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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1862 battle of the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Battle of Newtonia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi Theater</a> of the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg/220px-Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg/330px-Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg/440px-Stone_wall_at_Ritchey_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><br />Stone wall near the Ritchey House. Fighting occurred close to this area during the battle.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>September 30, 1862<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1862-09-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Newtonia,_Missouri" title="Newtonia, Missouri">Newtonia, Missouri</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&params=36.8836_N_94.1845_W_type:event_region:US-MO"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°53′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°11′04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.8836°N 94.1845°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.8836; -94.1845</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Salomon" title="Frederick Salomon">Frederick Salomon</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Cooper" title="Douglas H. Cooper">Douglas H. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby" title="Joseph O. Shelby">Joseph O. Shelby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Salomon's brigade</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Indian brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby%27s_Iron_Brigade" title="Shelby's Iron Brigade">Shelby's Iron Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4,000 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4,500</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5,500</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 245 or over 400</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 78</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newtonia is located in Missouri"><img alt="Newtonia is located in Missouri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/USA_Missouri_location_map.svg/220px-USA_Missouri_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/USA_Missouri_location_map.svg/330px-USA_Missouri_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/USA_Missouri_location_map.svg/440px-USA_Missouri_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.328%;left:25.57%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Newtonia"><img alt="Newtonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Newtonia</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Missouri_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Missouri location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>A map of Missouri showing the location of Newtonia</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Operations_North_of_Boston_Mountains" title="Template:Campaignbox Operations North of Boston Mountains"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Operations_North_of_Boston_Mountains" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Operations North of Boston Mountains"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Operations_North_of_Boston_Mountains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Operations North of Boston Mountains"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operations_North_of_Boston_Mountains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Boston_Mountains" title="Boston Mountains"><span class="wrap">Operations North of Boston Mountains</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moore%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Moore's Mill">Moore's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirksville" title="Battle of Kirksville">Kirksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Independence" title="First Battle of Independence">1st Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Compton%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Compton's Ferry">Compton's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Creek_(1862)" title="Battle of Yellow Creek (1862)">Yellow Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Jack" title="Battle of Lone Jack">Lone Jack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Newtonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Fort_Wayne" title="Battle of Old Fort Wayne">Old Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_McGuire%27s_Store" title="Battle of McGuire's Store">McGuire's Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Island_Mound" title="Skirmish at Island Mound">Island Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clark%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Clark's Mill">Clark's Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>First Battle of Newtonia</b> was fought on September 30, 1862, between <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> soldiers commanded by <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Cooper" title="Douglas H. Cooper">Douglas H. Cooper</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> column commanded by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Salomon" title="Frederick Salomon">Frederick Salomon</a> near <a href="/wiki/Newtonia,_Missouri" title="Newtonia, Missouri">Newtonia, Missouri</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Cooper's force had moved into southwestern <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and encamped near the town of Newtonia. The Confederate column was composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby" title="Joseph O. Shelby">Joseph O. Shelby</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a>. A Union force commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blunt" title="James G. Blunt">James G. Blunt</a> moved to intercept Cooper's force. Blunt's <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">advance force</a>, led by Salomon, reached the vicinity of Newtonia on September 29, and attacked Cooper's position on September 30. A Union probing force commanded by Colonel Edward Lynde was driven out of Newtonia by Cooper's forces on the morning of the 30th. </p><p>Both sides brought up further reinforcements, and seesaw fighting took place during much of the afternoon. Shortly before nightfall, Cooper's Confederates made an all-out attack against the Union line; this led Salomon to withdraw from the field. <a href="/wiki/Militia_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia in the United States">Militia</a> commanded by Colonel George Hall covered the Union retreat, although Confederate artillery fire struck the retreating forces. This panicked some of Salomon's men, and the retreat turned into a disorderly <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a>. Union casualties are variously reported as either 245 or over 400, and Confederate casualties were 78. Blunt's full division began advancing towards Newtonia in early October, leading Cooper to abandon Missouri. A portion of the battlefield was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2004 as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newtonia_Historic_District" title="First Battle of Newtonia Historic District">First Battle of Newtonia Historic District</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">the United States matured</a> during the early 19th century, a large cultural divide developed between the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern states</a> over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Presidential Election">1860 United States Presidential Election</a>, slavery had become one of the defining features of southern culture, with the ideology of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> being used to defend the institution. With the population of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_States" title="Industrial Revolution in the United States">industrializing North</a> coming to exceed that of the South, the balance of power began to shift, and many southerners decided that <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> was the only way to preserve slavery, especially after <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> in 1860. Lincoln's candidacy was regionally successful, as much of his support was from the northern states, while he received no <a href="/wiki/Electoral_votes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral votes">electoral votes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. Many southerners rejected the legitimacy of Lincoln's election, and promoted secession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200135_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200135-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 20, the state of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">seceded</a>, and the states of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (United States)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> followed suit in early 1861. On February 4, the seceding states formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> became the nascent nation's <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200722–23_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200722–23-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Harbor" title="Charleston Harbor">Charleston Harbor</a>, South Carolina, the important military installation of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> was still held by a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200723–24_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200723–24-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of April 12, the Confederates <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">fired on Fort Sumter</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19984_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19984-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort surrendered on April 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200730–31_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200730–31-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Fort Sumter was attacked, Lincoln requested that the states remaining in the Union <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">provide 75,000 volunteers</a> for the war effort. In the coming weeks, the states of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> joined the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200734_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200734-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Union army commanded by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a> moved south into Virginia and attacked two Confederate armies commanded by Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> on July 21. