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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_monster_films_(1915–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_monster_films_(1915–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early monster films (1915–1954)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_monster_films_(1915–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaiju_era_(1954–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaiju_era_(1954–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Kaiju</i> era (1954–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaiju_era_(1954–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spielberg_era_(1975–1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spielberg_era_(1975–1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spielberg era (1975–1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spielberg_era_(1975–1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era_(1998–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era_(1998–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern era (1998–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era_(1998–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C2%B7l%C3%ADcula_de_monstres" title="Pel·lícula de monstres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pel·lícula de monstres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterfilm" title="Monsterfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Monsterfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula_de_monstruos" title="Película de monstruos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Película de monstruos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فیلم هیولایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم هیولایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_monstre" title="Film de monstre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Film de monstre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B4%EC%88%98_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="괴수 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괴수 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_di_mostri" title="Film di mostri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Film di mostri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="סרט מפלצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט מפלצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterfilm" title="Monsterfilm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Monsterfilm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%AA%E7%8D%A3%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="怪獣映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="怪獣映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monster movie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filme_de_monstro" title="Filme de monstro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filme de monstro" data-language-autonym="Português" 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lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Monster movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95" title="فیلمی دڕندە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی دڕندە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsterfilm" title="Monsterfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Monsterfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Film genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Monster_movie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Monster movie (disambiguation)">Monster movie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Monster_movie" title="Special:EditPage/Monster movie">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Monster+movie%22">"Monster movie"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Monster+movie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Monster+movie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Monster+movie%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Monster+movie%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Monster+movie%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg/217px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg/326px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg/434px-Gojira_1954_Japanese_poster_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Theatrical release poster for <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i> (1954).</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>monster movie</b>, <b>monster film</b>, <b>creature feature</b> or <b>giant monster film</b> is a film that focuses on one or more characters struggling to survive attacks by one or more <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>, often abnormally <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large ones</a>. The film may also fall under the <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">fantasy</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a> genres. Monster movies originated with <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">adaptations</a> of horror <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and literature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_concepts">Traditional concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Traditional concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common aspect of a monster movie is the struggle between a human collective of protagonists against one or more monsters, who often serve as the antagonistic force. In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a>, giant monsters known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> often take up this role. </p><p>The monster is often created by a folly of mankind – an experiment gone wrong, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> or the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>. Or the monster is from <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, has been on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> for a long time with no one ever seeing it, or released (or awakened) from a prison of some sort where it was being held. </p><p>The monster is usually a villain, but can be a metaphor of humankind's continuous destruction; giant monsters since the introduction of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_from_20,000_Fathoms" title="The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms">The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</a></i> (1953) have for a time been considered a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic warfare">atomic warfare</a>, for instance. On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/Godzilla" title="Godzilla">Godzilla</a> began in this fashion yet as time moved on his reputation quickly grew into that of a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a> to the Japanese, as much as <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> is a cultural symbol to America, with a number of films presenting Godzilla as a sort of protagonist who helps protect humans from other, more malevolent monsters. </p><p>The attempts of the humans to destroy the monster would at first be the usage of an opposing military force – an attempt that would antagonize the monster even more and prove useless (a cliché associated with the genre). The <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)" title="Godzilla (franchise)">Godzilla</a></i> series utilized the concept of a superweapon built by Japanese scientists to suppress him or any of the monsters he fights. </p><p>Historically, monsters have been depicted using <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> animation, <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">creature suits</a>. In the modern day, many monster movies have used <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> monsters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_monster_films_(1915–1954)"><span id="Early_monster_films_.281915.E2.80.931954.29"></span>Early monster films (1915–1954)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early monster films (1915–1954)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/220px-seek%3D489-Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="518" data-mwtitle="Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Pet.