CINXE.COM

Internet Archive: Projects

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <!-- __ _ _ _ __| |_ (_)__ _____ / _` | '_/ _| ' \| |\ V / -_) \__,_|_| \__|_||_|_| \_/\___| --> <head data-release=286c7941 data-node="www20.us.archive.org"> <title>Internet Archive: Projects</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="Q2YSouphkkgHkFNP7FgAkc4TmBs1Gmag3uGNndb53B8" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bpjKvUvsX0lxfmjg19TLblckWkDpnptZEYsBntApxUk" /> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > /* @licstart The following is the entire license notice for the * JavaScript code in this page. * * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. * * @licend The above is the entire license notice * for the JavaScript code in this page. */ </script> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta property="mediatype" content=""> <meta property="primary_collection" content=""> <script src="//archive.org/includes/athena.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/lit/polyfill-support.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/components/npm/@webcomponents/webcomponentsjs/webcomponents-bundle.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script nonce="**CSP_NONCE**" > window.__realDefine = customElements.define.bind(customElements); customElements.define = function() { try { return window.__realDefine.apply(this, arguments); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } } </script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/ia-topnav.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="//archive.org/includes/build/js/archive.min.js?v=286c7941" type="text/javascript"></script> <link href="//archive.org/includes/build/css/archive.min.css?v=286c7941" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="SHORTCUT ICON" href="https://archive.org/images/glogo.jpg"/> </head> <body class="navia "> <a href="#maincontent" class="hidden-for-screen-readers">Skip to main content</a> <!-- Wraps all page content --> <div id="wrap" > <div class="ia-banners"> <div class="ia-banner hidden post-appeal-20240905" data-campaign="post-appeal-20240905"> <p><a href="https://change.org/LetReadersRead" rel="nofollow">Ask the publishers</a> to restore access to 500,000+ books.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="ia-banner public ia-deprecated-browser" data-campaign="ia-deprecated-browser"> <p>Your browser may not be compatible with all the features on this site. Consider upgrading to a modern browser or enabling JavaScript for an improved experience.</p> <form class="banner-close" action="" method="get" data-action="ia-banner-close"> <fieldset> <button aria-label="Close Banner" type="submit"></button> </fieldset> </form> </div> </div> <div id="topnav"> <input class="js_nav_tweaks" type="hidden" value='[]'/> <!-- Shady DOM styles for icon-hamburger --><style scope="icon-hamburger-1">.icon-hamburger-1 svg.icon-hamburger { display: block; height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .icon-hamburger-1 .fill-color.icon-hamburger { fill: #fff; }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for login-button --><style scope="login-button-1">.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: block; text-transform: uppercase; color: #ccc; cursor: pointer; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 100%; width: 4rem; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #999; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:active .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:focus .fill-color.login-button,.login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button:hover .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button .fill-color.login-button { fill: #fff; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: none; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: #999; } .login-button-1 span.login-button a.login-button { color: inherit; text-decoration: none; outline: 0; } .login-button-1 a.login-button:hover,.login-button-1 a.login-button:active,.login-button-1 a.login-button:focus { color: #fff !important; outline: none !important; outline-offset: inherit !important; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .login-button-1 .logged-out-toolbar.login-button { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .active.login-button { background: transparent; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; } .login-button-1 .dropdown-toggle.login-button svg.login-button { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; display: block; } .login-button-1 span.login-button { display: inline; vertical-align: middle; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for nav-search --><style scope="nav-search-1">.nav-search-1 input.nav-search[type="text"] { color: #222; } .nav-search-1 input.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .nav-search-1 button.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search { padding-top: 0; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { position: relative; fill:; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; position: absolute; top: 0; right: 4rem; bottom: 0; left: 4rem; z-index: 3; padding: 0.5rem 0.2rem; border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search { display: none; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { background: #fff; border-radius: 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; width: 100%; margin: 0 0.5rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search { height: 100%; padding: 0; margin-right: 0; -ms-flex-item-align: center; -ms-grid-row-align: center; align-self: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: 100%; height: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 1rem; border-radius: 0.5rem; border: none; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search:focus { outline: none; } @keyframes fade-in-nav-search-1 { 0% { opacity: 0; } 100% { opacity: 1; } } .nav-search-1 .fade-in.nav-search { animation: fade-in-nav-search-1 0.2s forwards; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { display: inline; width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; vertical-align: -14px; } .nav-search-1 .search.nav-search path.nav-search { fill: #333; } .nav-search-1 .search-inactive.nav-search,.nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search { display: block; position: static; padding: 1.1rem 0.2rem; background: transparent; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .highlight.nav-search { width: 13rem; height: 2.8rem; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-box-direction: reverse; -ms-flex-direction: row-reverse; flex-direction: row-reverse; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search-field.nav-search { width: calc(100% - 28px); height: 100%; padding-left: 0; font-size: 1.4rem; text-align: left; } .nav-search-1 .search-activated.nav-search .search.nav-search svg.nav-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for media-button --><style scope="media-button-1">.media-button-1 a.media-button { display: inline-block; text-decoration: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { display: inline-block; width: 100%; padding: 0; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: left; background: transparent; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { outline: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: inline-block; padding: 0; font-weight: 400; color: #fff; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button { display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button > .icon.media-button > svg.media-button { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background-color: #333; border-radius: 1rem 0 0 1rem; } .media-button-1 .icon.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #999; } .media-button-1 .icon.active.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f00; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button { width: auto; height: 5rem; color: #999; display: inline-flex; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:hover .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:active .fill-color.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.media-button:focus .fill-color.media-button { fill: #fff; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { padding-right: 1rem; font-size: 1.3rem; text-transform: uppercase; color: inherit; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: none; content: "web"; } .media-button-1 .donate.media-button,.media-button-1 .more.media-button { display: none; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button { background: #474747; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.web.media-button:after { color: #fff; } .media-button-1 .menu-item.selected.media-button .icon.media-button { background: transparent; } .media-button-1 .web.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #ffcd27; } .media-button-1 .texts.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #faab3c; } .media-button-1 .video.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #f1644b; } .media-button-1 .audio.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #00adef; } .media-button-1 .software.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #9ecc4f; } .media-button-1 .images.selected.media-button .fill-color.media-button { fill: #aa99c9; } } @media (min-width: 1200px) { .media-button-1 .label.media-button,.media-button-1 .web.media-button:after { display: inline; } .media-button-1 .web.media-button .label.media-button { display: none; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for media-menu --><style scope="media-menu-1">.media-menu-1 { outline: none; } .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { z-index: -1; top: -40rem; background-color: #222; margin: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: top; transition-timing-function: ease; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { position: relative; line-height: normal; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { position: absolute; width: 100%; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .media-menu-inner.media-menu { top: 0; } .media-menu-1 .overflow-clip.media-menu { position: absolute; z-index: -1; top: 4rem; left: 0; height: 0; width: 100%; overflow: hidden; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-property: height; } .media-menu-1 .open.media-menu .overflow-clip.media-menu { height: 40rem; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-menu-1 .media-menu-inner.media-menu { display: block; position: static; width: auto; height: 5rem; transition-property: none; } .media-menu-1 .menu-group.media-menu { font-size: 0; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for primary-nav --><style scope="primary-nav-1">.primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 input.primary-nav:focus { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { position: relative; display: flex; height: 4rem; grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart search user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem 4rem; -ms-grid-rows: 100%; grid-template-rows: 100%; background: #222; border-bottom: 1px solid #333; } .primary-nav-1 nav.hide-search.primary-nav { grid-template-areas: 'hamburger empty heart user'; -ms-grid-columns: 4rem minmax(1rem, 100%) 4rem 4rem; grid-template-columns: 4rem auto 4rem 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: flex; margin-left: auto; user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 button.primary-nav { background: none; color: inherit; border: none; font: inherit; cursor: pointer; } .primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { position: static; float: left; margin: 0 !important; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0); -ms-transform: translate(0, 0); transform: translate(0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .branding.primary-nav { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .primary-nav-1 media-menu.primary-nav { grid-column-start: hamburger-start; grid-column-end: user-end; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 2.7rem; display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 9.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 5px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; grid-area: hamburger; padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: inline-block; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: rgb(255, 0, 0); } .primary-nav-1 .sr-only.primary-nav { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; margin: -1px; padding: 0; border: 0; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); -webkit-clip-path: inset(50%); clip-path: inset(50%); user-select: none; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav { padding: 0; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 4rem; width: 4rem; } .primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav .fill-color.primary-nav { fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .search-activated.primary-nav { position: relative; z-index: 3; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: none; font-size: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; text-transform: uppercase; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { color: #999; padding: 0.5rem; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:hover,.primary-nav-1 button.user-menu.primary-nav:focus { color: #fff; outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { border-radius: 1rem 1rem 0 0; background: #333; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: block; width: 3rem; height: 3rem; } .primary-nav-1 .link-home.primary-nav { text-decoration: none; display: inline-flex; } .primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 a.link-home.