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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Key influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafism_and_Salafi_jihadism_(1990s_to_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafism_and_Salafi_jihadism_(1990s_to_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Salafism and Salafi jihadism (1990s to present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Salafism_and_Salafi_jihadism_(1990s_to_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Salafism and Salafi jihadism (1990s to present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Salafism_and_Salafi_jihadism_(1990s_to_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_Salafi_jihadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_Salafi_jihadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Expansion of Salafi jihadism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Salafi_jihadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologists_of_Salafi_jihadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologists_of_Salafi_jihadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Ideologists of Salafi jihadism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideologists_of_Salafi_jihadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafi-jihadist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafi-jihadist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Salafi-jihadist groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafi-jihadist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salafia_Jihadia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafia_Jihadia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Salafia Jihadia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafia_Jihadia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamaa_Islamiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamaa_Islamiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Gamaa Islamiyya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamaa_Islamiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Salafiya_al-Jihadiya_in_the_Sinai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Salafiya_al-Jihadiya_in_the_Sinai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Salafiya_al-Jihadiya_in_the_Sinai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_State_(ISIS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_State_(ISIS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Islamic State (ISIS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_State_(ISIS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jabhat_al-Nusra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Jabhat al-Nusra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jabhat_al-Nusra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boko_Haram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boko_Haram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Boko Haram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boko_Haram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jund_Ansar-Allah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jund_Ansar-Allah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.8 Jund Ansar-Allah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jund_Ansar-Allah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Salafi_terrorist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Salafi_terrorist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.9 Other Salafi terrorist groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Salafi_terrorist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salafi_jihadism_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafi_jihadism_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Salafi jihadism in Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafi_jihadism_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deobandi_jihadism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deobandi_jihadism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Deobandi jihadism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deobandi_jihadism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Shia Islamism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Evolution of jihad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 List of conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jihadism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جهادية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهادية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihad%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Cihadçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cihadçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জিহাদবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিহাদবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihadisme" title="Gihadisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gihadisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEih%C3%A1dismus" title="Džihádismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džihádismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschihadismus" title="Dschihadismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschihadismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τζιχαντισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζιχαντισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihadismo" title="Yihadismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yihadismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cihadismo" title="Ĝihadismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝihadismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadismo" title="Jihadismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jihadismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جهادگرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهادگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djihadisme" title="Djihadisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djihadisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EB%94%94%EC%A6%98" title="지하디즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지하디즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जिहादवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिहादवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadisme" title="Jihadisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jihadisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jih%C4%81dismo" title="Jihādismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jihādismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ג'יהאדיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יהאדיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEhad%C3%AEzm" title="Cîhadîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cîhadîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEih%C4%81disms" title="Džihādisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džihādisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihadizmas" title="Džihadizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džihadizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadisme" title="Jihadisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jihadisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadisme" title="Jihadisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jihadisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCihadyzm" title="Dżihadyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżihadyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Джихадизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джихадизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhihadizmi" title="Xhihadizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhihadizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ජිහාඩ්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජිහාඩ්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jihadism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihadizam" title="Džihadizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Džihadizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihadizam" title="Džihadizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džihadizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadismi" title="Jihadismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jihadismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jihadism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihat%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Cihatçılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cihatçılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadist&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">Jihadist</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamist movements for jihad</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jihadist" redirects here. For the Islamic doctrine, see <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Revolutionary Islamism" redirects here. For the 2003 book by Carlos the Jackal, see <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Islam" title="Revolutionary Islam">Revolutionary Islam</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a> (exegesis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> (creed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a> (Stories of the Prophets)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;font-size:88%; line-height:200%">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamism" title="Category:Islamism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamism" title="History of Islamism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">Salafism by country/region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Principlism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Principlism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">Takfir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Influences</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Scholastic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat-e-Islami" title="Dawat-e-Islami">Dawat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nurcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul> Political <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Front" title="Salafist Front">Salafist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafist_Call" title="Salafist Call">Salafist Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of Society for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Action" title="Party of Democratic Action">Party of Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">List of Islamic political parties</a></li></ul> Militant <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Caliphate_or_the_Supreme_Imamate_(book)" title="The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate (book)">The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rashid_Rida" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Rashid Rida">Rashīd Rīďha 1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal 1930s</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam">Principles of State and Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Asad 1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb 1965</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih")</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini 1970</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Heads of state</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Sharaa" title="Ahmed al-Sharaa">Ahmed al-Sharaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia_ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia ul-Haq">Zia ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">House of Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam%C4%81l_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Nadwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan Nadwi">Abul Hasan Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Turabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Turabi">Hassan Al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberal and reform movements within Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_North_America" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in North America">in North America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abu_al-Fadl" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled Abu al-Fadl">Khaled Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Namazie" title="Maryam Namazie">Maryam Namazie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Maajid Nawaaz">Maajid Nawaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Harris (author)">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Olivier Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_al-Ashmawi" title="Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi">Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Shiraz Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;;background:#E6FFE6;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/20px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Jihadism is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for modern, armed <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islamic movements</a> that seek to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">establish states based on Islamic principles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTC-Sentinel_2024-2">[2]</a> In a narrower sense, it refers to the belief that armed confrontation is an efficient and theologically legitimate method of socio-political change towards an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic system of governance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The term "jihadism" has been applied to various <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> individuals and organizations with <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> ideologies based on the classical <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> notion of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">lesser jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Jihadism has its roots in the late 19th- and early 20th-century ideological developments of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalism</a>, which further developed into <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> related ideologies during the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli2018-1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-French_2020-12">[12]</a> Jihadist ideologues envision <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> as a "revolutionary struggle" against the <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">international order</a> to unite the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> under <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> The Islamist organizations that participated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> of 1979 to 1989 reinforced the rise of jihadism, which has since propagated during various <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">armed conflicts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Jihadism rose in prominence after the 1990s; by one estimate, 5 percent of civil wars involved jihadist groups in 1990, but this grew to more than 40 percent by 2014.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> With the rise of the terror group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> in 2014—which a large contingent of Jihadist groups have opposed—large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">foreign Muslim volunteers</a> came from abroad to join the militant cause in Syria and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> French political scientist and professor <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> also identified a specific <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafist version of jihadism</a> in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Jihadism with an international, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> scope is also known as global jihadism.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The term has also been invoked to retroactively characterise the military campaigns of historic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic empires">Islamic empires</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_End_of_the_Jihad_State-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-33">[33]</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fula jihads</a> in West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The largest Salafi-jihadist terrorist operation is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> against the United States perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-911commision-36">[36]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/250px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/500px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a> as used by various <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist organizations</a> since the late 1990s, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> in white script centered on a black background</figcaption></figure> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> ("exerting"/"striving"/"struggling") is fundamental to Islam and has multiple uses, with <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam#Jihad" title="Glossary of Islam">greater jihad</a> (internal jihad), meaning <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">internal struggle</a> against evil in oneself, and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam#Jihad" title="Glossary of Islam">lesser jihad</a> (external jihad), which is further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">jihad of the pen/tongue</a> (debate or persuasion) and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">jihad of the sword</a> (warfare). The latter form of jihad has meant conquest and conversion in the classical Islamic interpretation, usually excepting <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">followers of other monotheistic religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200613-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-ER-39">[39]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Islamic scholars</a> generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-hallaq334-41">[41]</a> Much of the contemporary Muslim opinion considers internal jihad to have primacy over external jihad in the Islamic tradition, while many Western writers favor the opposite view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200613-38">[38]</a> Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English term <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>. The term "jihadism" has been in use since the 1990s, more widely in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-What-2014-42">[42]</a> It was first used by the Indian and Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, and by French academics who used the more exact term "<a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">jihadist-Salafist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-43">[Note 1]</a> Historian David A. Charters defines "jihadism" as "a revolutionary program whose ideology promises radical social change in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>... [with] a central role to <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> as an armed political struggle to overthrow "<a href="/wiki/Murtadd" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtadd">apostate</a>" regimes, to expel their <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidel</a> allies, and thus to restore <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-islam">Muslim lands</a> to governance by Islamic principles."<a href="#cite_note-auto-13">[13]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Firestone" title="Reuven Firestone">Reuven Firestone</a>, the term "jihadism" as commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> describes "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West."<a href="#cite_note-ccnrm-263-44">[43]</a> David Romano, researcher of political science at the <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>, has defined his use of the term as referring to "an individual or political movement that primarily focuses its attention, discourse, and activities on the conduct of a violent, uncompromising campaign that they term a jihad".<a href="#cite_note-romano-45">[44]</a> Following Daniel Kimmage, he distinguishes the jihadist discourse of jihad as a global project to remake the world from the resistance discourse of groups like <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, which is framed as a regional project against a specific enemy.