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Winsor_McCay_(1921)_The_Pet.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm/Winsor_McCay_%281921%29_The_Pet.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend#The_Pet_(1921)" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">The Pet</a></i> (1921) is likely the earliest "giant monster attacking a city" film.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyBissette2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyBissette2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The first feature-length films to include what are regarded as monsters were often classed as horror or science fiction films. The 1915 German <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golem_(1915_film)" title="The Golem (1915 film)">The Golem</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener" title="Paul Wegener">Paul Wegener</a>, is one of the earliest examples of film to include <a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">a creature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism (cinema)">German Expressionist</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i> in 1922, and the depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen" title="Die Nibelungen">Die Nibelungen</a></i> in 1924, followed tradition. In the 1930s, American <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">film studios</a> began to produce more successful films of this type, usually based on <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> tales such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(1931_English-language_film)" title="Dracula (1931 English-language film)">Dracula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a></i> in 1931, both heavily influenced by German Expressionism, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1932_film)" title="The Mummy (1932 film)">The Mummy</a></i> (1932) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(1933_film)" title="The Invisible Man (1933 film)">The Invisible Man</a></i> (1933). Classified as horror films, they included iconic monsters. </p><p>Special effects animator <a href="/wiki/Willis_O%27Brien" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis O'Brien">Willis O'Brien</a> worked on the 1925 fantasy adventure <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(1925_film)" title="The Lost World (1925 film)">The Lost World</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World_(Conan_Doyle_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lost World (Conan Doyle novel)">novel of the same name</a>. The book and film featured <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dinosaurs" title="Cultural depictions of dinosaurs">basis for many future movies</a>. He began work on a similar film known as <i><a href="/wiki/Creation_(1931_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation (1931 film)">Creation</a></i> in 1931, but the project was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, O'Brien produced special effects for the 1933 <a href="/wiki/RKO" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO">RKO</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a>. Since then, <i>King Kong</i> has not only become one of the most famous examples of a monster movie, but also is considered a landmark film in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cinema">history of cinema</a>. The monster <a href="/wiki/King_Kong" title="King Kong">King Kong</a> became a cultural icon, being featured in many <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_in_popular_culture" title="King Kong in popular culture">other films and media</a> since then.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Kong went on to inspire many other films of its genre and aspiring animators. A notable example was <a href="/wiki/Ray_Harryhausen" title="Ray Harryhausen">Ray Harryhausen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ray_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would work with Willis O'Brien on <i><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_(1949_film)" title="Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)">Mighty Joe Young</a></i> in 1949. Following the re-release of <i>King Kong</i> in 1952, Harryhausen would later work on <i>The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</i> in 1953. The film was about a fictional dinosaur, a Rhedosaurus, that was awakened from <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic ice">frozen ice</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> test. It is considered to be the film which kick-started the 1950s wave of “creature features” and the concept of combining nuclear paranoia with the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such films at the time included <i><a href="/wiki/Creature_from_the_Black_Lagoon" title="Creature from the Black Lagoon">Creature from the Black Lagoon</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/Them!" title="Them!">Them!</a></i> (1954), <i><a href="/wiki/It_Came_from_Beneath_the_Sea" title="It Came from Beneath the Sea">It Came from Beneath the Sea</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Tarantula!" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarantula!">Tarantula!</a></i> (1955), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Mantis" title="The Deadly Mantis">The Deadly Mantis</a></i> (1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/20_Million_Miles_to_Earth" title="20 Million Miles to Earth">20 Million Miles to Earth</a></i> (1957). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Giant_Behemoth" title="The Giant Behemoth">The Giant Behemoth</a></i> (1959) was an unacknowledged remake of <i>The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaiju_era_(1954–1975)"><span id="Kaiju_era_.281954.E2.80.931975.29"></span><i>Kaiju</i> era (1954–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kaiju era (1954–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png/170px-King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png/255px-King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png/340px-King_Kong_vs._Godzilla.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla" title="King Kong vs. Godzilla">King Kong vs. Godzilla</a></i>, a 1962 crossover film produced by <a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></div> <p>During the 1950s, Japanese film studio <a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a> produce their first successful <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a></i> films. Their first successful <i>kaiju</i> film was <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i> (1954), which adapted the nuclear concept from <i>The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms</i> from a Japanese perspective, rooted in real-life Japanese historical events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> in 1945 and the <i><a href="/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru" title="Daigo Fukuryū Maru">Daigo Fukuryū Maru</a></i> incident in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film's success spawned the <i>Godzilla</i> franchise, the longest-running film franchise in history. The titular monster has become <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_in_popular_culture" title="Godzilla in popular culture">a cultural icon</a>, and one of the most recognizable monsters in cinema history. It also inspired a wave of <i>kaiju</i> films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rodan_(film)" title="Rodan (film)">Rodan</a></i> from this time. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla,_King_of_the_Monsters!" title="Godzilla, King of the Monsters!">Godzilla, King of the Monsters!</a></i> (1956), a re-edited Americanized version of <i>Godzilla</i> for the North American market, notably inspired <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> when he was a youth. He described <i>Godzilla</i> as "the most masterful of all the dinosaur movies" because "it made you believe it was really happening."