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline-offset: 1px; } @media only screen and (min-width: 890px) and (max-device-width: 905px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 0; } } @media (min-width: 906px) { .primary-nav-1 .branding.second-logo.primary-nav { padding-right: 20px; } } @media (max-width: 889px) { .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav { display: initial; } .primary-nav-1 .right-side-section.primary-nav .user-info.primary-nav { float: right; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .primary-nav-1 { ; } .primary-nav-1 nav.primary-nav { display: flex; z-index: 4; height: 5rem; padding-right: 1.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 slot.primary-nav[name='opt-sec-logo-mobile'] { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .ia-logo.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .ia-wordmark.primary-nav { margin-right: 10px; } .primary-nav-1 .hamburger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .search-trigger.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .mobile-donate-link.primary-nav { display: none; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav { display: block; float: right; vertical-align: middle; height: 100%; } .primary-nav-1 .user-info.primary-nav .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { height: 3rem; width: 3rem; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav { padding: 1rem 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.active.primary-nav { background: transparent; } .primary-nav-1 .user-menu.primary-nav img.primary-nav { display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 0.5rem; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav { display: block; padding: 1rem 0.5rem; float: right; font-size: 1.4rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: none; color: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover { color: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus-visible { outline: none; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav svg.primary-nav { vertical-align: middle; fill: #999; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:hover svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:focus svg.primary-nav,.primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav:active svg.primary-nav { fill: #fff; } .primary-nav-1 nav-search.primary-nav { float: right; margin-left: 1rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .primary-nav-1 .screen-name.primary-nav { display: inline-block; text-overflow: ellipsis; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; max-width: 165px; } .primary-nav-1 .upload.primary-nav span.primary-nav { display: inline; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for user-menu --><!-- Shady DOM styles for search-menu --><style scope="search-menu-1">.search-menu-1 .menu-wrapper.search-menu { position: relative; } .search-menu-1 button.search-menu:focus,.search-menu-1 input.search-menu:focus { outline-color: #428bca; outline-width: 0.16rem; outline-style: auto; outline-offset: 2px !important; } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { position: absolute; right: 0; left: 0; z-index: 4; padding: 0 4.5rem; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; } .search-menu-1 .tx-slide.search-menu { overflow: hidden; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { top: -1500px; } .search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu,.search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem; display: block; } .search-menu-1 .advanced-search.search-menu { text-decoration: none; color: #428bca; line-height: normal; padding: 0.5rem; margin-top: 5px; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu { overflow: visible; right: 2rem; left: auto; z-index: 5; padding: 1rem 2rem; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; color: #333; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .search-menu-1 .search-menu-inner.search-menu:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .search-menu-1 .initial.search-menu,.search-menu-1 .closed.search-menu { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .search-menu-1 .open.search-menu { opacity: 1; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; margin: 0; } .search-menu-1 label.search-menu + label.search-menu { padding-top: 7px; } .search-menu-1 a.search-menu { padding: 1rem 0 0 0; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for ia-wayback-search --><!-- Shady DOM styles for wayback-search --><style scope="wayback-search-1">.wayback-search-1 { font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { max-width: 600px; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-top: 0; font-weight: 200; } .wayback-search-1 a.wayback-search { font-weight: 500; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: 0.7rem 2rem; margin: 1.5rem 0; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center; border: none; border-radius: 7px; background-color: #fcf5e6; box-shadow: 3px 3px 0 0 #c3ad97; } .wayback-search-1 label.wayback-search { display: none; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { width: 100%; max-width: 215px; max-height: 60px; margin-bottom: 1.3rem; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { display: block; width: 100%; height: 3rem; padding: 0.5rem 1rem 0.5rem 2.5rem; font: normal 1.2rem/1.5 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #858585; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 2rem; background: #eee; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus { border-color: #66afe9; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, 0.6); outline: none; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { position: relative; overflow: hidden; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { position: absolute; top: 2px; left: 3px; width: 2.4rem; height: 2.4rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #999; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search:focus + svg.wayback-search { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 form.