local hidden-variable theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="local-hidden-variable-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/bell-s-theorem" class="u"> Bell's theorem</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/no-go-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quantum-mechanics#no-go-theorem">No-go theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="no-go-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Quantum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/experimental-particle-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#experimental-particle-physics">Experimental particle physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="experimental-particle-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 41</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cross-section-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cross-section-physics">Cross section <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cross-section-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-particle-physics" class="u"> Experimental particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/barn-unit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#barn-unit">Barn <span class="meta">(unit)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="barn-unit"></a><a href="#_toc/cross-section-physics" class="u"> Cross section</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-detector"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#particle-detector">Particle detector</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-detector"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-particle-physics" class="u"> Experimental particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cloud-chamber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cloud-chamber">Cloud chamber</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cloud-chamber"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-detector" class="u"> Particle detector</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bubble-chamber"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#bubble-chamber">Bubble chamber</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bubble-chamber"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-detector" class="u"> Particle detector</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-accelerator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#particle-accelerator">Particle accelerator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-accelerator"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-particle-physics" class="u"> Experimental particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-accelerator-facility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#particle-accelerator-facility">Particle accelerator facility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-accelerator-facility"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-accelerator" class="u"> Particle accelerator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cern"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cern">CERN</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cern"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-accelerator-facility" class="u"> Particle accelerator facility</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cern-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cern-experiment">CERN experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cern-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/cern" class="u"> CERN</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/large-hadron-collider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#large-hadron-collider">Large Hadron Collider <span class="meta">(LHC)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="large-hadron-collider"></a><a href="#_toc/cern-experiment" class="u"> CERN experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/superconducting-super-collider"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#superconducting-super-collider">Superconducting Super Collider</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-super-collider"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-accelerator-facility" class="u"> Particle accelerator facility</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/synchrotron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#synchrotron">Synchrotron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="synchrotron"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-accelerator" class="u"> Particle accelerator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/cyclotron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cyclotron">Cyclotron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cyclotron"></a><a href="#_toc/synchrotron" class="u"> Synchrotron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/landau-quantization"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#landau-quantization">Landau quantization</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="landau-quantization"></a><a href="#_toc/cyclotron" class="u"> Cyclotron</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/landau-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#landau-level">Landau level</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="landau-level"></a><a href="#_toc/landau-quantization" class="u"> Landau quantization</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-physics">Nuclear physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 107</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/history-of-nuclear-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#history-of-nuclear-physics">History of nuclear physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-nuclear-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-binding-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-binding-energy">Nuclear binding energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-binding-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/semi-empirical-mass-formula"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#semi-empirical-mass-formula">Semi-empirical mass formula</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semi-empirical-mass-formula"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-binding-energy" class="u"> Nuclear binding energy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/atomic-nucleus"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#atomic-nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-nucleus"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nucleon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nucleon">Nucleon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nucleon"></a><a href="#_toc/atomic-nucleus" class="u"> Atomic nucleus</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-force"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-force">Nuclear force</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-force"></a><a href="#_toc/atomic-nucleus" class="u"> Atomic nucleus</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-reaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-reaction">Nuclear reaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-reaction"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 620</span><span class="dcnt"> 28</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-fission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-fission">Nuclear fission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-fission"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-reaction" class="u"> Nuclear reaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 111</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/neutron-temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#neutron-temperature">Neutron temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutron-temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-fission" class="u"> Nuclear fission</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fast-neutron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#fast-neutron">Fast neutron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fast-neutron"></a><a href="#_toc/neutron-temperature" class="u"> Neutron temperature</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thermal-neutron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#thermal-neutron">Thermal neutron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thermal-neutron"></a><a href="#_toc/neutron-temperature" class="u"> Neutron temperature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/neutron-moderation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#neutron-moderation">Neutron moderation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutron-moderation"></a><a href="#_toc/thermal-neutron" class="u"> Thermal neutron</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/slow-neutron"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#slow-neutron">Slow neutron</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="slow-neutron"></a><a href="#_toc/neutron-temperature" class="u"> Neutron temperature</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/fissile-material"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#fissile-material">Fissile material</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fissile-material"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-fission" class="u"> Nuclear fission</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-chain-reaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-chain-reaction">Nuclear chain reaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-chain-reaction"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-fission" class="u"> Nuclear fission</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-reactor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-reactor">Nuclear reactor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-reactor"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-chain-reaction" class="u"> Nuclear chain reaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/breeder-reactor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#breeder-reactor">Breeder reactor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="breeder-reactor"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-reactor" class="u"> Nuclear reactor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/neutron-capture"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#neutron-capture">Neutron capture</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutron-capture"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-reaction" class="u"> Nuclear reaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/neutron-cross-section"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#neutron-cross-section">Neutron cross section</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="neutron-cross-section"></a><a href="#_toc/neutron-capture" class="u"> Neutron capture</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/radioactive-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#radioactive-decay">Radioactive decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="radioactive-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-reaction" class="u"> Nuclear reaction</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 402</span><span class="dcnt"> 15</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-radioactive-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#type-of-radioactive-decay">Type of radioactive decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-radioactive-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/radioactive-decay" class="u"> Radioactive decay</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 48</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alpha-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#alpha-decay">Alpha decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alpha-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-radioactive-decay" class="u"> Type of radioactive decay</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 23</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cluster-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#cluster-decay">Cluster decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cluster-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/alpha-decay" class="u"> Alpha decay</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spontaneous-fission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#spontaneous-fission">Spontaneous fission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spontaneous-fission"></a><a href="#_toc/alpha-decay" class="u"> Alpha decay</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alpha-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#alpha-particle">Alpha particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alpha-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/alpha-decay" class="u"> Alpha decay</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/alpha-particles-have-low-penetration-depth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#alpha-particles-have-low-penetration-depth">Alpha particles have low penetration depth</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alpha-particles-have-low-penetration-depth"></a><a href="#_toc/alpha-particle" class="u"> Alpha particle</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/geiger-nuttall-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#geiger-nuttall-law">Geiger-Nuttall law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="geiger-nuttall-law"></a><a href="#_toc/alpha-particle" class="u"> Alpha particle</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/beta-decay"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#beta-decay">Beta decay</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="beta-decay"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-radioactive-decay" class="u"> Type of radioactive decay</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gamma-ray"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#gamma-ray">Gamma ray</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gamma-ray"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-radioactive-decay" class="u"> Type of radioactive decay</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-isomer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-isomer">Nuclear isomer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-isomer"></a><a href="#_toc/gamma-ray" class="u"> Gamma ray</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gamma-spectroscopy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#gamma-spectroscopy">Gamma spectroscopy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gamma-spectroscopy"></a><a href="#_toc/gamma-ray" class="u"> Gamma ray</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/do-all-gamma-rays-have-the-same-energy-during-a-given-nuclear-reaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#do-all-gamma-rays-have-the-same-energy-during-a-given-nuclear-reaction">Do all gamma rays have the same energy during a given nuclear reaction?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="do-all-gamma-rays-have-the-same-energy-during-a-given-nuclear-reaction"></a><a href="#_toc/gamma-spectroscopy" class="u"> Gamma spectroscopy</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/decay-chain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#decay-chain">Decay chain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="decay-chain"></a><a href="#_toc/radioactive-decay" class="u"> Radioactive decay</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/decay-scheme"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#decay-scheme">Decay scheme</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="decay-scheme"></a><a href="#_toc/radioactive-decay" class="u"> Radioactive decay</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/half-life"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#half-life">Half-life</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="half-life"></a><a href="#_toc/radioactive-decay" class="u"> Radioactive decay</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/isotope"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#isotope">Isotope</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isotope"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 28</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/isotope-separation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#isotope-separation">Isotope separation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isotope-separation"></a><a href="#_toc/isotope" class="u"> Isotope</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gaseous-diffusion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#gaseous-diffusion">Gaseous diffusion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gaseous-diffusion"></a><a href="#_toc/isotope-separation" class="u"> Isotope separation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gas-centrifuge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#gas-centrifuge">Gas centrifuge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gas-centrifuge"></a><a href="#_toc/isotope-separation" class="u"> Isotope separation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-magnetic-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-magnetic-moment">Nuclear magnetic moment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-magnetic-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 272</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-magnetic-resonance">Nuclear magnetic resonance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-magnetic-resonance"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-moment" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic moment</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 9</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-nmr"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#history-of-nmr">History of NMR</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-nmr"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic resonance</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rabi-s-nmr-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#rabi-s-nmr-experiment">Rabi's NMR experiment <span class="meta">(1938)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rabi-s-nmr-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-nmr" class="u"> History of NMR</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rabi-resonance-method"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#rabi-resonance-method">Rabi resonance method</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rabi-resonance-method"></a><a href="#_toc/rabi-s-nmr-experiment" class="u"> Rabi's NMR experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/larmor-precession"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#larmor-precession">Larmor precession</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="larmor-precession"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic resonance</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/larmor-frequency"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#larmor-frequency">Larmor frequency</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="larmor-frequency"></a><a href="#_toc/larmor-precession" class="u"> Larmor precession</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy">Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-resonance-imaging"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#magnetic-resonance-imaging">Magnetic resonance imaging</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-resonance-imaging"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic resonance</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nmr-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#nmr-vendor">NMR vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nmr-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-magnetic-resonance" class="u"> Nuclear magnetic resonance</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bruker-corporation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#bruker-corporation">Bruker Corporation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bruker-corporation"></a><a href="#_toc/nmr-vendor" class="u"> NMR vendor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon">Nuclear weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapon-split"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-physics" class="u"> Nuclear physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 56</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fission-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#fission-weapon">Fission weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fission-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 99</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fission-weapon-by-geometry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#fission-weapon-by-geometry">Fission weapon by geometry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fission-weapon-by-geometry"></a><a href="#_toc/fission-weapon" class="u"> Fission weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 55</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gun-type-fission-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#gun-type-fission-weapon">Gun-type fission weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gun-type-fission-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/fission-weapon-by-geometry" class="u"> Fission weapon by geometry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gun-type-fission-weapons-don-t-work-with-plutonium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#gun-type-fission-weapons-don-t-work-with-plutonium">Gun-type fission weapons don't work with plutonium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gun-type-fission-weapons-don-t-work-with-plutonium"></a><a href="#_toc/gun-type-fission-weapon" class="u"> Gun-type fission weapon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/implosion-type-fission-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#implosion-type-fission-weapon">Implosion-type fission weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="implosion-type-fission-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/fission-weapon-by-geometry" class="u"> Fission weapon by geometry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rala-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#rala-experiment">RaLa Experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rala-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/implosion-type-fission-weapon" class="u"> Implosion-type fission weapon</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/boosted-fission-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#boosted-fission-weapon">Boosted fission weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="boosted-fission-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/fission-weapon" class="u"> Fission weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pit-nuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#pit-nuclear-weapon">Pit <span class="meta">(nuclear weapon)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pit-nuclear-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/fission-weapon" class="u"> Fission weapon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thermonuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#thermonuclear-weapon">Thermonuclear weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thermonuclear-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mark-17-nuclear-bomb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#mark-17-nuclear-bomb">Mark 17 nuclear bomb <span class="meta">(1954-1957)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mark-17-nuclear-bomb"></a><a href="#_toc/thermonuclear-weapon" class="u"> Thermonuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/low-background-steel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#low-background-steel">Low-background steel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="low-background-steel"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapon-design"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapon-design">Nuclear weapon design</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapon-design"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-package-nuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#physics-package-nuclear-weapon">Physics package <span class="meta">(nuclear weapon)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-package-nuclear-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon-design" class="u"> Nuclear weapon design</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/fizzle-nuclear-explosion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#fizzle-nuclear-explosion">Fizzle <span class="meta">(nuclear explosion)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fizzle-nuclear-explosion"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/weapons-grade-nuclear-material"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#weapons-grade-nuclear-material">Weapons-grade nuclear material</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="weapons-grade-nuclear-material"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-site"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-site">Nuclear site</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-site"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapons-testing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapons-testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapons-testing"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapon-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapon-test">Nuclear weapon test</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapon-test"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-testing" class="u"> Nuclear weapons testing</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapon-detonation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapon-detonation">Nuclear weapon detonation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapon-detonation"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-testing" class="u"> Nuclear weapons testing</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki <span class="meta">(1945-08-06 and 1945-08-09)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon-detonation" class="u"> Nuclear weapon detonation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapons-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapons-program">Nuclear weapons program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapons-program"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 898</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/american-nuclear-weapons-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#american-nuclear-weapons-program">American nuclear weapons program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="american-nuclear-weapons-program"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> Nuclear weapons program</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 468</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/american-plutonium-production"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#american-plutonium-production">American plutonium production</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="american-plutonium-production"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> American nuclear weapons program</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/american-nuclear-weapon-facility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#american-nuclear-weapon-facility">American nuclear weapon facility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="american-nuclear-weapon-facility"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> American nuclear weapons program</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 68</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hanford-site"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#hanford-site">Hanford site</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hanford-site"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapon-facility" class="u"> American nuclear weapon facility</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/b-reactor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#b-reactor">B Reactor <span class="meta">(1944)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="b-reactor"></a><a href="#_toc/hanford-site" class="u"> Hanford site</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/savannah-river-site"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#savannah-river-site">Savannah River site</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="savannah-river-site"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapon-facility" class="u"> American nuclear weapon facility</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pantex"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#pantex">Pantex <span class="meta">(Nuclear weapon assembly and disassembly)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pantex"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapon-facility" class="u"> American nuclear weapon facility</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-football"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-football">Nuclear football</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-football"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> American nuclear weapons program</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/manhattan-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#manhattan-project">Manhattan Project <span class="meta">(1942-1946)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="manhattan-project"></a><a href="#_toc/american-nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> American nuclear weapons program</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 38</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/einstein-szilard-letter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#einstein-szilard-letter">Einstein-Szilard letter <span class="meta">(1939-08-02)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="einstein-szilard-letter"></a><a href="#_toc/manhattan-project" class="u"> Manhattan Project</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/chicago-pile-1"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#chicago-pile-1">Chicago Pile-1 <span class="meta">(1942-12-02)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chicago-pile-1"></a><a href="#_toc/manhattan-project" class="u"> Manhattan Project</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/metallurgical-laboratory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#metallurgical-laboratory">Metallurgical Laboratory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metallurgical-laboratory"></a><a href="#_toc/chicago-pile-1" class="u"> Chicago Pile-1</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/trinity-nuclear-test"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#trinity-nuclear-test">Trinity <span class="meta">(nuclear test, 1945-07-16, first nuclear weapon detonated)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="trinity-nuclear-test"></a><a href="#_toc/manhattan-project" class="u"> Manhattan Project</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/british-nuclear-weapons-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#british-nuclear-weapons-program">British nuclear weapons program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="british-nuclear-weapons-program"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> Nuclear weapons program</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/atomic-weapons-establishment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#atomic-weapons-establishment">Atomic Weapons Establishment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-weapons-establishment"></a><a href="#_toc/british-nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> British nuclear weapons program</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/awe-aldermaston"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#awe-aldermaston">AWE Aldermaston</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="awe-aldermaston"></a><a href="#_toc/atomic-weapons-establishment" class="u"> Atomic Weapons Establishment</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/french-nuclear-weapons-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#french-nuclear-weapons-program">French nuclear weapons program</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="french-nuclear-weapons-program"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> Nuclear weapons program</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/german-nuclear-weapons-program"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#german-nuclear-weapons-program">German nuclear weapons program <span class="meta">(Uranprojekt, Uranverein)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="german-nuclear-weapons-program"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapons-program" class="u"> Nuclear weapons program</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/nuclear-weapon-delivery"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-weapon-delivery">Nuclear weapon delivery</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-weapon-delivery"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 93</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-triad"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-triad">Nuclear triad</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-triad"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon-delivery" class="u"> Nuclear weapon delivery</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/intercontinental-ballistic-missile"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#intercontinental-ballistic-missile">Intercontinental ballistic missile</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="intercontinental-ballistic-missile"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon-delivery" class="u"> Nuclear weapon delivery</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 48</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/american-intercontinental-ballistic-missile"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#american-intercontinental-ballistic-missile">American Intercontinental ballistic missile</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="american-intercontinental-ballistic-missile"></a><a href="#_toc/intercontinental-ballistic-missile" class="u"> Intercontinental ballistic missile</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lgm-30-minuteman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#lgm-30-minuteman">LGM-30 Minuteman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lgm-30-minuteman"></a><a href="#_toc/american-intercontinental-ballistic-missile" class="u"> American Intercontinental ballistic missile</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/hardened-intersite-cable-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#hardened-intersite-cable-system">Hardened Intersite Cable System</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hardened-intersite-cable-system"></a><a href="#_toc/lgm-30-minuteman" class="u"> LGM-30 Minuteman</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/multiple-independently-targetable-reentry-vehicle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#multiple-independently-targetable-reentry-vehicle">Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="multiple-independently-targetable-reentry-vehicle"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon-delivery" class="u"> Nuclear weapon delivery</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/salted-bomb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#salted-bomb">Salted bomb</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="salted-bomb"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cobalt-bomb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#cobalt-bomb">Cobalt bomb</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cobalt-bomb"></a><a href="#_toc/salted-bomb" class="u"> Salted bomb</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/tactical-and-strategic-nuclear-weapons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#tactical-and-strategic-nuclear-weapons">Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tactical-and-strategic-nuclear-weapons"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/strategic-nuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#strategic-nuclear-weapon">Strategic