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, the Union army was <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">routed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199811–15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199811–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the population of the state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> was badly divided. While <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_F._Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Claiborne F. Jackson">Claiborne F. Jackson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Guard" title="Missouri State Guard">Missouri State Guard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Militia_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia in the United States">militia</a> organization, supported the Confederacy, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Arsenal" title="St. Louis Arsenal">St. Louis Arsenal</a>, supported the Union. Lyon drove Jackson and the Missouri State Guard, which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Sterling Price</a>, into southwestern Missouri, where they were joined by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Ben_McCulloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben McCulloch">Ben McCulloch</a>'s Confederate force. Lyon attacked Price and McCulloch's combined camp on August 10 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Battle of Wilson's Creek</a>; Lyon was killed and his army defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199819–21,_23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199819–21,_23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Price then moved north with the Missouri State Guard in a campaign that culminated in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lexington" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Lexington">the capture of Lexington</a> in September. However, Union forces concentrated against Price, who then retreated back into southwestern Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199823–25_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199823–25-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1862, Union Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel R. Curtis">Samuel R. Curtis</a> advanced against Price's position, causing the Confederates to abandon Missouri and enter Arkansas. In March, Price, McCulloch, and Major General <a href="/wiki/Earl_Van_Dorn" title="Earl Van Dorn">Earl Van Dorn</a> joined forces. Under the command of Van Dorn, the Confederates attacked Curtis at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Battle of Pea Ridge</a> on March 7 and 8 but were repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199835–37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199835–37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pea Ridge and another Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">Battle of Island Number Ten</a> led the Union high command to feel secure enough to proclaim that "[there was] no Rebel flag now flying in Missouri".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012138,_141_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012138,_141-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>This state of affairs did not last long. Price sent some of his troops into Missouri to obtain supplies and recruit new volunteers. The state was also raided by Confederate forces including the command of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Porter" title="Joseph C. Porter">Joseph C. Porter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012141_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012141-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was plagued by <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> attacks from <a href="/wiki/Bushwhacker" title="Bushwhacker">bushwhackers</a> including <a href="/wiki/William_Quantrill" title="William Quantrill">William Quantrill</a>. At one point Quantrill's guerrillas combined with a regular Confederate force commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_T._Hughes_(Confederate_officer)" title="John T. Hughes (Confederate officer)">John T. Hughes</a>. This combined force defeated a Union force at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Independence" title="First Battle of Independence">First Battle of Independence</a> on August 11.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012144–145_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012144–145-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Union forces suffered another defeat on August 15, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Jack" title="Battle of Lone Jack">Battle of Lone Jack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012146–147_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012146–147-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resurgence in Confederate activity was an embarrassment to the commander of the Union's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Missouri" title="Department of the Missouri">Department of the Missouri</a>, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_M._Schofield" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Schofield">John M. Schofield</a>, who was replaced by Curtis and relegated to the command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Frontier" title="Army of the Frontier">Army of the Frontier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012149_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012149-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period of increased Confederate activity in Missouri was related to Major General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hindman" title="Thomas C. Hindman">Thomas C. Hindman</a>'s efforts to rebuild Confederate strength in Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShea20096–7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea20096–7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hindman was successful in forging an army in an underdeveloped region, his methods were unpopular with prominent Arkansas civilians and he was replaced by Major General <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_H._Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilus H. Holmes">Theophilus H. Holmes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShea20097–10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea20097–10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindman retained a field command under Holmes and pushed a 6,000-man force into northwestern Arkansas and the southwestern portion of Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShea200914–15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea200914–15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalry forces under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Cooper" title="Douglas H. Cooper">Douglas H. Cooper</a> were positioned in Missouri, with Hindman's infantry component still in Arkansas near <a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Tavern" title="Elkhorn Tavern">Elkhorn Tavern</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/James_S._Rains" title="James S. Rains">James S. Rains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966284,_286_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966284,_286-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a brigadier general in the Missouri State Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllardice1995191_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllardice1995191-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindman himself had been recalled to <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, by Holmes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShea200915_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShea200915-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper's force included the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby" title="Joseph O. Shelby">Joseph O. Shelby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shelby%27s_Iron_Brigade" title="Shelby's Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Confederate-sympathizing Native Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012147_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012147-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Union force commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blunt" title="James G. Blunt">James G. Blunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">spearheaded</a> by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Salomon" title="Frederick Salomon">Frederick Salomon</a> began moving south to confront the Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012147–148_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012147–148-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooper sent a scouting force to the Newtonia area on September 27. Commanded by Colonel Trezevant C. Hawpe, it was composed of the <a href="/wiki/31st_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment" title="31st Texas Cavalry Regiment">31st Texas Cavalry Regiment</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Cherokee_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Cherokee Battalion (page does not exist)">1st Cherokee Battalion</a>. Hawpe determined that Newtonia, which was a communications hub, would be a good encampment and had his troops begin operating a <a href="/wiki/Grist_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grist mill">grist mill</a> to produce flour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201315_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201315-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving Hawpe's appraisal of Newtonia's potential as a military base, Cooper ordered him to remain in Newtonia and reinforced him with <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">Captain</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bledsoe%27s_Missouri_Battery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bledsoe's Missouri Battery (page does not exist)">Joseph Bledsoe's Missouri Battery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joplin_Globe_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joplin_Globe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 28, Hawpe was informed by local residents that Union troops were advancing towards <a href="/wiki/Granby,_Missouri" title="Granby, Missouri">Granby</a>, which was about 7 miles (11 km) away, but Confederate scouts found no evidence of this movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966286–287-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Union forces began concentrating in southwestern Missouri. On September 28, two brigades under Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_A._Weer" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Weer">William A. Weer</a> and Salomon rendezvoused at <a href="/wiki/Sarcoxie,_Missouri" title="Sarcoxie, Missouri">Sarcoxie</a>, which was over 10 miles (16 km) from Newtonia; Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Totten" title="James