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 3rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 img.wayback-search { margin: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { margin: 0 auto; font-size: 0; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: inline-block; width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { width: 2.8rem; height: 2.8rem; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search .fill-color.wayback-search { fill: #333; } } .wayback-search-1 p.wayback-search { margin-bottom: 1rem; font-size: 1.6rem; text-align: center; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search { padding: .5rem; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: none; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search { padding-left: 3rem; margin-top: .3rem; font-size: 1.4rem; border-color: #bca38e; background: #fff; } .wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::placeholder,.wayback-search-1 input.wayback-search::-webkit-input-placeholder { color: #8e8e8e; } .wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search svg.wayback-search { top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search,.wayback-search-1 .search-field.wayback-search { display: block; width: auto; } .wayback-search-1 fieldset.wayback-search a.wayback-search { margin: 0 1.5rem; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for save-page-form --><style scope="save-page-form-1">.save-page-form-1 div.save-page-form { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; grid-column-gap: .8rem; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: none; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="text"] { width: 100%; height: 3rem; box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #999; border-radius: .5rem; color: #222; font-size: inherit; } .save-page-form-1 input.save-page-form[type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; padding: .4rem .8rem; font: normal 1.3rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-transform: uppercase; color: #fff; border: none; border-radius: 16px; background: #222; cursor: pointer; } .save-page-form-1 .error.save-page-form { display: none; margin-top: .5rem; font-weight: bold; color: #ffcd27; } .save-page-form-1 .visible.save-page-form { display: block; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .save-page-form-1 h3.save-page-form { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for wayback-slider --><style scope="wayback-slider-1">.wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.6rem; } .wayback-slider-1 a.wayback-slider { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .wayback-slider-1 ul.wayback-slider { font-size: 1.3rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider + li.wayback-slider { padding-top: 0; } .wayback-slider-1 li.wayback-slider a.wayback-slider { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .wayback-slider-1 { display: block; grid-column: 1 / 4; padding: 0 1.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 h4.wayback-slider { margin-top: 0; font: normal 100 1.6rem 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .wayback-slider-1 .grid.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(auto, 260px) 1fr minmax(auto, 260px); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } .wayback-slider-1 .link-lists.wayback-slider { display: grid; grid-template-columns: calc(50% - 1.25rem) calc(50% - 1.25rem); grid-column-gap: 2.5rem; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for more-slider --><style scope="more-slider-1">.more-slider-1 ul.more-slider { padding: 0; margin: -1rem 0 0 0; list-style: none; } .more-slider-1 a.more-slider { display: block; padding: 1rem 0; text-decoration: none; color: #fff; }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for media-subnav --><style scope="media-subnav-1">.media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { font-size: 1.6rem; } .media-subnav-1 a.media-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #fff; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { padding: 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 1.5rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 h4.media-subnav { margin: 0 0 1rem 0; font-weight: 100; } .media-subnav-1 ul.media-subnav { font-size: 1.3rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav { padding-bottom: .5rem; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav + li.media-subnav { padding-top: 0; } .media-subnav-1 li.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: block; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-overflow: ellipsis; } } .media-subnav-1 img.media-subnav { display: block; width: 90px; height: 90px; margin: 0 auto 1rem auto; border-radius: 45px; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { margin-top: 0; font-size: 1.8rem; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-pack: space-evenly; -ms-flex-pack: space-evenly; justify-content: space-evenly; text-align: center; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { display: inline-block; width: 12rem; margin-bottom: 1.5rem; overflow: hidden; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav + a.media-subnav { margin-left: 2rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: none; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-subnav-1 { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 40% 20% 40%; grid-template-columns: 40% 20% 40%; } .media-subnav-1 .wayback-search.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-column-span: 3; grid-column: 1 / 4; } .media-subnav-1 h3.media-subnav { display: none; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .icon-links.media-subnav a.media-subnav { padding-top: 3.5rem; max-width: 16rem; } .media-subnav-1 .links.media-subnav { padding: 0 1.5rem; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 2; } .media-subnav-1 .featured.media-subnav h4.media-subnav { display: block; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav { -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav { display: -ms-grid; display: grid; -ms-grid-columns: 50% 3rem 50%; grid-template-columns: 50% 50%; -ms-grid-rows: (auto)[7]; grid-template-rows: repeat(7, auto); grid-column-gap: 3rem; grid-auto-flow: column; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(1) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(2) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(3) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(4) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(5) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(6) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(7) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 1; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(8) { -ms-grid-row: 1; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(9) { -ms-grid-row: 2; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(10) { -ms-grid-row: 3; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(11) { -ms-grid-row: 4; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(12) { -ms-grid-row: 5; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(13) { -ms-grid-row: 6; -ms-grid-column: 3; } .media-subnav-1 .top.media-subnav ul.media-subnav > *.media-subnav:nth-child(14) { -ms-grid-row: 7; -ms-grid-column: 3; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for media-slider --><style scope="media-slider-1">.media-slider-1 .media-slider-container.media-slider { position: relative; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: none; position: absolute; top: 3rem; right: 0; left: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition: height 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; left: 0; padding: 0; height: 31.9rem; overflow-x: hidden; font-size: 1.4rem; background: #333; } .media-slider-1 .open.