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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_accounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_accounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Generational accounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_accounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Auerbach-Kotlikoff_Model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Auerbach-Kotlikoff_Model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Auerbach-Kotlikoff Model</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Intergenerational altruism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergenerational_altruism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_redistribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_redistribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Generational redistribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_redistribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_reform_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_reform_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Policy reform proposals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy_reform_proposals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Policy reform proposals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Policy_reform_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ventures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ventures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other ventures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ventures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="لاورنس کوتلیکوف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لاورنس کوتلیکوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%81" title="لورينس كوتليكوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورينس كوتليكوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%84,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Котликофф, Лоренс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Котликофф, Лоренс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laurence Kotlikoff" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%87%E5%A4%AB" title="勞倫斯·克里寇夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="勞倫斯·克里寇夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Laurence Kotlikoff</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotlikoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kotlikoff.jpg/220px-Kotlikoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kotlikoff.jpg/330px-Kotlikoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kotlikoff.jpg/440px-Kotlikoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-01-30</span>) </span>January 30, 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 73)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302865920/">Essays on capital formation and social security, bequest formation, and long run tax incidence.</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1977)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Laurence Jacob Kotlikoff</b> (born January 30, 1951) is an American <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> who has served as a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specialist in <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a>, he has contributed to a range of fields, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon taxation</a>, the global macroeconomic transition and the future of economic power, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivity_in_United_States_income_tax" title="Progressivity in United States income tax">fiscal progressivity</a>, economic guides to personal <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">financial behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform#Common_targets_for_reform" title="Monetary reform">banking reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_rate" title="Tax rate">marginal taxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">labor supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">healthcare reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of over 20 books, and his scholarly articles have been published in a range of journals, including the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" title="The Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in 1951, Kotlikoff received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in 1973, and a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in economics from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three years as a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral fellow</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, he taught as an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_professor" title="Assistant professor">assistant professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> from 1980 to 1981, and then as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">associate professor</a> at Yale till 1984, during which time he was a research associate at the <a href="/wiki/Cowles_Foundation" title="Cowles Foundation">Cowles Foundation</a> (1980-1984), and served on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> as a senior economist (1981-1982).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> in 1984, where he twice chaired its Department of Economics, and was named a William Warren Fairfield Professor in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff has been a research associate at the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">NBER</a> since 1980, and a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/CESifo_Economic_Studies" title="CESifo Economic Studies">CESifo</a> since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="List of fellows of the Econometric Society">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Econometric_Society" title="Econometric Society">Econometric Society</a> in 1992, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff has commented regularly on contemporary issues and public affairs. His columns have appeared in the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/PBS_NewsHour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS NewsHour">PBS NewsHour</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>, and other major outlets. Kotlikoff is a frequent guest on numerous podcasts and radio shows, and is routinely quoted by the media on a wide range of economic issues. Over the years, Kotlikoff has testified to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on tax reform, generational policy, and other economic issues on 19 occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff attempted to run for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>, and sought the nominations of the advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a><sup id="cite_ref-ibt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of the United States">Reform Party of the United States</a>, before ending his campaign in May 2012, when <a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a> ceased operations. Kotlikoff ran for president in 2016 as an independent alongside his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Leamer" title="Edward E. Leamer">Dr. Edward Leamer</a>, an economist at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>. He achieved ballot-access in 38 states, making him one of only six people in the country that could be legally elected president. His campaign garnered major press from <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, and other major outlets. Kotlikoff's stated goal in running for president was to provide an economics-based policy-reform platform. After the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>, Kotlikoff released his platform on his website in the form of a monograph entitled <i>You're Hired!</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_research">Early research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff's thesis examined, in a life-cycle simulation model, the impact of intergenerational redistribution on the long-run position of the economy. He also studied whether the rich spend a larger or smaller share of their lifetime resources than do the poor. And he provided a new empirical approach to understanding the impact of Social Security on saving. At UCLA, Kotlikoff wrote a paper with Avia Spivak on intra-family risk-sharing entitled "The Family as an Incomplete Annuities Market."