Totten">James Totten</a>'s division was expected to leave <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a> on September 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966291–292_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966291–292-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union force engaged at Newtonia was a mixture of all three arms of the Union Army: <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, cavalry, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Union cavalry consisted of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Kansas_Volunteer_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment">6th</a> and <a href="/wiki/9th_Kansas_Volunteer_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment">9th Kansas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ohio_Volunteer_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Ohio Volunteer Cavalry Regiment">2nd Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry Regiment">3rd Wisconsin</a> Cavalry Regiments. Infantry <a href="/wiki/Regiment_(United_States_Army)" title="Regiment (United States Army)">regiments</a> present at the battle were the <a href="/wiki/10th_Kansas_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="10th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment">10th</a> and <a href="/wiki/13th_Kansas_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment">13th Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/9th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">9th Wisconsin</a> Infantry Regiments. Artillery came from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Independent_Battery_Kansas_Light_Artillery" title="1st Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Independent_Battery_Kansas_Light_Artillery" title="2nd Independent Battery Kansas Light Artillery">2nd Kansas</a> Light Artillery Batteries, and the <a href="/wiki/25th_Ohio_Battery" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Ohio Battery">25th Ohio Battery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Union_oob_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_oob-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as two <a href="/wiki/Mountain_howitzers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain howitzers">mountain howitzers</a> attached to Company F of the 9th Kansas Cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the cannons were <a href="/wiki/3-inch_Ordnance_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="3-inch Ordnance rifle">3-inch rifles</a> and two were mountain howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966299_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966299-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also present was the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Guard#3rd_Regiment,_Indian_Home_Guard" title="Indian Home Guard">3rd Indian Home Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Union_oob_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Union_oob-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Shelby Foote</a> stated that the total strength of the Union column was 4,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoote1986784_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoote1986784-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other sources place the overall strength at 4,500.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201089_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201089-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Confederate forces at Newtonia included the 1st Cherokee Battalion, the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War#First_Choctaw_War_Regiment" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">1st Choctaw Regiment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War#First_Choctaw_and_Chickasaw_Mounted_Rifles" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles</a>, Colonel A. M. Alexander's <a href="/wiki/34th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment" title="34th Texas Cavalry Regiment">34th Texas Cavalry Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Beal G. Jeans' Missouri Cavalry Regiment,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawpe's <a href="/wiki/31st_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment" title="31st Texas Cavalry Regiment">31st Texas Cavalry Regiment</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Missouri_Cavalry_Regiment_(Confederate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate) (page does not exist)">5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment</a>, Colonel James G. Stevens' <a href="/wiki/22nd_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment" title="22nd Texas Cavalry Regiment">22nd Texas Cavalry Regiment</a>, Bledsoe's Battery, and <a href="/wiki/11th_Texas_Field_Battery" title="11th Texas Field Battery">Captain Sylvanus Howell's Texas Battery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880301_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880301-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966287,_293,_302_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966287,_293,_302-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of Confederate strength vary. Foote gives the total Confederate strength as 5,500 men: composed of 2,500 cavalrymen and 3,000 "Indians and guerrillas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoote1986784_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoote1986784-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Daniel O'Flaherty provides a range compatible with Foote's estimate,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000125_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the historian Larry Wood gives a range of 4,000 to 7,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201089_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201089-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other sources provide a range of 6,000 to 7,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_action">Preliminary action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preliminary action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 29, Salomon sent out three scouting forces: one to <a href="/wiki/Neosho,_Missouri" title="Neosho, Missouri">Neosho</a>, one to Granby, and one to Newtonia. While the patrol to Neosho participated in a small action, the men sent to Granby saw no Confederate soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force headed for Newtonia consisted of 150 men from the 9th Kansas Cavalry, in four <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-full_and_interesting_particulars_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-full_and_interesting_particulars-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanded by Colonel Edward Lynde of the same unit, and including the regiment's two mountain howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lynde's men drove Confederate <a href="/wiki/Skirmishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmishers">skirmishers</a> back towards Newtonia, and determined that a strong enemy force occupied the town. Hawpe, still commanding the Confederates in Newtonia, reported the Union probe to Cooper, who sent Jean's regiment and the 5th Missouri Cavalry to Newtonia. Cooper had also been informed that Granby had been occupied by Union forces, so he ordered the 22nd Texas Cavalry there. Lynde reached Newtonia and found it held by the Confederates. After realizing that his mountain howitzers lacked the range to shell Newtonia, Lynde ordered a retreat. Two Confederate soldiers were captured, and informed the Union commander that Newtonia was occupied in strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966292–293-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Cooper and Shelby's two regiments arrived in Newtonia after the Union retreat; the retreating Union force was not pursued. Cooper then returned to the main Confederate camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two reinforcing regiments remained in Newtonia overnight, but were sent back to the main Confederate camp early the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880305_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880305-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 22nd Texas Cavalry arrived after the Union patrol had left Granby; the Texans occupied the abandoned town. Salomon noted the sounds of combat coming from the Newtonia area, and sent two companies of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry to support Lynde.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_30">September 30</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: September 30"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_First_Newtonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the First Battle of Newtonia, showing the positions of the regiments in the afternoon portion of the battle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_First_Newtonia.png/220px-Map_of_First_Newtonia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_First_Newtonia.png/330px-Map_of_First_Newtonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_First_Newtonia.png/440px-Map_of_First_Newtonia.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Map of the First Battle of Newtonia</figcaption></figure> <p>The detachment from the 9th Wisconsin Infantry, joined by two more companies of the regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Jacobi, was reinforced by 45 men of the 6th Kansas Cavalry, 50 men from the 3rd Indian Home Guard, and three guns of the 25th Ohio Battery; the group reached the Newtonia area around 07:00 on September 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880293_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880293-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to cut off the Confederate skirmish line by the men of the 6th Kansas Cavalry failed, and Jacobi's force lost the element of surprise. After some hard fighting, the detachment was joined by Lynde's probing force, who had returned to the Newtonia area.