<a href="#cite_note-romano-45">[44]</a> "Jihadism" has been defined otherwise as a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> for <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islamic movements</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">ideologically motivated violence</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> (the collective <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>) from foreign <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Non-Muslims</a> and those that they perceive as <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">domestic infidels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CTC-Sentinel_2024-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The term "jihadist globalism" is also often used in relation to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalist</a> ideology, and more broadly to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The Austrian-American academic <a href="/wiki/Manfred_B._Steger" title="Manfred B. Steger">Manfred B. Steger</a>, Professor of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>, proposed an extension of the term "jihadist globalism" to apply to all extremely violent strains of religiously influenced ideologies that articulate the global imaginary into concrete political agendas and terrorist strategies; these include <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, which he finds "today's most spectacular manifestation of religious globalism".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> According to the Jewish-American <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> Barak Mendelsohn, "the overwhelming majority of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> reject jihadi views of Islam. Furthermore, as the cases of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">other Gulf regimes</a> show, states may gain domestic legitimacy through economic development and social change, rather than based on religion and piety".<a href="#cite_note-CTC-Sentinel_2024-2">[2]</a> Many Muslims do not use the terms "jihadism" or "jihadist", disliking the association of illegitimate violence with a noble religious concept, and instead prefer the use of delegitimising terms like "deviants".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-What-2014-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[Note 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maajid_Nawaz" title="Maajid Nawaz">Maajid Nawaz</a>, founder and chairman of the anti-extremism think tank <a href="/wiki/Quilliam_(think_tank)" title="Quilliam (think tank)">Quilliam</a>, defines jihadism as a violent subset of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>: "Islamism [is] the desire to impose any version of Islam over any society. Jihadism is the attempt to do so by force."<a href="#cite_note-dailybeast-51">[49]</a> "Jihad Cool" is a term for the re-branding of militant jihadism as fashionable, or "<a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">cool</a>", to younger people through <a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">consumer culture</a>, social media, magazines,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jihadism_and_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadism and rap">rap videos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> toys, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_through_media" title="Propaganda through media">propaganda videos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> and other means.<a href="#cite_note-npr-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> mainly applied to individuals in developed nations who are recruited to travel to conflict zones on jihad. For example, jihadi rap videos make participants look "more <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> than Mosque", according to <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, which was the first to report on the phenomenon in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-npr-55">[53]</a> To justify their acts of <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">religious violence</a>, jihadist individuals and networks resort to the nonbinding genre of Islamic legal literature (<a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>) developed by Salafi-jihadist legal authorities, whose legal writings are shared and spread via the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_influences">Key influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key influences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Khawarij</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Takfirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Takfirism">Takfirism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jihadist_groups_overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jihadist_groups_overview.png/250px-Jihadist_groups_overview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jihadist_groups_overview.png/330px-Jihadist_groups_overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Jihadist_groups_overview.png/500px-Jihadist_groups_overview.png 2x" data-file-width="10011" data-file-height="5676" /></a><figcaption>Territorial presence of jihadist groups and overview of the situation in each region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar,_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg/220px-Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg/330px-Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg/440px-Mujahideen_prayer_in_Shultan_Valley_Kunar%2C_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> praying in the <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Province" title="Kunar Province">Kunar Province</a>, Afghanistan (1987)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a> with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> in the 7th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-58">[56]</a> The original schism between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿas</a> among Muslims was disputed over the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">political and religious succession</a> to the guidance of the Muslim community (<a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a>) after the death of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-58">[56]</a> From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-58">[56]</a> Shīʿas believe <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (the first Islamic Civil War);<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-58">[56]</a> they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a> (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">infidels</a> (kuffār) or <a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">false Muslims</a> (munāfiḳūn), and therefore deemed them <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">worthy of death</a> for their perceived <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostasy</a> (ridda).<a href="#cite_note-Izutsu_2006-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/220px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/330px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg/440px-Hamid_Mir_interviewing_Osama_bin_Laden_and_Ayman_al-Zawahiri_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> promoted the overthrow of secular governments<a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli2018-2-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and a prominent leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> in Egypt, was an influential promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> during the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018-64">[62]</a> When he was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian government">Egyptian government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a>, an organization which seeks to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> that he yearned for.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbist ideology</a> has been influential among jihadist movements and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorists</a> who seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and Ayman al-Zawahiri of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gallagher_2021-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli2018-2-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baele_2019-66">[64]</a> Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT:_path_to_terror-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> could be said to have founded the actual movement of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">radical Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polk_2018-64">[62]</a> Unlike the other Islamic thinkers who have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_apologetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic apologetics">apologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a> He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue,<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān (In the shade of the Qurʾān) and his 1966 manifesto <a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq</a> (Milestones), which lead to his execution by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egyptian government of Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">MENA region</a> and across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> adopted many of his Islamist principles.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> According to Qutb, the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (Ummah) has been extinct for several centuries and it has also reverted to <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahiliyah">jahiliyah</a> (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves "<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>" have failed to follow the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> (sharīʿa).<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> In order to restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">rejection and shunning of modern society</a>, establishing a vanguard which was modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">early Muslim generations</a> (Salaf), <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">preaching Islam</a>, and bracing oneself for <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> or even bracing oneself for death in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against what he perceived was a jahili government/society, and the overthrow of them.<a href="#cite_note-Cook_2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>, the radical Islamist ideology which is derived from the ideas of Qutb,<a href="#cite_note-Moussalli_2012-63">[61]</a> was denounced by many prominent <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a> as well as by other members of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salafism_and_Salafi_jihadism_(1990s_to_present)">Salafism and Salafi jihadism (1990s to present)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Salafism and Salafi jihadism (1990s to present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Majlis_of_Muslims_of_Ichkeria_and_Dagestan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Majlis_of_Muslims_of_Ichkeria_and_Dagestan.png/250px-Flag_of_the_Majlis_of_Muslims_of_Ichkeria_and_Dagestan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Flag_of_the_Majlis_of_Muslims_of_Ichkeria_and_Dagestan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a> as used by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mujahideen_in_Chechnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Mujahideen in Chechnya">Caucasian jihadists</a> in 2002 displays the phrase <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">al-jihād</a> <a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">fī sabīlillāh</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">takbīr</a> and two crossed <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">swords</a></figcaption></figure> According to French political scientist and professor <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafist version of jihadism</a> combined "respect for the sacred texts in their most literal form, ... with an absolute commitment to jihad, whose number-one target had to be America, perceived as the greatest enemy of the faith."<a href="#cite_note-KepelJihad2-74">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Egyptian Islamist movements</a> of the 1950s are generally considered to be the precursors of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-farid-misnomer-75">[73]</a> The theological doctrines of the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935) greatly influenced these movements. Amongst his notable ideas included reviving the traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">early Muslim generations</a> (Salaf), as well ridding the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> of Western influences and <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">jahiliyyah</a> (pre-Islamic ignorance) by specifically looking up to the model of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Khulafa Rashidun</a>. Rida's ideas would set the foundations of future Salafi-Jihadist movements and greatly influence Islamists like <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Muslim fundamentalist</a> figures.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Rida's treatises laid the theological framework of future militants who would eventually establish the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tran2-81">[79]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_F._Peters" title="Rudolph F. Peters">Rudolph F. Peters</a>, scholar of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>, contemporary traditionalist Muslims "copy phrases of the classical works on <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>" in their writings on jihad; <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernists</a> "emphasize the defensive aspect of jihad, regarding it as tantamount to <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">bellum justum</a> in modern international law; and the contemporary fundamentalists (<a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>, etc.) view it as a struggle for the expansion of Islam and the realization of Islamic ideals."<a href="#cite_note-Petersjihad150-82">[80]</a> Some of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">theologians</a> who had profound influence on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a> and the ideology of contemporary jihadism include the medieval Muslim thinkers <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab</a>, alongside the modern Islamist ideologues <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a>, Sayyid Qutb, and Abul A'la Maududi.<a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> Jihad has been propagated in modern fundamentalism beginning in the late 19th century, an ideology that arose in the context of struggles against <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">colonial powers</a> in North Africa at that time, as in the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> in Sudan, and notably in the mid-20th century by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalist</a> authors such as Sayyid Qutb and Abul Ala Maududi.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayed_Qotb_trial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sayed_Qotb_trial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> through his prison-writings constituted the ideological basis of the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist movement</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></figcaption></figure> The term "jihadism" has arisen in the 2000s to refer to the contemporary jihadist movements, the development of which was in retrospect traced to <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">developments of Salafism</a> paired with the origins of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> during the 1980s. Forerunners of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> principally include Egyptian militant scholar and theoretician <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, who developed "the intellectual underpinnings" in the 1950s, for what would later become the doctrine of most Salafi-jihadist terrorist organizations around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT:_path_to_terror-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irwin2-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Going radically further than his predecessors, Qutb called upon Muslims to form an ideologically committed vanguard that would wage armed <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">democratic states</a> and Western-allied governments in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, until the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tran2-81">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>, the Egyptian-born <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> militant and physician who was second in command and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, called Qutb "the most prominent theoretician of the fundamentalist movements".<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> (1979–1989) is said to have "amplified the jihadist tendency from a fringe phenomenon to a major force in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>."<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> It served to produce foot soldiers, leadership, and organization. <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a> provided propaganda for the Afghan cause. After the war, veteran jihadists returned to their home countries, and from there would disperse to other sites of conflict involving Muslim populations, such as <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, creating a "transnational jihadist stream."<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> An explanation for jihadist willingness to kill civilians and self-professed Muslims on the grounds that they were actually <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">takfīr</a>) is the vastly reduced influence of the traditional diverse class of <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, often highly educated <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Islamic jurists</a>. In "the vast majority" of Muslim countries during the post-colonial world of the 1950s and 1960s, the private religious endowments (<a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">awqāf</a>) that had supported the independence of Islamic scholars and jurists for centuries were taken over by the state. The jurists were made salaried employees and the nationalist rulers naturally encouraged their employees (and their employees' interpretations of Islam) to serve the rulers' interests. Inevitably, the jurists came to be seen by the Muslim public as doing this.<a href="#cite_note-ptiI-aef-6-94">[92]</a> Into this vacuum of religious authority came <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_conservative_Sunni_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of conservative Sunni Islam">aggressive proselytizing</a>, funded by tens of billions of dollars of <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">petroleum-export money</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel51-95">[93]</a> The version of Islam being propagated (Saudi doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>) billed itself as a return to pristine, simple, straightforward Islam,<a href="#cite_note-ptiI-aef-8-96">[94]</a> not one <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">school</a> among many, and not interpreting <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> historically or contextually, but as the one, orthodox "straight path" of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-ptiI-aef-8-96">[94]</a> Unlike the traditional teachings of the jurists, who tolerated and even celebrated divergent opinions and schools of thought and kept extremism marginalized, Wahhabism had "extreme hostility" to "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">any sectarian divisions within Islam</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ptiI-aef-8-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_Salafi_jihadism">Expansion of Salafi jihadism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion of Salafi jihadism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Iranian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Iranian conflict">Arab–Iranian conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran-Saudi_Arabia_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict">Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mecca_in_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mecca in 1979">Siege of Mecca in 1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> writes that the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a> whom he encountered in Europe in the 1980s, were "totally apolitical".<a href="#cite_note-kepel-orig-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-BLivesey-98">[96]</a> However, by the mid-1990s, he met some who felt jihad in the form of "violence and terrorism" was "justified to realize their political objectives". The mingling of many Salafists who were alienated from mainstream European society with violent jihadists created "a volatile mixture".<a href="#cite_note-BLivesey-98">[96]</a> "When you're in the state of such alienation you become easy prey to the jihadi guys who will feed you more savory propaganda than the old propaganda of the Salafists who tell you to pray, fast and who are not taking action".