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also wrote a widely cited paper with <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> questioning the importance of saving for <a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">retirement</a> in determining total <a href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth in the United States">U.S. wealth</a> accumulation.<sup id="cite_ref-itacf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itacf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication suggested that most of U.S. wealth accumulation was not attributed to life-cycle <a href="/wiki/Saving" title="Saving">saving</a>, but rather to private intergenerational transfers (whether intended or unintended).<sup id="cite_ref-itacf_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itacf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article was the subject of a lively debate between Kotlikoff and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a>, who won the Nobel Prize in part for his work on the life-cycle model.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_accounting">Generational accounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generational accounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generational_accounting" title="Generational accounting">Generational accounting</a></div> <p>Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, pioneered Generational Accounting, which measures the fiscal burdens facing today's and tomorrow's children.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kotlikoff's work on the relativity of fiscal language claims to show that conventional fiscal measures, including the government's deficit, are not well defined from the perspective of economic theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Kotlikoff, their measurement reflects economically arbitrary fiscal labeling conventions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He argues that an "Economics labeling problem," as he calls it, has led to gross misreadings of the fiscal positions of different countries, starting with the United States, which has a relatively small <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a>, but, he argues, is in worse fiscal shape than any other developed country due to its unofficial, i.e., off-the-books, obligations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1991, Kotlikoff, together with Alan Auerbach and Jagadeesh Gokhale, produced the <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kotlikoff.net/content/generational-accounts-meaningful-alternative-deficit-accounting">[1]</a> first set of generational accounts] for the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Their study claimed to find a major <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_gap" title="Fiscal gap">fiscal gap</a> separating future government spending commitments and its means of paying for those commitments, portending dramatic increases in the lifetime net tax burdens facing young and future generations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The generational accounting and fiscal gap accounting developed by Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff is a means of assessing the sustainability of fiscal policy and how different countries intend to treat their progeny.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Recent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1172.pdf">generational accounting</a> by the IMF and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfinancialreview.com/?p=2240">fiscal gap accounting</a> by Kotlikoff claim to confirm the truly severe long-run fiscal problems facing the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Auerbach-Kotlikoff_Model">The Auerbach-Kotlikoff Model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Auerbach-Kotlikoff Model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1970s, Kotlikoff, together with Berkeley <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Auerbach" title="Alan J. Auerbach">Alan J. Auerbach</a>, developed the first large-scale computable general equilibrium life-cycle model that can track the behavior, over time, of economies comprising large numbers of overlapping generations.<sup id="cite_ref-dynamic_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynamic-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is widely used by economists to study the transition paths of closed as well as open economies as well as the dynamic impact of fiscal and other policies. </p><p>A relatively recent incarnation of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model is a paper by Hans Fehr, Sabine Jokisch, and Laurence Kotlikoff entitled "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotlikoff.net/content/dynamic-globalization-and-its-potentially-alarming-prospects-low-wage-workers">Dynamic Globalization and Its Potentially Alarming Prospects for Low-Wage Workers</a>," includes five regions (the U.S., Europe, Japan, China, and India), six goods, region-specific fiscal policy and demographics, and the endogenous determination of the pattern of specialization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The most recent use of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff model has been to study, together with economists Felix Kubler, Andrey Polbin, and Simon Scheidegger, the economics of carbon change, particularly the optimal uniformly welfare-improving carbon-tax policy. This is the carbon tax cum side payments that produces the highest uniform welfare gain for all current and future generations in all regions of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_general_relativity_of_fiscal_language">The general relativity of fiscal language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The general relativity of fiscal language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, Kotlikoff wrote a fundamental paper entitled "Deficit Delusion", which appeared in The Public Interest. This was the first of a series of papers and books (see, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Generational-Accounting-Knowing-Pays-Spend/dp/0029175852/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1369942945&sr=8-2&keywords=generational+accounting">Generational Accounting</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotlikoff.net/content/generational-policy">Generational Policy</a>) by Kotlikoff, including work with co-authors, showing, via examples, that in economic models featuring rational agents, "the" deficit is a figment of language, not economics. I.e., the deficit is not economically well defined. Instead, what governments measure as "the" deficit is entirely a result of the language they use to label government receipts and payments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the government calls a receipt a "tax," this lowers the reported deficit. If, instead, it calls the receipt "borrowing," it raises the reported deficit. Thus, if you give the government, say, $1,000 this year, it can say it is taxing you $1,000 this year. Alternatively, it can say it is borrowing $1,000 from you this year and will be taxing you in, say, five years the $1,000 plus accrued interest and using this future tax to pay you the principal plus interest due in the future on the current borrowing. With one set of words the deficit is $1,000 larger this year than with the other set of words.