<sup id="cite_ref-full_and_interesting_particulars_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-full_and_interesting_particulars-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880294_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880294-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawpe responded to the start of the action by reporting the Union advance to Cooper. The Confederates, represented by the 31st Texas Cavalry, the 1st Cherokee Battalion, and Bledsoe's artillery, took up defensive positions near <a href="/wiki/Mathew_H._Ritchey_House" title="Mathew H. Ritchey House">Mathew H. Ritchey's farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295–300_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966295–300-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An artillery duel began,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131400-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was deadlocked until the Union artillery advanced closer to the Confederate lines, which allowed their fire to become more effective. Some of the men of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry moved to the cover of the houses on the edge of Newtonia; they began <a href="/wiki/Sniping" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniping">sniping</a> at the cannoneers of Bledsoe's battery. Cooper noticed that sounds of battle were coming from Newtonia, and sent the 34th Texas Cavalry there to reinforce Hawpe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966301–302_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966301–302-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880197_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880197-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The men of the 31st Texas Cavalry had been taking shelter behind a stone wall, but left its cover to assault the Union line. This charge was quickly repulsed by <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister fire</a> from the Union artillery. After this, the Union artillery concentrated on Bledsoe's battery. The Confederate guns ran low on ammunition after about 30 minutes, and when the Union commanders saw the Confederate artillery fire slacken,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966303–304_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966303–304-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 9th Wisconsin Infantry charged the Confederate line.<sup id="cite_ref-full_and_interesting_particulars_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-full_and_interesting_particulars-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bledsoe withdrew the pieces some distance, although the guns' silent presence did discourage a small Union cavalry force from advancing against the new Confederate artillery position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966303–304_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966303–304-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGhee20087_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee20087-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Confederate reinforcements in the form of the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles and the 5th Missouri Cavalry arrived. The fresh units were enough to turn the tide against the 9th Wisconsin Infantry, which conducted a fighting retreat out of Newtonia. Additionally, the 22nd Texas Cavalry arrived from Granby to further strengthen the Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966304–305_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966304–305-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 22nd Texas Cavalry had planned on assaulting the Union artillery position, but the Missouri cavalry, commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Gordon">B. Frank Gordon</a>, mistook the Texans for Union troops, and the delay caused by the subsequent confrontation prevented an immediate assault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966304–305_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966304–305-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200416_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200416-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lynde and Jacobi decided to withdraw, although a delayed charge by Gordon's cavalry interfered with the process. The Confederate charge was again dispersed with canister fire, after which the Union retreat began. The Confederates pursued, and the retreat soon became disorderly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966306–308_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966306–308-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192293–94_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192293–94-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Cooper, Salomon learned about the fighting by hearing the sounds of battle coming from Newtonia. In response, Salomon sent the rest of the 6th Kansas Cavalry and the 3rd Indian Home Guard towards the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192294_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192294-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional Union forces would begin moving towards Newtonia later, although Salomon's <a href="/wiki/Supply_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply train">supply train</a> was left behind in Sarcoxie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966308–310_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966308–310-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two regiments encountered the Confederates pursuing Lynde's column, and the pursuit ended in the face of these fresh Union troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966310–312_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966310–312-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interim, more Confederate units had reached Newtonia: Jeans' Cavalry Regiment<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGhee200899_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee200899-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and four cannons under the command of Howell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880298_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880298-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederates were aware that Union reinforcements were on the way, and Howell placed his cannons in a position where they commanded the road the Union troops were advancing down. Union soldiers sighted Confederate troops positioned in front of Newtonia, and two Union cannons were then unlimbered. They began firing at the Confederate line, which soon retreated. After reaching Newtonia, the Union artillery again fired at the Confederate position, although Howell's guns quickly responded, driving off the Union cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966310–312_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966310–312-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the First Newtonia Battlefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg/305px-Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg/458px-Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg/610px-Newtonia_I_Battlefield_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program" title="American Battlefield Protection Program">American Battlefield Protection Program</a>'s map of the battlefield</figcaption></figure> <p>The repulse of the 6th Kansas Cavalry and 3rd Indian Home Guard had occurred in the mid-morning of the 30th, and no further serious fighting occurred until the early afternoon. Salomon had left Sarcoxie earlier, but did not reach the Union line until about 15:30. He then proceeded to form a defensive line with nine available cannons, as well as the 6th Kansas Cavalry, the 3rd Indian Home Guard, and a portion of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry. Three cannons and their crews that had seen heavy fighting in Lynde's morning action and the 10th Kansas Infantry formed a reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192295_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192295-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union guns began an artillery duel with Howell's cannons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192295_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192295-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Confederate cannoneers were soon forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt by the Confederates to use the Ritchey barn as a fortification proved futile once the Union guns found the range of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200416_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200416-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Confederates were again reinforced: Bledsoe's battery returned after leaving the field to resupply, and the 1st Choctaw Regiment arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966313–314-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooper then sent Jeans' regiment and the 22nd Texas Cavalry to probe the Union line,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880304_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880304-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but artillery fire and the 3rd Indian Home Guard drove them back;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966314–316_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966314–316-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880295–296_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880295–296-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 6th Kansas Cavalry was detached south as a result of this threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192296_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192296-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd Indian Home Guard pursued the retreating Confederates, threatening the stability of the main Confederate line, but a <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank attack</a> by the 1st Choctaw Regiment stabilized the situation for the Confederates. The 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles also <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattacked</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salomon sent the 10th Kansas Infantry into the fray to support the 3rd Indian Home Guard, but fire from Howell's Confederate artillery, which had moved closer to the Union line, and an advance by the 22nd Texas Cavalry, compelled the Union troops to break off the assault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966314–316_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966314–316-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper responded by initiating an attack with his entire force against the Union line.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salomon then ordered a withdrawal, and the Union troops began to retreat from the field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966317–318_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966317–318-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brigade of Unionist Missouri state militia forces commanded by Colonel George Hall arrived on the field as Salomon was ordering his retreat. Hall was ordered to cover the Union withdrawal, and the militia formed a line between Salomon's retreating force and the pursuing Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritton192297_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton192297-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few pieces of Union artillery had remained in fighting order, and these guns supported Hall's line. Darkness hampered the effectiveness of the Union cannons, but Howell's artillery responded, using the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle flashes">muzzle flashes</a> of the Union cannons as aiming points. The Confederate fire panicked the Union forces, and the orderly retreat turned into a rout.