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .hidden.media-slider { display: none; } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { padding: 1rem; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { display: block; height: 35.8rem; left: 4rem; top: 0; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.media-slider { display: block; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.media-slider { left: 0; z-index: 3; height: auto; min-height: 21rem; background: #474747; transform: translate(0, -100%); transition: transform 0.2s ease; } .media-slider-1 .overflow-clip.open.media-slider { height: 22rem; } .media-slider-1 .information-menu.open.media-slider { transform: translate(0, 0); } .media-slider-1 .info-box.media-slider { max-width: 100rem; padding: 1.5rem 0; margin: 0 auto; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for desktop-subnav --><style scope="desktop-subnav-1">.desktop-subnav-1 ul.desktop-subnav { position: relative; z-index: 3; padding: .8rem 0; margin: 0; font-size: 1.2rem; text-transform: uppercase; text-align: center; background: #333; } .desktop-subnav-1 li.desktop-subnav { display: inline-block; padding: 0 15px; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav { text-decoration: none; color: #aaa; } .desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:hover,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:active,.desktop-subnav-1 a.desktop-subnav:focus { color: #fff; } .desktop-subnav-1 .donate.desktop-subnav svg.desktop-subnav { width: 1.6rem; height: 1.6rem; vertical-align: top; fill: #f00; }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for signed-out-dropdown --><style scope="signed-out-dropdown-1">.signed-out-dropdown-1 .nav-container.signed-out-dropdown { position: relative; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; right: 0; z-index: 4; overflow: hidden; font-size: 1.6rem; background-color: #333; transition-property: top; transition-duration: 0.2s; transition-timing-function: ease; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { top: -1500px; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { transition-duration: 0.5s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { max-width: 100vw; overflow: auto; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.6rem 2rem; margin: 0; font-size: inherit; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.4rem 0 0.7rem 0; margin: 0; list-style: none; max-height: calc(100vh - 7.2rem + 1px); overflow: auto; box-sizing: border-box; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { margin: 0.5rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { display: block; color: #fff; text-decoration: none; padding: 1rem 2rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { font-size: 0.8em; color: #999; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .callout.signed-out-dropdown { position: absolute; margin-left: 10px; padding: 0 5px; border-radius: 2px; background: #fee257; color: #2c2c2c; font-size: 1.4rem; font-weight: bold; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; justify-content: left; align-items: center; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown svg.signed-out-dropdown { fill: #fff; margin-right: 1rem; height: 1.4rem; width: 1.4rem; } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown { display: flex; overflow: visible; top: 0; left: auto; z-index: 5; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in-out; font-size: 1.4rem; border-radius: 2px; background: #fff; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 nav.signed-out-dropdown:after { position: absolute; right: 7px; top: -7px; width: 12px; height: 7px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #fff; content: ''; border-bottom: 7px solid currentColor; border-left: 6px solid transparent; border-right: 6px solid transparent; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 h3.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 ul.signed-out-dropdown { max-height: calc(100vh - 8.5rem + 1px); } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .divider.signed-out-dropdown { border-bottom-color: #666; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; color: #333; transition: background 0.1s ease-out, color 0.1s ease-out; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .info-item.signed-out-dropdown { padding: 0.5rem 2rem; font-size: 0.8em; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:hover,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:active,.signed-out-dropdown-1 a.signed-out-dropdown:focus { color: #fff; background: #428bca; outline: none; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 0; transition-duration: 0.2s; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { opacity: 1; overflow: visible; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 a.mobile-upload.signed-out-dropdown { display: none; } } @media (min-width: 890px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 33.5rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 18.5rem; } } @media (min-width: 990px) { .signed-out-dropdown-1 .initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 40rem; } .signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.initial.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.closed.signed-out-dropdown,.signed-out-dropdown-1 .search-hidden.open.signed-out-dropdown { right: 26rem; } }</style><!