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If it so chose, the government could say it was taxing you $1,000 this year and also, this year, borrowing $1 trillion from you for, say, five years, making a transfer payment to you this year of $1 trillion, and taxing you in five years an amount equal to principal plus interest on the $1 trillion and using it to pay principal plus interest on the $1 trillion it is now borrowing. With this alternative choice of words, the reported deficit is $1 trillion larger than with the first set of words. But in all three examples, you hand over $1,000 this year and receive and pay zero on net in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Einstein taught us that neither time, nor distance are well-defined physical concepts. Instead, their measurement is relative to our frame of reference – how fast we were traveling in the universe and in what direction. Our physical frame of reference can be viewed as our language or labeling convention. Einstein showed that neither time nor distance were well-defined concepts, but could be measured in an infinite number of ways. The same is true of the deficit. Just like absolute time and distance are not well defined, the deficit and related conventional fiscal measures has no economic meaning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2013)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff, along with Harvard's Jerry Green, offered a general proof of the proposition that deficits and a number of other conventional fiscal measures are, economically speaking, content-free, concluding that the deficit is simply an arbitrary figment of language in all economic models involving rational agents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such models can feature all manner of individual and aggregate uncertainty, incomplete markets, distortionary fiscal policy, asymmetric information, borrowing constraints, time-inconsistent government policy, and a host of other problems, yet "the" deficit will still bear no theoretical connection to real policy-induced economic outcomes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The reason, again, is that there is no single deficit, but rather an infinity of deficit or surplus policy paths that can be announced (by the government or any private agent) simply by choosing the "right" fiscal labels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frames_of_reference">Frames of reference</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Frames of reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Kotlikoff, using the deficit as a guide to fiscal policy is like driving in Los Angeles with a map of New York City.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For unlike in our physical world in which we are all using the same language (have the same frame of reference), in the world of economics, we are each free to adopt our own frame of reference – our own labeling convention. Thus, if Joe wants to claim that the U.S. federal government ran enormous surpluses for the last 50 years, he can simply choose appropriate words to label historic receipts and payments to produce that time series.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If Sally wishes to claim the opposite, there are words she can find to justify her view of the past stance of fiscal policy. And if Sam wishes to claim that that economy has experienced fluctuations from deficits to surpluses of arbitrary magnitude from year to year, he can do so. Language is extremely flexible. And there is nothing in economic theory that pins down how we discuss economic theory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff and Green claim that fiscal variables in all mathematical economic models involving rational agents can be labeled freely and tell us nothing about the models themselves (no more than does choosing to discuss the models in French or English), and this means that the multitudinous econometric studies relating well-defined economic variables, such as interest rates or aggregate personal consumption, to "the" deficit are, economically speaking, content free.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Kotlikoff, the deficit is not the only variable that is not well defined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An economy's aggregate tax revenue, its aggregate transfer payments, its disposable income, its personal and private saving rates, and its level of private wealth – all are non-economic concepts that have, from the perspective of economic theories with rational agents, no more purchase on economic reality than does the emperor's clothes in Hans Christian Andersen's famous children's story.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff chose the title of his paper with Green not to suggest in the slightest any comparison of intellect with Einstein,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (December 2015)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> but rather because of what seemed to him to be a strikingly similar message about confusing linguistics for substance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An example here is the definition of a capitalistic economy as one in which capital is primarily owed by the private sector. Kotlikoff claims that an economy that is described as having predominately privately owned wealth can just as well be described as one in which wealth is predominantly or, for that matter, entirely state-owned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hence, "deficit delusion" implies that economic theory offers no precise measure/definition of capitalism, socialism, or communism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergenerational_altruism">Intergenerational altruism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Intergenerational altruism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff has done pioneering<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Unverified descriptions (January 2014)">peacock prose</span></a></i>]</sup> work testing intergenerational altruism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – the proposition that current generations care about their descendants enough to ensure that government redistribution from their descendants to themselves will be offset by private redistribution back to the descendants either in the form of bequests or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">inter vivos</i></span> gifts. This proposition dates to <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, who raised it as a theoretical, but empirically irrelevant proposition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1974, Robert Barro revived "Ricardian Equivalence" by showing in a simple, elegant framework that each generation's caring about its children leads current generations to be altruistically linked to all their descendants. Hence, a government policy of transferring resources to current older generations at a cost to generations born, say, in 100 years would induce the current elderly to simply increase their gifts and bequests to their children who would pass the resources onward until it reached those born in 100 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This inter-linkage of current and future generations devolves into a mathematical model which is isomorphic to one in which all agents are infinitely lived (i.e., they act as if they live for ever in so far as their progeny are front and center in their preferences). The infinitely-lived model was originally posited by Frank Ramsey in the 1920s. Its aggregation properties make it very convenient for teaching macro economics because one does not have to deal with the messiness of upwards of 100 overlapping generations acting independently, but also interdependently. Consequently, it has become a mainstay in graduate macroeconomics training and underlies the work by Economics Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Ed_Prescott" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Prescott">Ed Prescott</a> and other economists on <a href="/wiki/Real_Business_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Business Cycle">Real Business Cycle</a> models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kotlikoff's singly and jointly authored work in the 1980s and 1990 called this model into question on both theoretical and empirical grounds. In a paper entitled "Altruistic Linkages within the Extended Family: A Note (1983)," which appears in Kotlikoff's 1989 MIT Press book What Determines Savings? Kotlikoff showed that when agents take each other's transfers as given, marriage generates intergenerational linkages between unrelated individuals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>I.e., if you, Steve, are altruistic toward your daughter, Sue, and your daughter marries