nuclear weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="strategic-nuclear-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/tactical-and-strategic-nuclear-weapons" class="u"> Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/tactical-nuclear-weapon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#tactical-nuclear-weapon">Tactical nuclear weapon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tactical-nuclear-weapon"></a><a href="#_toc/tactical-and-strategic-nuclear-weapons" class="u"> Tactical and strategic nuclear weapons</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/variable-yield"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#variable-yield">Variable yield</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="variable-yield"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-nuclear-weapons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#list-of-nuclear-weapons">List of nuclear weapons</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-nuclear-weapons"></a><a href="#_toc/nuclear-weapon" class="u"> Nuclear weapon</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fat-man"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#fat-man">Fat Man <span class="meta">(1945)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fat-man"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-nuclear-weapons" class="u"> List of nuclear weapons</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/little-boy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#little-boy">Little Boy <span class="meta">(1945)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="little-boy"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-nuclear-weapons" class="u"> List of nuclear weapons</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/nuclear-strategy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="nuclear-weapon#nuclear-strategy">Nuclear strategy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nuclear-strategy"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-nuclear-weapons" class="u"> List of nuclear weapons</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-particle-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#history-of-particle-physics">History of particle physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-particle-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-harvest-of-a-century-by-siegmund-brandt-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#the-harvest-of-a-century-by-siegmund-brandt-2008">The Harvest of a Century by Siegmund Brandt (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-harvest-of-a-century-by-siegmund-brandt-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-particle-physics" class="u"> History of particle physics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/inward-bound-by-abraham-pais-1988"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#inward-bound-by-abraham-pais-1988">Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inward-bound-by-abraham-pais-1988"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-particle-physics" class="u"> History of particle physics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#radiation">Radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/penetration-of-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#penetration-of-radiation">Penetration of radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="penetration-of-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/radiation" class="u"> Radiation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-physics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#particle-physics-bibliography">Particle physics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-physics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="u"> Particle physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 429</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pbs-space-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#pbs-space-time">PBS Space Time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pbs-space-time"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-bibliography" class="u"> Particle physics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/2011-phys-485-lecture-videos-by-roger-moore-from-the-university-of-alberta"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#2011-phys-485-lecture-videos-by-roger-moore-from-the-university-of-alberta">2011 PHYS 485 lecture videos by Roger Moore from the University of Alberta</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2011-phys-485-lecture-videos-by-roger-moore-from-the-university-of-alberta"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-bibliography" class="u"> Particle physics bibliography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#particle-physics-youtube-channel">Particle physics YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="particle-physics-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-bibliography" class="u"> Particle physics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/andrew-dotson-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#andrew-dotson-youtube-channel">Andrew Dotson YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="andrew-dotson-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/andrew-dotson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#andrew-dotson">Andrew Dotson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="andrew-dotson"></a><a href="#_toc/andrew-dotson-youtube-channel" class="u"> Andrew Dotson YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/dietterich-labs"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#dietterich-labs">Dietterich Labs</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dietterich-labs"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pretty-much-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#pretty-much-physics">Pretty Much Physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pretty-much-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/viascience"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#viascience">ViaScience</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="viascience"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-videos-by-eugene-khutoryansky"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#physics-videos-by-eugene-khutoryansky">Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-videos-by-eugene-khutoryansky"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/eugene-khutoryansky"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#eugene-khutoryansky">Eugene Khutoryansky</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="eugene-khutoryansky"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-videos-by-eugene-khutoryansky" class="u"> Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/don-lincoln"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="particle-physics#don-lincoln">Don Lincoln <span class="meta">(particle physicist, YouTubber)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="don-lincoln"></a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Particle physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#energy">Energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="energy"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 33</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/unit-of-measurement-for-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#unit-of-measurement-for-energy">Unit of measurement for energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unit-of-measurement-for-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="u"> Energy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/joule"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#joule">Joule <span class="meta">(J)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="joule"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-measurement-for-energy" class="u"> Unit of measurement for energy</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/watt"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#watt">Watt</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="watt"></a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-measurement-for-energy" class="u"> Unit of measurement for energy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/conservation-of-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#conservation-of-energy">Conservation of energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="conservation-of-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="u"> Energy</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/potential-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#potential-energy">Potential energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="potential-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="u"> Energy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/potential-barrier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#potential-barrier">Potential barrier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="potential-barrier"></a><a href="#_toc/potential-energy" class="u"> Potential energy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/kinetic-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#kinetic-energy">Kinetic energy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kinetic-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="u"> Energy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 33</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2">Why kinetic energy is <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/2</span></span></span></span>?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2"></a><a href="#_toc/kinetic-energy" class="u"> Kinetic energy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 33</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#work-physics">Work <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="u"> Energy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/why-work-is-force-times-distance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#why-work-is-force-times-distance">Why work is force times distance?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-work-is-force-times-distance"></a><a href="#_toc/work-physics" class="u"> Work</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/experimental-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#experimental-physics">Experimental physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="experimental-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theoretical-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#theoretical-physics">Theoretical physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theoretical-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-physics" class="u"> Experimental physics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/field-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#field-physics">Field <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="field-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 230</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/principle-of-locality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#principle-of-locality">Principle of locality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="principle-of-locality"></a><a href="#_toc/field-physics" class="u"> Field</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 135</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/causality"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#causality">Causality</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="causality"></a><a href="#_toc/principle-of-locality" class="u"> Principle of locality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 135</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/causality-in-quantum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#causality-in-quantum-mechanics">Causality in quantum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="causality-in-quantum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/causality" class="u"> Causality</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 135</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible">Causality and quantum jumps are incompatible</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible"></a><a href="#_toc/causality-in-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Causality in quantum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 46</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/law-of-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#law-of-physics">Law of physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="law-of-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#history-of-physics">History of physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics">Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-physics" class="u"> History of physics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/condensed-matter-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics">Condensed matter physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="condensed-matter-physics-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5k</span><span class="dcnt"> 223</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics">Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/molecular-beam"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#molecular-beam">Molecular beam</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="molecular-beam"></a><a href="#_toc/atomic-molecular-and-optical-physics" class="u"> Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solid-state-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#solid-state-physics">Solid-state physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solid-state-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 35</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/crystallography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#crystallography">Crystallography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crystallography"></a><a href="#_toc/solid-state-physics" class="u"> Solid-state physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/crystal-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#crystal-system">Crystal system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crystal-system"></a><a href="#_toc/crystallography" class="u"> Crystallography</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/point-group"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#point-group">Point group</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="point-group"></a><a href="#_toc/crystallography" class="u"> Crystallography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/point-groups-in-two-dimensions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#point-groups-in-two-dimensions">Point groups in two dimensions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="point-groups-in-two-dimensions"></a><a href="#_toc/point-group" class="u"> Point group</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/point-groups-in-three-dimensions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#point-groups-in-three-dimensions">Point groups in three dimensions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="point-groups-in-three-dimensions"></a><a href="#_toc/point-group" class="u"> Point group</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/crystallographic-restriction-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#crystallographic-restriction-theorem">Crystallographic restriction theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crystallographic-restriction-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/point-group" class="u"> Point group</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/bravais-lattice"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#bravais-lattice">Bravais lattice</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bravais-lattice"></a><a href="#_toc/crystallography" class="u"> Crystallography</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/crystal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#crystal">Crystal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="crystal"></a><a href="#_toc/crystallography" class="u"> Crystallography</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/topological-insulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#topological-insulator">Topological insulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="topological-insulator"></a><a href="#_toc/solid-state-physics" class="u"> Solid-state physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/topology-in-condensed-matter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#topology-in-condensed-matter">Topology in condensed matter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="topology-in-condensed-matter"></a><a href="#_toc/topological-insulator" class="u"> Topological insulator</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electronic-band-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electronic-band-theory">Electronic band theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electronic-band-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/direct-and-indirect-band-gaps"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#direct-and-indirect-band-gaps">Direct and indirect band gaps</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="direct-and-indirect-band-gaps"></a><a href="#_toc/electronic-band-theory" class="u"> Electronic band theory</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity">Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 3k</span><span class="dcnt"> 55</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electrical-reactance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electrical-reactance">Electrical reactance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electrical-reactance"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity" class="u"> Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electrical-impedance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electrical-impedance">Electrical impedance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electrical-impedance"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-reactance" class="u"> Electrical reactance</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/four-terminal-sensing"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#four-terminal-sensing">Four-terminal sensing</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-terminal-sensing"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity" class="u"> Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-on-tempreature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-on-tempreature">Dependence of electrical resistivity on tempreature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-on-tempreature"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity" class="u"> Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kondo-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#kondo-effect">Kondo effect <span class="meta">(Resistivity increase when temperature is lowered)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kondo-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/dependence-of-electrical-resistivity-on-tempreature" class="u"> Dependence of electrical resistivity on tempreature</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/semiconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#semiconductor">Semiconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="semiconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity" class="u"> Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/doping-semiconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#doping-semiconductor">Doping <span class="meta">(semiconductor)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="doping-semiconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor" class="u"> Semiconductor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-semiconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-of-semiconductor">Type of semiconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-semiconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/semiconductor" class="u"> Semiconductor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/iii-v-semiconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#iii-v-semiconductor">III-V semiconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="iii-v-semiconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-semiconductor" class="u"> Type of semiconductor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/superconductivity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductivity">Superconductivity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconductivity"></a><a href="#_toc/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity" class="u"> Electrical resistivity and conductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 45</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/superconductor-resistivity-experiment-video"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductor-resistivity-experiment-video">Superconductor resistivity experiment video</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconductor-resistivity-experiment-video"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superconductor-coil-experiment-video"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductor-coil-experiment-video">Superconductor coil experiment video</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconductor-coil-experiment-video"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superconductivity-is-a-a-form-of-superfluidity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductivity-is-a-a-form-of-superfluidity">Superconductivity is a a form of superfluidity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconductivity-is-a-a-form-of-superfluidity"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/cooper-pair"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#cooper-pair">Cooper pair</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cooper-pair"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superconducting-temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-temperature">Superconducting temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superconducting-phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-phase-diagram">Superconducting phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-superconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-of-superconductor">Type of superconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-superconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/type-i-superconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-i-superconductor">Type-I superconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-i-superconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-superconductor" class="u"> Type of superconductor</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/type-ii-superconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-ii-superconductor">Type-II superconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-ii-superconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-superconductor" class="u"> Type of superconductor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/high-temperature-superconductivity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#high-temperature-superconductivity">High-temperature superconductivity <span class="meta">(HTS, 1986)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="high-temperature-superconductivity"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-superconductor" class="u"> Type of superconductor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 63</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/room-temperature-superconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#room-temperature-superconductor">Room temperature superconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="room-temperature-superconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/high-temperature-superconductivity" class="u"> High-temperature superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/resonating-valence-bond-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#resonating-valence-bond-theory">Resonating valence bond theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="resonating-valence-bond-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/room-temperature-superconductor" class="u"> Room temperature superconductor</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/room-temperature-and-pressure-superconductor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#room-temperature-and-pressure-superconductor">Room temperature and pressure superconductor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="room-temperature-and-pressure-superconductor"></a><a href="#_toc/room-temperature-superconductor" class="u"> Room temperature superconductor</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lk-99"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#lk-99">LK-99</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lk-99"></a><a href="#_toc/room-temperature-and-pressure-superconductor" class="u"> Room temperature and pressure superconductor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-high-temperature-superconductors"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#list-of-high-temperature-superconductors">List of High-temperature superconductors</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-high-temperature-superconductors"></a><a href="#_toc/high-temperature-superconductivity" class="u"> High-temperature superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/yttrium-barium-copper-oxide"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#yttrium-barium-copper-oxide">Yttrium barium copper oxide</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="yttrium-barium-copper-oxide"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-high-temperature-superconductors" class="u"> List of High-temperature superconductors</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxide"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxide">Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxide"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-high-temperature-superconductors" class="u"> List of High-temperature superconductors</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/superconducting-material"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-material">Superconducting material</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-material"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/applications-of-superconductivity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#applications-of-superconductivity">Applications of superconductivity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applications-of-superconductivity"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/most-important-superconductor-material"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#most-important-superconductor-material">Most important superconductor material</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="most-important-superconductor-material"></a><a href="#_toc/applications-of-superconductivity" class="u"> Applications of superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/superconductor-i-v-curve"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductor-i-v-curve">Superconductor I-V curve</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconductor-i-v-curve"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/do-superconductors-carry-infinite-current"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#do-superconductors-carry-infinite-current">Do superconductors carry infinite current?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="do-superconductors-carry-infinite-current"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductor-i-v-curve" class="u"> Superconductor I-V curve</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/bcs-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#bcs-theory">BCS Theory <span class="meta">(1957)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bcs-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/josephson-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-effect">Josephson effect <span class="meta">(1962)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/superconductivity" class="u"> Superconductivity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-the-josephson-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#history-of-the-josephson-effect">History of the Josephson effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-the-josephson-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/possible-new-effects-in-superconductive-tunnelling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#possible-new-effects-in-superconductive-tunnelling">Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling <span class="meta">(1963, Prediction of the Josephson effect)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="possible-new-effects-in-superconductive-tunnelling"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-josephson-effect" class="u"> History of the Josephson effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/probable-observation-of-the-josephson-superconducting-tunneling-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#probable-observation-of-the-josephson-superconducting-tunneling-effect">Probable observation of the Josephson superconducting tunneling effect <span class="meta">(1963, Observation of the Josephson effect)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="probable-observation-of-the-josephson-superconducting-tunneling-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-josephson-effect" class="u"> History of the Josephson effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/josephson-effect-regime"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-effect-regime">Josephson effect regime</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-effect-regime"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dc-josephson-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#dc-josephson-effect">DC Josephson effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dc-josephson-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect-regime" class="u"> Josephson effect regime</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ac-josephson-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#ac-josephson-effect">AC Josephson effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ac-josephson-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect-regime" class="u"> Josephson effect regime</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/inverse-ac-josephson-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#inverse-ac-josephson-effect">Inverse AC Josephson effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="inverse-ac-josephson-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect-regime" class="u"> Josephson effect regime</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/shapiro-steps"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#shapiro-steps">Shapiro steps</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shapiro-steps"></a><a href="#_toc/inverse-ac-josephson-effect" class="u"> Inverse AC Josephson effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/josephson-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-equations">Josephson equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/josephson-current"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-current">Josephson current <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07847em;">I</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">c</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-current"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-equations" class="u"> Josephson equations</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/josephson-phase"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-phase">Josephson phase <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">φ</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-phase"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-equations" class="u"> Josephson equations</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/josephson-junction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-junction">Josephson junction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-junction"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pi-josephson-junction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#pi-josephson-junction">Pi Josephson junction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pi-josephson-junction"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-junction" class="u"> Josephson junction</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnetic-flux-quantum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-flux-quantum">Magnetic flux quantum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-flux-quantum"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders">Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders <span class="meta">(1961, Bascom S. Deaver, Jr., William M. Fairbank)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-flux-quantum" class="u"> Magnetic flux quantum</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/josephson-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-constant">Josephson constant</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-flux-quantum" class="u"> Magnetic flux quantum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/symmetry-breaking-in-superconductors"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#symmetry-breaking-in-superconductors">Symmetry breaking in superconductors</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="symmetry-breaking-in-superconductors"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/applications-of-josephson-junctions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#applications-of-josephson-junctions">Applications of Josephson Junctions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="applications-of-josephson-junctions"></a><a href="#_toc/josephson-effect" class="u"> Josephson effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/josephson-voltage-standard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#josephson-voltage-standard">Josephson voltage standard <span class="meta">(JVS)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="josephson-voltage-standard"></a><a href="#_toc/applications-of-josephson-junctions" class="u"> Applications of Josephson Junctions</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/squid-device"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#squid-device">SQUID device</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="squid-device"></a><a href="#_toc/applications-of-josephson-junctions" class="u"> Applications of Josephson Junctions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dc-squid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#dc-squid">DC SQUID</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dc-squid"></a><a href="#_toc/squid-device" class="u"> SQUID device</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/superconducting-tunnel-junction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-tunnel-junction">Superconducting tunnel junction <span class="meta">(STJ)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-tunnel-junction"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/superfluidity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superfluidity">Superfluidity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superfluidity"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/state-of-matter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#state-of-matter">State of matter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="state-of-matter"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/high-pressure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#high-pressure">High pressure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="high-pressure"></a><a href="#_toc/state-of-matter" class="u"> State of matter</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-states-of-matter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#list-of-states-of-matter">List of states of