-- Shady DOM styles for ia-topnav --><style scope="ia-topnav-1">.ia-topnav-1 { ; color: #fff; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } .ia-topnav-1 primary-nav.ia-topnav:focus { outline: none !important; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.ia-topnav { display: none; position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; z-index: 3; } .ia-topnav-1 #close-layer.visible.ia-topnav { display: block; } .ia-topnav-1 .topnav.ia-topnav { position: relative; z-index: 4; } @media (max-width: 889px) { .ia-topnav-1 desktop-subnav.ia-topnav { display: none; } }</style><style>body {transition: opacity ease-in 0.2s; } body[unresolved] {opacity: 0; display: block; overflow: hidden; position: relative; } </style> <ia-topnav locallinks="true" waybackpagesarchived="916 billion" class="x-scope ia-topnav-1"><!----> <div class="topnav style-scope ia-topnav"> <primary-nav class="style-scope ia-topnav x-scope primary-nav-1"><!----> <nav class="style-scope primary-nav"> <button class="hamburger style-scope primary-nav" title="Open main menu" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHamburger"> <icon-hamburger class="style-scope primary-nav x-scope icon-hamburger-1"><!----> <svg viewBox="0 0 40 40" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="hamburgerTitleID hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"> <title id="hamburgerTitleID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">Hamburger icon</title> <desc id="hamburgerDescID" class="style-scope icon-hamburger">An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon.</desc> <path d="m30.5 26.5c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5zm0-8c.8284271 0 1.5.6715729 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5h-21c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5z" fill="#999" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope icon-hamburger"></path> </svg> </icon-hamburger> </button> <div class="branding style-scope primary-nav"> <a title="Go home" class="link-home style-scope primary-nav" href="/" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavHome"><!--?lit$8616686931$--> <svg class="ia-logo style-scope primary-nav" viewBox="0 0 27 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="logoTitleID logoDescID"> <title id="logoTitleID" class="style-scope primary-nav">Internet Archive logo</title> <desc id="logoDescID" class="style-scope primary-nav">A line drawing of the Internet Archive headquarters building fa莽ade.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <mask id="mask-2" fill="white" class="style-scope primary-nav"> <path d="M26.6666667,28.6046512 L26.6666667,30 L0,30 L0.000283687943,28.6046512 L26.6666667,28.6046512 Z M25.6140351,26.5116279 L25.6140351,28.255814 L1.05263158,28.255814 L1.05263158,26.5116279 L25.6140351,26.5116279 Z M3.62469203,7.6744186 L3.91746909,7.82153285 L4.0639977,10.1739544 L4.21052632,13.9963932 L4.21052632,17.6725617 L4.0639977,22.255044 L4.03962296,25.3421929 L3.62469203,25.4651163 L2.16024641,25.4651163 L1.72094074,25.3421929 L1.55031755,22.255044 L1.40350877,17.6970339 L1.40350877,14.0211467 L1.55031755,10.1739544 L1.68423854,7.80887484 L1.98962322,7.6744186 L3.62469203,7.6744186 Z M24.6774869,7.6744186 L24.9706026,7.82153285 L25.1168803,10.1739544 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0-.70588236-.27118644-.70588236-.6779661v-.6779661-.27118644h-1.12941176v24h1.12941176v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.28235295-.6779661.70588236-.6779661h1.27058828c.4235294 0 .7058823.2711864.7058823.6779661v.6779661.2711864h16.6588235v-.2711864-.6779661c0-.4067797.282353-.6779661.7058824-.6779661h1.2705882c.4235294 0 .7058824.2711864.7058824.6779661v.6779661.2711864h.8470588v-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"></path> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button"><!--?lit$8616686931$-->Video</span> </a> </media-button> <!----><!----> <media-button class="style-scope media-menu x-scope media-button-1" data-mediatype="audio"><!----> <a class="menu-item audio style-scope media-button" href="/details/audio" data-event-click-tracking="TopNav|NavMenuAudio" title="Expand audio menu"> <!--?lit$8616686931$--> <span class="icon style-scope media-button"> <!--?lit$8616686931$--> <svg width="40px" height="40px" viewBox="0 0 40 40" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="audioTitleID audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button"> <title id="audioTitleID" class="style-scope media-button">Audio icon</title> <desc id="audioDescID" class="style-scope media-button">An illustration of an audio speaker.</desc> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" class="style-scope media-button"> <g transform="translate(10, 8)" class="fill-color style-scope media-button"> <path d="M19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,20.7200433 C19.4264564,22.3657576 18.8838179,23.2519114 16.8489237,23.2519114 C12.2364969,23.125318 7.75972977,23.125318 3.14730298,23.2519114 C1.24806842,23.2519114 0.569770368,22.492351 0.569770368,20.7200433 L0.569770368,2.74377955 C0.569770368,1.09806526 1.11240881,0.211911416 3.14730298,0.211911416 C7.75972977,0.338504822 12.2364969,0.338504822 16.8489237,0.211911416 C18.7481583,0.211911416 19.4264564,0.971471855 19.4264564,2.74377955 C19.2907967,5.78202131 19.4264564,8.82026306 19.4264564,11.8585048 L19.4264564,11.8585048 Z M10.0659432,2.74377955 C8.16670861,2.74377955 6.67445288,4.13630702 6.67445288,5.90861471 C6.67445288,7.6809224 8.16670861,9.07344988 10.0659432,9.07344988 C11.9651777,9.07344988 13.4574335,7.6809224 13.4574335,5.90861471 C13.4574335,4.13630702 11.8295181,2.74377955 10.0659432,2.74377955 L10.0659432,2.74377955 Z M10.0659432,11.4787246 C7.21709133,11.4787246 5.04653754,13.6308125 5.04653754,16.1626806 C5.04653754,18.8211422 7.35275094,20.8466367 10.0659432,20.8466367 C12.914795,20.8466367 15.0853488,18.6945488 15.0853488,16.1626806 C15.0853488,13.6308125 12.7791354,11.4787246 10.0659432,11.4787246 L10.0659432,11.4787246 Z" class="style-scope media-button"></path> <ellipse cx="10.2016028" cy="16.5690777" rx="1.35659611" ry="1.34075134" class="style-scope media-button"></ellipse> </g> </g> </svg> </span> <span class="label style-scope media-button"><!--?lit$8616686931$-->Audio</span> </a> </media-button> <!----><!