John, who is altruistically linked to his father Ed, who has a daughter Sara who is altruistic toward her husband David, who cares about his sister Ida, who cares about her father-in-law Frank, you Steve are altruistically linked to Frank. Furthermore, if Frank loses a dollar and you gain a dollar, Barro's model implies that you Steve will take your newfound dollar and hand it to Frank. Kyle Bagwell and Douglas Bernheim independently reached Kotlikoff's conclusion, namely that the Barro model had patently absurd implications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Together with Assaf Razin and Robert Rosenthal, Kotlikoff showed in [4] that dropping the unrealistic assumption that transfers are taken as given and permitting individuals to refuse transfers (e.g., refusing your mother's offer of an extra helping of cabbage) invalidates Barro's proposition of Ricardian Equivalence. I.e., they showed that Barro's model was a combination of a plausible set of preferences (altruism toward one's children) and an implausible assumption about the game being played by donors and donees. </p><p>In a series of empirical papers with Stanford economist Michael Boskin, University of Pennsylvania economist Andrew Abel, Yale economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Altonji" title="Joseph Altonji">Joseph Altonji</a>, and Tokyo University economist Fumio Hayashi, Kotlikoff and his co-authors showed that there was little, if any, empirical support for Barro's very special model of intergenerational altruism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_redistribution">Generational redistribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Generational redistribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In life-cycle models without operative intergenerational altruism, the young are the big savers because of every dollar they receive, they save a larger percentage than do the elderly for the simple reason that the elderly are closer to the ends of their lives and want to use it before they lose it. The unborn are, of course, the biggest savers because giving them an extra dollar (that they will be able to collect with interest when they arrive) leads them to consume nothing more in the present because they aren't yet alive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>So taking from the young and unborn and giving to the elderly should lead to a decline in national saving. In a 1996 paper with Jagadeesh Gokhale and John Sablehaus, Kotlikoff showed that the ongoing massive redistribution from young and future savers to old savers was responsible for the postwar decline in U.S. saving.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notwithstanding his many studies overturning Ricardian Equivalence, on both theoretical and empirical grounds, Kotlikoff has a paper showing why intergenerational transfers may have no impact on the economy in a world of purely selfish life-cycle agents. The argument presented is simple. Once younger generations have been maximally exploited by older generations (who are assumed to have the ability to redistribute from the young to themselves), older generations can no longer extract resources for free, meaning they can no longer leave higher fiscal burdens for future generations without handing over a quid pro quo. At such an extreme, intergenerational transfers, per se, are no longer feasible because the young will refuse to accept them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_reform_proposals">Policy reform proposals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Policy reform proposals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff has written that the economic future is bleak for the United States without tax reform, <a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">health care reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security debate (United States)">Social Security reform</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_Generational_Storm" title="The Coming Generational Storm">The Coming Generational Storm</a></i> and other publications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff has been a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/FairTax" title="FairTax">FairTax</a> proposal as a replacement for the federal tax code, contributing to research of plan's effects and the required rate for revenue neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotlikoff_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotlikoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Kotlikoff offered his own tax proposal, titled the <i>Purple Tax</i> (a blend of red and blue), a consumption levy that he says cleans up some problems with the FairTax.<sup id="cite_ref-othertax_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-othertax-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-purpletax_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purpletax-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His plan calls for a 15% final (17.5% nominal) sales tax. The FICA tax ceiling is gone and the 7.65% of the employees contribution is applied on everything after $40,000 but the employer pays 7.65% on the employees entire salary.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff's proposed reform of the financial system,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discussed in <i>Jimmy Stewart Is Dead</i>, called Limited Purpose Banking, transforms all financial companies with limited liability, including incorporated banks, insurance companies, financial exchanges, and hedge funds, into pass-through mutual funds, which do not borrow to invest in risky assets, but, instead, allows the public to directly choose what risks it wishes to bear by purchasing more or less risky mutual funds.<sup id="cite_ref-jimmy_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kotlikoff, Limited Purpose Banking keeps banks, insurance companies, hedge funds and other financial corporations from borrowing short and lending long, which leaves the public to pick up the pieces when things go south.<sup id="cite_ref-jimmy_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Kotlikoff argues Limited Purpose Banking forces financial intermediaries to limit their activities to their sole legitimate purpose—financial inter-mediation.<sup id="cite_ref-jimmy_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would substitute the vast array of extant federal and state financial regulatory bodies with a single financial regulator called the Federal Financial Authority (FFA), which would have a narrow purpose namely to verify, disclose, and oversee the independent rating and custody off all securities purchased and sold by mutual funds.<sup id="cite_ref-jimmy_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jimmy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2007 book, <i>The Healthcare Fix</i>, Kotlikoff proposed a major reform of the U.S. healthcare system, subsequently dubbed "The Purple Health Plan",<sup id="cite_ref-purplehealth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would do away with <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, employer-based healthcare, and health exchanges established under the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THF_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their place, every American would receive a voucher for a basic health insurance policy, whose coverages would be established by a panel of doctors such that the total cost of all vouchers remained within a fixed share, e.g., 10 percent, of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-purplehealth_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THF_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voucher would be provided by the government at no cost and its amount would be individually risk-adjusted, i.e., sicker people would receive larger vouchers.<sup id="cite_ref-purplehealth_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THF_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No health insurance company providing the basic insurance plan could turn anyone away and those who could afford supplemental health insurance plans would be free to purchase them.