matter</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-states-of-matter"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/solid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#solid">Solid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solid"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-states-of-matter" class="u"> List of states of matter</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/liquid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#liquid">Liquid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="liquid"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-states-of-matter" class="u"> List of states of matter</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#gas">Gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gas"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-states-of-matter" class="u"> List of states of matter</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fermi-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#fermi-gas">Fermi gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fermi-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/gas" class="u"> Gas</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electron-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electron-gas">Electron gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electron-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/fermi-gas" class="u"> Fermi gas</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/two-dimensional-electron-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#two-dimensional-electron-gas">Two-dimensional electron gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-dimensional-electron-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/electron-gas" class="u"> Electron gas</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laughlin-wavefunction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laughlin-wavefunction">Laughlin wavefunction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laughlin-wavefunction"></a><a href="#_toc/two-dimensional-electron-gas" class="u"> Two-dimensional electron gas</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/1d-fermi-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#1d-fermi-gas">1D Fermi gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="1d-fermi-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/fermi-gas" class="u"> Fermi gas</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/impenetrable-bose-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#impenetrable-bose-gas">Impenetrable Bose Gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="impenetrable-bose-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/1d-fermi-gas" class="u"> 1D Fermi gas</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/bose-einstein-condensate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#bose-einstein-condensate">Bose-Einstein condensate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bose-einstein-condensate"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-states-of-matter" class="u"> List of states of matter</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/materials-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#materials-science">Materials science</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="materials-science"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 67</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-material"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-of-material">Type of material</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-material"></a><a href="#_toc/materials-science" class="u"> Materials science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 22</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/glass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#glass">Glass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="glass"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-material" class="u"> Type of material</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-dot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#quantum-dot">Quantum dot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-dot"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-material" class="u"> Type of material</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-dot-single-photon-source"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#quantum-dot-single-photon-source">Quantum dot single photon source</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-dot-single-photon-source"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-dot" class="u"> Quantum dot</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/metal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#metal">Metal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metal"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-material" class="u"> Type of material</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/field-electron-emission"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#field-electron-emission">Field electron emission</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="field-electron-emission"></a><a href="#_toc/metal" class="u"> Metal</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/alloy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#alloy">Alloy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alloy"></a><a href="#_toc/metal" class="u"> Metal</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/binary-alloy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#binary-alloy">Binary alloy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="binary-alloy"></a><a href="#_toc/alloy" class="u"> Alloy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/metallurgy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#metallurgy">Metallurgy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="metallurgy"></a><a href="#_toc/metal" class="u"> Metal</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ingot"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#ingot">Ingot</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ingot"></a><a href="#_toc/metallurgy" class="u"> Metallurgy</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/polymer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#polymer">Polymer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polymer"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-material" class="u"> Type of material</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/plastic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#plastic">Plastic</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="plastic"></a><a href="#_toc/polymer" class="u"> Polymer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/material-property"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#material-property">Material property</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="material-property"></a><a href="#_toc/materials-science" class="u"> Materials science</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 54</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/material-property-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#material-property-database">Material property database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="material-property-database"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 26</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/open-material-property-database"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#open-material-property-database">Open material property database</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="open-material-property-database"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property-database" class="u"> Material property database</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-materials-project"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#the-materials-project">The Materials Project</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-materials-project"></a><a href="#_toc/open-material-property-database" class="u"> Open material property database</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/density"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#density">Density</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="density"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnet">Magnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnet"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 523</span><span class="dcnt"> 26</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/permanent-magnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#permanent-magnet">Permanent magnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="permanent-magnet"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 202</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/curie-temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#curie-temperature">Curie temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="curie-temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/permanent-magnet" class="u"> Permanent magnet</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ferromagnetism"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#ferromagnetism">Ferromagnetism</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ferromagnetism"></a><a href="#_toc/permanent-magnet" class="u"> Permanent magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnetic-hysteresis"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-hysteresis">Magnetic hysteresis</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-hysteresis"></a><a href="#_toc/ferromagnetism" class="u"> Ferromagnetism</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/saturation-magnetisation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#saturation-magnetisation">Saturation magnetisation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="saturation-magnetisation"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-hysteresis" class="u"> Magnetic hysteresis</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/electromagnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electromagnet">Electromagnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnet"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 13</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/electromagnetic-coil"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#electromagnetic-coil">Electromagnetic coil</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="electromagnetic-coil"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnet" class="u"> Electromagnet</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/solenoid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#solenoid">Solenoid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solenoid"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnet" class="u"> Electromagnet</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lifting-electromagnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#lifting-electromagnet">Lifting electromagnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lifting-electromagnet"></a><a href="#_toc/electromagnet" class="u"> Electromagnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/breaking-bad-magnet-scene"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#breaking-bad-magnet-scene">Breaking Bad magnet scene</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="breaking-bad-magnet-scene"></a><a href="#_toc/lifting-electromagnet" class="u"> Lifting electromagnet</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ising-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#ising-model">Ising model <span class="meta">(1920)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ising-model"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/solution-of-the-ising-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#solution-of-the-ising-model">Solution of the Ising model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solution-of-the-ising-model"></a><a href="#_toc/ising-model" class="u"> Ising model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/1d-ising-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#1d-ising-model">1D Ising model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="1d-ising-model"></a><a href="#_toc/ising-model" class="u"> Ising model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/2d-ising-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#2d-ising-model">2D Ising model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2d-ising-model"></a><a href="#_toc/ising-model" class="u"> Ising model</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/3d-ising-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#3d-ising-model">3D Ising model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-ising-model"></a><a href="#_toc/ising-model" class="u"> Ising model</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/magnetic-dipole"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-dipole">Magnetic dipole <span class="meta">(tiny idealized magnet)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-dipole"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-dipole-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-dipole-moment">Magnetic dipole moment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-dipole-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-dipole" class="u"> Magnetic dipole</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-magnetic-field">Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/magnetic-dipole" class="u"> Magnetic dipole</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-homogenous-magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-homogenous-magnetic-field">Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a homogenous magnetic field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-homogenous-magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-magnetic-field" class="u"> Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/magnetic-dipole-in-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-dipole-in-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field">Magnetic dipole in an inhomogenous magnetic field</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="magnetic-dipole-in-an-inhomogenous-magnetic-field"></a><a href="#_toc/interaction-between-a-magnetic-dipole-and-a-magnetic-field" class="u"> Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a magnetic field</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/compass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#compass">Compass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compass"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/water-compass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#water-compass">Water compass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="water-compass"></a><a href="#_toc/compass" class="u"> Compass</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/superconducting-magnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-magnet">Superconducting magnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-magnet"></a><a href="#_toc/magnet" class="u"> Magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 41</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/superconducting-magnet-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconducting-magnet-vendor">Superconducting magnet vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="superconducting-magnet-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/superconducting-magnet" class="u"> Superconducting magnet</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/oxford-instruments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#oxford-instruments">Oxford Instruments <span class="meta">(1959)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="oxford-instruments"></a><a href="#_toc/superconducting-magnet-vendor" class="u"> Superconducting magnet vendor</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/high-temperature-superconductor-superconducting-magnet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#high-temperature-superconductor-superconducting-magnet">High temperature superconductor superconducting magnet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="high-temperature-superconductor-superconducting-magnet"></a><a href="#_toc/superconducting-magnet" class="u"> Superconducting magnet</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-material-property"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#optical-material-property">Optical material property</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-material-property"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 399</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/black-body-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#black-body-radiation">Black-body radiation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="black-body-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-material-property" class="u"> Optical material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/planck-s-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#planck-s-law">Planck's law <span class="meta">(1900)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="planck-s-law"></a><a href="#_toc/black-body-radiation" class="u"> Black-body radiation</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/wien-approximation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#wien-approximation">Wien approximation <span class="meta">(1896)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wien-approximation"></a><a href="#_toc/planck-s-law" class="u"> Planck's law</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/rayleigh-jeans-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#rayleigh-jeans-law">Rayleigh-Jeans law <span class="meta">(1900)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rayleigh-jeans-law"></a><a href="#_toc/planck-s-law" class="u"> Planck's law</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/black-body-radiation-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#black-body-radiation-experiment">Black-body radiation experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="black-body-radiation-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/black-body-radiation" class="u"> Black-body radiation</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ultraviolet-catastrophe"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#ultraviolet-catastrophe">Ultraviolet catastrophe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ultraviolet-catastrophe"></a><a href="#_toc/black-body-radiation" class="u"> Black-body radiation</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/transparency-electromagnetic-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#transparency-electromagnetic-radiation">Transparency <span class="meta">(electromagnetic radiation)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="transparency-electromagnetic-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-material-property" class="u"> Optical material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/absorption-electromagnetic-radiation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#absorption-electromagnetic-radiation">Absorption <span class="meta">(electromagnetic radiation)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="absorption-electromagnetic-radiation"></a><a href="#_toc/transparency-electromagnetic-radiation" class="u"> Transparency</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/piezoelectricity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#piezoelectricity">Piezoelectricity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="piezoelectricity"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/piezoelectric-actuator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#piezoelectric-actuator">Piezoelectric actuator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="piezoelectric-actuator"></a><a href="#_toc/piezoelectricity" class="u"> Piezoelectricity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/piezoelectric-motor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#piezoelectric-motor">Piezoelectric motor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="piezoelectric-motor"></a><a href="#_toc/piezoelectric-actuator" class="u"> Piezoelectric actuator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/piezo-ignition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#piezo-ignition">Piezo ignition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="piezo-ignition"></a><a href="#_toc/piezoelectricity" class="u"> Piezoelectricity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/photoluminescence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#photoluminescence">Photoluminescence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="photoluminescence"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fluorescence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#fluorescence">Fluorescence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fluorescence"></a><a href="#_toc/photoluminescence" class="u"> Photoluminescence</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fluorometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#fluorometer">Fluorometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fluorometer"></a><a href="#_toc/fluorescence" class="u"> Fluorescence</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/phosphorescence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#phosphorescence">Phosphorescence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phosphorescence"></a><a href="#_toc/fluorescence" class="u"> Fluorescence</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/specific-heat-capacity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#specific-heat-capacity">Specific heat capacity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="specific-heat-capacity"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 36</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/einstein-solid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#einstein-solid">Einstein solid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="einstein-solid"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-heat-capacity" class="u"> Specific heat capacity</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/dulong-petit-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#dulong-petit-law">Dulong-Petit law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dulong-petit-law"></a><a href="#_toc/einstein-solid" class="u"> Einstein solid</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/debye-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#debye-model">Debye model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="debye-model"></a><a href="#_toc/specific-heat-capacity" class="u"> Specific heat capacity</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/viscosity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#viscosity">Viscosity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="viscosity"></a><a href="#_toc/material-property" class="u"> Material property</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pitch-drop-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#pitch-drop-experiment">Pitch drop experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pitch-drop-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/viscosity" class="u"> Viscosity</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser">Laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 327</span><span class="dcnt"> 24</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/history-of-the-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#history-of-the-laser">History of the laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-the-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-history-of-the-laser-by-mario-bertolotti"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#the-history-of-the-laser-by-mario-bertolotti">The History of the Laser by Mario Bertolotti <span class="meta">(2003)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-history-of-the-laser-by-mario-bertolotti"></a><a href="#_toc/history-of-the-laser" class="u"> History of the laser</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/laser-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-spectrum">Laser spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laser-linewidth"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-linewidth">Laser linewidth</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-linewidth"></a><a href="#_toc/laser-spectrum" class="u"> Laser spectrum</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/laser-gain-curve"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-gain-curve">Laser gain curve</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-gain-curve"></a><a href="#_toc/laser-spectrum" class="u"> Laser spectrum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lasers-vs-other-light-sources"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#lasers-vs-other-light-sources">Lasers vs other light sources</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lasers-vs-other-light-sources"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lasers-emit-a-narrow-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#lasers-emit-a-narrow-spectrum">Lasers emit a narrow spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lasers-emit-a-narrow-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/lasers-vs-other-light-sources" class="u"> Lasers vs other light sources</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laser-spectrum-vs-led-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-spectrum-vs-led-spectrum">Laser spectrum vs LED spectrum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-spectrum-vs-led-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/lasers-emit-a-narrow-spectrum" class="u"> Lasers emit a narrow spectrum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/why-can-t-you-collimate-incoherent-light-as-well-as-a-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#why-can-t-you-collimate-incoherent-light-as-well-as-a-laser">Why can't you collimate incoherent light as well as a laser?</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="why-can-t-you-collimate-incoherent-light-as-well-as-a-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/lasers-vs-other-light-sources" class="u"> Lasers vs other light sources</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#type-of-laser">Type of laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/maser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#maser">Maser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maser"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fiber-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#fiber-laser">Fiber laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fiber-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gas-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#gas-laser">Gas laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gas-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/laser-diode"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-diode">Laser diode</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-diode"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laser-pointer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-pointer">Laser pointer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-pointer"></a><a href="#_toc/laser-diode" class="u"> Laser diode</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/three-level-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#three-level-laser">Three-level laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="three-level-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/four-level-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#four-level-laser">Four-level laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="four-level-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-laser" class="u"> Type of laser</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/are-lasers-polarized"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#are-lasers-polarized">Are lasers polarized</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="are-lasers-polarized"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/optical-tweezers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#optical-tweezers">Optical tweezers</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="optical-tweezers"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/laser-cooling"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-cooling">Laser cooling</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-cooling"></a><a href="#_toc/optical-tweezers" class="u"> Optical tweezers</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/population-inversion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#population-inversion">Population inversion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="population-inversion"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pulsed-laser"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#pulsed-laser">Pulsed laser</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pulsed-laser"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/laser-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser-vendor">Laser vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="laser-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/laser" class="u"> Laser</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/coherent-inc"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#coherent-inc">Coherent, Inc.</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coherent-inc"></a><a href="#_toc/laser-vendor" class="u"> Laser vendor</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quasiparticle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#quasiparticle">Quasiparticle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quasiparticle"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quasiparticles-vs-elementary-particles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#quasiparticles-vs-elementary-particles">Quasiparticles vs elementary particles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quasiparticles-vs-elementary-particles"></a><a href="#_toc/quasiparticle" class="u"> Quasiparticle</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/history-of-condensed-matter-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#history-of-condensed-matter-physics">History of condensed matter physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="history-of-condensed-matter-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/condensed-matter-physics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#condensed-matter-physics-bibliography">Condensed matter Physics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="condensed-matter-physics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="u"> Condensed matter physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 40</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/condensed-matter-university-course"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#condensed-matter-university-course">Condensed matter university course</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="condensed-matter-university-course"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics-bibliography" class="u"> Condensed matter Physics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 39</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft">Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft-split"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-university-course" class="u"> Condensed matter university course</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 37</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions">Many Body Wavefunctions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft" class="u"> Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/bosons-and-fermions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/bosons-and-fermions">Bosons and Fermions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/bosons-and-fermions"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions" class="u"> Many Body Wavefunctions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/two-particles"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/two-particles">Two Particles</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/two-particles"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/bosons-and-fermions" class="u"> Bosons and Fermions</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/product-states"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/product-states">Product States</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/product-states"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/bosons-and-fermions" class="u"> Bosons and Fermions</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas">The 1D Fermi Gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions" class="u"> Many Body Wavefunctions</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-ground-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-ground-state">Ground State</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-ground-state"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas" class="u"> The 1D Fermi Gas</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-density"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-density">Density; Density Matrix; Pair Distribution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/1d-fermi-gas-density"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas" class="u"> The 1D Fermi Gas</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/impenetrable-bose-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#many-body-wavefunctions/impenetrable-bose-gas">Impenetrable Bose Gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/impenetrable-bose-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/many-body-wavefunctions/the-1d-fermi-gas" class="u"> The 1D Fermi Gas</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect">Quantum Hall Effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft" class="u"> Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect">Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Quantum Hall Effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/landau-levels"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/landau-levels">Landau Levels</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/landau-levels"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/lowest-landau-level"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/lowest-landau-level">Lowest Landau level <span class="meta">(LLL)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/lowest-landau-level"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/landau-levels" class="u"> Landau Levels</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/filled-lll-of-fermions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/filled-lll-of-fermions">Filled LLL of Fermions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/filled-lll-of-fermions"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/lowest-landau-level" class="u"> Lowest Landau level</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/the-laughlin-wavefunction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/the-laughlin-wavefunction">The Laughlin Wavefunction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/the-laughlin-wavefunction"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/the-plasma-analogy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/the-plasma-analogy">The Plasma Analogy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/the-plasma-analogy"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-charge"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/fractional-charge">Fractional Charge</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-charge"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/fractional-statistics">Fractional Statistics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/fractional-quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Fractional Quantum Hall Effect</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/quantum-hall-effect-appendix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/quantum-hall-effect-appendix">Appendix</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/quantum-hall-effect-appendix"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect" class="u"> Quantum Hall Effect</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/sampling-from-a-complex-wavefunction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#quantum-hall-effect/sampling-from-a-complex-wavefunction">Sampling from a complex wavefunction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/sampling-from-a-complex-wavefunction"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/quantum-hall-effect/quantum-hall-effect-appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain">The Elastic Chain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft" class="u"> Theories of Quantum Matter by Austen Lamacraft</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 17</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system">The Classical System</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain" class="u"> The Elastic Chain</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/equations-of-motion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/equations-of-motion">Equations of Motion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/equations-of-motion"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system" class="u"> The Classical System</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/hamiltonian-formulation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/hamiltonian-formulation">Hamiltonian Formulation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/hamiltonian-formulation"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system" class="u"> The Classical System</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/complex-coordinates"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/complex-coordinates">Complex Coordinates</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/complex-coordinates"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-classical-system" class="u"> The Classical System</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators">Quantum Oscillators</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain" class="u"> The Elastic Chain</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-quantum-chain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/the-quantum-chain">The Quantum Chain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/the-quantum-chain"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/oscillator-quanta-are-bosons"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/oscillator-quanta-are-bosons">Oscillator Quanta are Bosons!