----> <media-button class="style-scope media-menu 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required by IE bec. table width=100% is set --> <div> <table class="forumTable table table-condensed table-hover"> <tbody> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/internet-archive-our-online-commons-are-under-attack">The Internet Archive: our online commons are under attack</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.ampex.com/a-treasure-chest-of-ampex-tapes-saves-early-computer-history/">A Treasure Chest of Ampex Tapes Saves Early Computer History</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.philanthropy.com/article/the-internet-archive-is-a-cautionary-tale-for-growing-nonprofits">The Internet Archive Is a Cautionary Tale for Growing Nonprofits</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://uk.news.yahoo.com/facebook-users-fooled-ai-images-064412990.html?guccounter=1">Facebook users fooled by AI images of 'world's longest-necked family'</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2024/11/19/carroll-ncrc-child-sex-abuse/">Head of elite D.C. preschool arrested on child sex charge in FBI sting</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.freethink.com/internet/internet-archive-fair-use">How the Internet Archive&rsquo;s &ldquo;Free Digital Library&rdquo; fell to the &ldquo;fair use&rdquo; test</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/19/science/video/internet-archives-research-science-data-fears-trump-contd-digvid">Scientists fear Trump will erase public research, here's what they are doing</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/2024/11/18/epic-allows-internet-archive-to-distribute-for-free-unreal-unreal-tournament-forever/">Epic Allows Internet Archive To Distribute For Free &lsquo;Unreal&rsquo; &amp; &lsquo;Unreal Tournament&rsquo; Forever</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/2024/11/18/holocaust-denial-tests-tech-giant-shopifys-free-speech-ethos/">Holocaust Denial Merchandise Tests Shopify&rsquo;s Free Speech Ethos</a> </td> </tr> <tr valign="top" class=" forumRow"> <td> <a href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/biden-wander-off-amazon-rainforest/">Video Does Not Show Biden Wandering Off into Amazon Rainforest</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-9"> <h1>Internet Archive Projects</h1> <style> .row.xxx:after { clear:none !important; } </style> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="http://politicaladarchive.org/"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/tvpoliticaladlogo-medium.png" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <b>Political TV Ad Archive</b> <p>The <a href="http://politicaladarchive.org/">Political TV Ad Archive</a> is a project that provides a searchable, viewable, and shareable online archive of 2016 political TV ads, married with fact-checking and reporting citizens can trust. In partnership with trusted journalism organizations, the archive provides a free service for journalists, civic organizations, academics and the general public to track these ads in context. The first phase of the project, covering key 2016 primary elections, was funded by a $200,000 grant from the <a href="https://www.newschallenge.org/">Knight News Challenge</a>, an initiative of the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation. The Challenge was a collaboration joined by the <a href="http://www.ritaallenfoundation.org/">Rita Allen Foundation</a>, the <a href="http://www.democracyfund.org/">Democracy Fund</a>, and the <a href="http://www.hewlett.org/">Hewlett Foundation</a>. The Democracy Fund also granted $49,634 to support joint trainings of journalists in key primary states in partnership with the <a href="https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/">American Press Institute</a>. Additional support came from personal donations from Christopher Buck ($25,000) and Craig Newmark ($20,000). Project staff are gathering lessons learned, which will inform planning and fundraising for the second phase of the project: tracking political ads in key 2016 general election battleground states.</p><br /> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/scanning"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/building-logo.png" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <b>Building Libraries Together</b> <p>The Internet Archive is one of the world's largest public digital libraries, with an extensive collection of human culture: 2 million books, 430 billion Web pages, 3 million hours of television and more. However, the archive's users upload only a small percentage of these materials and to preserve the world's knowledge the public should be encouraged to contribute. The archive is embarking on a project to make the archive.org site more community-driven by improving the tools that allow people to upload, describe and organize items. With these new tools, the Internet Archive hopes to democratize knowledge by giving global communities the ability to save, manage and share their cultural treasures for free. What Wikimedia did for encyclopedia articles, the Internet Archive hopes to do for collections of media: give people the tools to build library collections together and make them accessible to everyone. The project is supported by a $600,000 grant from the <a href="http://www.knightfoundation.org/">John S. and James L. Knight Foundation</a>.</p><br /> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <A HREF="http://openlibrary.org/"><img src="https://openlibrary.org/images/logo_OL-lg.png" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></A> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="https://openlibrary.org/"><b>Open Library</b></a> <p>OpenLibrary.org is comprised of two great parts! A free, digital lending library of over 2 million eBooks that can be read in a browser or downloaded for reading off-line. And, a unique project to build one web page for every book ever published. Over 20 million books already have a page on OpenLibrary.org</p> <p>Please participate in the building of this site. It is an Open project - the software is open, the data is open, the documentation is open, and the site is open. Anyone can participate in this project, whether you're a librarian who wants to add records of digitized books to her local catalog, or you're a lover of books who wants to make sure his favorites are well represented, or you just want to find a good book to read for free, or you're a programmer who wants to build something new on top of this data.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/scanning"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/scanning_services.jpg" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/scanning"><b>Scanning Services</b></a> <p>Internet Archive can digitize your collections and provide open and free access, long-term storage, unlimited downloads, and lifetime file management. Internet Archive has scanned more than 600 million pages with partners ranging from the Library of Congress and the Smithsonian to New York Public Library, Harvard, and MIT. Contact info@archive.org if you are interested in having your collection digitized.