<sup id="cite_ref-purplehealth_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THF_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kotlikoff, the plan provides universal basic health insurance, retains private provision of healthcare, limits government healthcare spending to a fixed share of GDP, and avoids adverse selection.<sup id="cite_ref-purplehealth_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THF_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kotlikoff has denounced critics of the plan such as economist Paul Krugman and President Obama for demagoguery over word voucher—arguing that the current health care law relies on vouchers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the current Medicare program is unsustainable and that we have no choice but to embrace a plan with vouchers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to highlight his Purple Plans, Kotlikoff ran for the nomination of the Americans Elect platform in its short-lived effort to field a third-party candidate in the 2012 Presidential election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff fervently dislikes both major political parties and has called for a third party.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2012, Kotlikoff announced his plans to run as a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a> candidate for President of the United States in 2012. Kotlikoff said he would seek the presidential nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">non-partisan</a> advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibt_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced in May that he would also seek the nomination of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of the United States">Reform Party of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but ended the bid after the Americans Elect board decided to not field a 2012 presidential ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2016 Presidential Election, Kotlikoff ran as a registered, write-in candidate. He was defeated by Republican candidate Donald Trump. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_ventures">Other ventures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other ventures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotlikoff is the President of Economic Security Planning, Inc., a company that markets MaxiFi Planner, an economics-based personal financial planning software program, and "Maximize My Social Security", a software program that helps Americans decide which Social Security benefits to take and when, to get the highest lifetime benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Economic Consequences of the Vickers Commission, Civitas, 2012.</li> <li>The Clash of Generations, (with <a href="/wiki/Scott_Burns_(newspaper_columnist)" title="Scott Burns (newspaper columnist)">Scott Burns</a>), MIT Press, 2012.</li> <li>Jimmy Stewart is Dead – Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking. John Wiley and Sons, 2010.</li> <li>Spend 'Til the End – The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard, Today and When You Retire. Simon & Schuster, (with Scott Burns), 2008.</li> <li>The Healthcare Fix – Universal Insurance for All Americans, MIT Press, 2007.</li> <li>The Coming Generational Storm, (with Scott Burns), MIT Press, 2004.</li> <li>Generational Policy, The 2002 Caroli Lectures, MIT Press, 2003.</li> <li>Essays on Saving, Bequests, Altruism, and Life-Cycle Planning, MIT Press, 2001.</li> <li>Generational Accounting Around the World, co-edited with Alan Auerbach and Willi Leibfritz, NBER volume, University of Chicago Press, 1999.</li> <li>Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach Second Edition, (with Alan Auerbach), MIT Press, 1998.</li> <li>Macroeconomics: An Integrated Approach (with Alan Auerbach), Southwestern Publishing Co., 1994.</li> <li>Generational Accounting, The Free Press, 1992.</li> <li>What Determines Savings, MIT Press, 1989.</li> <li>The Wage Carrot and the Pension Stick: Retirement Benefits and Labor Force Participation (with David Wise), The W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1989.</li> <li>Dynamic Fiscal Policy (with Alan Auerbach), Cambridge University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Pensions in the American Economy (with Daniel Smith), University of Chicago Press, 1983.</li> <li>Get What's Yours: The Secrets to Maxing Out Your Social Security (with Philip Moeller and Paul Solman), Simon and Schuster, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1987, "social security," <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 4, pp. 413–18. Stockton Press</li> <li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 1992, <i>Generational Accounting</i>, The Free Press</li> <li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff, 2006, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/publications/review/06/07/Kotlikoff.pdf">Is the United States Bankrupt?</a>," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis <i>Review</i>, July/August, 88(4), pp. 235–49.</li> <li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff, October 22, 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511215425/http://people.bu.edu/kotlikoff/Drifting%20To%20Future%20Bankruptcy%20October%2022,%202006.pdf">Drifting to Future Bankruptcy</a>." <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i></li> <li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns (2004). <i>The Coming Generational Storm: What You Need to Know about America's Economic Future'</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11286-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11286-8">0-262-11286-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRSpr8TOWegC&q=%22The+Coming+Generational+Storm:+What+You+Need+to+Know+about+America's+Economic+Future%22">Description</a> and chapter-preview links, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRSpr8TOWegC&pg=PR7">vii.</a></li> <li>Laurence J. Kotlikoff and Scott Burns, 2008. <i>Spend 'til the End: The Revolutionary Guide to Raising Your Living Standard – Today and When You Retire', Simon & Schuster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUoWrY7fcLgC">Description</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUoWrY7fcLgC">Preview</a> link to chapter links, via right-arrow at top to pp. 11–12.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Saving.html">"Saving"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i> (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865976658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865976658"><bdi>978-0865976658</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267">237794267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saving&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237794267&rft.isbn=978-0865976658&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2FSaving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/FederalDeficit.html">"Federal Deficit"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_R._Henderson" title="David R. Henderson">David R. Henderson</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Federal+Deficit&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc1%2FFederalDeficit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317650570">317650570</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50016270">50016270</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/163149563">163149563</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Vita-2-21-24-Laurence-Kotlikoff.pdf">https://kotlikoff.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Vita-2-21-24-Laurence-Kotlikoff.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/econ/profile/laurence-j-kotlikoff/">"Laurence J. Kotlikoff | Economics"</a>. <i>www.bu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bu.edu&rft.atitle=Laurence+J.+Kotlikoff+%7C+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fecon%2Fprofile%2Flaurence-j-kotlikoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/contributor/laurence-kotlikoff/">"Laurence Kotlikoff"</a>. <i>Hachette Book Group</i>. 