</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/oscillator-quanta-are-bosons"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/thermodynamic-n-to-infty-limit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/thermodynamic-n-to-infty-limit">Thermodynamic (<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10903em;">N</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord">∞</span></span></span></span>) limit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/thermodynamic-n-to-infty-limit"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/finite-temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/finite-temperature">Finite Temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/finite-temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/position-fluctuations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/position-fluctuations">Position Fluctuations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/position-fluctuations"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/density-fluctuations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/density-fluctuations">Density Fluctuations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/density-fluctuations"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/quantum-oscillators" class="u"> Quantum Oscillators</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/appendix">Appendix</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain" class="u"> The Elastic Chain</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/fourier-review"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/fourier-review">Fourier review</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/fourier-review"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/discrete-fourier-transform"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/discrete-fourier-transform">Discrete Fourier Transform</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/discrete-fourier-transform"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/properties-of-the-fourier-transform"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/properties-of-the-fourier-transform">Properties of the Fourier Transform</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/properties-of-the-fourier-transform"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/higher-dimensions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/higher-dimensions">Higher dimensions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/higher-dimensions"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/evaluating-56"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft#the-elastic-chain/evaluating-56">Evaluating (56)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/evaluating-56"></a><a href="#_toc/theories-of-quantum-matter-by-austen-lamacraft/the-elastic-chain/appendix" class="u"> Appendix</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/course-quantum-many-body-physics-in-condensed-matter-by-luis-gregorio-dias-2020"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#course-quantum-many-body-physics-in-condensed-matter-by-luis-gregorio-dias-2020">Course: Quantum Many-Body Physics in Condensed Matter by Luis Gregorio Dias (2020)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="course-quantum-many-body-physics-in-condensed-matter-by-luis-gregorio-dias-2020"></a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-university-course" class="u"> Condensed matter university course</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/statistical-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics">Statistical physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="statistical-physics-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 65</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/statistical-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#statistical-mechanics">Statistical mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="statistical-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-physics" class="u"> Statistical physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kinetic-theory-of-gases"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#kinetic-theory-of-gases">Kinetic theory of gases</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kinetic-theory-of-gases"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-mechanics" class="u"> Statistical mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/statistical-mechanics-model"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#statistical-mechanics-model">Statistical mechanics model</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="statistical-mechanics-model"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-mechanics" class="u"> Statistical mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/percolation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#percolation">Percolation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="percolation"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-mechanics-model" class="u"> Statistical mechanics model</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/percolation-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#percolation-theory">Percolation theory</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="percolation-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/percolation" class="u"> Percolation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/sedimentation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#sedimentation">Sedimentation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sedimentation"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-physics" class="u"> Statistical physics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-vs-bose-einstein-vs-fermi-dirac-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#maxwell-boltzmann-vs-bose-einstein-vs-fermi-dirac-statistics">Maxwell-Boltzmann vs Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Dirac statistics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-boltzmann-vs-bose-einstein-vs-fermi-dirac-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-physics" class="u"> Statistical physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 68</span><span class="dcnt"> 10</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#maxwell-boltzmann-distribution">Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution <span class="meta">(MB distribution)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-vs-bose-einstein-vs-fermi-dirac-statistics" class="u"> Maxwell-Boltzmann vs Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Dirac statistics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 34</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#maxwell-boltzmann-statistics">Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="maxwell-boltzmann-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution" class="u"> Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/experimental-verification-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#experimental-verification-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution">Experimental verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="experimental-verification-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-distribution" class="u"> Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 11</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/zartman-ko-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#zartman-ko-experiment">Zartman Ko experiment</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="zartman-ko-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-verification-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution" class="u"> Experimental verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/stern-zartman-experiment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#stern-zartman-experiment">Stern-Zartman experiment <span class="meta">(1920)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stern-zartman-experiment"></a><a href="#_toc/zartman-ko-experiment" class="u"> Zartman Ko experiment</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/application-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#application-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution">Application of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="application-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution"></a><a href="#_toc/experimental-verification-of-the-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution" class="u"> Experimental verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#quantum-statistics">Quantum statistics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/maxwell-boltzmann-vs-bose-einstein-vs-fermi-dirac-statistics" class="u"> Maxwell-Boltzmann vs Bose-Einstein vs Fermi-Dirac statistics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bose-einstein-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#bose-einstein-statistics">Bose-Einstein statistics <span class="meta">(BE statistics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bose-einstein-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-statistics" class="u"> Quantum statistics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fermi-dirac-statistics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#fermi-dirac-statistics">Fermi-Dirac statistics <span class="meta">(FD statistics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fermi-dirac-statistics"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-statistics" class="u"> Quantum statistics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/quantum-statistical-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#quantum-statistical-mechanics">Quantum statistical mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-statistical-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/fermi-dirac-statistics" class="u"> Fermi-Dirac statistics</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thermodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thermodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/statistical-physics" class="u"> Statistical physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 580</span><span class="dcnt"> 47</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/boltzmann-constant"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#boltzmann-constant">Boltzmann constant <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03148em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3283em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0315em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.05017em;">B</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">1.38</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">×</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">0</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">23</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="boltzmann-constant"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/equipartition-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#equipartition-theorem">Equipartition theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="equipartition-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thermodynamic-potential"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#thermodynamic-potential">Thermodynamic potential</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thermodynamic-potential"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 48</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/enthalpy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#enthalpy">Enthalpy <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.08125em;">H</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="enthalpy"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamic-potential" class="u"> Thermodynamic potential</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/gibbs-free-energy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#gibbs-free-energy">Gibbs free energy <span class="meta">(<span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">G</span></span></span></span>)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gibbs-free-energy"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamic-potential" class="u"> Thermodynamic potential</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/chemical-equilibrium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#chemical-equilibrium">Chemical equilibrium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="chemical-equilibrium"></a><a href="#_toc/gibbs-free-energy" class="u"> Gibbs free energy</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/reversible-reaction"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#reversible-reaction">Reversible reaction</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="reversible-reaction"></a><a href="#_toc/gibbs-free-energy" class="u"> Gibbs free energy</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/equation-of-state"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#equation-of-state">Equation of state</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="equation-of-state"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ideal-gas-law"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#ideal-gas-law">Ideal gas law</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ideal-gas-law"></a><a href="#_toc/equation-of-state" class="u"> Equation of state</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/monatomic-gas"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#monatomic-gas">Monatomic gas</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="monatomic-gas"></a><a href="#_toc/ideal-gas-law" class="u"> Ideal gas law</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/entropy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#entropy">Entropy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="entropy"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 55</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/clausius-entropy"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#clausius-entropy">Clausius entropy</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="clausius-entropy"></a><a href="#_toc/entropy" class="u"> Entropy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/carnot-cycle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#carnot-cycle">Carnot cycle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carnot-cycle"></a><a href="#_toc/clausius-entropy" class="u"> Clausius entropy</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/second-law-of-thermodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#second-law-of-thermodynamics">Second law of thermodynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="second-law-of-thermodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/entropy" class="u"> Entropy</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 50</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/time-reversibility"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#time-reversibility">Time reversibility</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-reversibility"></a><a href="#_toc/second-law-of-thermodynamics" class="u"> Second law of thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arrow-of-time"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#arrow-of-time">Arrow of time</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arrow-of-time"></a><a href="#_toc/time-reversibility" class="u"> Time reversibility</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/time-reversibility-of-classical-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#time-reversibility-of-classical-mechanics">Time reversibility of classical mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-reversibility-of-classical-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/time-reversibility" class="u"> Time reversibility</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/time-reversibility-of-gravity"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#time-reversibility-of-gravity">Time reversibility of gravity</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-reversibility-of-gravity"></a><a href="#_toc/time-reversibility" class="u"> Time reversibility</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/phase-matter"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#phase-matter">Phase <span class="meta">(matter)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phase-matter"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 86</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/list-of-phase-transitions"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#list-of-phase-transitions">List of phase transitions</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="list-of-phase-transitions"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-matter" class="u"> Phase</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/evaporation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#evaporation">Evaporation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="evaporation"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-phase-transitions" class="u"> List of phase transitions</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/sublimation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#sublimation">Sublimation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sublimation"></a><a href="#_toc/list-of-phase-transitions" class="u"> List of phase transitions</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/phase-transition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#phase-transition">Phase transition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phase-transition"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-matter" class="u"> Phase</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#phase-diagram">Phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-transition" class="u"> Phase transition</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 40</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/type-of-phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#type-of-phase-diagram">Type of phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="type-of-phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-diagram" class="u"> Phase diagram</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/temperature-pressure-phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#temperature-pressure-phase-diagram">Temperature-pressure phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="temperature-pressure-phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-phase-diagram" class="u"> Type of phase diagram</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/composition-phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#composition-phase-diagram">Composition phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="composition-phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/type-of-phase-diagram" class="u"> Type of phase diagram</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/temperature-composition-phase-diagram"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#temperature-composition-phase-diagram">Temperature-composition phase diagram</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="temperature-composition-phase-diagram"></a><a href="#_toc/composition-phase-diagram" class="u"> Composition phase diagram</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/triple-point"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#triple-point">Triple point</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="triple-point"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-diagram" class="u"> Phase diagram</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/critical-point-thermodynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#critical-point-thermodynamics">Critical point <span class="meta">(thermodynamics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="critical-point-thermodynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-diagram" class="u"> Phase diagram</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/second-order-phase-transition"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#second-order-phase-transition">Second-order phase transition</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="second-order-phase-transition"></a><a href="#_toc/phase-transition" class="u"> Phase transition</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/refrigerator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#refrigerator">Refrigerator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="refrigerator"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dilution-refrigerator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#dilution-refrigerator">Dilution refrigerator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dilution-refrigerator"></a><a href="#_toc/refrigerator" class="u"> Refrigerator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/cryogen-free-dilution-refrigerator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#cryogen-free-dilution-refrigerator">Cryogen-free dilution refrigerator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="cryogen-free-dilution-refrigerator"></a><a href="#_toc/dilution-refrigerator" class="u"> Dilution refrigerator</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/dilution-refrigerator-manufacturer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#dilution-refrigerator-manufacturer">Dilution refrigerator manufacturer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="dilution-refrigerator-manufacturer"></a><a href="#_toc/dilution-refrigerator" class="u"> Dilution refrigerator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bluefors"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#bluefors">Bluefors</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bluefors"></a><a href="#_toc/dilution-refrigerator-manufacturer" class="u"> Dilution refrigerator manufacturer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#temperature">Temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/standard-temperature-and-pressure"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#standard-temperature-and-pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="standard-temperature-and-pressure"></a><a href="#_toc/temperature" class="u"> Temperature</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scale-of-temperature"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#scale-of-temperature">Scale of temperature</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scale-of-temperature"></a><a href="#_toc/temperature" class="u"> Temperature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/kelvin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#kelvin">Kelvin <span class="meta">(K)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="kelvin"></a><a href="#_toc/scale-of-temperature" class="u"> Scale of temperature</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/thermometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#thermometer">Thermometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="thermometer"></a><a href="#_toc/temperature" class="u"> Temperature</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mercury-in-glass-thermometer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#mercury-in-glass-thermometer">Mercury-in-glass thermometer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mercury-in-glass-thermometer"></a><a href="#_toc/thermometer" class="u"> Thermometer</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vacuum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#vacuum">Vacuum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vacuum"></a><a href="#_toc/thermodynamics" class="u"> Thermodynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vacuum-engineering"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#vacuum-engineering">Vacuum engineering</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vacuum-engineering"></a><a href="#_toc/vacuum" class="u"> Vacuum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/vacuum-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#vacuum-vendor">Vacuum vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="vacuum-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/vacuum-engineering" class="u"> Vacuum engineering</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/edwards-vacuum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#edwards-vacuum">Edwards Vacuum <span class="meta">(1919)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="edwards-vacuum"></a><a href="#_toc/vacuum-vendor" class="u"> Vacuum vendor</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ultra-high-vacuum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="statistical-physics#ultra-high-vacuum">Ultra-high vacuum <span class="meta">(UVH, 100 nPA)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ultra-high-vacuum"></a><a href="#_toc/vacuum-engineering" class="u"> Vacuum engineering</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics">Mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mechanics-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 78</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/angular-momentum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#angular-momentum">Angular momentum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="angular-momentum"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/precession"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#precession">Precession</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="precession"></a><a href="#_toc/angular-momentum" class="u"> Angular momentum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/axle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#axle">Axle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="axle"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/classical-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#classical-mechanics">Classical mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="classical-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 53</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/classical-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#classical-physics">Classical physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="classical-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/classical-mechanics" class="u"> Classical mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 9</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/classical-limit"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#classical-limit">Classical limit</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="classical-limit"></a><a href="#_toc/classical-physics" class="u"> Classical physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/correspondence-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#correspondence-principle">Correspondence principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="correspondence-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/classical-limit" class="u"> Classical limit</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/continuum-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#continuum-mechanics">Continuum mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="continuum-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/continuity-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#continuity-equation">Continuity equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="continuity-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/continuum-mechanics" class="u"> Continuum mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/diffusion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#diffusion">Diffusion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="diffusion"></a><a href="#_toc/continuum-mechanics" class="u"> Continuum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fick-s-laws-of-diffusion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#fick-s-laws-of-diffusion">Fick's laws of diffusion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fick-s-laws-of-diffusion"></a><a href="#_toc/diffusion" class="u"> Diffusion</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/fluid-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#fluid-mechanics">Fluid mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fluid-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/continuum-mechanics" class="u"> Continuum mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/fluid-dynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#fluid-dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fluid-dynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/fluid-mechanics" class="u"> Fluid mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/gravity-wave"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#gravity-wave">Gravity wave</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravity-wave"></a><a href="#_toc/fluid-mechanics" class="u"> Fluid mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/navier-stokes-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#navier-stokes-equations">Navier-Stokes equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="navier-stokes-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/fluid-mechanics" class="u"> Fluid mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/navier-stokes-existence-and-smoothness"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#navier-stokes-existence-and-smoothness">Navier-Stokes existence and smoothness</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="navier-stokes-existence-and-smoothness"></a><a href="#_toc/navier-stokes-equations" class="u"> Navier-Stokes equations</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lagrangian-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian-mechanics">Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 938</span><span class="dcnt"> 21</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lagrangian-mechanics-lectures-by-michel-van-biezen-2017"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian-mechanics-lectures-by-michel-van-biezen-2017">Lagrangian mechanics lectures by Michel van Biezen (2017)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian-mechanics-lectures-by-michel-van-biezen-2017"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/action-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#action-physics">Action <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="action-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 484</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/stationary-action-principle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#stationary-action-principle">Stationary action principle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stationary-action-principle"></a><a href="#_toc/action-physics" class="u"> Action</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 460</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/calculus-of-variations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#calculus-of-variations">Calculus of variations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="calculus-of-variations"></a><a href="#_toc/stationary-action-principle" class="u"> Stationary action principle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 20</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/functional"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#functional">Functional</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="functional"></a><a href="#_toc/calculus-of-variations" class="u"> Calculus of variations</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/euler-lagrange-equation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#euler-lagrange-equation">Euler-Lagrange equation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="euler-lagrange-equation"></a><a href="#_toc/calculus-of-variations" class="u"> Calculus of variations</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/equations-of-motion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#equations-of-motion">Equations of motion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="equations-of-motion"></a><a href="#_toc/euler-lagrange-equation" class="u"> Euler-Lagrange equation</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lagrangian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian">Lagrangian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 241</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lagrangian-field-theory"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian-field-theory">Lagrangian (field theory)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian-field-theory"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian" class="u"> Lagrangian</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lagrangian-density"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian-density">Lagrangian density</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian-density"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-field-theory" class="u"> Lagrangian (field theory)</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/generalized-coordinate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#generalized-coordinate">Generalized coordinate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="generalized-coordinate"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian" class="u"> Lagrangian</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/noether-s-theorem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#noether-s-theorem">Noether's theorem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="noether-s-theorem"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/time-invariance-implies-energy-conservation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#time-invariance-implies-energy-conservation">Time invariance implies energy conservation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="time-invariance-implies-energy-conservation"></a><a href="#_toc/noether-s-theorem" class="u"> Noether's theorem</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/spontaneous-symmetry-breaking"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#spontaneous-symmetry-breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spontaneous-symmetry-breaking"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hamiltonian-mechanics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#hamiltonian-mechanics">Hamiltonian