</p><br /> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <A HREF="/details/software"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/softwareheader.gif" border="0" width="150" align="center"></A> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/details/software"><b>Software Archive</b></a> <p>The Software Archive is designed to preserve and provide access to all kinds of rare or difficult to find, legally downloadable software titles and background information on those titles.</p> <p>The collection includes a broad range of software related materials including shareware, freeware, video news releases about software titles, speed runs of actual software game play, previews and promos for software games, high-score and skill replays of various game genres, and the art of filmmaking with real-time computer game engines.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/web/"><img src="/images/wayback.gif" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/web/"><b>Wayback Machine</b></a> <p>Internet Archive's web archive, launched in 1996, contains over 2 petabytes of data compressed, or 150+ billion web captures, including content from every top-level domain, 200+ million web sites, and over 40 languages.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <A HREF="http://archive-it.org/"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/archive-it_logo.jpg" border="0" width="106" align="center"/></A> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="http://archive-it.org/"><b>Archive-It</b></a> <p>First deployed in 2006, Archive-It is a subscription web archiving service that helps organizations to harvest, build, and preserve collections of digital content. Through the user friendly web application Archive-It partners can collect, catalog, and manage their collections of archived content with 24/7 access and full text search available for their use as well as their patrons. Content is hosted and stored at the Internet Archive data centers.</p> <p>Over 240 partner organizations in 46 U.S. states and 15 countries currently use Archive-It, including state archives and libraries, university libraries, federal institutions, museums, NGOs and public libraries.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/about/offline-archive"><img src="https://blog.archive.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Screen-Shot-2019-10-17-at-9.36.54-AM.png" border="0" width="106" align="center"></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/about/offline-archive"><b>Offline Archive</b></a> <p>The Internet Archive's central mission is establishing "Universal Access to All Knowledge," and we want to make sure that our library of millions of books, journals, audio files, and video recordings is available to anyone. Since lack of an internet connection is a major obstacle to that goal, we created the Offline Archive project -that works to make online collections available regardless of internet availability.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/bookserver"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/bookserver-temp.jpg" border="0" width="147" height="27" align="center"></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/bookserver"><b>BookServer</b></a> <p>The BookServer project provides an open architecture for vending, lending and distributing books over the Internet. Built on open standards, the BookServer model allows a wide network of publishers, booksellers, libraries, and other parties to make their catalogs of books available directly to readers through their laptops, phones, netbooks, or dedicated reading devices. </p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <img src="/download/ProjectLogos/oca_logo.jpg" border="0" width="150" align="center"/> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <b>Open Content Alliance</b> <p>The Open Content Alliance (OCA) was a collaborative effort of a group of cultural, technology, nonprofit, and governmental organizations from around the world that helps build a permanent archive of multilingual digitized text and multimedia material. An archive of contributed material is available on the <a href="/details/opencontentalliance">Internet Archive site</a> and through Yahoo! and other search engines and sites.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/details/education"><img src="/serve/images/main-header.jpg" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/details/education"><b>Education</b></a> <p>Open Education Resources library containing hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/texts/bookmobile.php"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/bookmobile_lg.gif" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/texts/bookmobile.php"><b>Bookmobile</b></a> <p>The Bookmobile is a mobile digital library capable of downloading public domain books from the Internet via satellite and printing them anytime, anywhere, for anyone. The Bookmobile has travelled across the United States, and versions of it have been built and used in Egypt and Uganda.</p> <br/><br/><br/><br/> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/web/sflan.php"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/sflan_community_wireless.jpg" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/web/sflan.php"><b>Open Community Networks</b></a> <p>Internet Archive's Community Networking project provides free, high speed wired and wireless Internet to residents of San Francisco. The project has evolved greatly since its inception in 1997, and currently works with the City and County of San Francisco to provide free, high speed internet to low income San Francisco residents. We are intersted in providing the same to other communities. If you are interested, please contact info@archive.org </p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/web/petabox.php"><img src="/serve/images/petabox-header.png" border="0" width="150" align="center"/></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/web/petabox.php"><b>Petabox</b></a> <p>The PetaBox was custom-designed by Internet Archive staff to safely store and process one petabyte (a million gigabytes) of information. The goal was to make a storage system that was low power, high density, easy to scale and maintain, and low cost. PetaBoxes are now in use at major academic institutions and government agencies. The Internet Archive houses more than 10 petabytes of PetaBox storage technology and is expanding steadily.</p> </div> </div> <hr/> <div class="row xxx"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <a href="/details/301works"><img src="/download/ProjectLogos/301works_logo.jpg" border="0" width="150" align="center"></a> </div> <div class="col-sm-9"> <a href="/details/301works"><b>301Works.org</b></a> <p>301Works.org is an independent service for archiving URL mappings. 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