2021-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hachette+Book+Group&rft.atitle=Laurence+Kotlikoff&rft.date=2021-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com%2Fcontributor%2Flaurence-kotlikoff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econpapers.repec.org/RAS/pko44.htm">"Registered Author: Laurence Kotlikoff"</a>. <i>econpapers.repec.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Purple+Tax+Plan&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthepurpletaxplan.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepurpletaxplan.org/node/2">Purple Tax Plan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiall_FergusonLaurence_Kotlikoff2009" class="citation news cs1">Niall Ferguson; Laurence Kotlikoff (December 2, 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/34cd41e4-df77-11de-98ca-00144feab49a.html#ixzz1Vr0upfct">"How to take moral hazard out of banking"</a></span>. <i>The Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221212001205/https://www.ft.com/content/34cd41e4-df77-11de-98ca-00144feab49a#ixzz1Vr0upfct">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+take+moral+hazard+out+of+banking&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.au=Niall+Ferguson&rft.au=Laurence+Kotlikoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F34cd41e4-df77-11de-98ca-00144feab49a.html%23ixzz1Vr0upfct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Wolf2010" class="citation news cs1">Martin Wolf (April 27, 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cca02e40-522d-11df-8b09-00144feab49a.html#axzz1VkRrgCCl">"Why cautious reform is the risky option"</a></span>. <i>The Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221212001222/https://www.ft.com/content/cca02e40-522d-11df-8b09-00144feab49a#axzz1VkRrgCCl">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Why+cautious+reform+is+the+risky+option&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.au=Martin+Wolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fcca02e40-522d-11df-8b09-00144feab49a.html%23axzz1VkRrgCCl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_J._Kotlikoff2010" class="citation news cs1">Laurence J. Kotlikoff (March 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/laurence-j-kotlikoff/jimmy-stewart-is-dead_b_502021.html">"Jimmy Stewart Is Dead"</a>. <i>www.huffingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.huffingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Stewart+Is+Dead&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.au=Laurence+J.+Kotlikoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Flaurence-j-kotlikoff%2Fjimmy-stewart-is-dead_b_502021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jimmy-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jimmy_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimmy_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimmy_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jimmy_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2011" class="citation book cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence (April 5, 2011). <i>Jimmy Stewart Is Dead: Ending the World's Ongoing Financial Plague with Limited Purpose Banking</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118011331" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118011331"><bdi>978-1118011331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Stewart+Is+Dead%3A+Ending+the+World%27s+Ongoing+Financial+Plague+with+Limited+Purpose+Banking&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1118011331&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-purplehealth-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-purplehealth_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purplehealth_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purplehealth_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purplehealth_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-purplehealth_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepurplehealthplan.org/node/2">The Purple Health Plan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THF-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THF_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THF_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THF_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THF_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-THF_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2007" class="citation book cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence (September 7, 2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/healthcarefixuni00kotl"><i>The Healthcare Fix</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262113144" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262113144"><bdi>978-0262113144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Healthcare+Fix&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft.isbn=978-0262113144&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhealthcarefixuni00kotl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2011" class="citation news cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence (June 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-15/-vouchercare-is-the-right-name-for-medicare-laurence-kotlikoff.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vouchercare' Is the Right Name for Medicare: Laurence Kotlikoff"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=%27Vouchercare%27+Is+the+Right+Name+for+Medicare%3A+Laurence+Kotlikoff&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-06-15%2F-vouchercare-is-the-right-name-for-medicare-laurence-kotlikoff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-18/obama-might-trade-parties-with-paul-ryan-commentary-by-laurence-kotlikoff.html">Obama Might Trade Parties With Paul Ryan: Laurence Kotlikoff</a>, Business Week</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff2011" class="citation news cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence (July 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-20/why-a-third-party-candidate-is-coming-laurence-kotlikoff.html">"A Third-Party Candidate Is Coming: Laurence Kotlikoff"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=A+Third-Party+Candidate+Is+Coming%3A+Laurence+Kotlikoff&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.aulast=Kotlikoff&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-07-20%2Fwhy-a-third-party-candidate-is-coming-laurence-kotlikoff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensky,_Annalyn2012" class="citation news cs1">Censky, Annalyn (January 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2012/01/05/news/economy/laurence_kotlikoff_2012/">"Econ professor to run for president"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNNMoney" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNMoney">CNNMoney</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=Econ+professor+to+run+for+president&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.au=Censky%2C+Annalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2012%2F01%2F05%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Flaurence_kotlikoff_2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer,_Kimberly2012" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Kimberly (January 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/ballot-2012/2012/01/10/economist-laurence-kotlikoff-announces-presidential-bid">"Economist Laurence Kotlikoff Announces Presidential Bid"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Economist+Laurence+Kotlikoff+Announces+Presidential+Bid&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fballot-2012%2F2012%2F01%2F10%2Feconomist-laurence-kotlikoff-announces-presidential-bid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2012/05/kotlikoff-and-others-decide-to-seek-reform-party-presidential-nomination/">"Kotlikoff to Seek Reform Party Presidential Nomination"</a>. <i>Independent Political Report</i>. May 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Political+Report&rft.atitle=Kotlikoff+to+Seek+Reform+Party+Presidential+Nomination&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentpoliticalreport.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fkotlikoff-and-others-decide-to-seek-reform-party-presidential-nomination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2012/06/kotlikoff-ends-reform-party-presidential-bid/">"Kotlikoff ends Reform Party presidential bid"</a>. <i>Independent Political Report</i>. June 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Political+Report&rft.atitle=Kotlikoff+ends+Reform+Party+presidential+bid&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentpoliticalreport.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fkotlikoff-ends-reform-party-presidential-bid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maximizemysocialsecurity.com/content/about">Maximize My Social Security</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotlikoff,_LaurenceMoeller,_PhilipSolman,_Paul2015" class="citation book cs1">Kotlikoff, Laurence; Moeller, Philip; Solman, Paul (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Get-Whats-Yours/Laurence-J-Kotlikoff/9781476772295"><i>Get What's Yours</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476772318" title="Special:BookSources/9781476772318"><bdi>9781476772318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Get+What%27s+Yours&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781476772318&rft.au=Kotlikoff%2C+Laurence&rft.au=Moeller%2C+Philip&rft.au=Solman%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.simonandschuster.com%2FGet-Whats-Yours%2FLaurence-J-Kotlikoff%2F9781476772295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaurence+Kotlikoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Kotlikoff&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotlikoff.net">Kotlikoff.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?9266">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2012 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2008)_2012_United_States_presidential_election_(2016_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">← 2008</a>) <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising for the 2012 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">Statewide polls</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">pre-2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early/Mid_2012_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Early/Mid 2012 statewide opinion polling for the 2012 United States presidential election">early 2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2012 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">General election debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2012 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_Hurricane_Sandy" title="Political impact of Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;">Democratic Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Challengers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keith_Judd" title="Keith Judd">Keith Judd</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warren_Mosler" title="Warren Mosler">Warren Mosler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randall_Terry" title="Randall Terry">Randall Terry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Wolfe_Jr." title="John Wolfe Jr.">John Wolfe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;">Republican Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Statewide polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">National polls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">Straw polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2012 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mitt_Romney" title="Political positions of Mitt Romney">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Paul_Ryan" title="Political positions of Paul Ryan">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Michele Bachmann 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Herman Cain 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Callahan" title="Mark Callahan">Mark Callahan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Newt Gingrich 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Newt_Gingrich" title="Political positions of Newt Gingrich">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Greenleaf" title="Stewart Greenleaf">Stewart Greenleaf</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Jr._(2012_presidential_candidate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Davis Jr. (2012 presidential candidate)">John Davis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_Jr." title="Jon Huntsman Jr.">Jon Huntsman</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jon_Huntsman_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jon Huntsman 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fred_Karger" title="Fred Karger">Fred Karger</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">Thaddeus McCotter</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Ron Paul 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ron_Paul" title="Political positions of Ron Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Tim Pawlenty 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;">Libertarian Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2012 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carl_Person" title="Carl Person">Carl Person</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sam_Sloan" title="Sam Sloan">Sam Sloan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;">Green Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_National_Convention" title="2012 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Honkala" title="Cheri Honkala">Cheri Honkala</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></b></li> <li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Third Position Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Miller" title="Merlin Miller">Merlin Miller</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Abernethy" title="Virginia Abernethy">Virginia Abernethy</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Constitution_Party_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Virgil Goode 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: Jim Clymer</b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Roth" title="Laurie Roth">Laurie Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: Stephen Durham</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carlson_(businessman)" title="Jim Carlson (businessman)">Jim Carlson</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ADD8E6;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Luis_J._Rodriguez" title="Luis J. Rodriguez">Luis J. Rodriguez</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peta_Lindsay" title="Peta Lindsay">Peta Lindsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Andre Barnett</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Buddy Roemer 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Wells" title="Robby Wells">Robby Wells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander" title="Stewart Alexander">Stewart Alexander</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alexander_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Stewart Alexander 2012 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mendoza" title="Alejandro Mendoza">Alejandro Mendoza</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Objectivist Party</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevens_(Objectivist_Party_politician)" title="Tom Stevens (Objectivist Party politician)">Tom Stevens</a></dd> <dt>Independents</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lee_Abramson" title="Lee Abramson">Lee Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Randy_Blythe" title="Randy Blythe">Randy Blythe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Boss" title="Jeff Boss">Jeff Boss</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naked_Cowboy" title="Naked Cowboy">Robert Burck</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terry_Jones_(pastor)" title="Terry Jones (pastor)">Terry Jones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Draft_Bloomberg_movement" title="Draft Bloomberg movement">attempt to draft</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_elections" title="2012 United States elections">Other 2012 elections</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2012 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2012 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">← 2012</a>) <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 304 electoral votes</b>; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (D), 227 electoral votes<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2016 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_political_affiliation" title="Political positions of the 2016 United States presidential candidates by political affiliation">Positions</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">national</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election_by_demographic" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election by demographic">by demo.