mechanics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hamiltonian-mechanics"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lagrangian-vs-hamiltonian"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#lagrangian-vs-hamiltonian">Lagrangian vs Hamiltonian</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lagrangian-vs-hamiltonian"></a><a href="#_toc/hamiltonian-mechanics" class="u"> Hamiltonian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/phase-space-coordinate"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#phase-space-coordinate">Phase space coordinate</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="phase-space-coordinate"></a><a href="#_toc/hamiltonian-mechanics" class="u"> Hamiltonian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hamilton-s-equations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#hamilton-s-equations">Hamilton's equations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hamilton-s-equations"></a><a href="#_toc/hamiltonian-mechanics" class="u"> Hamiltonian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/poisson-bracket"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#poisson-bracket">Poisson bracket</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="poisson-bracket"></a><a href="#_toc/hamiltonian-mechanics" class="u"> Hamiltonian mechanics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/equivalence-between-lagrangian-and-hamiltonian-formalisms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#equivalence-between-lagrangian-and-hamiltonian-formalisms">Equivalence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="equivalence-between-lagrangian-and-hamiltonian-formalisms"></a><a href="#_toc/lagrangian-mechanics" class="u"> Lagrangian mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/legendre-transformation"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#legendre-transformation">Legendre transformation</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="legendre-transformation"></a><a href="#_toc/equivalence-between-lagrangian-and-hamiltonian-formalisms" class="u"> Equivalence between Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mechanics-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mechanics-problem">Mechanics problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mechanics-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 21</span><span class="dcnt"> 13</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/atwood-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#atwood-machine">Atwood machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="atwood-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/compound-atwood-machine"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#compound-atwood-machine">Compound Atwood machine</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="compound-atwood-machine"></a><a href="#_toc/atwood-machine" class="u"> Atwood machine</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/elastic-collision"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#elastic-collision">Elastic collision</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="elastic-collision"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/harmonic-oscillator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#harmonic-oscillator">Harmonic oscillator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="harmonic-oscillator"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/spring-mass-system"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#spring-mass-system">Spring-mass system</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spring-mass-system"></a><a href="#_toc/harmonic-oscillator" class="u"> Harmonic oscillator</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/coupled-oscillators"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#coupled-oscillators">Coupled oscillators</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="coupled-oscillators"></a><a href="#_toc/harmonic-oscillator" class="u"> Harmonic oscillator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/pendulum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#pendulum">Pendulum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pendulum"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/double-pendulum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#double-pendulum">Double pendulum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="double-pendulum"></a><a href="#_toc/pendulum" class="u"> Pendulum</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/spherical-pendulum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#spherical-pendulum">Spherical pendulum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="spherical-pendulum"></a><a href="#_toc/pendulum" class="u"> Pendulum</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/two-body-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#two-body-problem">Two-body problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="two-body-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/continuous-mechanics-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#continuous-mechanics-problem">Continuous mechanics problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="continuous-mechanics-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-problem" class="u"> Mechanics problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mechanical-resonance"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mechanical-resonance">Mechanical resonance</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mechanical-resonance"></a><a href="#_toc/continuous-mechanics-problem" class="u"> Continuous mechanics problem</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/tuning-fork"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#tuning-fork">Tuning fork</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tuning-fork"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanical-resonance" class="u"> Mechanical resonance</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mechanics-vendor"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mechanics-vendor">Mechanics vendor</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mechanics-vendor"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rolls-royce"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#rolls-royce">Rolls-Royce</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rolls-royce"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics-vendor" class="u"> Mechanics vendor</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/newton-s-laws-of-motion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#newton-s-laws-of-motion">Newton's laws of motion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="newton-s-laws-of-motion"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/force"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#force">Force</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="force"></a><a href="#_toc/newton-s-laws-of-motion" class="u"> Newton's laws of motion</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/torque"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#torque">Torque</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="torque"></a><a href="#_toc/force" class="u"> Force</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/mass"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mass">Mass</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mass"></a><a href="#_toc/newton-s-laws-of-motion" class="u"> Newton's laws of motion</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/point-particle"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#point-particle">Point particle</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="point-particle"></a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="u"> Mechanics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 331</span><span class="dcnt"> 19</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rigid-body"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#rigid-body">Rigid body</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rigid-body"></a><a href="#_toc/point-particle" class="u"> Point particle</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 331</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rigid-body-dynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#rigid-body-dynamics">Rigid body dynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rigid-body-dynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body" class="u"> Rigid body</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 331</span><span class="dcnt"> 16</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#rigid-body-dynamics-simulator">Rigid body dynamics simulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body-dynamics" class="u"> Rigid body dynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rigid-body-dynamics-acceleration"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#rigid-body-dynamics-acceleration">Rigid body dynamics acceleration</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rigid-body-dynamics-acceleration"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body-dynamics-simulator" class="u"> Rigid body dynamics simulator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/2d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#2d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator">2D rigid body dynamics simulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="2d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body-dynamics" class="u"> Rigid body dynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/box2d"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#box2d">Box2D</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="box2d"></a><a href="#_toc/2d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator" class="u"> 2D rigid body dynamics simulator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#3d-rigid-body-dynamics">3D rigid body dynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-rigid-body-dynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body-dynamics" class="u"> Rigid body dynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 317</span><span class="dcnt"> 11</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator">3D rigid body dynamics simulator</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 239</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/bullet-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#bullet-physics">Bullet Physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bullet-physics"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics simulator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/bullet-physics-parallel-execution"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#bullet-physics-parallel-execution">Bullet Physics parallel execution</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="bullet-physics-parallel-execution"></a><a href="#_toc/bullet-physics" class="u"> Bullet Physics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pybullet"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#pybullet">pyBullet</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pybullet"></a><a href="#_toc/bullet-physics" class="u"> Bullet Physics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/erwin-coumans"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#erwin-coumans">Erwin Coumans <span class="meta">(Bullet Physics main author)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="erwin-coumans"></a><a href="#_toc/bullet-physics" class="u"> Bullet Physics</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/mujoco"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mujoco">MuJoCo <span class="meta">(2015-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mujoco"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics simulator</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/mujoco-getting-started"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mujoco-getting-started">MuJoCo getting started</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mujoco-getting-started"></a><a href="#_toc/mujoco" class="u"> MuJoCo</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/mjcf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#mjcf">MJCF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="mjcf"></a><a href="#_toc/mujoco" class="u"> MuJoCo</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/physx"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#physx">PhysX</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physx"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-simulator" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics simulator</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-benchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#3d-rigid-body-dynamics-benchmark">3D rigid body dynamics benchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="3d-rigid-body-dynamics-benchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/simbenchmark"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#simbenchmark">SimBenchmark</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="simbenchmark"></a><a href="#_toc/3d-rigid-body-dynamics-benchmark" class="u"> 3D rigid body dynamics benchmark</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/soft-body-dynamics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="mechanics#soft-body-dynamics">Soft-body dynamics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="soft-body-dynamics"></a><a href="#_toc/rigid-body" class="u"> Rigid body</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computational-physics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computational-physics">Computational physics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computational-physics"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 171</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/computational-chemistry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#computational-chemistry">Computational chemistry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="computational-chemistry"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-physics" class="u"> Computational physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 119</span><span class="dcnt"> 7</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-chemistry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#quantum-chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-chemistry"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-chemistry" class="u"> Computational chemistry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 100</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/relativistic-quantum-chemistry"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#relativistic-quantum-chemistry">Relativistic quantum chemistry</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="relativistic-quantum-chemistry"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry" class="u"> Quantum chemistry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-chemistry-software"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#quantum-chemistry-software">Quantum chemistry software</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-chemistry-software"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry" class="u"> Quantum chemistry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pyscf"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pyscf">PySCF</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pyscf"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry-software" class="u"> Quantum chemistry software</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/psi4"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#psi4">Psi4</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="psi4"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry-software" class="u"> Quantum chemistry software</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms">Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms"></a><a href="#_toc/computational-chemistry" class="u"> Computational chemistry</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer">IBM 2017 beryllium hydride ground state calculation on a quantum computer</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer"></a><a href="#_toc/quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms" class="u"> Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 19</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-conference">Physics conference</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-conference"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 141</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/solvay-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#solvay-conference">Solvay Conference <span class="meta">(1911)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="solvay-conference"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-conference" class="u"> Physics conference</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/first-solvay-conference-1911"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#first-solvay-conference-1911">First Solvay Conference (1911)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="first-solvay-conference-1911"></a><a href="#_toc/solvay-conference" class="u"> Solvay Conference</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/fifth-solvay-conference-1927"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#fifth-solvay-conference-1927">Fifth Solvay Conference (1927)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="fifth-solvay-conference-1927"></a><a href="#_toc/solvay-conference" class="u"> Solvay Conference</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/shelter-island-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#shelter-island-conference">Shelter Island Conference <span class="meta">(1947)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="shelter-island-conference"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-conference" class="u"> Physics conference</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 141</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/pocono-conference"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#pocono-conference">Pocono conference <span class="meta">(1948)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pocono-conference"></a><a href="#_toc/shelter-island-conference" class="u"> Shelter Island Conference</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 66</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physicist"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist">Physicist</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physicist-split"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> 134</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/abraham-pais"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#abraham-pais">Abraham Pais</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="abraham-pais"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/book-by-abraham-pais"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#book-by-abraham-pais">Book by Abraham Pais</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="book-by-abraham-pais"></a><a href="#_toc/abraham-pais" class="u"> Abraham Pais</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/alain-aspect"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#alain-aspect">Alain Aspect</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alain-aspect"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/albert-einstein"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#albert-einstein">Albert Einstein</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="albert-einstein"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 7</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/annus-mirabilis-papers"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#annus-mirabilis-papers">Annus Mirabilis papers <span class="meta">(1905)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="annus-mirabilis-papers"></a><a href="#_toc/albert-einstein" class="u"> Albert Einstein</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/investigations-on-the-theory-of-the-brownian-movement-by-einstein-1905"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#investigations-on-the-theory-of-the-brownian-movement-by-einstein-1905">Investigations on the theory of the Brownian movement by Einstein (1905)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="investigations-on-the-theory-of-the-brownian-movement-by-einstein-1905"></a><a href="#_toc/annus-mirabilis-papers" class="u"> Annus Mirabilis papers</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/on-a-heuristic-viewpoint-concerning-the-production-and-transformation-of-light-by-einstein-1905"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#on-a-heuristic-viewpoint-concerning-the-production-and-transformation-of-light-by-einstein-1905">On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light by Einstein (1905)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-a-heuristic-viewpoint-concerning-the-production-and-transformation-of-light-by-einstein-1905"></a><a href="#_toc/annus-mirabilis-papers" class="u"> Annus Mirabilis papers</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-about-einstein"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-about-einstein">Work about Einstein</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-about-einstein"></a><a href="#_toc/albert-einstein" class="u"> Albert Einstein</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/subtle-is-the-lord-by-abraham-pais-1982"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#subtle-is-the-lord-by-abraham-pais-1982">Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982) <span class="meta">(Albert Einstein biography)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="subtle-is-the-lord-by-abraham-pais-1982"></a><a href="#_toc/work-about-einstein" class="u"> Work about Einstein</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/andre-marie-ampere"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#andre-marie-ampere">André-Marie Ampère <span class="meta">(1775-1836)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="andre-marie-ampere"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/education-of-andre-marie-ampere"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#education-of-andre-marie-ampere">Education of André-Marie Ampère</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="education-of-andre-marie-ampere"></a><a href="#_toc/andre-marie-ampere" class="u"> André-Marie Ampère</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/augustin-jean-fresnel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#augustin-jean-fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel <span class="meta">(1788-1827)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="augustin-jean-fresnel"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/barton-zwiebach"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#barton-zwiebach">Barton Zwiebach</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="barton-zwiebach"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/brian-josephson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#brian-josephson">Brian Josephson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="brian-josephson"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/paper-by-brian-josephson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#paper-by-brian-josephson">Paper by Brian Josephson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-by-brian-josephson"></a><a href="#_toc/brian-josephson" class="u"> Brian Josephson</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/carl-david-anderson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#carl-david-anderson">Carl David Anderson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-david-anderson"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/carl-sagan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#carl-sagan">Carl Sagan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="carl-sagan"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/work-by-carl-sagan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-by-carl-sagan">Work by Carl Sagan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-carl-sagan"></a><a href="#_toc/carl-sagan" class="u"> Carl Sagan</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/we-are-made-of-star-stuff"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#we-are-made-of-star-stuff">We Are Made of Star-Stuff</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="we-are-made-of-star-stuff"></a><a href="#_toc/carl-sagan" class="u"> Carl Sagan</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/david-tong"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#david-tong">David Tong</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="david-tong"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/edward-witten"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#edward-witten">Edward Witten</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="edward-witten"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/edward-teller"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#edward-teller">Edward Teller</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="edward-teller"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/enrico-fermi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#enrico-fermi">Enrico Fermi <span class="meta">(1901-1954)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="enrico-fermi"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/alberto-fermi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#alberto-fermi">Alberto Fermi</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="alberto-fermi"></a><a href="#_toc/enrico-fermi" class="u"> Enrico Fermi</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/adolfo-amidei"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#adolfo-amidei">Adolfo Amidei</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="adolfo-amidei"></a><a href="#_toc/enrico-fermi" class="u"> Enrico Fermi</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-about-enrico-fermi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-about-enrico-fermi">Work about Enrico Fermi</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-about-enrico-fermi"></a><a href="#_toc/enrico-fermi" class="u"> Enrico Fermi</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/enrico-fermi-physicist-by-emilio-segre-1970"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#enrico-fermi-physicist-by-emilio-segre-1970">Enrico Fermi: physicist by Emilio Segrè (1970)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="enrico-fermi-physicist-by-emilio-segre-1970"></a><a href="#_toc/work-about-enrico-fermi" class="u"> Work about Enrico Fermi</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-world-of-enrico-fermi-by-harvard-project-physics-1970"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#the-world-of-enrico-fermi-by-harvard-project-physics-1970">The World Of Enrico Fermi by Harvard Project Physics (1970)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-world-of-enrico-fermi-by-harvard-project-physics-1970"></a><a href="#_toc/work-about-enrico-fermi" class="u"> Work about Enrico Fermi</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ernest-lawrence"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#ernest-lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ernest-lawrence"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ernest-rutherford"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#ernest-rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ernest-rutherford"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/erwin-schrodinger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#erwin-schrodinger">Erwin Schrödinger <span class="meta">(1887-1961)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="erwin-schrodinger"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 247</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/paper-by-erwin-schrodinger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#paper-by-erwin-schrodinger">Paper by Erwin Schrödinger</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-by-erwin-schrodinger"></a><a href="#_toc/erwin-schrodinger" class="u"> Erwin Schrödinger</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 32</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quantization-as-an-eigenvalue-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#quantization-as-an-eigenvalue-problem">Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem <span class="meta">(1926, by Schrödinger)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quantization-as-an-eigenvalue-problem"></a><a href="#_toc/paper-by-erwin-schrodinger" class="u"> Paper by Erwin Schrödinger</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/collected-papers-on-wave-mechanics-by-deans-1928"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#collected-papers-on-wave-mechanics-by-deans-1928">Collected Papers On Wave Mechanics by Deans (1928)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="collected-papers-on-wave-mechanics-by-deans-1928"></a><a href="#_toc/quantization-as-an-eigenvalue-problem" class="u"> Quantization as an Eigenvalue Problem</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/ettore-majorana"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#ettore-majorana">Ettore Majorana</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ettore-majorana"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/majorana-fermion"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#majorana-fermion">Majorana fermion</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="majorana-fermion"></a><a href="#_toc/ettore-majorana" class="u"> Ettore Majorana</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/freeman-dyson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#freeman-dyson">Freeman Dyson <span class="meta">(1923-2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="freeman-dyson"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/work-by-freeman-dyson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-by-freeman-dyson">Work by Freeman Dyson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-freeman-dyson"></a><a href="#_toc/freeman-dyson" class="u"> Freeman Dyson</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/freeman-dyson-web-of-stories-interview-1998"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#freeman-dyson-web-of-stories-interview-1998">Freeman Dyson Web of Stories interview (1998)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="freeman-dyson-web-of-stories-interview-1998"></a><a href="#_toc/freeman-dyson" class="u"> Freeman Dyson</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/galileo-galilei"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#galileo-galilei">Galileo Galilei <span class="meta">(1564-1642)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="galileo-galilei"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/hans-bethe"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#hans-bethe">Hans Bethe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hans-bethe"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/heinrich-hertz"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#heinrich-hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="heinrich-hertz"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/henri-becquerel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#henri-becquerel">Henri Becquerel <span class="meta">(1852-1908)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="henri-becquerel"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/becquerel-s-rays"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#becquerel-s-rays">Becquerel's rays</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="becquerel-s-rays"></a><a href="#_toc/henri-becquerel" class="u"> Henri Becquerel</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/hermann-weyl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#hermann-weyl">Hermann Weyl <span class="meta">(1885-1955)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="hermann-weyl"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 18</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/publication-by-hermann-weyl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#publication-by-hermann-weyl">Publication by Hermann Weyl</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="publication-by-hermann-weyl"></a><a href="#_toc/hermann-weyl" class="u"> Hermann Weyl</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/gravity-and-electricity-by-hermann-weyl-1918"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#gravity-and-electricity-by-hermann-weyl-1918">Gravity and electricity by Hermann Weyl (1918) <span class="meta">(Gravitation und Elektrizität)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="gravity-and-electricity-by-hermann-weyl-1918"></a><a href="#_toc/publication-by-hermann-weyl" class="u"> Publication by Hermann Weyl</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/isaac-newton"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#isaac-newton">Isaac Newton</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isaac-newton"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica">Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica"></a><a href="#_toc/isaac-newton" class="u"> Isaac Newton</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/leo-szilard"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#leo-szilard">Leo Szilard <span class="meta">(1898-1964)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="leo-szilard"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/isidor-isaac-rabi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#isidor-isaac-rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi <span class="meta">(1898-1988)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="isidor-isaac-rabi"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 234</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-by-isidor-rabi"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-by-isidor-rabi">Work by Isidor Rabi</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-isidor-rabi"></a><a href="#_toc/isidor-isaac-rabi" class="u"> Isidor Isaac Rabi</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/a-new-method-of-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moment"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#a-new-method-of-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moment">A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment <span class="meta">(1938)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="a-new-method-of-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moment"></a><a href="#_toc/work-by-isidor-rabi" class="u"> Work by Isidor Rabi</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/the-molecular-beam-resonance-method-for-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moments"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#the-molecular-beam-resonance-method-for-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moments">The Molecular Beam Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments <span class="meta">(1939)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-molecular-beam-resonance-method-for-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moments"></a><a href="#_toc/work-by-isidor-rabi" class="u"> Work by Isidor Rabi</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jakob-schwichtenberg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#jakob-schwichtenberg">Jakob Schwichtenberg</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jakob-schwichtenberg"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-from-symmetry-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2015"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#physics-from-symmetry-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2015">Physics from Symmetry by Jakob Schwichtenberg (2015)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-from-symmetry-by-jakob-schwichtenberg-2015"></a><a href="#_toc/jakob-schwichtenberg" class="u"> Jakob Schwichtenberg</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/physics-travel-guide"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#physics-travel-guide">Physics Travel Guide</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-travel-guide"></a><a href="#_toc/jakob-schwichtenberg" class="u"> Jakob