<sup id="cite_ref-Ryfle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryfle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A parallel development during this era was the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a>, films made outside the organized motion picture industry with ultra-low budgets. Grade-Z monster movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_Outer_Space" title="Plan 9 from Outer Space">Plan 9 from Outer Space</a></i> (1959) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Creeping_Terror" title="The Creeping Terror">The Creeping Terror</a></i> (1964) are often listed among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_considered_the_worst" title="List of films considered the worst">worst films ever made</a> because of their inept acting and amateurish special effects. </p><p>After 1960, American monster movies were less popular, yet were still produced. However, Japanese <i>kaiju</i> films were popular during this decade. In 1962, <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_vs._Godzilla" title="King Kong vs. Godzilla">King Kong vs. Godzilla</a></i> was a <i>kaiju</i> film produced by Toho featuring both Godzilla and King Kong. In 1965, Japanese studio <a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadokawa Pictures">Kadokawa Pictures</a> started their own <i>kaiju</i> franchise to rival that of Godzilla, in the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Gamera_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamera (film)">Gamera</a></i>. </p><p>Ray Harryhausen continued to work on a number of films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_of_Gwangi" title="The Valley of Gwangi">The Valley of Gwangi</a></i> (1969), while Toho continued production of Godzilla and other <i>kaiju</i> films like <i><a href="/wiki/Mothra_(film)" title="Mothra (film)">Mothra</a></i> (1961). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Times" title="The Monster Times">The Monster Times</a></i> film magazine was founded in 1972. In 1973, <i>The Monster Times</i> conducted a poll to determine the most popular screen monster. Godzilla was voted the most popular movie monster, beating <a href="/wiki/Count_Dracula" title="Count Dracula">Count Dracula</a>, King Kong, <a href="/wiki/The_Wolf_Man_(1941_film)" title="The Wolf Man (1941 film)">the Wolf Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(Universal_film_franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mummy (Universal film franchise)">the Mummy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gill-man" title="Gill-man">the Creature from the Black Lagoon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spielberg_era_(1975–1998)"><span id="Spielberg_era_.281975.E2.80.931998.29"></span>Spielberg era (1975–1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spielberg era (1975–1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Steven Spielberg directed <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i>, which while labeled as a "thriller", features a large, <a href="/wiki/Animatronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animatronic">animatronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>. <i>Jaws</i> was an aquatic monster movie influenced by earlier monster films such as <i>King Kong</i> and <i>Godzilla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jaws</i> is one of the few monster movies based on a real incident: the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> shark-attacks of 1916 (from which <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benchley" title="Peter Benchley">Peter Benchley</a> got the idea for the story). Director <a href="/wiki/John_Guillermin" title="John Guillermin">John Guillermin</a> remade <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1976_film)" title="King Kong (1976 film)"><i>King Kong</i> in 1976</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alien_(creature_in_Alien_franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien (creature in Alien franchise)">xenomorph alien</a> had its first appearance in the 1979 science-fiction/horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>. That was the same year when magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Fangoria" title="Fangoria">Fangoria</a></i> started being published, in response to the popularity of this <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>. </p><p>Since the mid-1970s, with <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a></i>, and into the 1980s, monster movies like <a href="/wiki/Larry_Cohen" title="Larry Cohen">Larry Cohen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Q_(1982_film)" title="Q (1982 film)">Q, the Winged Serpent</a></i> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(filmmaker)" title="Tom Holland (filmmaker)">Tom Holland</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fright_Night" title="Fright Night">Fright Night</a></i> (1985), <a href="/wiki/George_A._Romero" title="George A. Romero">George A. Romero</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Creepshow" title="Creepshow">Creepshow</a></i> (1982) and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Underwood" title="Ron Underwood">Ron Underwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tremors_(1990_film)" title="Tremors (1990 film)">Tremors</a></i> (1990) used comedy as a scaring device. Just before the technological revolution that made possible to create digital special effects thanks to <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a>, the last generation of <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">SFX</a> artists impressed many with the quality and realism of their creations: <a href="/wiki/Rick_Baker_(makeup_artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Baker (makeup artist)">Rick Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Winston" title="Stan Winston">Stan Winston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rob_Bottin" title="Rob Bottin">Rob Bottin</a> are among the most remarkable names in the industry. </p><p>1993 saw the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">1990 novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a> and directed by Steven Spielberg, which set a new benchmark in the genre with innovative use of CGI and tried-and-tested animatronics to recreate dinosaurs. The film was also influenced by <i>Godzilla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryfle_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryfle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jurassic Park</i> was an enormous critical and commercial success and at one point held the title of <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films" title="List of highest-grossing films">the highest-grossing film of all time</a>. </p><p>The success of <i>Jurassic Park</i> and its five sequels, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park" title="The Lost World: Jurassic Park">The Lost World: Jurassic Park</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_III" title="Jurassic Park III">Jurassic Park III</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_World" title="Jurassic World">Jurassic World</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom" title="Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom">Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom</a></i> (2018) and <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_World_Dominion" title="Jurassic World Dominion">Jurassic World Dominion</a></i> (2022), made sure that dinosaurs like <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Velociraptor" title="Velociraptor">Velociraptor</a></i> established themselves in the public psyche. The movies also helped generate renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>. While the films showed allegedly authentic dinosaurs which had been recreated by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> and could be understood as science fiction, advanced contemporary <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> technology made it also possible to revive medieval legends about dragons. The successful feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonheart" title="Dragonheart">Dragonheart</a></i> (1996) showed a friendly dragon voiced by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(1998–present)"><span id="Modern_era_.281998.