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201086–88_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201086–88-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Union soldiers fled all the way to Sarcoxie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, darkness had fallen, and neither army wished to bring on a <a href="/wiki/Night_combat" title="Night combat">night battle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200417_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang200417-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Salomon's troops had left the battlefield, Hall's militiamen withdrew in turn, still acting as a <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a>. Around the same time, Cooper called off the pursuit. The 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles failed to receive the order; Cooper later sent an officer to retrieve the regiment, ordering it back to the Confederate camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966318–319_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966318–319-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the 6th Kansas Cavalry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg/220px-6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg/330px-6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg/440px-6th_Kansas_Cavalry_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the 6th Kansas Cavalry, showing Newtonia battle honor</figcaption></figure> <p>During the battle, the Confederates suffered 78 casualties; Union casualties are variously reported as 245<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeks200947_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks200947-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or over 400.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate casualties were highest in the 5th Missouri Cavalry, which lost four men killed and 11 wounded. The Confederates saw 15 officers become casualties, including one killed in each of the 1st Choctaw Regiment and the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880301_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOfficial_Records1880301-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salomon did not file an official report of his losses. However, he did note that the morning stage of the battle resulted in more Union casualties than the afternoon stage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966319_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966319-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry were stated to have suffered particularly high losses;<sup id="cite_ref-Joplin_Globe_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joplin_Globe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those companies had been engaged with Lynde in the morning fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966319_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966319-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite defeating Salomon's Union force, the Confederate position around Newtonia was still not secure. Salomon had represented only the advance guard of Blunt's command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000126_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 2, additional troops of Blunt's division reached the Newtonia area from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott, Kansas</a>, and Totten's division arrived from Springfield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201091–92_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201091–92-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October 4, Cooper had decided to abandon Newtonia and southwestern Missouri. Shelby's cavalry was tasked with remaining in Newtonia to serve as a rear guard. However, he did not remain there long, as he soon received word that his line of retreat was in danger of being cut by the Union advance. Shelby fell back, and the Union troops occupied Newtonia after a brief bombardment of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood201094–96_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood201094–96-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederate Native American troops retreated back to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000126_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Flaherty2000126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the others retreated into northwestern Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998134-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Confederates engaged at Newtonia retreated from Missouri, other Confederate troops attacked and forced the surrender of a small Union garrison at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clark%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Clark's Mill">Battle of Clark's Mill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vera_Cruz,_Missouri" title="Vera Cruz, Missouri">Vera Cruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012148–149_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerteis2012148–149-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First Newtonia was the first battle in the American Civil War that saw Native Americans fight on both sides in an organized manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Joplin_Globe_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joplin_Globe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 28, 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newtonia" title="Second Battle of Newtonia">Second Battle of Newtonia</a> was fought near the site of the 1862 battle. In the 1864 battle, a Union army commanded by Blunt attacked and defeated a Confederate army led by Price. The Confederates had been retreating southwards after being defeated at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westport" title="Battle of Westport">Westport</a> in Missouri, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mine_Creek" title="Battle of Mine Creek">Mine Creek</a> in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998285–286_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998285–286-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newtonia_Historic_District" title="First Battle of Newtonia Historic District">First Battle of Newtonia Historic District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathew_H._Ritchey_House" title="Mathew H. Ritchey House">Mathew H. Ritchey House</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two story red brick building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg/220px-Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg/330px-Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg/440px-Mathew_H._Ritchey_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Mathew H. Ritchey House in October 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newtonia_Historic_District" title="First Battle of Newtonia Historic District">First Battle of Newtonia Historic District</a> preserves 152.3 acres (61.6 ha) of the battlefield;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang20044_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang20044-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the district was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-unit_listing_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unit_listing-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The separately-listed Mathew H. Ritchey House is located within the district. The site contains the Ritchey barn and barnyard site, a Civil War-era cemetery, the Newtonia Branch stream, the historic Neosho Road, and the battlefield itself. While much of the land in the district is privately owned, the Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association has ownership of 20 acres (8.1 ha). At least nine Union soldiers are buried in the cemetery, although not all of them are related to the First Battle of Newtonia. More war-related burials had previously been located there, as many of the military burials were exhumed and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_National_Cemetery" title="Springfield National Cemetery">Springfield National Cemetery</a> in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang20048–9_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang20048–9-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mathew H. Ritchey House is notable for having served as a headquarters building for both sides during the two battles of Newtonia<sup id="cite_ref-battlefields.org_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battlefields.org-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used as a field hospital after the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Joplin_Globe_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joplin_Globe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> has participated in the preservation of 8 acres (3.2 ha) of the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program" title="American Battlefield Protection Program">American Battlefield Protection Program</a> has suggested that it may be possible to enlarge the area of the historic district. However, the same study determined that the site did not meet the inclusion criteria for becoming <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_National_Park_System_official_units" title="List of the United States National Park System official units">an official unit of the National Park Service</a>, as the cultural features at Newtonia were deemed too similar to those preserved in other <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> sites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201334_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201334-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ritchey House and 25 acres of the battlefields including the Old Newtonia Cemetery were added to <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Creek_National_Battlefield" title="Wilson's Creek National Battlefield">Wilson's Creek National Battlefield</a> in 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023</a>, despite National Park Service opposition due to the lack of connection, need for protection, or enhancement of public enjoyment.