Schwichtenberg</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/james-clerk-maxwell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#james-clerk-maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="james-clerk-maxwell"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/jean-baptiste-perrin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#jean-baptiste-perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="jean-baptiste-perrin"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/work-by-jean-perrin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-by-jean-perrin">Work by Jean Perrin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-jean-perrin"></a><a href="#_toc/jean-baptiste-perrin" class="u"> Jean Baptiste Perrin</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/j-j-thomson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#j-j-thomson">J. J. Thomson</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="j-j-thomson"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/john-archibald-wheeler"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#john-archibald-wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="john-archibald-wheeler"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/john-bardeen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#john-bardeen">John Bardeen</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="john-bardeen"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/true-genius-the-life-and-science-of-john-bardeen"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#true-genius-the-life-and-science-of-john-bardeen">True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen <span class="meta">(2002)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="true-genius-the-life-and-science-of-john-bardeen"></a><a href="#_toc/john-bardeen" class="u"> John Bardeen</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/john-c-baez"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#john-c-baez">John C. Baez</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="john-c-baez"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/john-von-neumann"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#john-von-neumann">John von Neumann</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="john-von-neumann"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/john-rowell"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#john-rowell">John Rowell</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="john-rowell"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/julian-schwinger"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#julian-schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="julian-schwinger"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/karl-guthe-jansky"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#karl-guthe-jansky">Karl Guthe Jansky</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="karl-guthe-jansky"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/leonard-susskind"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#leonard-susskind">Leonard Susskind</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="leonard-susskind"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/lecture-by-leonard-susskind"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#lecture-by-leonard-susskind">Lecture by Leonard Susskind</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lecture-by-leonard-susskind"></a><a href="#_toc/leonard-susskind" class="u"> Leonard Susskind</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/louis-de-broglie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#louis-de-broglie">Louis de Broglie</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="louis-de-broglie"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lord-kelvin"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#lord-kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lord-kelvin"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nineteen-century-clouds-by-lord-kelvin-1901"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#nineteen-century-clouds-by-lord-kelvin-1901">Nineteen Century Clouds by Lord Kelvin (1901)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nineteen-century-clouds-by-lord-kelvin-1901"></a><a href="#_toc/lord-kelvin" class="u"> Lord Kelvin</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/lubos-motl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#lubos-motl">Luboš Motl</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="lubos-motl"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/feud-between-sabine-hossenfelder-and-lubos-motl"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#feud-between-sabine-hossenfelder-and-lubos-motl">Feud between Sabine Hossenfelder and Luboš Motl</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="feud-between-sabine-hossenfelder-and-lubos-motl"></a><a href="#_toc/lubos-motl" class="u"> Luboš Motl</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ludwig-boltzmann"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#ludwig-boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ludwig-boltzmann"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/marie-curie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#marie-curie">Marie Curie <span class="meta">(1867-1934)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="marie-curie"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/find-the-most-interesting-research-topic-that-no-one-is-researching"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#find-the-most-interesting-research-topic-that-no-one-is-researching">Find the most interesting research topic that no one is researching</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="find-the-most-interesting-research-topic-that-no-one-is-researching"></a><a href="#_toc/marie-curie" class="u"> Marie Curie</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pierre-curie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#pierre-curie">Pierre Curie</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pierre-curie"></a><a href="#_toc/marie-curie" class="u"> Marie Curie</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/publication-by-marie-curie"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#publication-by-marie-curie">Publication by Marie Curie</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="publication-by-marie-curie"></a><a href="#_toc/marie-curie" class="u"> Marie Curie</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/on-a-new-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#on-a-new-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende">On a new radioactive substance contained in pitchblende <span class="meta">(1898, pages 175-178)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-a-new-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende"></a><a href="#_toc/publication-by-marie-curie" class="u"> Publication by Marie Curie</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/on-a-new-strongly-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#on-a-new-strongly-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende">On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende <span class="meta">(1898, pages 1215-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-a-new-strongly-radioactive-substance-contained-in-pitchblende"></a><a href="#_toc/publication-by-marie-curie" class="u"> Publication by Marie Curie</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/michio-kaku"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#michio-kaku">Michio Kaku</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="michio-kaku"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/murray-gell-mann"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#murray-gell-mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="murray-gell-mann"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/max-planck"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#max-planck">Max Planck <span class="meta">(1858-1947)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="max-planck"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 42</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-by-max-planck"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#work-by-max-planck">Work by Max Planck</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-max-planck"></a><a href="#_toc/max-planck" class="u"> Max Planck</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 27</span><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-1948"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-1948">Scientific autobiography by Max Planck (1948)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-1948"></a><a href="#_toc/work-by-max-planck" class="u"> Work by Max Planck</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/scientific-autobiography-and-other-papers-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#scientific-autobiography-and-other-papers-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949">Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scientific-autobiography-and-other-papers-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-1948" class="u"> Scientific autobiography by Max Planck (1948)</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949">Scientific Autobiography by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scientific-autobiography-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949"></a><a href="#_toc/scientific-autobiography-and-other-papers-by-max-planck-translated-by-frank-gaynor-1949" class="u"> Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers by Max Planck translated by Frank Gaynor (1949)</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/paper-by-max-planck"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#paper-by-max-planck">Paper by Max Planck</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-by-max-planck"></a><a href="#_toc/work-by-max-planck" class="u"> Work by Max Planck</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/on-the-law-of-distribution-of-energy-in-the-normal-spectrum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#on-the-law-of-distribution-of-energy-in-the-normal-spectrum">On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum <span class="meta">(1900)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="on-the-law-of-distribution-of-energy-in-the-normal-spectrum"></a><a href="#_toc/paper-by-max-planck" class="u"> Paper by Max Planck</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/max-von-laue"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#max-von-laue">Max von Laue <span class="meta">(1879-1960)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="max-von-laue"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/michael-faraday"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#michael-faraday">Michael Faraday <span class="meta">(1791-1867)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="michael-faraday"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/niels-bohr"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#niels-bohr">Niels Bohr <span class="meta">(1885-1962)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="niels-bohr"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pascual-jordan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#pascual-jordan">Pascual Jordan <span class="meta">(1902-1980)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pascual-jordan"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/paul-dirac"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#paul-dirac">Paul Dirac <span class="meta">(1902-1984)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paul-dirac"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/philip-w-anderson"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#philip-w-anderson">Philip W. Anderson <span class="meta">(1923-2020)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="philip-w-anderson"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/pieter-zeeman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#pieter-zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="pieter-zeeman"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/polykarp-kusch"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#polykarp-kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="polykarp-kusch"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/richard-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="richard-feynman">Richard Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-feynman-split"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> 18</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="richard-feynman#personal-life-of-richard-feynman">Personal life of Richard Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="personal-life-of-richard-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman" class="u"> Richard Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 5</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/arline-greenbaum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="arline-greenbaum">Arline Greenbaum <span class="meta">(Richard Feynman's first wife, 1919 - 1945-06-16)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="arline-greenbaum"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman" class="u"> Personal life of Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/infinity-1996-film"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="infinity-1996-film">Infinity <span class="meta">(1996 film, film about Feynman and his first wife Arline)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="infinity-1996-film"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman" class="u"> Personal life of Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/feynman-was-a-huge-womanizer-during-a-certain-period-of-his-life"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="feynman-was-a-huge-womanizer-during-a-certain-period-of-his-life">Feynman was a huge womanizer during a certain period of his life</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="feynman-was-a-huge-womanizer-during-a-certain-period-of-his-life"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman" class="u"> Personal life of Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/joan-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="joan-feynman">Joan Feynman <span class="meta">(Feynman's sister)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="joan-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman" class="u"> Personal life of Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/richard-feynman-s-drug-use"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="richard-feynman-s-drug-use">Richard Feynman's drug use</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-feynman-s-drug-use"></a><a href="#_toc/personal-life-of-richard-feynman" class="u"> Personal life of Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/richard-feynman-s-first-seminar-in-1941"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="richard-feynman-s-first-seminar-in-1941">Richard Feynman's first seminar in 1941</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="richard-feynman-s-first-seminar-in-1941"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman" class="u"> Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/quote-by-richard-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="quote-by-richard-feynman">Quote by Richard Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="quote-by-richard-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman" class="u"> Richard Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/what-i-cannot-create-i-do-not-understand"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="what-i-cannot-create-i-do-not-understand">What I cannot create, I do not understand</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="what-i-cannot-create-i-do-not-understand"></a><a href="#_toc/quote-by-richard-feynman" class="u"> Quote by Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/work-by-richard-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="work-by-richard-feynman">Work by Richard Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="work-by-richard-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman" class="u"> Richard Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/space-time-approach-to-quantum-electrodynamic-by-richard-feynman-1949"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="space-time-approach-to-quantum-electrodynamic-by-richard-feynman-1949">Space-Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamic by Richard Feynman (1949)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="space-time-approach-to-quantum-electrodynamic-by-richard-feynman-1949"></a><a href="#_toc/work-by-richard-feynman" class="u"> Work by Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/works-about-richard-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="works-about-richard-feynman">Works about Richard Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="works-about-richard-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/richard-feynman" class="u"> Richard Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 170</span><span class="dcnt"> 6</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/genius-richard-feynman-and-modern-physics-by-james-gleick-1994"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="genius-richard-feynman-and-modern-physics-by-james-gleick-1994">Genius: Richard Feynman and Modern Physics by James Gleick (1994)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="genius-richard-feynman-and-modern-physics-by-james-gleick-1994"></a><a href="#_toc/works-about-richard-feynman" class="u"> Works about Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/los-alamos-from-below-by-richard-feynman-1975"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="los-alamos-from-below-by-richard-feynman-1975">Los Alamos From Below by Richard Feynman (1975)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="los-alamos-from-below-by-richard-feynman-1975"></a><a href="#_toc/works-about-richard-feynman" class="u"> Works about Richard Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman">Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman"></a><a href="#_toc/works-about-richard-feynman" class="u"> Works about Richard Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 88</span><span class="dcnt"> 3</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-o-americano-outra-vez"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-o-americano-outra-vez">Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter O Americano, Outra Vez!</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-o-americano-outra-vez"></a><a href="#_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman" class="u"> Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-alfred-nobel-s-other-mistake"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-alfred-nobel-s-other-mistake">Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter Alfred Nobel's Other Mistake</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-alfred-nobel-s-other-mistake"></a><a href="#_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman" class="u"> Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/rich-people-who-create-charitable-prizes-are-often-crooked"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="rich-people-who-create-charitable-prizes-are-often-crooked">Rich people who create charitable prizes are often crooked</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="rich-people-who-create-charitable-prizes-are-often-crooked"></a><a href="#_toc/surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-alfred-nobel-s-other-mistake" class="u"> Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter Alfred Nobel's Other Mistake</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sean-m-carroll"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#sean-m-carroll">Sean M. Carroll</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sean-m-carroll"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/the-purpose-of-harvard-is-not-to-educate-people-by-sean-carroll-2008"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#the-purpose-of-harvard-is-not-to-educate-people-by-sean-carroll-2008">The Purpose of Harvard is Not to Educate People by Sean Carroll (2008)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-purpose-of-harvard-is-not-to-educate-people-by-sean-carroll-2008"></a><a href="#_toc/sean-m-carroll" class="u"> Sean M. Carroll</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/how-to-get-tenure-at-a-major-research-university-by-sean-carroll-2011"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#how-to-get-tenure-at-a-major-research-university-by-sean-carroll-2011">How To Get Tenure at a Major Research University by Sean Carroll (2011)</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="how-to-get-tenure-at-a-major-research-university-by-sean-carroll-2011"></a><a href="#_toc/sean-m-carroll" class="u"> Sean M. Carroll</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/stephen-hawking"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#stephen-hawking">Stephen Hawking</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="stephen-hawking"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/steven-h-simon"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#steven-h-simon">Steven H. Simon</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steven-h-simon"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/sylvain-poirier"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#sylvain-poirier">Sylvain Poirier</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="sylvain-poirier"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/settheory-net"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#settheory-net">settheory.net</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="settheory-net"></a><a href="#_toc/sylvain-poirier" class="u"> Sylvain Poirier</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/tobias-j-osborne"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#tobias-j-osborne">Tobias J. Osborne</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="tobias-j-osborne"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/victor-francis-hess"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#victor-francis-hess">Victor Francis Hess</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="victor-francis-hess"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/walter-houser-brattain"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#walter-houser-brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="walter-houser-brattain"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/werner-heisenberg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#werner-heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="werner-heisenberg"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/paper-by-werner-heisenberg"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#paper-by-werner-heisenberg">Paper by Werner Heisenberg</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-by-werner-heisenberg"></a><a href="#_toc/werner-heisenberg" class="u"> Werner Heisenberg</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/william-shockley"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#william-shockley">William Shockley <span class="meta">(1910-1989)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="william-shockley"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/willis-lamb"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#willis-lamb">Willis Lamb <span class="meta">(1913-2008)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="willis-lamb"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/wolfgang-pauli"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="physicist#wolfgang-pauli">Wolfgang Pauli <span class="meta">(1900-1958)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="wolfgang-pauli"></a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="u"> Physicist</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-gossip"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-gossip">Physics gossip</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-gossip"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/unsolved-physics-problem"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#unsolved-physics-problem">Unsolved physics problem</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unsolved-physics-problem"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 68</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-bibliography"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-bibliography">Physics bibliography</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-bibliography"></a><a href="#_toc" class="u"> Physics</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 297</span><span class="dcnt"> 23</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik">Theoretical Physics Reference by Ondrej Certík <span class="meta">(certik/theoretical-physics)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 43</span></span></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel">Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 167</span><span class="dcnt"> 12</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/faculty-of-khan"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#faculty-of-khan">Faculty of Khan</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="faculty-of-khan"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 10</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/looking-glass-universe"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#looking-glass-universe">Looking Glass Universe</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="looking-glass-universe"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 45</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/ludic-science"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ludic-science">Ludic Science</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ludic-science"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 14</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/minutephysics"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#minutephysics">minutephysics</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="minutephysics"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/physics-explained"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-explained">Physics Explained</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-explained"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 12</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/scienceclic"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#scienceclic">ScienceClic</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="scienceclic"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 6</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/steve-mould"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#steve-mould">Steve Mould</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="steve-mould"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/the-science-asylum"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#the-science-asylum">The Science Asylum</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="the-science-asylum"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/nick-lucid"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#nick-lucid">Nick Lucid</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="nick-lucid"></a><a href="#_toc/the-science-asylum" class="u"> The Science Asylum</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 15</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li><div id="_toc/ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations">UCSB Physics Lecture Demonstrations</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 16</span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/unsw-physics-youtube-channel"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#unsw-physics-youtube-channel">UNSW Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="unsw-physics-youtube-channel"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/veritasium"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#veritasium">Veritasium</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="veritasium"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 49</span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-journal"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-journal">Physics journal</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-journal"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 87</span><span class="dcnt"> 8</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physics-letters"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-letters">Physics Letters <span class="meta">(1962-1966)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-letters"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-journal" class="u"> Physics journal</a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> 2</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physics-letters-a"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-letters-a">Physics Letters A</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-letters-a"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-letters" class="u"> Physics Letters</a></span></span></div></li><li><div id="_toc/physics-letters-b"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physics-letters-b">Physics Letters B</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physics-letters-b"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-letters" class="u"> Physics Letters</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/journal-by-the-american-physical-society"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#journal-by-the-american-physical-society">Journal by the American Physical Society</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="journal-by-the-american-physical-society"></a><a href="#_toc/physics-journal" class="u"> Physics journal</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 44</span><span class="dcnt"> 4</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physical-review"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physical-review">Physical Review <span class="meta">(1893-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physical-review"></a><a href="#_toc/journal-by-the-american-physical-society" class="u"> Journal by the American Physical Society</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 5</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/paper-published-on-physical-review"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#paper-published-on-physical-review">Paper published on Physical Review </a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="paper-published-on-physical-review"></a><a href="#_toc/physical-review" class="u"> Physical Review</a></span></span></div></li></ul><li class="has-child"><div id="_toc/physical-review-letters"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physical-review-letters">Physical Review Letters <span class="meta">(1958-)</span></a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physical-review-letters"></a><a href="#_toc/journal-by-the-american-physical-society" class="u"> Journal by the American Physical Society</a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> 39</span><span class="dcnt"> 1</span></span></span></span></div><ul><li><div id="_toc/physical-review-letters-article"><div class="arrow"><div></div></div><span class="not-arrow"><a href="#physical-review-letters-article">Physical Review Letters article</a><span class="hover-metadata"><a class="split" href="physical-review-letters-article"></a><a href="#_toc/physical-review-letters" class="u"> Physical Review Letters</a></span></span></div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="how-to-teach-and-learn-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="how-to-teach-and-learn-physics">How to teach and learn physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="how-to-teach-and-learn-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 757</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/how-to-teach-and-learn-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="ciro-santilli#essays-by-ciro-santilli">Essays by Ciro Santilli</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_17">The approach many courses take to physics, specially "modern Physics" is really bad, this is how it should be taught:<div class="list"><ul id="_18"><li id="_19">start by describing experiments that the previous best theory did not explain, see also: <a href="#physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history">Section "Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history"</a></li><li id="_20">then, give the final formula for the next best theory</li><li id="_21">then, give all the important final implications of that formula, and how it amazingly describes the experiments. In particular this means: <a href="#doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number">doing physics means calculating a number</a></li><li id="_22">then, give some mathematical intuition on the formulas, and how the main equation could have been derived</li><li id="_23">finally, then and only then, start deriving the outcomes of the main formula in detail</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_24">This is likely because at some point, experiments get more and more complicated, and so people are tempted to say "this is the truth" instead of "this is why we think this is the truth", which is much harder.</div><div class="p" id="_25">But we can't be lazy, there is no replacement to the why.</div><div class="p" id="_26">Related:<div class="list"><ul id="_27"><li id="_28"><a href="http://settheory.net/learnphysics">settheory.net/learnphysics</a> and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MKjPYuD60I&list=PLJcTRymdlUQPwx8qU4ln83huPx-6Y3XxH">www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MKjPYuD60I&list=PLJcTRymdlUQPwx8qU4ln83huPx-6Y3XxH</a> from <a href="physicist#settheory-net">settheory.net</a></li><li id="_29"><a href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/books.html">math.ucr.edu/home/baez/books.html</a> by <a href="physicist#john-c-baez">John Baez</a>. Mentions:<div><blockquote id="_30">This webpage doesn't have lots of links to websites. Websites just don't have the sort of in-depth material you need to learn technical subjects like advanced math and physics — at least, not yet. To learn this stuff, you need to read lots of books</blockquote></div><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> is trying to change that: <a href="ourbigbook-com">OurBigBook.com</a>.</li><li id="_31"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324182549/http://jakobschwichtenberg.com/one-thing/">web.archive.org/web/20210324182549/http://jakobschwichtenberg.com/one-thing/</a> by <a href="physicist#jakob-schwichtenberg">Jakob Schwichtenberg</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history">Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 233</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><a href="#_toc/physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism">Cirism</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_33">This is the only way to truly understand and appreciate the subject.</div><div class="p" id="_34">Understanding the experiments gets intimately entangled with basically learning the <a href="#history-of-physics">history of physics</a>, which is extremely beneficial as also highlighted by <a href="stack-overflow#ron-maimon">Ron Maimon</a>, related: <a href="#there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field">there is value in tutorials written by early pioneers of the field</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_35">"How we know" is a basically more fundamental point than "what we know" in the natural sciences.</div><div class="p" id="_36">In the <a href="surely-you-re-joking-mr-feynman-chapter-o-americano-outra-vez">Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman chapter O Americano, Outra Vez!</a> <a href="richard-feynman">Richard Feynman</a> describes his experience teaching in <a href="brazil">Brazil</a> in the early 1950s, and how everything was memorized, without any explanation of the experiments or that the theory has some relationship to the real world!</div><div class="p" id="_37">Although things have improved considerably since in Brazil, Ciro still feels that some areas of physics are still taught without enough experiments described upfront. Notably, ironically, <a href="quantum-field-theory">quantum field theory</a>, which is where Feynman himself worked.</div><div class="p" id="_38">Feynman gave huge importance to understanding and explaining experiments, as can also be seen on <a href="quantum-field-theory#richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979">Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)</a>.