<a href="#cite_note-BLivesey-98">[96]</a> In the 1990s, militant Islamists of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Jama%27a_al-Islamiyya" title="Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya">al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya</a> were active in the <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt#Attacks_during_the_1990s" title="Terrorism in Egypt">terrorist attacks</a> on police, government officials, and foreign tourists in Egypt, while the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group of Algeria</a> was one of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist groups</a> active during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kepel-orig-97">[95]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> are adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a>, not the Salafi school of Islam, but they closely co-operated with bin Laden and various Salafi-jihadist leaders.<a href="#cite_note-kepel-orig-97">[95]</a> The largest Salafi-jihadist terrorist operation is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> against the United States perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-911commision-36">[36]</a> In Iraq, resentment amongst Sunnis over their marginalization after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">fall of the Ba'athist regime in 2003</a> led to the rise of jihadist networks in the region, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)">al-Qaeda led insurgency in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a> policy initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">new government</a> led to rise in support of jihadists and remnants of <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Iraqi Ba'athists</a> started allying with al-Qaeda in their common fight against the United States.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Iraq War journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Packer" title="George Packer">George Packer</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/The_Assassins%27_Gate:_America_in_Iraq" title="The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq">The Assassins' Gate</a>:<blockquote>"The Iraq War proved some of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s assertions false, and it made others self-fulfilling. One of these was the insistence on an operational link between Iraq and al-Qaeda... after the fall of the regime, the most potent ideological force behind the insurgency was Islam and its hostility to non-Islamic intruders. Some former Baathist officials even stopped drinking and took to prayer. The insurgency was called <a href="/wiki/Muqawamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqawamah">mukawama</a>, or resistance, with overtones of religious legitimacy; its fighters became <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> (holy warriors) and proclaimed their mission to be <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>."<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi_portrait.jpg/220px-Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi_portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mus%27ab_al-Zarqawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi">Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi</a>, former leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a>, is widely regarded as one of the influential <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadists</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 re-establishment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> and the 2024 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">post-Assad Syrian Arab Republic</a> grew out of the Salafi-jihadist groups <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%27at_Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham">Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideologists_of_Salafi_jihadism">Ideologists of Salafi jihadism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideologists of Salafi jihadism">edit</a>]</div> "Theoreticians" of Salafi jihadism include Afghan jihadist veterans such as the Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini" title="Abu Qatada al-Filistini">Abu Qatada</a>, the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar" title="Mustafa Setmariam Nasar">Mustafa Setmariam Nasar</a>, the Egyptian Mustapha Kamel, known as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_al-Masri" title="Abu Hamza al-Masri">Abu Hamza al-Masri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kepel-theory-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>'s second leader and co-founder <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> would praise <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> and his writings, stating that Qutb's call formed the ideological inspiration for the contemporary Salafi-jihadist movement.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Other leading figures in the movement include <a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, former leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)</a>;<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Bakar Bashir">Abu Bakar Bashir</a>, leader of the banned Indonesian militant Islamist group <a href="/wiki/Jema%27ah_Islamiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jema'ah Islamiyah">Jema'ah Islamiyah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Fahd" title="Nasir al-Fahd">Nasir al-Fahd</a>, Saudi Arabian Salafi-jihadist scholar who opposes the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a> and reportedly pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a>, founder of the Islamic terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>;<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bakri_Muhammad" title="Omar Bakri Muhammad">Omar Bakri Muhammad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, first leader of the Islamic terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafi-jihadist_groups">Salafi-jihadist groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Salafi-jihadist groups">edit</a>]</div> Salafist jihadist groups include <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-demystif-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stanford2-114">[112]</a> the now defunct Algerian <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group</a> (GIA),<a href="#cite_note-KepelJihad2-74">[72]</a> and the Egyptian group <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> which still exists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salafia_Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salafia Jihadia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_(Morocco).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg/250px-Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg/330px-Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg/440px-Salafist_Sheikh_Mohamed_Fizazi_%28Morocco%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Mohamed Fizazi, ideologist of <a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jhadist</a> terrorist organization based in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford2-114">[112]</a> The group was allied with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Islamic_Combatant_Group" title="Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group">Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group</a> (GICM). The group was known for its participation in the <a href="/wiki/2003_Casablanca_bombings" title="2003 Casablanca bombings">2003 Casablanca bombings</a>, in which 12 suicide bombers killed 33 people and injured over 100. Salafia Jihadia has variously been described as a movement or loose network of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jhadist</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist cell">cells</a>, or as a generic term applied by Moroccan authorities for militant Salafi activists.<a href="#cite_note-JF-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a> is said to function as a network of several loosely affiliated <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jhadist</a> groups and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist cell">cells</a>, including groups such as al Hijra Wattakfir, Attakfir Bidum Hijra, Assirat al Mustaqim, Ansar al Islam and Moroccan Afghans.<a href="#cite_note-ISS-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRAC-118">[116]</a> The spiritual leader and founder of the group is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Fizazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Fizazi (page does not exist)">Mohammed Fizazi</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Fizazi" class="extiw" title="fr:Mohamed Fizazi">fr</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Fazazi" class="extiw" title="de:Mohammed Fazazi">de</a>], former imam of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_Mosque" title="Al-Quds Mosque">al-Quds Mosque</a> (which was shut down by German authorities in 2010).<a href="#cite_note-ISS-117">[115]</a> Fizazi was arrested in 2003 and sentenced to 30 years imprisonment for his radical statements and connection to the Casablanca bombings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafia_Jihadia" title="Salafia Jihadia">Salafia Jihadia</a> has since spawned a wider ideological movement out of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford2-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gamaa_Islamiyya">Gamaa Islamiyya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gamaa Islamiyya">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a>, another Salafi-jihadist movement,<a href="#cite_note-jamestown-9-27-12-120">[118]</a> fought an insurgency against the Egyptian government from 1992 to 1998 during which at least 800 Egyptian policemen and soldiers, jihadists, and civilians were killed. Outside of Egypt it is best known for a <a href="/wiki/Luxor_massacre" title="Luxor massacre">November 1997 attack</a> at the Temple of Hatshepsut in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> where fifty-eight foreign tourists trapped inside the temple were hunted down and hacked and shot to death. The group declared a ceasefire in March 1999,<a href="#cite_note-FAS-IG-121">[119]</a> although as of 2012 it is still active in jihad against the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syrian</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-jamestown-9-27-12-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Al-Qaeda">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Al_Qaeda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Al_Qaeda.svg/250px-Flag_of_Al_Qaeda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Al_Qaeda.svg/500px-Flag_of_Al_Qaeda.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist variation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a> as used by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and its factions since the late 1980s, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> in white script centered on a black background</figcaption></figure> Perhaps the most famous and effective <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> group is <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jones-title-122">[120]</a> Al-Qaeda evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Maktab_al-Khidamat" title="Maktab al-Khidamat">Maktab al-Khidamat</a> (MAK), or the "Services Office", a Muslim organization founded in 1984 to raise and channel funds and recruit foreign mujahideen for the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan. It was established in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan, by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Salafiya_al-Jihadiya_in_the_Sinai">Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Salafiya_al-Jihadiya_in_the_Sinai" title="Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai">Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai</a> was established in 2012 by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Zawahiri" title="Muhammad al-Zawahiri">Mohammed al-Zawahiri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> it was created in order to fight <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Egyptian Security Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> The group, and many other groups in the Sinai Peninsula, has ties with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> and was one of the many groups who committed terrorist attacks on civilians and Egyptian Armed Forces during many periods of terrorist attacks in the Sinai in 2012 through 2013.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_State_(ISIS)">Islamic State (ISIS)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Islamic State (ISIS)">edit</a>]</div> In Syria and Iraq, both <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh</a> have been described as <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-jihadist</a> terrorist organizations.<a href="#cite_note-hassan-2014-127">[125]</a> Originating in the <a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Ta%27ifa_al-Mansurah" title="Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah">Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Omar al-Baghdadi">Abu Omar al-Baghdadi</a> in 2004, the organization (primarily under the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> name) affiliated itself with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> and fought alongside them during the <a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency">2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency</a>. The group later changed their name to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant for about a year,<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> before declaring itself to be a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">worldwide</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-newname-131">[129]</a> called simply the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>".<a href="#cite_note-BBCSep2014-132">[130]</a> They are a transnational <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi jihadist">Salafi jihadist</a> group and an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">quasi-state</a>. IS gained global prominence in 2014, when their militants conquered large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">civil war in Syria</a> and the disintegrating local military forces of Iraq. By the end of 2015, their self-declared <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> ruled an area with a population of about 12 million,<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> where they enforced their extremist interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>, managed an annual budget exceeding US$1 billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> After a grinding conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all their Middle Eastern territories by 2019, subsequently reverting to insurgency from remote hideouts while continuing their <a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Social media use by the Islamic State">propaganda efforts</a>. These efforts have garnered a significant following in northern and <a href="/wiki/Sahelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian">Sahelian</a> Africa,<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> where IS still controls a significant territory, and the <a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">war against the Islamic State</a> continues.<a href="#cite_note-C-T-K-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jabhat_al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jabhat al-Nusra">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Nusra">Jabhat al-Nusra</a> has been described as possessing "a hard-line Salafi-Jihadist ideology" and being one of "the most effective" groups fighting the regime.<a href="#cite_note-briefing-140">[138]</a> Writing after ISIS victories in Iraq, Hassan Hassan believes ISIS is a reflection of "ideological shakeup of Sunni Islam's traditional Salafism" since the Arab Spring, where salafism, "traditionally inward-looking and loyal to the political establishment", has "steadily, if slowly", been eroded by Salafism-jihadism.<a href="#cite_note-hassan-2014-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boko_Haram">Boko Haram</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boko Haram">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> in Nigeria is a Salafi-jihadist terrorist organization<a href="#cite_note-Thurston-2019-18-141">[139]</a> that has killed tens of thousands of people, displaced 2.3 million from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-AP-18-11-15-142">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jund_Ansar-Allah">Jund Ansar-Allah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Jund Ansar-Allah">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jund_Ansar_Allah" title="Jund Ansar Allah">Jund Ansar Allah</a> is, or was, an armed Salafi-jihadist organization based in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. On August 14, 2009, the group's spiritual leader, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Latif_Moussa" title="Abdel Latif Moussa">Abdel Latif Moussa</a>, announced during Friday sermon the establishment of an Islamic emirate in the Palestinian territories attacking the ruling authority, the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, for failing to enforce <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law. Hamas forces responded to his sermon by surrounding his <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> mosque complex and attacking it. In the fighting that ensued, 24 people (including Sheikh Abdel Latif Moussa himself) were killed and over 130 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Salafi_terrorist_groups">Other Salafi terrorist groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other Salafi terrorist groups">edit</a>]</div> According to Mohammed M. Hafez, "as of 2006 the two major groups within the jihadi Salafi camp" in Iraq were the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahidin Shura Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al_Sunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar al Sunna">Ansar al Sunna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MHafez-144">[142]</a> There are also a number of small jihadist Salafist groups in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The group leading the <a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">Islamist insurgency in Southern Thailand</a> in 2006 by carrying out most of the attacks and cross-border operations,<a href="#cite_note-TM-V4-146">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/BRN-Koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="BRN-Koordinasi">BRN-Koordinasi</a>, favours Salafi ideology. It works in a loosely organized strictly <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">clandestine cell system</a> dependent on hard-line religious leaders for direction.<a href="#cite_note-RG&AA-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> In 2011, Salafist jihadists were actively involved with protests against <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II of Jordan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> and the kidnapping and killing of Italian <a href="/wiki/Peace_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace activist">peace activist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Arrigoni" title="Vittorio Arrigoni">Vittorio Arrigoni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafi_jihadism_in_Europe">Salafi jihadism in Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Salafi jihadism in Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Security_Service" title="Swedish Security Service">Swedish Security Police</a> reported that the number of jihadists in Sweden had risen to thousands from about 200 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Based on social media analysis, an increase was noted in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> According to police in Sweden, Salafist-Jihadists affect the communities where they are active.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[152]</a> According to Swedish researcher <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ranstorp" title="Magnus Ranstorp">Magnus Ranstorp</a>, Salafi-Jihadism is antidemocratic, homophobic and aims to subjugate women and is therefore opposed to a societal order founded on democracy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> The report found that Middle Eastern nations are providing financial support to mosques and Islamic educational institutions, which have been linked to the spread of Salafi-Jihadist materials which expoused "an illiberal, bigoted" ideology.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, Salafism is a growing movement in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> whose aim of a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> is incompatible with a <a href="/wiki/Western_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western democracy">Western democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-157">[155]</a> According to the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_Civic_Education" title="Federal Agency for Civic Education">Federal Agency for Civic Education</a>, nearly all jihadist terrorists are Salafists, but not all Salafists are terrorists. The dualistic view on "true believers" and "false believers" in practice means people being treated unequally on religious grounds. The call for a religious state in the form of a caliphate means that Salafists reject the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">sovereignty of the people's rule</a>. The Salafist view on gender and society leads to discrimination and the subjugation of women.