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Missouri_Cavalry_Regiment_(Confederate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate) (page does not exist)">12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGhee200897–99_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee200897–99-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200135-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes200135_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2001">Holmes 2001</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200722–23-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200722–23_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss2007">Bearss 2007</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200723–24-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200723–24_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss2007">Bearss 2007</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19984-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19984_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200730–31-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200730–31_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss2007">Bearss 2007</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss200734-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss200734_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBearss2007">Bearss 2007</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199811–15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199811–15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1998">Kennedy 1998</a>, pp. 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy199819–21,_23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy199819–21,_23_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOstmeyer2011" class="citation web cs1">Ostmeyer, Andy (February 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/damnable-time/article_cc8be2c7-a000-5a93-94c7-84834c13d206.html">"Damnable Time"</a>. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Park_Service201316_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNational_Park_Service2013">National Park Service 2013</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpurgeonPierpaoli20131401_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpurgeonPierpaoli2013">Spurgeon & Pierpaoli 2013</a>, p. 1401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1966317–318-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBearss1966317–318_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Rept. 117-185 - Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Addition"</a>. <i>Congress.gov</i>. October 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress.gov&rft.atitle=S.+Rept.+117-185+-+Wilson%27s+Creek+National+Battlefield+Addition&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcongressional-report%2F117th-congress%2Fsenate-report%2F185%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstmeyer2021" class="citation web cs1">Ostmeyer, Andy (October 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joplinglobe.com/news/local_news/fight-to-preserve-newtonia-continues-but-with-new-sense-of-urgency/article_47718aea-2393-11ec-b5c2-bb64488039cd.html">"Fight to preserve Newtonia continues, but with new sense of urgency"</a>. <i>Joplin Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joplin+Globe&rft.atitle=Fight+to+preserve+Newtonia+continues%2C+but+with+new+sense+of+urgency&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Ostmeyer&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joplinglobe.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Ffight-to-preserve-newtonia-continues-but-with-new-sense-of-urgency%2Farticle_47718aea-2393-11ec-b5c2-bb64488039cd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllardice1995" class="citation book cs1">Allardice, Bruce S. (1995). <i>More Generals in Gray</i>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1967-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1967-9"><bdi>0-8071-1967-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Generals+in+Gray&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8071-1967-9&rft.aulast=Allardice&rft.aufirst=Bruce+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearss1966" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bearss" title="Ed Bearss">Bearss, Edwin C.</a> (April 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.shsmo.org/digital/collection/mhr/id/30735/rec/3">"The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign: The Confederates Win at Newtonia"</a>. <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>. <b>60</b> (3). State Historical Society of Missouri: 283–319. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-6582">0026-6582</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1758409">1758409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Army+of+the+Frontier%27s+First+Campaign%3A+The+Confederates+Win+at+Newtonia&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-319&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1758409&rft.issn=0026-6582&rft.aulast=Bearss&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.shsmo.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fmhr%2Fid%2F30735%2Frec%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearss2007" class="citation book cs1">Bearss, Edwin C. (2007) [2006]. <i>Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War</i> (1st paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0093-9"><bdi>978-1-4262-0093-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Honor%3A+Pivotal+Battles+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0093-9&rft.aulast=Bearss&rft.aufirst=Edwin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton1922" class="citation book cs1">Britton, Wiley (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWRLAAAAMAAJ&q=first+battle+of+newtonia"><i>The Union Indian Brigade in the Civil War</i></a>. Kansas City, Missouri: Franklin Hudson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944456567">944456567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+Indian+Brigade+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Franklin+Hudson&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944456567&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWRLAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfirst%2Bbattle%2Bof%2Bnewtonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Shelby_Foote" title="Shelby Foote">Foote, Shelby</a> (1986) [1958]. <i>The Civil War: A Narrative</i>. Vol. 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville (First Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74623-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74623-6"><bdi>0-394-74623-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%3A+A+Narrative&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-394-74623-6&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Shelby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerteis2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerteis, Louis S. (2012). <i>The Civil War in Missouri</i>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1972-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1972-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+Missouri&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1972-5&rft.aulast=Gerteis&rft.aufirst=Louis+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelwoodStithPattersonMaserang2004" class="citation web cs1">Hazelwood, Laura A.; Stith, Matt; Patterson, Tiffany; Maserang, Robert (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/04000697.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: First Battle of Newtonia Historic District"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Missouri Department of Natural Resources<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+Nomination+Form%3A+First+Battle+of+Newtonia+Historic+District&rft.pub=Missouri+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2004-05&rft.aulast=Hazelwood&rft.aufirst=Laura+A.&rft.au=Stith%2C+Matt&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Tiffany&rft.au=Maserang%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdnr.mo.gov%2Fshpo%2Fnps-nr%2F04000697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a> (2001). <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866209-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866209-2"><bdi>0-19-866209-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-866209-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1998" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up"><i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5"><bdi>978-0-395-74012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Battlefield+Guide&rft.place=Boston%2FNew+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-395-74012-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGhee2008" class="citation book cs1">McGhee, James E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guide_to_Missouri_Confederate_Units_1861/s3drwVKNLLwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=guide+to+missouri+confederate+regiment,+1861-1865&printsec=frontcover"><i>Guide to Missouri Confederate Regiments, 1861–1865</i></a>. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-870-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-870-7"><bdi>978-1-55728-870-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Missouri+Confederate+Regiments%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Fayetteville%2C+Arkansas&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55728-870-7&rft.aulast=McGhee&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGuide_to_Missouri_Confederate_Units_1861%2Fs3drwVKNLLwC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dguide%2Bto%2Bmissouri%2Bconfederate%2Bregiment%2C%2B1861-1865%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/srs/neba-srs.pdf">"Newtonia Battlefields Special Resource Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newtonia+Battlefields+Special+Resource+Study&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Fsrs%2Fneba-srs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Daniel O. (2000) [1954]. <i>General Jo Shelby: Undefeated Rebel</i> (reprint ed.). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-4878-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-4878-6"><bdi>0-8078-4878-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Jo+Shelby%3A+Undefeated+Rebel&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8078-4878-6&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Daniel+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShea2009" class="citation book cs1">Shea, William L. (2009). <i>Fields of Blood: The Prairie Grove Campaign</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3315-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-3315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Blood%3A+The+Prairie+Grove+Campaign&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3315-5&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeonPierpaoli2013" class="citation book cs1">Spurgeon, Ian M.; Pierpaoli, Paul G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dvYAQAAQBAJ">"First Battle of Newtonia"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a>; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta; Coffey, John T. (eds.). <i>American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096770" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096770"><bdi>978-1851096770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Battle+of+Newtonia&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1851096770&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Ian+M.