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-making-the-best-way-of-learning-science-and-technology-by-manish-jain-2018"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EpTFQcD7bME" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-making-the-best-way-of-learning-science-and-technology-by-manish-jain-2018"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 1. </span></a><div class="title">'Making' - the best way of learning science and technology by Manish Jain (2018)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpTFQcD7bME">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field">There is value in tutorials written by early pioneers of the field</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 86</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-education-needs-more-focus-on-understanding-experiments-and-their-history" class="u"> Physics education needs more focus on understanding experiments and their history</a><a href="#_toc/there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-early-pioneers-of-the-field"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism">Cirism</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_40">Everyone is beginner when the field is new, and <a href="cirism#there-is-value-in-tutorials-written-by-beginners">there is value in tutorials written by beginners</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_41">For example, <a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a> felt it shocking how direct and satisfying <a href="richard-feynman">Richard Feynman</a>'s <a href="science#popular-science">scientific vulgarization</a> of <a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> were, e.g. at: <a href="quantum-field-theory#richard-feynman-quantum-electrodynamics-lecture-at-university-of-auckland-1979">Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979)</a>, and that if he had just assumed minimal knowledge of <a href="mathematics">mathematics</a>, he was about to give a full satisfactory picture in just a few hours.</div><div class="p" id="_42">Other supporters of this:<div class="list"><ul id="_43"><li id="_44"><a href="stack-overflow#ron-maimon">Ron Maimon</a>: the same also applies to early original papers of the field, not just tutorials</li><li id="_45"><a href="technology#dean-kamen">Dean Kamen</a>: quick mention at: <a href="https://fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/dean-kamen">fi.edu/en/awards/laureates/dean-kamen</a>, but a better longer mention on Dreamer (2020), nearby section from trailer: <a href="https://youtu.be/Cj2VKVJKf1I?t=16">youtu.be/Cj2VKVJKf1I?t=16</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number">Doing physics means calculating a number</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 152</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><a href="#_toc/doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="cirism">Cirism</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_47">In Physics, in order to test a theory, you must be able to extract a number from it.</div><div class="p" id="_48">It does not matter how, if it is exact, or numerical, or a message from <a href="religion#god">God</a>: a number has to come out of the formulas in the end, and you have to compare it with the experimental data.</div><div class="p" id="_49">Many theoretical physicists seem to forget this in their lectures, see also: <a href="#how-to-teach-and-learn-physics">Section "How to teach and learn physics"</a>.</div><div class="h" id="physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future">Physics is a way to predict the future</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 83</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number" class="u"> Doing physics means calculating a number</a><a href="#_toc/physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-is-a-way-to-predict-the-future"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_50">It is quite beautiful to look at it like that.</div><div class="p" id="_51">That which previous generations would treat as magical, and divine.</div><div class="p" id="_52">We are doing better and better right now.</div><div class="p" id="_53">Of course, in a way, humans are trying and often successfully predicting certain daily aspects of the future all the time. Will this car stop if I cross the road? Will this glass break if I drop it?</div><div class="p" id="_54">But there's a beauty to the level of precision that can be achieved with <a href="">physics</a> and other <a href="science#natural-science">natural sciences</a>.</div><div class="h" id="it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes">It is OK to treat things as black boxes</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 166</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#how-to-teach-and-learn-physics" class="u"> How to teach and learn physics</a><a href="#_toc/it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/it-is-ok-to-treat-things-as-black-boxes"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_55">Nature <a href="technology#science-is-the-reverse-engineering-of-nature">is a black box, right</a>?</div><div class="p" id="_56">You don't need to understand the <a href="science#from-first-principles">from first principles</a> derivation of every single phenomena.</div><div class="p" id="_57">And most important of all: you should not start learning phenomena by reading the from first principles derivation.</div><div class="p" id="_58">Instead, you should see what happens in experiments, and how matches some known formula (which hopefully has been derived from first principles).</div><div class="p" id="_59">Only open the boxes (understand from first principles derivation) if the need is felt!</div><div class="p" id="_60">E.g.:<div class="list"><ul id="_61"><li id="_62">you don't need to understand everything about why <a href="condensed-matter-physics#squid-device">SQUID devices</a> have their specific <a href="electronics#current-voltage-characteristic">I-V curve</a> curve. You have to first of all learn what the I-V curve would be in an experiment!</li><li id="_63">you don't need to understand the fine details of how <a href="photon#cavity-magnetron">cavity magnetrons</a> work. What you need to understand first is what kind of <a href="photon#microwave">microwave</a> you get from what kind of input (<a href="electronics#direct-current">DC current</a>), and how that compares to other sources of <a href="photon#microwave">microwaves</a></li><li id="_64"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#laser">lasers</a>: same</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_65">Physics is <a href="#doing-physics-means-calculating-a-number">all about predicting the future</a>. If you can predict the future with an end result, that's already predicting the future, and valid.</div><div class="h" id="the-most-important-physics-experiments"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="the-most-important-physics-experiments">The most important physics experiments</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-most-important-physics-experiments"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 184</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-most-important-physics-experiments"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_66">Videos should be found/made for all of those: <a href="todo#videos-of-all-key-physics-experiments">videos of all key physics experiments</a></div><div class="list"><ul id="_67"><li id="_68"><a href="photon#speed-of-light-experiment">speed of light experiment</a></li><li id="_69">basically all experiments listed under <a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-mechanics-experiment">Section "Quantum mechanics experiment"</a> such as:<div class="list"><ul id="_70"><li id="_71"><a href="condensed-matter-physics#black-body-radiation-experiment">black-body radiation experiment</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_72"><a href="quantum-mechanics#davisson-germer-experiment">Davisson-Germer experiment</a></li></ul></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-field-theory#lamb-shift">Lamb shift</a></li><li><a href="relativity#michelson-morley-experiment">Michelson-Morley experiment</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video">Physics experiment without a decent modern video</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><a href="#_toc/physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-experiment-without-a-decent-modern-video"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-mechanics#quantum-hall-effect">Quantum Hall effect</a></li><li><a href="statistical-physics#zartman-ko-experiment">Zartman Ko experiment</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="aharonov-bohm-effect"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="aharonov-bohm-effect">Aharonov-Bohm effect</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="aharonov-bohm-effect"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><a href="#_toc/aharonov-bohm-effect" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/aharonov-bohm-effect"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_73">This shows that viewing <a href="electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> as <a href="quantum-field-theory#gauge-theory">gauge theory</a> does have experimentally observable consequences. TODO understand what that means.</div><div class="p" id="_74">In more understandable terms, it shows that the <a href="electromagnetism#magnetic-vector-potential">magnetic vector potential</a> matters where the magnetic field is 0.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-the-quantum-experiment-that-almost-broke-locality-by-the-science-asylum-2019"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/a70Bmkza7XA" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-the-quantum-experiment-that-almost-broke-locality-by-the-science-asylum-2019"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 2. </span></a><div class="title">The Quantum Experiment that ALMOST broke Locality by <a href="#the-science-asylum">The Science Asylum</a> (2019)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a70Bmkza7XA">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="compton-scattering"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="compton-scattering">Compton scattering <span class="meta">(1923)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="compton-scattering"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 84</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><a href="#_toc/compton-scattering" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/compton-scattering"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="nobel-prize#1927-nobel-prize-in-physics">1927 Nobel Prize in Physics</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_77">Classic theory predicts that the output frequency must be the same as the input one since the electromagnetic wave makes the electron vibrate with same frequency as itself, which then irradiates further waves.</div><div class="p" id="_78">But the output waves are longer because <a href="quantum-mechanics#planck-einstein-relation">photons are discrete and energy is proportional to frequency</a>:</div><div class="p" id="_79">The formula is exactly that of two <a href="relativity">relativistic</a> billiard balls colliding.</div><div class="p" id="_80">Therefore this is evidence that <a href="photon">photons</a> exist and have momentum.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-compton-scattering-by-compton-scattering-2017"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uICnnfYHYJ4" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-compton-scattering-by-compton-scattering-2017"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 3. </span></a><div class="title">Compton Scattering by Compton Scattering (2017)</div> <a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=uICnnfYHYJ4">Source</a>. Experiment with a <a href="chemistry#caesium-137">caesium-137</a> source.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-l3-3-compton-scattering-by-barton-zwiebach-2017"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WR88_Vzfcx4" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-l3-3-compton-scattering-by-barton-zwiebach-2017"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 4. </span></a><div class="title">L3.3 Compton Scattering by <a href="physicist#barton-zwiebach">Barton Zwiebach</a> (2017)</div> <a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=WR88_Vzfcx4">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="photoelectric-effect"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="photoelectric-effect">Photoelectric effect</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="photoelectric-effect"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 46</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-most-important-physics-experiments" class="u"> The most important physics experiments</a><a href="#_toc/photoelectric-effect" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/photoelectric-effect"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="nobel-prize#1921-nobel-prize-in-physics">1921 Nobel Prize in Physics</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_82">No matter how hight the wave intensity, if it the frequency is small, no photons are removed from the material.</div><div class="p" id="_83">This is different from classic waves where energy is proportional to intensity, and coherent with the <a href="photon">existence of photons</a> and the <a href="quantum-mechanics#planck-einstein-relation">Planck-Einstein relation</a>.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-photoelectric-effect-by-ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations-2021"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/22RSoYpazao" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-photoelectric-effect-by-ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations-2021"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 5. </span></a><div class="title">Photoelectric effect by <a href="#ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations">UCSB Physics Lecture Demonstrations</a> (2021)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22RSoYpazao&list=PLGImELmE_zlPqmRbbvZ1MjWnbFovcwBBO&index=96">Source</a>. </figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="system-of-units"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="system-of-units">System of units</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 52</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/system-of-units" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/system-of-units"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_84"><a href="system-of-units">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="particle-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="particle-physics">Particle physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 29k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 770</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/particle-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/particle-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_85"><a href="particle-physics">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="energy"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="energy">Energy</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="energy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 33</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/energy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/energy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="unit-of-measurement-for-energy"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="unit-of-measurement-for-energy">Unit of measurement for energy</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="unit-of-measurement-for-energy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#energy" class="u"> Energy</a><a href="#_toc/unit-of-measurement-for-energy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/unit-of-measurement-for-energy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="system-of-units#unit-of-measurement">Unit of measurement</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="joule"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="joule">Joule <span class="meta">(J)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="joule"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#unit-of-measurement-for-energy" class="u"> Unit of measurement for energy</a><a href="#_toc/joule" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/joule"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="watt"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="watt">Watt</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="watt"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#unit-of-measurement-for-energy" class="u"> Unit of measurement for energy</a><a href="#_toc/watt" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/watt"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="conservation-of-energy"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="conservation-of-energy">Conservation of energy</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="conservation-of-energy"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#energy" class="u"> Energy</a><a href="#_toc/conservation-of-energy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/conservation-of-energy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="potential-energy"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="potential-energy">Potential energy</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="potential-energy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#energy" class="u"> Energy</a><a href="#_toc/potential-energy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_energy" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/potential-energy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="potential-barrier"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="potential-barrier">Potential barrier</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="potential-barrier"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#potential-energy" class="u"> Potential energy</a><a href="#_toc/potential-barrier" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/potential-barrier"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="kinetic-energy"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="kinetic-energy">Kinetic energy</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="kinetic-energy"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 33</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#energy" class="u"> Energy</a><a href="#_toc/kinetic-energy" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/kinetic-energy"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2">Why kinetic energy is <span class="katex"><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0641em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">/2</span></span></span></span>?</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 33</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#kinetic-energy" class="u"> Kinetic energy</a><a href="#_toc/why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/why-kinetic-energy-is-mv-2-2"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_88"><li id="_89">why the square: <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/535/why-does-kinetic-energy-increase-quadratically-not-linearly-with-speed">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/535/why-does-kinetic-energy-increase-quadratically-not-linearly-with-speed</a> on <a href="stack-overflow#physics-stack-exchange">Physics Stack Exchange</a>. <a href="stack-overflow#ron-maimon">Ron Maimon</a>'s answer is great, as it relies only on the following staring points:<div class="list"><ul id="_90"><li id="_91"><a href="#conservation-of-energy">energy is conserved</a></li><li id="_92"><a href="geometry#galilean-invariance">Galilean invariance</a></li></ul></div>He also offers a <a href="group#symmetry">symmetry</a> argument considering the case of <a href="#potential-energy">potential energy</a>.</li><li id="_93">why the half: <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/27847/why-is-there-a-frac-1-2-in-frac-1-2-mv2">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/27847/why-is-there-a-frac-1-2-in-frac-1-2-mv2</a> on <a href="stack-overflow#physics-stack-exchange">Physics Stack Exchange</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_94">Others:<div class="list"><ul id="_95"><li id="_96"><a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/156696/why-is-kinetic-energy-defined-as-1-2m-v2">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/156696/why-is-kinetic-energy-defined-as-1-2m-v2</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="work-physics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="work-physics">Work <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="work-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#energy" class="u"> Energy</a><a href="#_toc/work-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(physics)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/work-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="why-work-is-force-times-distance"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="why-work-is-force-times-distance">Why work is force times distance?</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="why-work-is-force-times-distance"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#work-physics" class="u"> Work (physics)</a><a href="#_toc/why-work-is-force-times-distance" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/why-work-is-force-times-distance"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_97"><li id="_98"><a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26797/why-does-work-equal-force-times-distance">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26797/why-does-work-equal-force-times-distance</a></li><li id="_99"><a href="https://www.quora.com/Why-do-we-define-work-as-force-times-distance">www.quora.com/Why-do-we-define-work-as-force-times-distance</a></li><li id="_100"><a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/428525/why-does-work-depend-on-distance">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/428525/why-does-work-depend-on-distance</a></li><li id="_101"><a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/79523/why-does-the-amount-of-energy-transferred-depend-on-distance-rather-than-time">physics.stackexchange.com/questions/79523/why-does-the-amount-of-energy-transferred-depend-on-distance-rather-than-time</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="experimental-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="experimental-physics">Experimental physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="experimental-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 15</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/experimental-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/experimental-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_102">Experiment and theory are like the <a href="religion#yin-and-yang">yin and yang</a>: opposites, but one cannot exist without the other.</div><div class="h" id="theoretical-physics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="theoretical-physics">Theoretical physics</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="theoretical-physics"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#experimental-physics" class="u"> Experimental physics</a><a href="#_toc/theoretical-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/theoretical-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="field-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="field-physics">Field <span class="meta">(physics)</span></a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="field-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 230</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/field-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(physics)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/field-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_103"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-lecture-notes-by-david-tong-2007">Quantum Field Theory lecture notes by David Tong (2007)</a> puts it well:<div><blockquote id="_104">In classical physics, the primary reason for introducing the concept of the <a href="#field-physics">field</a> is to construct laws of Nature that are local. The old laws of Coulomb and Newton involve "action at a distance". This means that the force felt by an electron (or planet) changes immediately if a distant <a href="standard-model#proton">proton</a> (or star) moves. This situation is philosophically unsatisfactory. More importantly, it is also experimentally wrong. The field theories of Maxwell and Einstein remedy the situation, with all interactions mediated in a local fashion by the field.</blockquote></div>This is also mentioned e.g. at <a href="#video-the-quantum-experiment-that-almost-broke-locality-by-the-science-asylum-2019">Video 2. "The Quantum Experiment that ALMOST broke Locality by The Science Asylum (2019)"</a>.</div><div class="h" id="principle-of-locality"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="principle-of-locality">Principle of locality</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="principle-of-locality"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 135</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 3</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#field-physics" class="u"> Field (physics)</a><a href="#_toc/principle-of-locality" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/principle-of-locality"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="causality"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="causality">Causality</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="causality"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 135</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#principle-of-locality" class="u"> Principle of locality</a><a href="#_toc/causality" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/causality"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_105"><li id="_106"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality</a></li><li id="_107"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_(physics)">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_(physics)</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="causality-in-quantum-mechanics"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="causality-in-quantum-mechanics">Causality in quantum mechanics</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="causality-in-quantum-mechanics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 135</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#causality" class="u"> Causality</a><a href="#_toc/causality-in-quantum-mechanics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality_in_quantum_mechanics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/causality-in-quantum-mechanics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_108">In simple terms, if you believe in the <a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation">Schrödinger equation</a> and its modern probabilistic interpretation as described in the <a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-picture">Schrödinger picture</a>, then at first it seem that there is no strict causality to the outcome of experiments.</div><div class="p" id="_109">People have then tried to recover that by assuming that there is some inner sate beyond the <a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, but these ideas are refuted by <a href="quantum-mechanics#bell-test-experiment">Bell test experiments</a>, unless we give up the <a href="#principle-of-locality">principle of locality</a>, which feels more important, especially in <a href="relativity#special-relativity">special relativity</a>, where <a href="photon#faster-than-light-implies-time-travel">faster-than-light implies time travel</a>, which breaks causality even more dramatically.</div><div class="p" id="_110">The <a href="quantum-mechanics#de-broglie-bohm-theory">de Broglie-Bohm theory</a> is a deterministic but <a href="#principle-of-locality">non-local</a> formulation of quantum mechanics.</div><div class="h" id="causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible">Causality and quantum jumps are incompatible</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 46</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#causality-in-quantum-mechanics" class="u"> Causality in quantum mechanics</a><a href="#_toc/causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/causality-and-quantum-jumps-are-incompatible"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_111">If something does a <a href="chemistry#quantum-jump">quantum jump</a>, what causes it to decide doing so at a particular time and not another? It is expected that a continuous cause would have continuous effects.</div><div class="p" id="_112">This concern was raised immediately by <a href="physicist#ernest-rutherford">Rutherford</a> while reviewing the <a href="chemistry#bohr-model">Bohr model</a> in 1913 as mentioned in <a href="quantum-mechanics#the-quantum-story-by-jim-baggott-2011">The Quantum Story by Jim Baggott (2011)</a> page 32.</div><div class="h" id="law-of-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="law-of-physics">Law of physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="law-of-physics"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/law-of-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law#Laws_of_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/law-of-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="history-of-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="history-of-physics">History of physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="history-of-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/history-of-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/history-of-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_113">Good reading list: <a href="#abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics">Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics</a>.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="particle-physics#history-of-particle-physics">History of particle physics</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics">Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#history-of-physics" class="u"> History of physics</a><a href="#_toc/abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Pais_Prize_for_History_of_Physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/abraham-pais-prize-for-history-of-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="social-technology#prize">Prize</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="condensed-matter-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="condensed-matter-physics">Condensed matter physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 223</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/condensed-matter-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/condensed-matter-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_115"><a href="condensed-matter-physics">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="statistical-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="statistical-physics">Statistical physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 1k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 65</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/statistical-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/statistical-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_116"><a href="statistical-physics">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="mechanics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="mechanics">Mechanics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 2k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 78</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/mechanics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/mechanics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_117"><a href="mechanics">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="computational-physics"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="computational-physics">Computational physics</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computational-physics"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 171</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/computational-physics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computational-physics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#computer-simulation">Computer simulation</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_119">The intersection of two beautiful <a href="art">arts</a>: <a href="computer">coding</a> and <a href="">physics</a>!</div><div class="p" id="_120">Computational physics is a good way to get valuable intuition about the key equations of physics, and train your <a href="mathematics#numerical-analysis">numerical analysis</a> skills:<div class="list"><ul id="_121"><li id="_122">classical mechanics<div class="list"><ul id="_123"><li id="_124">"Real-time <a href="calculus#heat-equation">heat equation</a> OpenGL visualization with interactive mouse cursor using relaxation method" under <a href="articles">the best articles by Ciro Articles</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_125"><a href="https://phet.colorado.edu">phet.colorado.edu</a> PhET simulations from University of Colorado Boulder</li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_126">Other child sections:<div class="list"><ul id="_127"><li id="_128"><a href="quantum-mechanics#schrodinger-equation-simulations">Schrödinger equation simulations</a></li><li id="_129"><a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-field-theory-simulations">quantum field theory simulations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="computational-chemistry"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="computational-chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="computational-chemistry"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 119</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 7</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computational-physics" class="u"> Computational physics</a><a href="#_toc/computational-chemistry" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistry" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/computational-chemistry"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="software#computer-simulation">Computer simulation</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="quantum-chemistry"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="quantum-chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="quantum-chemistry"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 100</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computational-chemistry" class="u"> Computational chemistry</a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/quantum-chemistry"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_131">Ah, the jewel of <a href="#computational-physics">computational physics</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_132">Also known as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_initio_quantum_chemistry_methods">ab initio</a> method: no experimental measurement is taken as input, <a href="quantum-field-theory#quantum-electrodynamics">QED is all you need</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_133">But since QED is thought to fully describe all relevant aspects <a href="quantum-mechanics#molecule">molecules</a>, it could be called "the" ab initio method.</div><div class="p" id="_134">For one, if we were able to predict protein molecule interactions, our understanding of <a href="ciro-santilli#molecular-biology-technologies">molecular biology technologies</a> would be solved.</div><div class="p" id="_135">No more ultra expensive and complicated <a href="microscopy#x-ray-crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> or <a href="microscopy#cryogenic-electron-microscopy">cryogenic electron microscopy</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_136">And the fact that <a href="quantum-computing">quantum computers</a> are one of the most promising advances to this field, is also very very exciting: <a href="quantum-computing#quantum-algorithm">Section "Quantum algorithm"</a>.