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">statewide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">pre-2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January%E2%80%93August_2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="January–August 2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">early 2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2016 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_primaries" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential primaries">primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Vote pairing in the 2016 United States presidential election">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_recounts" title="2016 United States presidential election recounts">Recounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election">Faithless electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2017 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#800080;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · <span style="color:#FF8C00;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · <span style="color:#F4C2C2;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">straw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#Protests_during_Trump's_campaign" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protests</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeb_Bush" title="Political positions of Jeb Bush">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Cruz" title="Political positions of Ted Cruz">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everson" title="Mark Everson">Mark Everson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Carly Fiorina 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Gilmore 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lindsey Graham 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign" title="John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="George Pataki 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rand_Paul" title="Political positions of Rand Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marco_Rubio" title="Political positions of Marco Rubio">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)" title="Scott Walker (politician)">Scott Walker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#328DE0;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party_(New_York)" title="Women's Equality Party (New York)">WEP</a> · <span style="color:#f598e2;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">straw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_screen_and_stage_performer_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign screen and stage performer endorsements">performers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Democratic opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></b></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lincoln Chafee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Farrell_Jr." title="Paul T. Farrell Jr.">Paul T. Farrell Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Martin O'Malley 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Webb 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilson_(businessman)" title="Willie Wilson (businessman)">Willie Wilson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><b><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></b><br /><span style="color:#FFC14E;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of New York State">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Gary_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Gary Johnson">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></b></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austin_Petersen" title="Austin Petersen">Austin Petersen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><b><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></b></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Cherney" title="Darryl Cherney">Darryl Cherney</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><b>Independents</b><br /><span style="color:#FFC14E;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">IPMN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_for_America" title="Better for America">Better for America</a></li> <li><b>Candidate: <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Running mate: <a href="/wiki/Mindy_Finn" title="Mindy Finn">Mindy Finn</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #355E39;"><a href="/wiki/American_Delta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="American Delta Party">American Delta Party</a><br /><span style="color:#6A287E;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC66FF;">American Party (South Carolina)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skewes" title="Peter Skewes">Peter Skewes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Maturen" title="Mike Maturen">Mike Maturen</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention#2016_convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b>Darrell Castle</b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Darrell Castle 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bradley_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Bradley (politician)">Scott Bradley</a></b></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Nutrition Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rod_Silva_(businessman)" title="Rod Silva (businessman)">Rod Silva</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a><br /><span style="color:red;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">PSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Banks" title="Dennis Banks">Dennis Banks</a></b></li> <li><b>PSL VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a></b>*</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik" title="Mimi Soltysik">Mimi Soltysik</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimi Soltysik 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Nicole Walker</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Osborne Hart</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Pacifist Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Other Independent candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">Other 2016 elections</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4236051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4236051#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4236051#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109072690">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61607849">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrJFptftPbcFXpRmc3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128845007">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83208470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12281121x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12281121x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469794">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kotlikoff, Laurence J."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV019238">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020716077&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068225660">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90056656">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14798129">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01318118?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=221412">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6603857401">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/256442">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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