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Estimates by German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">interior intelligence service</a> show that it grew from 3,800 members in 2011 to 7,500 members in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-bfv-159">[157]</a> In Germany, most of the recruitment to the movement is done on the Internet and also on the streets,<a href="#cite_note-bfv-159">[157]</a> a propaganda drive which mostly attracts youth.<a href="#cite_note-bfv-159">[157]</a> There are two ideological camps, one advocates <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Salafi_activists" title="Salafi movement">Salafi-Activism</a> and directs its recruitment efforts towards non-Muslims and non-Salafist Muslims to gain influence in society.<a href="#cite_note-bfv-159">[157]</a> The other and minority movement, the jihadist Salafism, advocates gaining influence by the use of violence and nearly all identified terrorist cells in Germany came from Salafist circles.<a href="#cite_note-bfv-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In December 2017, a Salafi-Jihadist mosque in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> was closed by authorities for preaching about violent jihad.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In August 2018, after the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> approved the decision, French authorities deported the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist</a> preacher Elhadi Doudi to his home country <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> because of his radical messages he spread in Marseille.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deobandi_jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Deobandi jihadism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sami-ul-Haq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sami-ul-Haq.jpg/220px-Sami-ul-Haq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sami-ul-Haq.jpg/330px-Sami-ul-Haq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sami-ul-Haq.jpg/440px-Sami-ul-Haq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Sami-ul Haq, <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a> scholar and ideologist of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a> is a militant interpretation of Islam that draws upon the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a>, which originated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandism</a> underwent 3 waves of armed jihad. The first wave involved the establishment of an Islamic territory centered on Thana Bhawan by the movement's elders during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, before the founding of <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imdadullah_Muhajir_Makki" title="Imdadullah Muhajir Makki">Imdadullah Muhajir Makki</a> was the Amir al-Mu'minin of this Islamic territory; however, after the British defeated the Deobandi forces in the Battle of Shamli, the territory fell. Following the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi" title="Mahmud Hasan Deobandi">Mahmud Hasan Deobandi</a> led the initiation of the second wave. He mobilized an armed resistance against the British through various initiatives, including the formation of the Samratut Tarbiat. When the British uncovered his <a href="/wiki/Silk_Letter_Movement" title="Silk Letter Movement">Silk Letter Movement</a>, they arrested <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hasan_Deobandi" title="Mahmud Hasan Deobandi">Hasan Deobandi</a> and held him captive in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. After his release, he and his disciples entered into mainstream politics and actively participated in the democratic process. In the late 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Pakistan–Afghan border</a> became the center of the Deobandi jihadist movement's third wave, which was fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>. Under the patronage of President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, its expansion took place through various madrasas such as <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Haqqania" title="Darul Uloom Haqqania">Darul Uloom Haqqania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamia_Uloom-ul-Islamia" title="Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia">Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam_(S)" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S)">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S)</a> provided political support for it. Trained militants from the Pakistan–Afghan border participated in the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan jihad</a>, and later went on to form various organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. The most successful example of Deobandi jihadism is the Taliban, who established <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic rule</a> in Afghanistan. The head of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (S), <a href="/wiki/Sami-ul-Haq" title="Sami-ul-Haq">Sami-ul-Haq</a>, is referred to as the "father of the Taliban". The <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> was formed in Afghanistan in the mid-1990s, the founder of the Taliban was <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>, a former mujahideen fighter who had lost an eye during the war against the Soviet Union. In 1994, he gathered a group of students and religious scholars, many of whom had received their education in <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a> madrasahs located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, and established the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> as a political and military movement.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shia_Islamism">Shia Islamism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shia Islamism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_military_activities" title="Hezbollah military activities">Hezbollah military activities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shia Islamism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-American">Iranian-American</a> academic <a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Vali Nasr</a>, which serves as Majid Khaddouri Professor of International Affairs and Middle East Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies">Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies</a> (SAIS), political tendencies of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shīʿa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> Islamic ideologies differ, with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Sunnī fundamentalism</a> "in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>" being "far from politically revolutionary", primarily focused on attempting to <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamicize</a> the political establishment rather than trying to change it through revolutionary struggle, whereas the Shīʿīte conception of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> and his talk of the oppression of the poor and class war, which characterized the success of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (1978–1979):<a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2007-163">[161]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">With the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Shia awakening of Iran</a>, the years of sectarian tolerance were over. What followed was a Sunni-versus-Shia contest for dominance, and it grew intense. [...] The revolution even moved leftists in <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> to look at Islam with renewed interest. After all, in Iran, Islam had succeeded where leftist ideologies had failed. [...] But admiration for what had happened in Iran did not equal acceptance of Iranian leadership. Indeed, Islamic activists outside of Iran quickly found Iranian revolutionaries to be arrogant, offputting, and drunk on their own success. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Sunni fundamentalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> was far from politically revolutionary. It was rooted in conservative religious impulses and the bazaars, mixing mercantile interests with religious values. As the French scholar of contemporary Islam <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> puts it, it was less to tear down the existing system than to give it a fresh, thick coat of "Islamic green" paint. <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">fundamentalism</a>, by contrast, was "red"—that is, genuinely revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-Nasr_2007-163">[161]</a></blockquote> The term "jihadism" is almost exclusively used to describe <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnī</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">extremist groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-econ-unsavory-164">[162]</a> One example is <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, where there have been thousands of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Muslim foreign fighters</a> engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, for example, non-Syrian <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shīʿa Islamist groups</a> are often referred to as "militia", while Sunnī foreign fighters are referred to as "jihadists" (or "would-be jihadists").<a href="#cite_note-166">[Note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[Note 4]</a> One who does use the term "Shia jihad" is Danny Postel, who complains that "this Shia jihad is largely left out of the dominant narrative."<a href="#cite_note-postel-2016-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smyth-2-10-2016-170">[166]</a> Other authors see the ideology of "resistance" (muqawama) as more dominant, even among <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islamism" title="Shia Islamism">Shīʿa Islamist groups</a>. For clarity, they suggest use of the term muqawamist instead.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi rebels</a> have often called for jihad to resist <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabia's intervention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, even though the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthi movement</a> stems from <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydī Shīʿism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Major_denominations_or_branches" title="Shia Islam">subsect of Shīʿa Islam</a> which is closer to Sunnī theology in comparison to other Shīʿa denominations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Beliefs">edit</a>]</div> According to Shadi Hamid and Rashid Dar, jihadism is driven by the idea that <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> is an "<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">individual obligation</a>" (fard ‘ayn) incumbent upon all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. This is in contrast with the belief of Muslims up until now (and by contemporary non-jihadists) that jihad is a "<a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">collective obligation</a>" (farḍ al-kifāya) carried out according to orders of legitimate representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (Ummah). Jihadists insist that all Muslims should participate because (they believe) today's Muslim leaders in the world are illegitimate and do not command the <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">authority to ordain justified violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamid-15-7-16-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_jihad">Evolution of jihad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Evolution of jihad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/250px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/330px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarkha" title="Sarkha">Sarkha</a>, slogan of the <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a>, with the top saying "<a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">God is the greatest</a>", the next line saying "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a>", followed by "Death to Israel", followed by "<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">A curse upon the Jews</a>", and the bottom saying "Victory to Islam".</figcaption></figure> Some observers<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-1Kadri-2012-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorka-2009-176">[172]</a> have noted the evolution in the rules of jihad—from the original "classical" doctrine to that of 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Legal_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal historian">legal historian</a> Sadarat Kadri,<a href="#cite_note-1Kadri-2012-175">[171]</a> during the last couple of centuries, incremental changes in Islamic legal doctrine (developed by Islamists who otherwise condemn any <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">bid‘ah</a> (innovation) in religion), have "normalized" what was once "unthinkable".<a href="#cite_note-1Kadri-2012-175">[171]</a> "The very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield."<a href="#cite_note-1Kadri-2012-175">[171]</a> The first or the "classical" doctrine of jihad which was developed towards the end of the 8th century, emphasized the "jihad of the sword" (jihad bil-saif) rather than the "jihad of the heart",<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> but it contained many legal restrictions which were developed from interpretations of both the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, such as detailed rules involving "the initiation, the conduct, the termination" of jihad, the treatment of prisoners, the distribution of booty, etc. Unless there was a sudden attack on the Muslim community, jihad was not a "personal obligation" (fard ‘ayn); instead it was a "collective one" (<a href="/wiki/Fard_al-kifaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fard al-kifaya">fard al-kifaya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-1955-60-179">[175]</a> which had to be discharged "in the way of God" (fi sabil Allah),<a href="#cite_note-2Kadri-2012-180">[176]</a> and it could only be directed by the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, "whose discretion over its conduct was all but absolute."<a href="#cite_note-2Kadri-2012-180">[176]</a> (This was designed in part to avoid incidents like the <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Kharijia</a>'s jihad against and killing of <a href="/wiki/Ali_as_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali as Caliph">Caliph Ali</a>, since they deemed that he was no longer a Muslim).<a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_2021-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Martyrdom</a> resulting from an attack on the enemy with no concern for your own safety was praiseworthy, but dying by your own hand (as opposed to the enemy's) merited a special place in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARSI-BL-xii-181">[177]</a> The category of jihad which is considered to be a collective obligation is sometimes simplified as "offensive jihad" in Western texts.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, leaders of al-Qaeda and others, believe that defensive global jihad is a personal obligation, which means that no caliph or Muslim head of state needs to declare it. Killing yourself in the process of killing the enemy is an act of <a href="/wiki/Shuhada" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuhada">Shuhada</a> (martyrdom) and it brings you a special place in <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Heaven</a>, not a special place in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Hell</a>; and the killing of Muslim bystanders (nevermind <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Non-Muslims</a>), should not impede acts of jihad. Military and intelligent analyst <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Gorka" title="Sebastian Gorka">Sebastian Gorka</a> described the new interpretation of jihad as the "willful targeting of civilians by a non-state actor through unconventional means."<a href="#cite_note-R._Habeck_2006_42-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorka-2009-176">[172]</a> Al-Qaeda's splinter groups and competitors, <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and Syria">Islamic State of Iraq and Syria</a>, are thought to have been heavily influenced<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCoy-12-8-2004-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crooke-30-8-2014-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> by a 2004 work on jihad entitled <a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a> (Idarat at-Tawahhush),<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a> written by Abu Bakr Naji<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a> and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> by first destroying "vital economic and strategic targets" and terrifying the enemy with cruelty to break its will.<a href="#cite_note-nyJune14-188">[184]</a> Islamic theologian Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir has been identified as one of the key theorists and <a href="/wiki/Ideologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologue">ideologues</a> behind modern jihadist violence.<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP265-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-191">[187]</a> His theological and legal justifications influenced <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a>, al-Qaeda member and former leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">al-Qaeda in Iraq</a>, as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups, including <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP265-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-191">[187]</a> Zarqawi used a 579-page manuscript of al-Muhajir's ideas at AQI training camps that were later deployed by ISIL, known in Arabic as Fiqh al-Dima and referred to in English as The Jurisprudence of Jihad or The Jurisprudence of Blood.<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-CP265-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChrisStout-192">[188]</a> The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalizing and justifying "suicide operations, the mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants".<a href="#cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s journalist Mark Towsend, citing Salah al-Ansari of <a href="/wiki/Quilliam_(think_tank)" title="Quilliam (think tank)">Quilliam</a>, notes: "There is a startling lack of study and concern regarding this abhorrent and dangerous text [The Jurisprudence of Blood] in almost all Western and Arab scholarship".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-191">[187]</a> Charlie Winter of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> describes it as a "theological playbook used to justify the group's abhorrent acts".<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">[186]</a> He states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Ranging from ruminations on the merits of beheading, torturing, or burning prisoners to thoughts on assassination, siege warfare, and the use of biological weapons, Muhajir's intellectual legacy is a crucial component of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">literary corpus of ISIS</a>—and, indeed, whatever comes after it—a way to render practically anything permissible, provided, that is, it can be spun as beneficial to the jihad. [...] According to Muhajir, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_suicide_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim suicide bombers">committing suicide to kill people</a> is not only a theologically sound act, but a commendable one, too, something to be cherished and celebrated regardless of its outcome. [...] neither Zarqawi nor his inheritors have looked back, liberally using Muhajir's work to normalize the use of suicide tactics in the time since, such that they have become the single most important military and terrorist method—defensive or offensive—used by ISIS today. The way that Muhajir theorized it was simple—he offered up a theological fix that allows any who desire it to sidestep the Koranic injunctions against suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">[186]</a></blockquote> Clinical psychologist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)" title="Chris Stout (psychologist)">Chris E. Stout</a> also discusses the al Muhajir-inspired text in his essay, Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism (2017). He assesses that jihadists regard their actions as being "for the greater good"; that they are in a "weakened in the earth" situation that renders <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a> a valid means of solution.