&rft.au=Pierpaoli%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dvYAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_Records1880" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079609578&view=1up&seq=315"><i>The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</i></a>. Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1880. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262466842">262466842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Rebellion%3A+A+Compilation+of+the+Official+Records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+Armies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262466842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924079609578%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2009" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, Michael (2009). <i>The Complete Civil War Road Trip Guide</i>. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88150-860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88150-860-4"><bdi>978-0-88150-860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Civil+War+Road+Trip+Guide&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=The+Countryman+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88150-860-4&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Larry (2010). <i>The Two Civil War Battles of Newtonia</i>. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59629-857-6"><bdi>978-1-59629-857-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Civil+War+Battles+of+Newtonia&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59629-857-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Battle+of+Newtonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Newtonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108182845/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/CWSII/MissouriBattlefieldProfiles/Newtonia%20I%20to%20Wilsons%20Creek.pdf">Civil War Site Advisory Committee Update and Resurvey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link 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War">Missouri in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Arsenal" title="Liberty Arsenal">Liberty Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Jackson_affair" title="Camp Jackson affair">Capture of Camp Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%E2%80%93Harney_Truce" title="Price–Harney Truce">Harney–Price Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Confederate_Civil_War_units" title="List of Missouri Confederate Civil War units">Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Missouri Union Civil War units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelby%27s_Raid_(1863)" title="Shelby's Raid (1863)">Shelby's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1861</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boonville" title="Battle of Boonville">Boonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cole_Camp" title="Battle of Cole Camp">Cole Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage,_Missouri" title="Battle of Carthage, Missouri">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dug_Springs" title="Battle of Dug Springs">Battle of Dug Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Athens_(1861)" title="Battle of Athens (1861)">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dry_Wood_Creek" title="Battle of Dry Wood Creek">Dry Wood Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Lexington" title="First Battle of Lexington">1st Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Blue_Mills_Landing" title="Action at Blue Mills Landing">Blue Mills Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_at_Fredericktown" title="Engagement at Fredericktown">Fredericktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Springfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Springfield">1st Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont" title="Battle of Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Blackwater_Creek" title="Skirmish at Blackwater Creek">Blackwater Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Zion_Church" title="Battle of Mount Zion Church">Mount Zion Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roan%27s_Tan_Yard" title="Battle of Roan's Tan Yard">Roan's Tan Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Number_Ten" title="Battle of Island Number Ten">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moore%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Moore's Mill">Moore's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirksville" title="Battle of Kirksville">Kirksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Independence" title="First Battle of Independence">1st Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lone_Jack" title="Battle of Lone Jack">Lone Jack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Newtonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Island_Mound" title="Skirmish at Island Mound">Island Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clark%27s_Mill" title="Battle of Clark's Mill">Clark's Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Springfield" title="Second Battle of Springfield">2nd Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hartville" title="Battle of Hartville">Hartville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Girardeau" title="Battle of Cape Girardeau">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalk_Bluff" title="Battle of Chalk Bluff">Chalk Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Davidson" title="Battle of Fort Davidson">Fort Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sedalia" title="Capture of Sedalia">Sedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glasgow,_Missouri" title="Battle of Glasgow, Missouri">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lexington" title="Second Battle of Lexington">2nd Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Blue_River" title="Battle of Little Blue River">Little Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Independence" title="Second Battle of Independence">2nd Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byram%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Byram's Ford">Big Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westport" title="Battle of Westport">Westport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marmiton_River" title="Battle of Marmiton River">Marmiton River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newtonia" title="Second Battle of Newtonia">2nd Newtonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement<br /><span class="nobold">(by city or town)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralia_Massacre_(Missouri)" title="Centralia Massacre (Missouri)">Centralia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacking_of_Osceola" title="Sacking of Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Louis in the American Civil War">St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Marmaduke" title="John S. Marmaduke">John S. Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Sterling Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O._Shelby" title="Joseph O. Shelby">Joseph O. Shelby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Curtis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel R. Curtis">Samuel R. Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing_Jr." title="Thomas Ewing Jr.">Thomas Ewing Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Monuments and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Athens_State_Historic_Site" title="Battle of Athens State Historic Site">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_State_Historic_Site" title="Battle of Carthage State Historic Site">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davidson" title="Fort Davidson">Fort Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Island_Mound_State_Historic_Site" title="Battle of Island Mound State Historic Site">Island Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lexington_State_Historic_Site" title="Battle of Lexington State Historic Site">Lexington</a></li> <li>Newtonia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Newtonia_Historic_District" title="First Battle of Newtonia Historic District">First Newtonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newtonia_Site" title="Second Battle of Newtonia Site">Second Newtonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Creek_National_Battlefield" title="Wilson's Creek National Battlefield">Wilson's Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_State_Historic_Site" title="Confederate Memorial State Historic Site">Confederate Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1863)" title="General Order No. 11 (1863)">General Order 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Missouri in the American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Missouri in the American Civil War"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in Missouri"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri"> Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Adair_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Adair County, Missouri">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Andrew_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Atchison_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Atchison County, Missouri">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Audrain_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Audrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Barry_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Barry County, Missouri">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Barton_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Bates_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Benton_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Bollinger_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Bollinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Boone_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Boone County, Missouri">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buchanan_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buchanan County, Missouri">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Butler_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Butler County, Missouri">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Caldwell_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Callaway_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Callaway County, Missouri">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Camden_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Camden County, Missouri">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cape_Girardeau_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri">Cape Girardeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carroll_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Missouri">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carter_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Carter County, Missouri">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cass_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cass