</div><div class="h" id="relativistic-quantum-chemistry"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="relativistic-quantum-chemistry">Relativistic quantum chemistry</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="relativistic-quantum-chemistry"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#quantum-chemistry" class="u"> Quantum chemistry</a><a href="#_toc/relativistic-quantum-chemistry" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/relativistic-quantum-chemistry"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="quantum-field-theory#applications-of-quantum-electrodynamics">Applications of quantum electrodynamics</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_138"><li id="_139"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnsHtYYKf0">www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtnsHtYYKf0</a> "Mercury and Relativity - Periodic Table of Videos" by a</li></ul></div><div class="h" id="quantum-chemistry-software"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="quantum-chemistry-software">Quantum chemistry software</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="quantum-chemistry-software"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#quantum-chemistry" class="u"> Quantum chemistry</a><a href="#_toc/quantum-chemistry-software" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/quantum-chemistry-software"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="pyscf"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="pyscf">PySCF</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pyscf"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#quantum-chemistry-software" class="u"> Quantum chemistry software</a><a href="#_toc/pyscf" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PySCF" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pyscf"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_140"><a href="https://github.com/pyscf/pyscf">github.com/pyscf/pyscf</a></div><div class="h" id="psi4"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="psi4">Psi4</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="psi4"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#quantum-chemistry-software" class="u"> Quantum chemistry software</a><a href="#_toc/psi4" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI_(computational_chemistry)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/psi4"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_141"><a href="https://github.com/psi4/psi4">github.com/psi4/psi4</a></div><div class="h" id="quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms">Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 19</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#computational-chemistry" class="u"> Computational chemistry</a><a href="#_toc/quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer">IBM 2017 beryllium hydride ground state calculation on a quantum computer</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 19</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#quantum-computing-computational-chemistry-algorithms" class="u"> Quantum computing computational chemistry algorithms</a><a href="#_toc/ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ibm-2017-beryllium-hydride-ground-state-calculation-on-a-quantum-computer"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_142">TODO what's the largest molecule done on a <a href="quantum-computing#classical-computer">classical computer</a>?</div><div class="list"><ul id="_143"><li id="_144"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2017/09/quantum-molecule/">www.ibm.com/blogs/research/2017/09/quantum-molecule/</a></li><li id="_145"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23879">www.nature.com/articles/nature23879</a> "Hardware-efficient variational quantum eigensolver for small molecules and quantum magnets"</li><li id="_146"><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/quantum-computer-simulates-largest-molecule-yet-sparking-hope-future-drug-discoveries">www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/quantum-computer-simulates-largest-molecule-yet-sparking-hope-future-drug-discoveries</a></li></ul></div><div class="h" id="physics-conference"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="physics-conference">Physics conference</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-conference"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 141</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 5</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/physics-conference" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-conference"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="solvay-conference"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="solvay-conference">Solvay Conference <span class="meta">(1911)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="solvay-conference"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-conference" class="u"> Physics conference</a><a href="#_toc/solvay-conference" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/solvay-conference"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="first-solvay-conference-1911"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="first-solvay-conference-1911">First Solvay Conference (1911)</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="first-solvay-conference-1911"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#solvay-conference" class="u"> Solvay Conference</a><a href="#_toc/first-solvay-conference-1911" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solvay_Conference_(1911)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/first-solvay-conference-1911"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="fifth-solvay-conference-1927"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="fifth-solvay-conference-1927">Fifth Solvay Conference (1927)</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="fifth-solvay-conference-1927"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#solvay-conference" class="u"> Solvay Conference</a><a href="#_toc/fifth-solvay-conference-1927" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Solvay_Conference_(1927)" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/fifth-solvay-conference-1927"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="shelter-island-conference"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="shelter-island-conference">Shelter Island Conference <span class="meta">(1947)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="shelter-island-conference"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 141</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-conference" class="u"> Physics conference</a><a href="#_toc/shelter-island-conference" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter_Island_Conference" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/shelter-island-conference"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_149">Sponsored by <a href="education#national-academy-of-sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, located in <a href="united-states#long-island">Long Island</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_150">Some photos at: <a href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/milestones-in-NAS-history/shelter-island-conference-photos.html">www.nasonline.org/about-nas/history/archives/milestones-in-NAS-history/shelter-island-conference-photos.html</a> on the website of <a href="education#national-academy-of-sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, therefore canon. </div><div class="p" id="_151">This is where <a href="physicist#isidor-isaac-rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> exposed experiments carried out on the <a href="quantum-field-theory#anomalous-magnetic-dipole-moment">anomalous magnetic dipole moment</a> and <a href="physicist#willis-lamb">Willis Lamb</a> presented his work on the <a href="quantum-field-theory#lamb-shift">Lamb shift</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_152">It was a very private and intimate conference, that gathered the best physicists of the area, one is reminded of the style of the <a href="#solvay-conference">Solvay Conference</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_153"><a href="quantum-field-theory#qed-and-the-men-who-made-it-dyson-feynman-schwinger-and-tomonaga-by-silvan-schweber-1994">QED and the men who made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga by Silvan Schweber (1994)</a> chapter 4.1 this conference was soon compared to the <a href="#first-solvay-conference-1911">First Solvay Conference (1911)</a>, which set in motion the development of <a href="quantum-mechanics#non-relativistic-quantum-mechanics">non-relativistic quantum mechanics</a>.</div><div class="h" id="pocono-conference"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="pocono-conference">Pocono conference <span class="meta">(1948)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="pocono-conference"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 66</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#shelter-island-conference" class="u"> Shelter Island Conference</a><a href="#_toc/pocono-conference" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocono_conference" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/pocono-conference"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_155">Followup to the <a href="#shelter-island-conference">Shelter Island Conference</a>, this is where <a href="physicist#julian-schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> and <a href="richard-feynman">Richard Feynman</a> exposed their theories to explain the experiments of the previous conference.</div><div class="p" id="_156">Julian made a formal presentation that took until the afternoon and bored everyone to death, though the mathematics avoided much questioning.</div><div class="p" id="_157">Feynman then presented his revolutionary approach, which he was unable to prove basic properties of, but which gave correct results, and people were not very happy.</div><div class="h" id="physicist"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="physicist">Physicist</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-split"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 4k</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 134</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/physicist" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physicist"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_158"><a href="physicist">This section is present in another page, follow this link to view it.</a></div><div class="h" id="physics-gossip"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="physics-gossip">Physics gossip</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-gossip"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/physics-gossip" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-gossip"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="physicist#feud-between-sabine-hossenfelder-and-lubos-motl">Feud between Sabine Hossenfelder and Luboš Motl</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="unsolved-physics-problem"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="unsolved-physics-problem">Unsolved physics problem</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="unsolved-physics-problem"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 68</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/unsolved-physics-problem" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/unsolved-physics-problem"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_159">The most important ones are:<div class="list"><ul id="_160"><li id="_161"><a href="standard-model#theory-of-everything">theory of everything</a>. We are certain that our base equations are wrong, but we don't know how to fix them :-)<div class="list"><ul id="_162"><li id="_163"><a href="standard-model#grand-unified-theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li><li id="_164"><a href="quantum-field-theory#strong-cp-problem">strong CP problem</a></li></ul></div></li><li id="_165">full explanation of <a href="condensed-matter-physics#high-temperature-superconductivity">high-temperature superconductivity</a>. <a href="condensed-matter-physics#superconductivity">Superconductivity</a> already has a gazillion applications, and doing it in higher temperatures would add a gazillion more, and maybe this theoretical explanation would help us find new high temperature superconducting materials more effectively</li><li id="_166"><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect-5-2">fractional quantum Hall effect 5/2</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p" id="_167">Other super important ones:<div class="list"><ul id="_168"><li id="_169"><a href="standard-model#neutrino">neutrino</a> mass measurement and explanation</li></ul></div></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="quantum-mechanics#fractional-quantum-hall-effect-5-2">Fractional quantum Hall effect 5/2</a></li><li><a href="standard-model#grand-unified-theory">Grand Unified Theory</a></li><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#high-temperature-superconductivity">High-temperature superconductivity</a></li><li><a href="quantum-field-theory#strong-cp-problem">Strong CP problem</a></li><li><a href="standard-model#theory-of-everything">Theory of everything</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physics-bibliography"><div class="notnav"><h2><a href="physics-bibliography">Physics bibliography</a></h2><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-bibliography"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 297</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 23</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="" class="u"> Physics</a><a href="#_toc/physics-bibliography" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-bibliography"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik">Theoretical Physics Reference by Ondrej Certík <span class="meta">(certik/theoretical-physics)</span></a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 43</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/theoretical-physics-reference-by-ondrej-certik"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_171"><li id="_172"><a href="https://github.com/certik/theoretical-physics">github.com/certik/theoretical-physics</a></li><li id="_173"><a href="https://www.theoretical-physics.com/dev/index.html">www.theoretical-physics.com/dev/index.html</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_174">The only one on <a href="software#github">GitHub</a>. In RST and renders to HTML with image formulas.</div><div class="p" id="_175">Too "direct formula overload" at first look.</div><div class="p" id="_176">By the creator of SymPy, who works at <a href="research-institute#los-alamos-national-laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> and has a PhD in chemical physics: s<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ond%C5%99ej-%C4%8Dert%C3%ADk-064b355b/">www.linkedin.com/in/ondřej-čertík-064b355b/</a> Man, big kudos to this dude.</div><div class="h" id="physics-youtube-channel"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="physics-youtube-channel">Physics YouTube channel</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-youtube-channel"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 167</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/physics-youtube-channel" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-youtube-channel"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="particle-physics#particle-physics-youtube-channel">Particle physics YouTube channel</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="faculty-of-khan"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="faculty-of-khan">Faculty of Khan</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="faculty-of-khan"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 10</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/faculty-of-khan" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/faculty-of-khan"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_177"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGDanWUzNMbIV11lcNi-yBg">www.youtube.com/channel/UCGDanWUzNMbIV11lcNi-yBg</a></div><div class="p" id="_178">This is quite in-depth, pretty good.</div><div class="p" id="_179">Unrelated to the <a href="website#khan-academy">Khan Academy</a>.</div><div class="h" id="looking-glass-universe"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="looking-glass-universe">Looking Glass Universe</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="looking-glass-universe"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 45</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/looking-glass-universe" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/looking-glass-universe"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_180"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse">www.youtube.com/user/LookingGlassUniverse</a></div><div class="p" id="_181">Cute simple paper-cut stop motion animations videos by Mithuna Yoganathan, a PhD in theoretical physics at the <a href="university#university-of-cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>: <a href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/person/my332">www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/person/my332</a>.</div><div class="p" id="_182">This has the seeds of direct good intuition, but often stops a bit too short. Worth a look though, there is value in them for beginners.</div><div class="h" id="ludic-science"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="ludic-science">Ludic Science</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ludic-science"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 14</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/ludic-science" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ludic-science"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_183"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCM014DFZ7peFVrSaxnh4-Mw">www.youtube.com/channel/UCM014DFZ7peFVrSaxnh4-Mw</a></div><div class="p" id="_184">Maybe <a href="linguistics#spanish-language">Spanish</a> accent, but might also be from some other <a href="continent#europe">european</a> language.</div><div class="p" id="_185">Very practical, low-cost experiments.</div><div class="h" id="minutephysics"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="minutephysics">minutephysics</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="minutephysics"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/minutephysics" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/minutephysics"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_186"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHW94eEFW7hkUMVaZz4eDg">www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHW94eEFW7hkUMVaZz4eDg</a></div><div class="h" id="physics-explained"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="physics-explained">Physics Explained</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-explained"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 12</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/physics-explained" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-explained"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_187"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/PhysicsExplainedVideos">www.youtube.com/c/PhysicsExplainedVideos</a></div><div class="p" id="_188">Falls a bit too much on the basic side of the <a href="ciro-santilli#the-missing-link-between-basic-and-advanced">the missing link between basic and advanced</a>.</div><div class="h" id="scienceclic"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="scienceclic">ScienceClic</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="scienceclic"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 6</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/scienceclic" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/scienceclic"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_189"><li id="_190"><a href="linguistics#english-language">English</a>: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWvq4kcdNI1r1jZKFw9TiUA">www.youtube.com/channel/UCWvq4kcdNI1r1jZKFw9TiUA</a></li><li id="_191">French: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ScienceClic">www.youtube.com/user/ScienceClic</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_192">This is very promising.</div><div class="h" id="steve-mould"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="steve-mould">Steve Mould</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="steve-mould"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/steve-mould" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mould" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/steve-mould"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_193"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIwxahdLz7bap-VDs9h35A">www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIwxahdLz7bap-VDs9h35A</a></div><div class="h" id="the-science-asylum"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="the-science-asylum">The Science Asylum</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="the-science-asylum"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 15</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/the-science-asylum" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/the-science-asylum"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_194"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXgNowiGxwwnLeQ7DXTwXPg">www.youtube.com/channel/UCXgNowiGxwwnLeQ7DXTwXPg</a></div><div class="h" id="nick-lucid"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="nick-lucid">Nick Lucid</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="nick-lucid"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 15</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#the-science-asylum" class="u"> The Science Asylum</a><a href="#_toc/nick-lucid" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/nick-lucid"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_195"><a href="ciro-santilli">Ciro Santilli</a>'s answer to <a href="https://www.quora.com/How-credible-is-Nick-Lucid-of-YouTubes-%E2%80%9CThe-Science-Asylum%E2%80%9D/answer/Ciro-Santilli">How credible is Nick Lucid, of YouTube's "The Science Asylum"?</a> on <a href="website#quora">Quora</a>.</div><div class="h" id="ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations">UCSB Physics Lecture Demonstrations</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 16</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/ucsb-physics-lecture-demonstrations"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="university#university-of-california-santa-barbara">UCSB</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="list"><ul id="_197"><li id="_198"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGImELmE_zlPqmRbbvZ1MjWnbFovcwBBO">www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGImELmE_zlPqmRbbvZ1MjWnbFovcwBBO</a></li><li id="_199"><a href="https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/">web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/</a></li><li id="_200"><a href="https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/Demonstration%20Videos.html">web.physics.ucsb.edu/~lecturedemonstrations/Demonstration%20Videos.html</a></li></ul></div><div class="p" id="_201">TODO find teacher name, all seem to be made by the same cute dude from <a href="university#university-of-california-santa-barbara">UCSB</a>.</div><div class="h" id="unsw-physics-youtube-channel"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="unsw-physics-youtube-channel">UNSW Physics YouTube channel</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="unsw-physics-youtube-channel"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/unsw-physics-youtube-channel" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/unsw-physics-youtube-channel"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="university#university-of-new-south-wales">UNSW</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="veritasium"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="veritasium">Veritasium</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="veritasium"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 49</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-youtube-channel" class="u"> Physics YouTube channel</a><a href="#_toc/veritasium" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/veritasium"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_203"><a href="website#youtube">YouTube</a> channel: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA">www.youtube.com/channel/UCHnyfMqiRRG1u-2MsSQLbXA</a></div><div class="p" id="_204">Does have some gems worth looking at. But generally always <a href="science#popular-science">too superficial</a> as can be expected from any self-sufficient YouTubber.</div><div class="figure"><figure id="video-my-life-story-by-veritasium-2018"><div class="float-wrap"><iframe width="560" height="315" loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S1tFT4smd6E" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><figcaption><a href="#video-my-life-story-by-veritasium-2018"><span class="caption-prefix">Video 6. </span></a><div class="title">My Life Story by <a href="#veritasium">Veritasium</a> (2018)</div> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S1tFT4smd6E">Source</a>. Basically a <a href="don-t-be-a-pussy">don't be a pussy</a> story where he describes how he has always been passionate by both <a href="science">science</a> and <a href="film">film making</a>. Veritasium is a nice guy.</figcaption></figure></div><div class="h" id="physics-journal"><div class="notnav"><h3><a href="physics-journal">Physics journal</a></h3><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-journal"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 87</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 8</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-bibliography" class="u"> Physics bibliography</a><a href="#_toc/physics-journal" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-journal"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="education#academic-journal">Academic journal</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_206">The strongest are:<div class="list"><ul id="_207"><li id="_208">early 20th century: <a href="education#annalen-der-physik">Annalen der Physik</a>: God <a href="linguistics#original-gangster">OG</a> physics journal of the early 20th century, before the <a href="continent#nazism">Nazis</a> fucked German science back to the <a href="science#middle-ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li id="_209">20s/30s: <a href="education#nature-journal">Nature</a> started picking up strong</li><li id="_210">40s/50s: <a href="united-states">American</a> journals started to come in strong after all the genius <a href="religion#judaism">Jews</a> escaped from <a href="continent#germany">Germany</a>, notably <a href="#physical-review-letters">Physical Review Letters</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="education#german-physics-journal">German physics journal</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physics-letters"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="physics-letters">Physics Letters <span class="meta">(1962-1966)</span></a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-letters"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 2</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-journal" class="u"> Physics journal</a><a href="#_toc/physics-letters" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Letters" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-letters"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="education#elsevier">Elsevier</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="physics-letters-a"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="physics-letters-a">Physics Letters A</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-letters-a"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-letters" class="u"> Physics Letters</a><a href="#_toc/physics-letters-a" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-letters-a"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_213"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a">www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a</a></div><div class="h" id="physics-letters-b"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="physics-letters-b">Physics Letters B</a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physics-letters-b"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-letters" class="u"> Physics Letters</a><a href="#_toc/physics-letters-b" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physics-letters-b"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_214"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-b">www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-b</a></div><div class="h" id="journal-by-the-american-physical-society"><div class="notnav"><h4><a href="journal-by-the-american-physical-society">Journal by the American Physical Society</a></h4><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="journal-by-the-american-physical-society"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 44</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 4</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physics-journal" class="u"> Physics journal</a><a href="#_toc/journal-by-the-american-physical-society" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/journal-by-the-american-physical-society"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="education#american-physical-society">American Physical Society</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="h" id="physical-review"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="physical-review">Physical Review <span class="meta">(1893-)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physical-review"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 5</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#journal-by-the-american-physical-society" class="u"> Journal by the American Physical Society</a><a href="#_toc/physical-review" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physical-review"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_217">List of the sub-journals at: <a href="https://journals.aps.org/browse">journals.aps.org/browse</a></div><div class="h" id="paper-published-on-physical-review"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="paper-published-on-physical-review">Paper published on Physical Review </a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="paper-published-on-physical-review"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physical-review" class="u"> Physical Review</a><a href="#_toc/paper-published-on-physical-review" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/paper-published-on-physical-review"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a><span class="tags"> Tags: <a href="education#academic-paper">Paper</a></span></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="physicist#a-new-method-of-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moment">A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moment</a></li><li><a href="physicist#the-molecular-beam-resonance-method-for-measuring-nuclear-magnetic-moments">The Molecular Beam Resonance Method for Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physical-review-letters"><div class="notnav"><h5><a href="physical-review-letters">Physical Review Letters <span class="meta">(1958-)</span></a></h5><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physical-review-letters"></a><span class="metrics"><span class="wcntr"> Words: 39</span><span class="dcnt"> Articles: 1</span></span></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#journal-by-the-american-physical-society" class="u"> Journal by the American Physical Society</a><a href="#_toc/physical-review-letters" class="toc"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" class="wiki"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physical-review-letters"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p" id="_220">As indicated by its name, the journal contains mostly short letters sent to the editor, often 2 or 3 pages long, which allows for a faster publication cycle and dissemination of new results. This is notably useful for <a href="#experimental-physics">experimental physics</a>.</div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#possible-new-effects-in-superconductive-tunnelling">Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling</a></li><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#probable-observation-of-the-josephson-superconducting-tunneling-effect">Probable observation of the Josephson superconducting tunneling effect</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="h" id="physical-review-letters-article"><div class="notnav"><h6><a href="physical-review-letters-article">Physical Review Letters article</a></h6><span class="hover-meta"> <a class="split" href="physical-review-letters-article"></a></span></div><nav class="h-nav h-nav-toplevel"><div class="nav"><a href="#physical-review-letters" class="u"> Physical Review Letters</a><a href="#_toc/physical-review-letters-article" class="toc"></a><a href="https://ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/physical-review-letters-article"><img src="_obb/logo.svg" class="logo" /> OurBigBook.com</a></div></nav></div><div class="p"><b><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged</b><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#experimental-evidence-for-quantized-flux-in-superconducting-cylinders">Experimental Evidence for Quantized Flux in Superconducting Cylinders</a></li><li><a href="condensed-matter-physics#magnetic-flux-quantum">Magnetic flux quantum</a></li></ul></div></div><h2 id="_tagged"><a href="#_tagged"><span title="Tags" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Tagged <span class="meta">(1)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="research-institute#physics-research-institute-by-country">Physics research institute by country</a></li></ul></div><h2 id="_ancestors"><a href="#_ancestors"><span class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Ancestors <span class="meta">(3)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ol><li><a href="science#natural-science">Natural science</a></li><li><a href="science">Science</a></li><li><a href="."><span title="Home" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Home</a></li></ol></div><h2 id="_incoming-links"><a href="#_incoming-links"><span title="Incoming links" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Incoming links <span class="meta">(39)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="."><span title="Home" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Home</a></li><li><a href="science#100-greatest-discoveries-by-the-discovery-channel-2004-2005">100 Greatest Discoveries by the Discovery Channel (2004-2005)</a></li><li><a href="physicist#abraham-pais">Abraham Pais</a></li><li><a href="physicist#adolfo-amidei">Adolfo Amidei</a></li><li><a href="cirism#animal-rights">Animal rights</a></li><li><a href="art">Art</a></li><li><a href="articles">The best articles by Ciro Santilli</a></li><li><a href="chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a 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explain each Nobel Prize better</a></li><li><a href="stack-overflow#ron-maimon">Ron Maimon</a></li><li><a href="cirism#rooting-for-sport-teams-is-stupid">Rooting for sport teams is stupid</a></li><li><a href="physicist#settheory-net">Settheory.net</a></li><li><a href="quantum-mechanics#single-electron-double-slit-experiment">Single electron double slit experiment</a></li><li><a href="sponsor">Sponsor Ciro Santilli's work on OurBigBook.com</a></li><li><a href="telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li><li><a href="mathematics#the-beauty-of-mathematics">The beauty of mathematics</a></li><li><a href="standard-model#theory-of-everything">Theory of everything</a></li><li><a href="todo#videos-of-all-key-physics-experiments">Videos of all key physics experiments</a></li></ul></div><h2 id="_synonyms"><a href="#_synonyms"><span title="Synonyms" class="fa-solid-900 icon"></span> Synonyms <span class="meta">(1)</span></a></h2><div class="list"><ul><li><a href="">Physical</a></li></ul></div> 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