<a href="#cite_note-ChrisStout-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_conflicts">List of conflicts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of conflicts">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Conflict</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Groups involved</th> <th>Country/ies</th> <th>Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></td> <td>1979-1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></td> <td>1989-1992</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></td> <td>1990–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></td> <td>1991–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al Shabaab</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></td> <td>1991-2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian war</a></td> <td>1992-1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></td> <td>1992-1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></td> <td>1994-2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_in_Chechnya" title="Mujahideen in Chechnya">Mujahideen in Chechnya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a></td> <td>1996-2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></td> <td>1998–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></td> <td>2001-2021</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a></td> <td>2002–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Iraqi insurgency (disambiguation)">Iraqi insurgency</a></td> <td>2003–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></td> <td>2009-2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></td> <td>2009–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a></td> <td>2011–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahel_Province" title="Islamic State – Sahel Province">Islamic State – Sahel Province</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a></td> <td>2011-2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a></td> <td>2014–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></td> <td>2015–present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a> (1952–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> (1948–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war in Islam">Holy war in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Quran" title="Violence in the Quran">Violence in the Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfirism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a> (2007–2016),<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> former self-declared proto-state in <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> (1991–2000), former unrecognized Islamic state in <a href="/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_network" title="Haqqani network">Haqqani network</a>, militant Islamist organization based in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1996–2001), former <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>-ruled Islamic state in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan">Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan</a> (1994–2003), former unrecognized Islamic state in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamist_terrorist_attacks" title="List of Islamist terrorist attacks">List of Islamist terrorist attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fanaticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fanaticism">Religious fanaticism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam#Jihad" title="Glossary of Islam">Types of jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Gilles Kepel used the variants jihadist-salafist (p. 220), jihadism-salafism (p. 276), salafist-jihadism (p. 403) in his book Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Use of "jihadism" has been criticized by at least one academic (Brachman): "'Jihadism' is a clumsy and controversial term. It refers to the peripheral current of extremist Islamic thought whose adherents demand the use of violence in order to oust non-Islamic influence from traditionally Muslim lands en route to establishing true Islamic governance in accordance with Sharia, or God's law. The expression's most significant limitation is that it contains the word Jihad, which is an important religious concept in Islam. For much of the Islamic world, Jihad simply refers to the internal spiritual campaign that one wages with oneself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachman20084-49">[48]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> For example: "The battle has drawn Shiite militias from Lebanon, Iraq and Afghanistan on the side of Assad, even as Sunni would-be jihadists from around the world have filled the ranks of the many Islamist groups fighting his rule, including the Islamic State extremist group."<a href="#cite_note-Bulos-LAT-jihadists-165">[163]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian government">Iranian government</a> has drawn from <a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Iran" title="Afghans in Iran">Afghan refugees living in Iran</a> and the number of Afghans fighting in Syria on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> has been estimated at "between 10,000 and 12,000".<a href="#cite_note-natint20-11-15-167">[164]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2024" class="citation cs2">Ahmad, Aisha (2024), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-763">"Jihadist Governance in 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Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=On+the+Horizon%3A+The+Future+of+the+Jihadi+Movement&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=Barak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2FCTC-SENTINEL-032024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedgwick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sedgwick, Mark (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297358">"Jihadism, Narrow and Wide: The Dangers of Loose Use of an Important Term"</a>. Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (2): 34–41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2334-3745">2334-3745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297358">26297358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Jihadism%2C+Narrow+and+Wide%3A+The+Dangers+of+Loose+Use+of+an+Important+Term&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26297358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2334-3745&rft.aulast=Sedgwick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26297358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAshour2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ashour, Omar (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546553.2011.560218">"Post-Jihadism: Libya and the Global Transformations of Armed Islamist Movements"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Conspiratorial+Narratives+in+Violent+Political+Actors%27+Language&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E706-%3C%2Fspan%3E734&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F37355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195448888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1552-6526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0261927X19868494&rft.aulast=Baele&rft.aufirst=Stephane+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2F10871%2F37355%2F2%2FConspiratorialNarratives_MainArticle_Resubmit_FINAL_CLEAN%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homegrown_20212-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_20212_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeleagrou-HitchensHughesClifford2021" class="citation book cs1">Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"The Ideologues"</a>. Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 111–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5"><bdi>978-1-7883-1485-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111173505/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideologues&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+ISIS+in+America&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7883-1485-5&rft.aulast=Meleagrou-Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4vzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer2003-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer2003_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer,_Martin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kramer, Martin (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists">"Coming to Terms: Fundamentalists or Islamists?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Quarterly">Middle East Quarterly</a>. X (2): 65–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101195913/http://www.meforum.org/541/coming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015. <q>French academics have put the term into academic circulation as 'jihadist-Salafism.' The qualifier of Salafism – an historical reference to the precursor of these movements – will inevitably be stripped away in popular usage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Coming+to+Terms%3A+Fundamentalists+or+Islamists%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=X&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F541%2Fcoming-to-terms-fundamentalists-or-islamists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poljarevic_20212-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-French_2020-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baele_20192-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_20212-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2003-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Homegrown_2021-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Homegrown_2021_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeleagrou-HitchensHughesClifford2021" class="citation book cs1">Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">"The Ideologues"</a>. Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 111–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7883-1485-5"><bdi>978-1-7883-1485-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideologues&rft.btitle=Homegrown%3A+ISIS+in+America&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7883-1485-5&rft.aulast=Meleagrou-Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT4vzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_2021-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2021_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke2021" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Colin (8 September 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/CTC-SENTINEL-072021.pdf">"Twenty Years After 9/11: What Is the Future of the Global Jihadi Movement?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/CTC_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="CTC Sentinel">CTC Sentinel</a>. 14 (7). <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a>: 91–105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908175925/https://ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/CTC-SENTINEL-072021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Twenty+Years+After+9%2F11%3A+What+Is+the+Future+of+the+Global+Jihadi+Movement%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F09%2FCTC-SENTINEL-072021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-CTC-Sentinel_2023-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aydinli2018-1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_2021-30">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_End_of_the_Jihad_State-32"><a href="#cite_ref-The_End_of_the_Jihad_State_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunypress.edu/Books/T/The-End-of-the-Jihad-State">The End of the Jihad State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Jihad+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunypress.edu%2FBooks%2FT%2FThe-End-of-the-Jihad-State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-33"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2018" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Nirode (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EnhyDwAAQBAJ&dq=jihadism+inspired+by+muslim+empires&pg=PA66">Jihadism: Past and Present - Nirode Mohanty - Google Books</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498575973" title="Special:BookSources/9781498575973"><bdi>9781498575973</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihadism%3A+Past+and+Present+-+Nirode+Mohanty+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.isbn=9781498575973&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Nirode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnhyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djihadism%2Binspired%2Bby%2Bmuslim%2Bempires%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBatran1989" class="citation book cs1">Batran, Aziz (1989). "The nineteenth-century Islamic revolutions in West Africa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184295">General History of Africa: Volume 6</a>. UNESCO Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+nineteenth-century+Islamic+revolutions+in+West+Africa&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+6&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Batran&rft.aufirst=Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000184295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2017" class="citation report cs1">Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yahaya (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/the-wave-of-jihadist-insurgency-in-west-africa_eb95c0a9-en">The Wave of Jihadist Insurgency in West Africa: Global Ideology, Local Context, Individual Motivations</a> (Report). Paris: OECD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Wave+of+Jihadist+Insurgency+in+West+Africa%3A+Global+Ideology%2C+Local+Context%2C+Individual+Motivations&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+Yahaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fthe-wave-of-jihadist-insurgency-in-west-africa_eb95c0a9-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-911commision-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-911commision_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-911commision_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/hearings/hearing3/witness_sageman.htm">"The Global Salafi Jihad"</a>. the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 9 July 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150302055630/http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/hearings/hearing3/witness_sageman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Salafi+Jihad&rft.pub=the+National+Commission+on+Terrorist+Attacks+Upon+the+United+States&rft.date=2003-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgovinfo.library.unt.edu%2F911%2Fhearings%2Fhearing3%2Fwitness_sageman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-37"><a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">DeLong-Bas, Natana J.</a> (22 February 2018) [10 May 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml">"Jihad"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0045">10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215212/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+%E2%80%93+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0045&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0045.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonner200613-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner200613_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonner200613_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBonner2006">Bonner 2006</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-ER-39"><a href="#cite_ref-ER_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2005). "Jihad". In <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea</a>; Jones, Lindsay; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Adams" title="Charles Joseph Adams">Adams, Charles J.</a> (eds.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Reference_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Reference USA">Macmillan Reference USA</a>. p. 4917. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657394" title="Special:BookSources/9780028657394"><bdi>9780028657394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=4917&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780028657394&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2015) [1980]. "The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern Islam". Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. Religion and Society. Vol. 20. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 105–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110824858.105">10.1515/9783110824858.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110824858" title="Special:BookSources/9783110824858"><bdi>9783110824858</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1437-5370">1437-5370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+Islam&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+History&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1437-5370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110824858.105&rft.isbn=9783110824858&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hallaq334-41"><a href="#cite_ref-hallaq334_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWael_B._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1">Wael B. Hallaq (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (Kindle edition). pp. 334–338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%C4%AB%27a%3A+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+Transformations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Wael+B.+Hallaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-What-2014-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-What-2014_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-What-2014_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30411519">"What is jihadism?"</a>. BBC News. 11 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203233910/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30411519">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+jihadism%3F&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-30411519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccnrm-263-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ccnrm-263_44-0">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFirestone2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Firestone" title="Reuven Firestone">Firestone, Reuven</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263">""Jihadism" as a new religious movement"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Hammer, Olav</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Rothstein" title="Mikael Rothstein">Rothstein, Mikael</a> (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 263–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521196505.018">10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19650-5"><bdi>978-0-521-19650-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012015440">2012015440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156374198">156374198</a>. <q>Jihadism is a term that has been applied in Western languages to describe <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islamic movements</a> that are perceived as existentially threatening to <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>. Western media have tended to refer to Jihadism as a military movement which is rooted in <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a>. [...] Jihadism, like the word <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> from which it is constructed, is a difficult term to precisely define. The meaning of Jihadism is a virtual moving target because it remains a recent <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> and no single, generally accepted meaning has been developed for it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Jihadism%22+as+a+new+religious+movement&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521196505.018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156374198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012015440&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19650-5&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM0AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-romano-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romano_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-romano_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Romano2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">David Romano (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395891.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395891-e-003">"Jihadists in Iraq"</a>. In John L. Esposito; Emad El-Din Shahin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195395891.013.003">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395891.013.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539589-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539589-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215204725/http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395891.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395891-e-003">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihadists+in+Iraq&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195395891.013.003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539589-1&rft.au=David+Romano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195395891.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780195395891-e-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2017" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Martha (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/146/4/59-70/27165">"Transnational Jihadism & Civil Wars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a>. 