County, Missouri">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Cedar_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chariton_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chariton County, Missouri">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Christian_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clark_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clark County, Missouri">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clay_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, Missouri">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Clinton_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cole_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cole County, Missouri">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cooper_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cooper County, Missouri">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Crawford_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Crawford County, Missouri">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Dade_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Dallas_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Daviess_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Daviess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#DeKalb_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">DeKalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dent_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dent County, Missouri">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Douglas_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dunklin_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dunklin County, Missouri">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Missouri">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gasconade_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gasconade County, Missouri">Gasconade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Gentry_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Missouri">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grundy_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grundy County, Missouri">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Harrison_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henry_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henry County, Missouri">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Hickory_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Holt_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Howard_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Howard County, Missouri">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Howell_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Howell County, Missouri">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iron_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Iron County, Missouri">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_Missouri:_Downtown_Kansas_City" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri: Downtown Kansas City">Jackson: Downtown Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_Missouri:_Kansas_City_other" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri: Kansas City other">Jackson: Kansas City other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson: Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jasper_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jasper County, Missouri">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Missouri">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Johnson_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Johnson County, Missouri">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Knox_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Laclede_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Laclede County, Missouri">Laclede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lafayette_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lafayette County, Missouri">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Lawrence_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lewis_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lewis County, Missouri">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lincoln_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Missouri">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Linn_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Linn County, Missouri">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Livingston_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Macon_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Macon County, Missouri">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Missouri">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Maries_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Maries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marion_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Marion County, Missouri">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#McDonald_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Mercer_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Miller_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Miller County, Missouri">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi County, Missouri">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Moniteau_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Moniteau County, Missouri">Moniteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, Missouri">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Missouri">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Morgan_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Madrid_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Madrid County, Missouri">New Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Newton_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton County, Missouri">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nodaway_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nodaway County, Missouri">Nodaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Oregon_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Osage_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Osage County, Missouri">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Ozark_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Ozark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pemiscot_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pemiscot County, Missouri">Pemiscot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Perry_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Perry County, Missouri">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pettis_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pettis County, Missouri">Pettis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Phelps_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Phelps County, Missouri">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pike_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pike County, Missouri">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Platte_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Platte County, Missouri">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Polk_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pulaski_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pulaski County, Missouri">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Putnam_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Randolph_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ray_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ray County, Missouri">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Reynolds_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ripley_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ripley County, Missouri">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Charles_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Charles County, Missouri">St. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#St._Clair_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Francois_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Francois County, Missouri">St. Francois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Downtown_and_Downtown_West_St._Louis" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Downtown and Downtown West St. Louis">St. Louis (city): Downtown and Downtown West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_north_and_west_of_downtown" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis north and west of downtown">St. Louis (city): Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_south_and_west_of_downtown" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis south and west of downtown">St. Louis (city): Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Louis_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Missouri">St. Louis County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Saline_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Saline County, Missouri">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Schuyler_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Scotland_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Scott_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Missouri">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Shannon_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Shannon County, Missouri">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Shelby_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Stoddard_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Stone_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sullivan_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, Missouri">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Taney_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Taney County, Missouri">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas County, Missouri">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, Missouri">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Missouri">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Wayne_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Webster_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri#Worth_County" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri">Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wright_County,_Missouri" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wright County, Missouri">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_USA_MO.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_MO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_USA_MO.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_MO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_USA_MO.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_MO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Missouri" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Missouri" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a 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