146 (4). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a> for the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>: 59–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FDAED_a_00459">10.1162/DAED_a_00459</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-5266">0011-5266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Transnational+Jihadism+%26+Civil+Wars&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FDAED_a_00459&rft.issn=0011-5266&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirect.mit.edu%2Fdaed%2Farticle%2F146%2F4%2F59-70%2F27165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteger2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_B._Steger" title="Manfred B. Steger">Steger, Manfred B.</a> (2011). "Jihadist Globalism versus Imperial Globalism: The Great Ideological Struggle of the Twenty-First Century?". The Rise of the Global Imaginary: Political Ideologies from the French Revolution to the Global War on Terror. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 213–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199286942.003.0007">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286942.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191700408" title="Special:BookSources/9780191700408"><bdi>9780191700408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihadist+Globalism+versus+Imperial+Globalism%3A+The+Great+Ideological+Struggle+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3F&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Global+Imaginary%3A+Political+Ideologies+from+the+French+Revolution+to+the+Global+War+on+Terror&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199286942.003.0007&rft.isbn=9780191700408&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Manfred+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Steger, Manfred B. Globalization: A Short Introduction. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrachman20084-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrachman20084_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrachman2008">Brachman 2008</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-dailybeast-51"><a href="#cite_ref-dailybeast_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaajid_Nawaz2016" class="citation web cs1">Maajid Nawaz (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/admit-it-these-terrorists-are-muslims">"Admit It: These Terrorists Are Muslims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625020501/http://www.thedailybeast.com/admit-it-these-terrorists-are-muslims">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Admit+It%3A+These+Terrorists+Are+Muslims&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.au=Maajid+Nawaz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fadmit-it-these-terrorists-are-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Emerson2013" class="citation web cs1">Steve Emerson (15 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311032304/http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/jihad-is-cool-jihadist-magazines-recruit-young-terrorists">"Jihad is Cool: Jihadist Magazines Recruit Young Terrorists"</a>. Family Security Matters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familysecuritymatters.org/publications/detail/jihad-is-cool-jihadist-magazines-recruit-young-terrorists">the original</a> on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Family+Security+Matters&rft.atitle=Jihad+is+Cool%3A+Jihadist+Magazines+Recruit+Young+Terrorists&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.au=Steve+Emerson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysecuritymatters.org%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2Fjihad-is-cool-jihadist-magazines-recruit-young-terrorists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Dana_Stuster2013" class="citation web cs1">J. Dana Stuster (29 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/29/9_disturbingly_good_jihadi_raps">"9 Disturbingly Good Jihadi Raps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823014812/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/29/9_disturbingly_good_jihadi_raps">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=9+Disturbingly+Good+Jihadi+Raps&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.au=J.+Dana+Stuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F04%2F29%2F9_disturbingly_good_jihadi_raps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJytte_Klausen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Jytte Klausen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/klausen-et-al-youtube-jihadists/html">"The YouTube Jihadists: A Social Network Analysis of Al-Muhajiroun's Propaganda Campaign"</a>. Perspectives on Terrorism. 6 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133824/http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/klausen-et-al-youtube-jihadists/html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+YouTube+Jihadists%3A+A+Social+Network+Analysis+of+Al-Muhajiroun%27s+Propaganda+Campaign&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Jytte+Klausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorismanalysts.com%2Fpt%2Findex.php%2Fpot%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fklausen-et-al-youtube-jihadists%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDina_Temple-Raston2010" class="citation web cs1">Dina Temple-Raston (6 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382">"Jihadi Cool: Terrorist Recruiters' Latest Weapon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135852/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125186382">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. 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Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Al-Qaeda%3A+Osama+bin+Laden+and+Abu+Musab+al-Zarqawi&rft.au=Trevor+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwhce.org%2Fevolutionofalqaeda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609120804/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm">Archived</a> 2007-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Dale C. Eikmeier. 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Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614211828/http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=OLvTNk75hUoC&dq=islamism&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=vzDyZ5LPO-&sig=dQqq7sPqaZId6nLWXV6BBjdUf5A&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA220,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2014. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2021/03/02/the-family-tree-of-islamist-extremism/">the original</a> on 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Geopolitica&rft.atitle=Family+tree+of+Islamist+extremism&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft.aulast=Tran&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediageopolitica.com%2F2021%2F03%2F02%2Fthe-family-tree-of-islamist-extremism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersjihad150-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersjihad150_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeters1996" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4XnNtI_1wC&q=Jihad+in+Classical+and+Modern+Islam:+A+Reader">Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader</a>. Princeton: Marcus Wiener. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004048545" title="Special:BookSources/9004048545"><bdi>9004048545</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018191204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4XnNtI_1wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Jihad+in+Classical+and+Modern+Islam:+A+Reader&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CSbHU4jrEIGpyATy9oGQCA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015. 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The Father of Jihad. 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE: Imperial College Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-287-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-287-8"><bdi>978-1-78326-287-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Father+of+Jihad&rft.place=57+Shelton+Street%2C+Covent+Garden%2C+London+WC2H+9HE&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78326-287-8&rft.aulast=Haniff+Hassan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Modern Terms: A Reader 2005, p. 107 and note p. 197. John Ralph Willis, "Jihad Fi Sabil Allah", in: In the Path of Allah: The Passion of al-Hajj ʻUmar: an essay into the nature of charisma in Islam, Routledge, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3252-0">978-0-7146-3252-0</a>, 29–57. "Gibb [Mohammedanism, 2nd ed. 1953] rightly could conclude that one effect of the renewed emphasis in the nineteenth century on the Qur'an and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> in Muslim fundamentalism was to restore to <a href="/wiki/Jihad_fi_sabil_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihad fi sabil Allah">jihad fi sabilillah</a> much of the prominence it held in the early days of Islam. Yet Gibb, for all his perception, did not consider jihad within the context of its alliance to ascetic and revivalist sentiments, nor from the perspectives which left it open to diverse interpretations." (p. 31) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Homegrown_2021-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT:_path_to_terror-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-68">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Irwin2_87-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3">Robert Irwin, "Is this the man who inspired Bin Laden?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042236/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/nov/01/afghanistan.terrorism3">Archived</a> 2022-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (1 November 2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html">Paul Berman, "The Philosopher of Islamic Terror"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209042239/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/23/magazine/the-philosopher-of-islamic-terror.html">Archived</a> 2022-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a> (23 March 2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf">"Out of the Shadows: Getting ahead of prisoner radicalization"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423144416/http://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/incl/Out-of-the-Shadows.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+Getting+ahead+of+prisoner+radicalization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fweta%2Fcrossroads%2Fincl%2FOut-of-the-Shadows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Stanley" class="citation web cs1">Trevor Stanley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html">"The Evolution of Al-Qaeda: Osama bin Laden and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103022401/http://www.pwhce.org/evolutionofalqaeda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Al-Qaeda%3A+Osama+bin+Laden+and+Abu+Musab+al-Zarqawi&rft.au=Trevor+Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwhce.org%2Fevolutionofalqaeda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpe, Lucas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/heyj.12256">"Sayyid Qutb and Aquinas: Liberalism, Natural Law and the Philosophy of Jihad"</a>. The Heythrop Journal. 60 (3): 413–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fheyj.12256">10.1111/heyj.12256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heythrop+Journal&rft.atitle=Sayyid+Qutb+and+Aquinas%3A+Liberalism%2C+Natural+Law+and+the+Philosophy+of+Jihad&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fheyj.12256&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1111%2Fheyj.12256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (2009). The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 156–157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptiI-aef-6-94"><a href="#cite_ref-ptiI-aef-6_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2002" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou">The Place of Tolerance in Islam by Khaled Abou El Fadl The Place of Tolerance in Islam</a>. Beacon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807002292" title="Special:BookSources/9780807002292"><bdi>9780807002292</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 December 2015. <q>The guardians of the Islamic tradition were the jurists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Tolerance+in+Islam+by+Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl+The+Place+of+Tolerance+in+Islam&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780807002292&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaceoftolerance0000abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel51-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Kepel51_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA61">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845112578" title="Special:BookSources/9781845112578"><bdi>9781845112578</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514121758/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&pg=PA61&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2016. <q>Well before the full emergence of Islamism in the 1970s, a growing constituency nicknamed 'petro-Islam' included Wahhabi ulemas and Islamist intellectuals and promoted strict implementation of the sharia in the political, moral and cultural spheres; this proto-movement had few social concerns and even fewer revolutionary ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781845112578&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOLvTNk75hUoC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptiI-aef-8-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ptiI-aef-8_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ptiI-aef-8_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ptiI-aef-8_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2002" class="citation book cs1">Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou">The Place of Tolerance in Islam by Khaled Abou El Fadl The Place of Tolerance in Islam</a>. Beacon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placeoftolerance0000abou/page/8">8</a>–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807002292" title="Special:BookSources/9780807002292"><bdi>9780807002292</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 December 2015. <q>The guardians of the Islamic tradition were the jurists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Tolerance+in+Islam+by+Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl+The+Place+of+Tolerance+in+Islam&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780807002292&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaceoftolerance0000abou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepel-orig-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kepel-orig_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kepel-orig_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kepel-orig_97-2">c</a> "Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002) pp.219-222 </li> <li id="cite_note-BLivesey-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLivesey_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLivesey_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLivesey_98-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html">"The Salafist movement by Bruce Livesey"</a>. PBS Frontline. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628202818/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front/special/sala.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Salafist+movement+by+Bruce+Livesey&rft.pub=PBS+Frontline&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Ffront%2Fspecial%2Fsala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlynn_Williams2017" class="citation book cs1">Glynn Williams, Brian (2017). Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 45–46, 179, 185–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter+Jihad%3A+America%27s+Military+Experience+in+Afghanistan%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Syria&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania+19104-4112%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46%2C+179%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4867-8&rft.aulast=Glynn+Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlynn_Williams2017" class="citation book cs1">Glynn Williams, Brian (2017). "4: The Invasion and Occupation of Iraq". Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 188–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+The+Invasion+and+Occupation+of+Iraq&rft.btitle=Counter+Jihad%3A+America%27s+Military+Experience+in+Afghanistan%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Syria&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania+19104-4112%2C+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4867-8&rft.aulast=Glynn+Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacker2006" class="citation book cs1">Packer, George (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Assassins%27_Gate:_America_in_Iraq" title="The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq">The Assassins' Gate: America in Iraq</a>. 18 West 18th Street, New York 10011, USA: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53055-6"><bdi>978-0-374-53055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins%27+Gate%3A+America+in+Iraq&rft.place=18+West+18th+Street%2C+New+York+10011%2C+USA&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53055-6&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlynn_Williams2017" class="citation book cs1">Glynn Williams, Brian (2017). "4: The Invasion and Occupation of Iraq". Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4867-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4867-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4%3A+The+Invasion+and+Occupation+of+Iraq&rft.btitle=Counter+Jihad%3A+America%27s+Military+Experience+in+Afghanistan%2C+Iraq%2C+and+Syria&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania+19104-4112%2C+USA&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4867-8&rft.aulast=Glynn+Williams&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/syria-quest-for-stability-hts-sharaa/">"The fall of the Assad regime is just the beginning of Syria's quest for stability"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=Return+of+the+Islamic+Emirate+of+Afghanistan%3A+The+Jihadist+State+of+Play&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Freturn-islamic-emirate-afghanistan-jihadist-state-play&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepel-theory-105"><a href="#cite_ref-kepel-theory_105-0">^</a> "Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-Saleh2018" class="citation web cs1">al-Saleh, Huda (21 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/amp/features/2018/03/21/Al-Qaeda-s-Zawahiri-defends-the-Muslim-Brotherhood-in-new-video-message">"After Saudi Crown Prince's pledge to eliminate Brotherhood, Zawahri defends them"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=circa+2012&rft.atitle=Jabhat+al-Nusra%2C+A+Strategic+Briefing&rft.aulast=Benotman&rft.aufirst=Noman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quilliamfoundation.org%2Fwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Ffree%2Fjabhat-al-nusra-a-strategic-briefing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurston-2019-18-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Thurston-2019-18_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThurston2019" class="citation book cs1">Thurston, Alexander (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcmXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Wilayat+Gharb+Ifriqiyya&pg=PA17">Search Results Boko Haram: The History of an African Jihadist Movement</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691197081" title="Special:BookSources/9780691197081"><bdi>9780691197081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111173514/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Boko_Haram/KcmXDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Wilayat+Gharb+Ifriqiyya&pg=PA17&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Search+Results+Boko+Haram%3A+The+History+of+an+African+Jihadist+Movement&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691197081&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKcmXDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DWilayat%2BGharb%2BIfriqiyya%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-18-11-15-142"><a href="#cite_ref-AP-18-11-15_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121020206/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/11/17/world/africa/ap-af-boko-haram.html?_r=0">"Nigeria's Boko Haram Kills 49 in Suicide Bombings"</a>. www.nytimes.com. 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Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suicide+Bombers+in+Iraq+By+Mohammed+M.+Hafez&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781601270047&rft.aulast=Hafez&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0I8m2CnuVooC%26q%3Djihadi%2Bsalafi%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4587">The Two Faces of Salafism in Azerbaijan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226115728/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4587">Archived</a> 2010-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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BBC News. 22 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711040601/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13163870">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jordan+protests%3A+Rise+of+the+Salafi-Jihadist+movement&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-13163870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/palestinians-italy-kidnap-idUSLDE73D2FJ20110415">"Body of Italian found in Gaza Strip house-Hamas"</a>. Reuters. 15 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140928124425/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/15/palestinians-italy-kidnap-idUSLDE73D2FJ20110415">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Body+of+Italian+found+in+Gaza+Strip+house-Hamas&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fpalestinians-italy-kidnap-idUSLDE73D2FJ20110415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011414194735306181.html">"Italian peace activist killed in Gaza"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+sitting+on+report+on+foreign+funding+of+UK+extremists&rft.date=2017-07-04&rft.au=Elgot%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F03%2Ftheresa-may-report-foreign-funding-extremists-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-157"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/de/zahl-der-salafisten-steigt-in-deutschland-auf-rekordhoch/a-41731986">"Zahl der Salafisten steigt in Deutschland auf Rekordhoch | Aktuell Deutschland"</a> (in German). 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Retrieved 10 December 2017. <q>Salafisten sind Anhänger einer fundamentalistischen Strömung des Islam, die einen mit der westlichen Demokratie unvereinbaren Gottesstaat anstreben.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zahl+der+Salafisten+steigt+in+Deutschland+auf+Rekordhoch+%7C+Aktuell+Deutschland&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fde%2Fzahl-der-salafisten-steigt-in-deutschland-auf-rekordhoch%2Fa-41731986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPfahl-Traughber2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfahl-Traughber, Prof Dr Armin (9 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/radikalisierungspraevention/211830/salafismus-was-ist-das-ueberhaupt">"Salafismus – was ist das überhaupt? | bpb"</a>. bpb.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525092413/http://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/radikalisierungspraevention/211830/salafismus-was-ist-das-ueberhaupt">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bpb.de&rft.atitle=Salafismus+%E2%80%93+was+ist+das+%C3%BCberhaupt%3F+%7C+bpb&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Pfahl-Traughber&rft.aufirst=Prof+Dr+Armin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fpolitik%2Fextremismus%2Fradikalisierungspraevention%2F211830%2Fsalafismus-was-ist-das-ueberhaupt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfv-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfv_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfv_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfv_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfv_159-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfv_159-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115163049/http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-islamismus-und-islamistischer-terrorismus/was-ist-islamismus/salafistische-bestrebungen">"(de) Salafistische Bestrebungen – Inhalte und Ziele salafistischer Ideologie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bundesamt_f%C3%BCr_Verfassungsschutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz">Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" title="Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/de/arbeitsfelder/af-islamismus-und-islamistischer-terrorismus/was-ist-islamismus/salafistische-bestrebungen">the original</a> on 15 January 2018. 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Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.20minutes.fr&rft.atitle=Une+mosqu%C3%A9e+salafiste+ferm%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+Marseille+sur+ordre+de+la+pr%C3%A9fecture&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutes.fr%2Fsociete%2F2186387-20171212-marseille-mosquee-salafiste-fermee-ordre-prefecture-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/20180420-imam-salafiste-marseille-france-algerie-justice-salafisme-doudi-expulsion-cedh-islam">"La France expulse un imam salafiste vers l'Algérie pour ses prêches radicaux"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=La+France+expulse+un+imam+salafiste+vers+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+pour+ses+pr%C3%AAches+radicaux&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2F20180420-imam-salafiste-marseille-france-algerie-justice-salafisme-doudi-expulsion-cedh-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Khan, Irfanullah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/13652">The Deoband Movement and the Rise of Religious Militancy in Pakistan</a> (PhD). Pakistan: <a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_University" title="Quaid-i-Azam University">Quaid-i-Azam University</a>. p. 226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220104130928/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/13652">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Deoband+Movement+and+the+Rise+of+Religious+Militancy+in+Pakistan&rft.inst=Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Irfanullah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_2007-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_2007_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_2007_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Nasr, Vali</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIXoGto8gTEC&pg=PA148">"Chapter 5: The Battle of Islamic Fundamentalisms"</a>. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06211-3"><bdi>978-0-393-06211-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006012361">2006012361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Battle+of+Islamic+Fundamentalisms&rft.btitle=The+Shia+Revival%3A+How+Conflicts+Within+Islam+Will+Shape+the+Future&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006012361&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06211-3&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Vali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIXoGto8gTEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-unsavory-164"><a href="#cite_ref-econ-unsavory_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615647-growing-power-shia-militias-iraq-and-syria-poses-tricky">"The war against jihadists. Unsavoury allies"</a>. The Economist. 6 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826115750/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21615647-growing-power-shia-militias-iraq-and-syria-poses-tricky">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+war+against+jihadists.+Unsavoury+allies&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21615647-growing-power-shia-militias-iraq-and-syria-poses-tricky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulos-LAT-jihadists-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Bulos-LAT-jihadists_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulos2016" class="citation news cs1">Bulos, Nabih (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-syria-aleppo-jihadists-20160816-snap-story.html">"Soldiers on both sides see the fight for Aleppo as a battle between jihadists"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Soldiers+on+both+sides+see+the+fight+for+Aleppo+as+a+battle+between+jihadists&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Bulos&rft.aufirst=Nabih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fla-fg-syria-aleppo-jihadists-20160816-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natint20-11-15-167"><a href="#cite_ref-natint20-11-15_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeisteinWest2015" class="citation news cs1">Heistein, Ari; West, James (20 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400">"Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Interest&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Other+Foreign+Fighters%3A+Iran%27s+Afghan+and+Pakistani+Mercenaries&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.aulast=Heistein&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft.au=West%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fsyrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-postel-2016-169"><a href="#cite_ref-postel-2016_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanny_PostelLaura_Secor2016" class="citation news cs1">Danny Postel; <a href="/wiki/Laura_Secor" title="Laura Secor">Laura Secor</a> (Fall 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://democracyjournal.org/magazine/42/theaters-of-coercion/">"Theaters of Coercion: Review of 'Children of Paradise: The Struggle for the Soul of Iran'"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Journal&rft.atitle=Theaters+of+Coercion%3A+Review+of+%27Children+of+Paradise%3A+The+Struggle+for+the+Soul+of+Iran%27&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=42&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Danny+Postel&rft.au=Laura+Secor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemocracyjournal.org%2Fmagazine%2F42%2Ftheaters-of-coercion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smyth-2-10-2016-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Smyth-2-10-2016_170-0">^</a> see also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2013" class="citation news cs1">Smyth, Phillip (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/foreign-shia-jihadis-in-syria/4994194">"Foreign Shia jihadists in Syria"</a>. abc.net.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828102129/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/religionandethicsreport/foreign-shia-jihadis-in-syria/4994194">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Foreign+Shia+jihadists+in+Syria&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2Freligionandethicsreport%2Fforeign-shia-jihadis-in-syria%2F4994194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.zenith.me/en/politics/jihadism-vs-muqawamism">"Are Shia Militias Jihadist?"</a>. magazine.zenith.me. 20 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919030317/https://magazine.zenith.me/en/politics/jihadism-vs-muqawamism">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=magazine.zenith.me&rft.atitle=Are+Shia+Militias+Jihadist%3F&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.zenith.me%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fjihadism-vs-muqawamism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yemenembassy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Houthi-Ideology.pdf">Understanding the Houthi Ideology and its Consequences on Yemen</a> Embassy of Yemen in Washington, DC. Salem Bahfi. 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Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Inside+War-Torn+Yemen+as+Civilians+Fight+for+Survival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fyemen-saudi-arabia-war-human-toll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid-15-7-16-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamid-15-7-16_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamidDar2016" class="citation web cs1">Hamid, Shadi; Dar, Rashid (15 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/07/15/islamism-salafism-and-jihadism-a-primer/">"Islamism, Salafism, and jihadism: A primer"</a>. Brookings Institution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012093054/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/07/15/islamism-salafism-and-jihadism-a-primer/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamism%2C+Salafism%2C+and+jihadism%3A+A+primer&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shadi&rft.au=Dar%2C+Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmarkaz%2F2016%2F07%2F15%2Fislamism-salafism-and-jihadism-a-primer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1Kadri-2012-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1Kadri-2012_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1Kadri-2012_175-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1Kadri-2012_175-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1Kadri-2012_175-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 172–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099523277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099523277"><bdi>978-0099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorka-2009-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorka-2009_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorka-2009_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGorka2009" class="citation web cs1">Gorka, Sebastian (3 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082911/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/understanding-history%E2%80%99s-seven-stages-of-jihad">"Understanding History's Seven Stages of Jihad"</a>. Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/understanding-history%E2%80%99s-seven-stages-of-jihad">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Combating+Terrorism+Center&rft.atitle=Understanding+History%27s+Seven+Stages+of+Jihad&rft.date=2009-10-03&rft.aulast=Gorka&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctc.usma.edu%2Fposts%2Funderstanding-history%25E2%2580%2599s-seven-stages-of-jihad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajjoub_2021-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajjoub_2021_177-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAjjoub2021" class="citation book cs1">Ajjoub, Orwa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmes.lu.se/sites/cmes.lu.se/files/2021-02/orwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf">The Development of the Theological and Political Aspects of Jihadi-Salafism</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Lund" title="Lund">Lund</a>: Swedish South Asian Studies Network (SASNET) at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Middle_Eastern_Studies_at_Lund_University" title="Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University">Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Lund University</a>. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7895-772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7895-772-9"><bdi>978-91-7895-772-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210042321/https://www.cmes.lu.se/sites/cmes.lu.se/files/2021-02/orwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Theological+and+Political+Aspects+of+Jihadi-Salafism&rft.place=Lund&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Swedish+South+Asian+Studies+Network+%28SASNET%29+at+the+Center+for+Middle+Eastern+Studies+at+Lund+University&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-91-7895-772-9&rft.aulast=Ajjoub&rft.aufirst=Orwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmes.lu.se%2Fsites%2Fcmes.lu.se%2Ffiles%2F2021-02%2Forwa_ajjoub_rapport_a4_0203_interaktiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_Political_Language_of_Islam" title="The Political Language of Islam">The Political Language of Islam</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680/page/n80">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-47693-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-47693-6"><bdi>0-226-47693-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Language+of+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-226-47693-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khadduri-1955-60-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri-1955-60_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhadduri1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Khadduri, Majid</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128192525/http://www.actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">"5. Doctrine of Jihad"</a> (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 60. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. <q>[Unlike the five pillars of Islam, jihad was to be enforced by the state.] ... 'unless the Muslim community is subjected to a sudden attack and therefore all believers, including women and children are under the obligation to fight—[jihad of the sword] is regarded by all jurists, with almost no exception, as a collective obligation of the whole Muslim community,' meaning that 'if the duty is fulfilled by a part of the community it ceases to be obligatory on others'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Doctrine+of+Jihad&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+the+Law+of+Islam&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Khadduri&rft.aufirst=Majid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factforamericaeducation.com%2Fdownloads%2FAll_Files_by_Type%2Fkhadduri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2Kadri-2012-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2Kadri-2012_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2Kadri-2012_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 150–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099523277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099523277"><bdi>978-0099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARSI-BL-xii-181"><a href="#cite_ref-ARSI-BL-xii_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2003) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRVmL_h_PcsC&q=suicide">The Assassins, a radical sect in Islam</a>. Basic Books. p. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786724550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786724550"><bdi>978-0786724550</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins%2C+a+radical+sect+in+Islam&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0786724550&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRVmL_h_PcsC%26q%3Dsuicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsZuhur2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Richard; Zuhur, Sherifa (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA553">The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098422"><bdi>978-1851098422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1851098422&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Zuhur%2C+Sherifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Habeck_2006_42-183"><a href="#cite_ref-R._Habeck_2006_42_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Habeck2006" class="citation book cs1">R. Habeck, Mary (2006). Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. 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Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Post&rft.atitle=The+ISIS%27+%27Management+of+Savagery%27+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-08-30&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Firaq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassan2015" class="citation web cs1">Hassan, Hassan (8 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/isis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot">"Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+has+reached+new+depths+of+depravity.+But+there+is+a+brutal+logic+behind+it&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fisis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2014" class="citation news cs1">McCoy, Terrence (12 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/08/12/the-calculated-madness-of-the-islamic-states-horrifying-brutality/">"The calculated madness of the Islamic State's horrifying brutality"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+calculated+madness+of+the+Islamic+State%27s+horrifying+brutality&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmorning-mix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F12%2Fthe-calculated-madness-of-the-islamic-states-horrifying-brutality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrooke2014" class="citation news cs1">Crooke, Alastair (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alastair-crooke/iraq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html">"The ISIS' 'Management of Savagery' in Iraq"</a>. HuffPost.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+ISIS%27+%27Management+of+Savagery%27+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Crooke&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Falastair-crooke%2Firaq-isis-alqaeda_b_5542575.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHassan2015" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Hassan (8 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/08/isis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot">"Isis has reached new depths of depravity. But there is a brutal logic behind it"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+has+reached+new+depths+of+depravity.+But+there+is+a+brutal+logic+behind+it&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F08%2Fisis-islamic-state-ideology-sharia-syria-iraq-jordan-pilot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyJune14-188"><a href="#cite_ref-nyJune14_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Wright, Lawrence (16 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/isiss-savage-strategy-in-iraq">"ISIS's Savage Strategy in Iraq"</a>. The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=ISIS%27s+Savage+Strategy+in+Iraq&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fdaily-comment%2Fisiss-savage-strategy-in-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP265-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP265_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP265_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP265_189-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunzel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bunzel, Cole (18 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_265_Bunzel_Islamic_States_Final.pdf">"The Kingdom and the Caliphate: Duel of the Islamic States"</a> (PDF). Carnegie Papers. 265. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>: 1–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328062426/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/CP_265_Bunzel_Islamic_States_Final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+and+the+Caliphate%3A+Duel+of+the+Islamic+States&rft.volume=265&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Ffiles%2FCP_265_Bunzel_Islamic_States_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_2016-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_190-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_190-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_190-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFal-SaudWinter2016" class="citation magazine cs1">al-Saud, Abdullah K.; Winter, Charlie (4 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/isis-muhajir-syria/509399/">"Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir: The Obscure Theologian Who Shaped ISIS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140424/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/isis-muhajir-syria/509399/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Abu+Abdullah+al-Muhajir%3A+The+Obscure+Theologian+Who+Shaped+ISIS&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.aulast=al-Saud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+K.&rft.au=Winter%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F12%2Fisis-muhajir-syria%2F509399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_191-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2018" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Mark (13 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">"The core Isis manual that twisted Islam to legitimise barbarity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609090007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+core+Isis+manual+that+twisted+Islam+to+legitimise+barbarity&rft.date=2018-05-13&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F12%2Fisis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChrisStout-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChrisStout_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChrisStout_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStout2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)" title="Chris Stout (psychologist)">Stout, Chris E.</a> (2018) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvHeDgAAQBAJ&q=jurisprudence+of+blood+ISIS&pg=PA5">"The Psychology of Terrorism"</a>. Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism: New Psychology to Understand, Face, and Defuse the Threat. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440851926" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440851926"><bdi>978-1440851926</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994829038">994829038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Political+Violence%2C+and+Extremism%3A+New+Psychology+to+Understand%2C+Face%2C+and+Defuse+the+Threat&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994829038&rft.isbn=978-1440851926&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Chris+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvHeDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djurisprudence%2Bof%2Bblood%2BISIS%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Darion Rhodes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate">Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083632/http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate">Archived</a> 3 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Institute for Counter-Terrorism">International Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a>, March 2014 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2007" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Tahir (2007). Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2528-4"><bdi>978-0-7486-2528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Political+Radicalism%3A+A+European+Perspective&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2528-4&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkbarzadeh2010" class="citation book cs1">Akbarzadeh, Shahram (2010). Islam and Political Violence: Muslim Diaspora and Radicalism in the West. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-473-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-473-2"><bdi>978-1-84511-473-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Political+Violence%3A+Muslim+Diaspora+and+Radicalism+in+the+West&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-473-2&rft.aulast=Akbarzadeh&rft.aufirst=Shahram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rasheed2009" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2009). Dying for Faith: Religiously Motivated Violence in the Contemporary World. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-687-3"><bdi>978-1-84511-687-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+for+Faith%3A+Religiously+Motivated+Violence+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-687-3&rft.aulast=Al-Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Madawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAslan2010" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2010). Global Jihadism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-25006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-25006-0"><bdi>978-3-639-25006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Jihadism&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-639-25006-0&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonner2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxq7eykoJgoC">Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400827381" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400827381"><bdi>978-1400827381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History%3A+Doctrines+and+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1400827381&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxq7eykoJgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBotobekov2021" class="citation book cs1">Botobekov, Uran (2021). "How Central Asian Salafi-Jihadi Groups are Exploiting the Covid-19 Pandemic: New Opportunities and Challenges". In Käsehage, Nina (ed.). Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic. Religionswissenschaft. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: Transcript Verlag. pp. 107–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14361%2F9783839454855-005">10.14361/9783839454855-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1"><bdi>978-3-8376-5485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Central+Asian+Salafi-Jihadi+Groups+are+Exploiting+the+Covid-19+Pandemic%3A+New+Opportunities+and+Challenges&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+in+the+Age+of+Pandemic&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.series=Religionswissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14361%2F9783839454855-005&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-5485-1&rft.aulast=Botobekov&rft.aufirst=Uran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrachman2008" class="citation book cs1">Brachman, Jarret (2008). Global jihadism: theory and practice. vol. 10 of Cass series on political violence, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45241-0"><bdi>978-0-415-45241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+jihadism%3A+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=vol.+10+of+Cass+series+on+political+violence%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45241-0&rft.aulast=Brachman&rft.aufirst=Jarret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/devolutionofjiha0000stra">The Devolution of Jihadism: From Al Qaeda to Wider Movement</a>. Stratfor. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-4664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4537-4664-6"><bdi>978-1-4537-4664-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devolution+of+Jihadism%3A+From+Al+Qaeda+to+Wider+Movement&rft.pub=Stratfor&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4537-4664-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevolutionofjiha0000stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrzuszkiewicz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brzuszkiewicz, Sarah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1781685820915972">"Jihadism and Far-Right Extremism: Shared Attributes With Regard to Violence Spectacularisation"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_View&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European View (page does not exist)">European View</a>. 19 (1): 71–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1781685820915972">10.1177/1781685820915972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+View&rft.atitle=Jihadism+and+Far-Right+Extremism%3A+Shared+Attributes+With+Regard+to+Violence+Spectacularisation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1781685820915972&rft.aulast=Brzuszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1781685820915972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoolsaet2008" class="citation book cs1">Coolsaet, Rik (2008). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge in Europe. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7217-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7217-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-7217-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihadi+Terrorism+and+the+Radicalisation+Challenge+in+Europe&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7217-3&rft.aulast=Coolsaet&rft.aufirst=Rik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2010" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51858-1"><bdi>978-0-521-51858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Violence+and+Pan-Islamism+since+1979&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51858-1&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHegghammer2015" class="citation book cs1">Hegghammer, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj3WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">""Classical" and "Global" Jihadism in Saudi Arabia"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Haykel, Bernard</a>; Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (eds.). Saudi Arabia in Transition: Insights on Social, Political, Economic and Religious Change. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139047586.014">10.1017/CBO9781139047586.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00629-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00629-4"><bdi>978-1-107-00629-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Classical%22+and+%22Global%22+Jihadism+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+in+Transition%3A+Insights+on+Social%2C+Political%2C+Economic+and+Religious+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139047586.014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00629-4&rft.aulast=Hegghammer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOj3WBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKäsehage2021" class="citation book cs1">Käsehage, Nina (2021). "Towards a Covid-Jihad – Millennialism in the field of Jihadism". In Käsehage, Nina (ed.). Religious Fundamentalism in the Age of Pandemic. Religionswissenschaft. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: Transcript Verlag. pp. 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14361%2F9783839454855-004">10.14361/9783839454855-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5485-1"><bdi>978-3-8376-5485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Covid-Jihad+%E2%80%93+Millennialism+in+the+field+of+Jihadism&rft.btitle=Religious+Fundamentalism+in+the+Age+of+Pandemic&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.series=Religionswissenschaft&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14361%2F9783839454855-004&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-5485-1&rft.aulast=K%C3%A4sehage&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKepel2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2021) [2000]. <a href="/wiki/Jihad:_The_Trail_of_Political_Islam" title="Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. Bloomsbury Revelations (5th ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350148598" title="Special:BookSources/9781350148598"><bdi>9781350148598</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1179546717">1179546717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Revelations&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1179546717&rft.isbn=9781350148598&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhosrokhavar2009" class="citation book cs1">Khosrokhavar, Farhad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidejihadismun0000khos">Inside Jihadism: Understanding Jihadi Movements Worldwide</a>. Paradigm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59451-616-0"><bdi>978-1-59451-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Jihadism%3A+Understanding+Jihadi+Movements+Worldwide&rft.pub=Paradigm&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59451-616-0&rft.aulast=Khosrokhavar&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidejihadismun0000khos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLahoud2010" class="citation book cs1">Lahoud, Nelly (2010). The Jihadis' Path to Self-destruction. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-062-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-062-4"><bdi>978-1-84904-062-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jihadis%27+Path+to+Self-destruction&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-062-4&rft.aulast=Lahoud&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLohlker2013" class="citation book cs1">Lohlker, Rüdiger, ed. (2013). Jihadism: Online Discourses and Representations. Vienna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0068-3"><bdi>978-3-8471-0068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihadism%3A+Online+Discourses+and+Representations&rft.pub=Vienna+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-8471-0068-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLohlker2012" class="citation book cs1">Lohlker, Rüdiger, ed. (2012). New Approaches to the Analysis of Jihadism. Vienna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-900-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89971-900-0"><bdi>978-3-89971-900-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Approaches+to+the+Analysis+of+Jihadism&rft.pub=Vienna+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-89971-900-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPargeter2008" class="citation book cs1">Pargeter, Alison (2008). The New Frontiers of Jihad: Radical Islam in Europe. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-391-9"><bdi>978-1-84511-391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Frontiers+of+Jihad%3A+Radical+Islam+in+Europe&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-391-9&rft.aulast=Pargeter&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPasha2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pasha, Mustapha Kamal (April 2010). "In the Shadows of Globalization: Civilizational Crisis, the 'Global Modern', and 'Islamic Nihilism'". <a href="/wiki/Globalizations" title="Globalizations">Globalizations</a>. 7 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 173–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Glob....7..173P">2010Glob....7..173P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14747731003593463">10.1080/14747731003593463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144581998">144581998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globalizations&rft.atitle=In+the+Shadows+of+Globalization%3A+Civilizational+Crisis%2C+the+%27Global+Modern%27%2C+and+%27Islamic+Nihilism%27&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144581998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14747731003593463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Glob....7..173P&rft.aulast=Pasha&rft.aufirst=Mustapha+Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanstorp2009" class="citation book cs1">Ranstorp, Magnus (2009). Understanding Violent Radicalisation. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55630-9"><bdi>978-0-415-55630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Violent+Radicalisation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-55630-9&rft.aulast=Ranstorp&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2014" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Darion (2014). Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Institute for Counter-Terrorism">International Institute for Counter-Terrorism</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafist-Takfiri+Jihadism%3A+the+Ideology+of+the+Caucasus+Emirate&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Counter-Terrorism&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Darion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSageman2008" class="citation book cs1">Sageman, Marc (2008). Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-first Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4065-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaderless+Jihad%3A+Terror+Networks+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4065-8&rft.aulast=Sageman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2007" class="citation book cs1">Sanchez, James (2007). Who's Who in Al-Qaeda & Jihadi Movements in South and Southeast Asia 19,906 Key Individuals, Organizations, Incidents, and Linkages. Lulu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4303-1473-8"><bdi>978-1-4303-1473-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Al-Qaeda+%26+Jihadi+Movements+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia+19%2C906+Key+Individuals%2C+Organizations%2C+Incidents%2C+and+Linkages&rft.pub=Lulu&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4303-1473-8&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVertigans2007" class="citation book cs1">Vertigans, Stephen (2007). Militant Islam: A Sociology of Characteristics, Causes and Consequences. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41246-9"><bdi>978-0-415-41246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militant+Islam%3A+A+Sociology+of+Characteristics%2C+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41246-9&rft.aulast=Vertigans&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Pommereau2015" class="citation journal cs1">de Pommereau, Isabelle (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2015/0226/To-fight-homegrown-jihadis-Germany-takes-lesson-from-battle-with-neo-Nazis">"To fight homegrown jihadis, Germany takes lesson from battle with neo-Nazis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=To+fight+homegrown+jihadis%2C+Germany+takes+lesson+from+battle+with+neo-Nazis&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=de+Pommereau&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FEurope%2F2015%2F0226%2FTo-fight-homegrown-jihadis-Germany-takes-lesson-from-battle-with-neo-Nazis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jihad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jihad">Jihad</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZahid2020" class="citation web cs1">Zahid, Farhan (8 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/jihadism-south-asia-militant-landscape-flux">"Jihadism in South Asia: A militant landscape in flux"</a>. mei.edu. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mei.edu&rft.atitle=Jihadism+in+South+Asia%3A+A+militant+landscape+in+flux&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft.aulast=Zahid&rft.aufirst=Farhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fjihadism-south-asia-militant-landscape-flux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihadism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatmiyya" title="Khatmiyya">Khatmiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&oldid=1281839988">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jihadism&oldid=1281839988</a>"</div></div> <div 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb5cf9976-66rnj","wgBackendResponseTime":328,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.039","walltime":"2.289","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12820,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":551283,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5297,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":774625,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1883.229 1 -total"," 56.98% 1072.975 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.00% 414.233 82 Template:Cite_book"," 10.36% 195.076 42 Template:Cite_web"," 7.88% 148.486 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.01% 132.042 29 Template:Cite_news"," 6.59% 124.198 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.16% 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