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern era (1998–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era (1998–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional monster movies re-emerged to a wider audience during the late 1990s. An American <a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)" title="Godzilla (1998 film)">remake of <i>Godzilla</i></a> was made in 1998. The <a href="/wiki/Zilla_(Toho)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilla (Toho)">Godzilla</a> featured in that film was considerably different from the original and many Godzilla fans disliked it, but it was a box office success. In 2002, a French monster film <i><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Wolf" title="Brotherhood of the Wolf">Brotherhood of the Wolf</a></i> (2001) became the second-highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/French-language" class="mw-redirect" title="French-language">French-language</a> film in the United States in the last two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Godzilla was temporarily retired following <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla:_Final_Wars" title="Godzilla: Final Wars">Godzilla: Final Wars</a></i>. Director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>, inspired by the original <i>King Kong</i> and Ray Harryhausen films,<sup id="cite_ref-ray_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">remade <i>King Kong</i></a> in 2005, which was both a critical and commercial success. In 2006, a South Korean monster film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Host_(2006_film)" title="The Host (2006 film)">The Host</a></i>, involved more political overtones than most of its genre.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2008 monster movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Cloverfield" title="Cloverfield">Cloverfield</a></i>, a story in the vein of classic monster movies, focuses entirely on the perspective and reactions of the human cast and is regarded by some as a look at <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> metaphorically.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year <i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Horse:_Legend_of_the_Deep" title="The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep">The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep</a></i> (2007) was released, in which the legendary <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a> is portrayed as a playful creature menaced by overly aggressive humans. The <a href="/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards" title="British Independent Film Awards">British Independent Film Award</a>-winning film <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_(2010_film)" title="Monsters (2010 film)">Monsters</a></i>, in a manner similar to <i>Cloverfield</i>, presented the story of a monster epidemic from the perspective of the humans affected by it. Although not entirely focused on monsters, blockbusters such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_(2012_film)" title="Prometheus (2012 film)">Prometheus</a></i> included scenes that featured monsters posing threats to the protagonists. </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legendary_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Legendary Pictures">Legendary Pictures</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_(film)" title="Pacific Rim (film)">Pacific Rim</a></i>. Though the film was heavily inspired by the <i>kaiju</i> and <a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecha anime">Mecha anime</a> genres, del Toro wished to create something original with the film rather than to reference previous work. The film was a moderate success in the United States but a box office hit overseas. It received generally positive reviews with significant praise for the film's special effects. A sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim_Uprising" title="Pacific Rim Uprising">Pacific Rim Uprising</a></i>, was released in 2018. </p><p>In 2014, Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures released <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(2014_film)" title="Godzilla (2014 film)">Godzilla</a></i>, a reboot of the <i>Godzilla</i> franchise directed by <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Edwards_(director)" title="Gareth Edwards (director)">Gareth Edwards</a>. Legendary originally intended to produce a trilogy with Edwards attached to direct all films.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, Legendary announced a shared cinematic universe between Godzilla and King Kong, titled <a href="/wiki/MonsterVerse" class="mw-redirect" title="MonsterVerse">MonsterVerse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ann_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later in 2016, Toho rebooted the <i>Godzilla</i> franchise with <i><a href="/wiki/Shin_Godzilla" title="Shin Godzilla">Shin Godzilla</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kong:_Skull_Island" title="Kong: Skull Island">Kong: Skull Island</a></i> was released in March 2017, a reboot of the <i>King Kong</i> franchise and second film in Legendary's MonsterVerse. The third film in the MonsterVerse, <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla:_King_of_the_Monsters_(2019_film)" title="Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)">Godzilla: King of the Monsters</a></i> was released on May 31, 2019. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dougherty" title="Michael Dougherty">Michael Dougherty</a> directed the film and featured <a href="/wiki/Rodan" title="Rodan">Rodan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mothra" title="Mothra">Mothra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Ghidorah" title="King Ghidorah">King Ghidorah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth film in the MonsterVerse, <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_vs._Kong" title="Godzilla vs. Kong">Godzilla vs. Kong</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Wingard" title="Adam Wingard">Adam Wingard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Adam_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adam-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was released on March 31, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-new_date_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_date-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monster_movies" title="List of monster movies">List of monster movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">List of natural horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">List of films featuring giant monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie film</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monster_movie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoodyBissette2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoodyBissette2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoodyBissette2010">Moody & Bissette 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Jones1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Jones (1995). <i>The Illustrated Dinosaur Movie Guide</i>. Titan Books. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Dinosaur+Movie+Guide&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Stephen+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonster+movie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Jones1995" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Jones (1995). <i>The Illustrated Dinosaur Movie Guide</i>. Titan Books. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Dinosaur+Movie+Guide&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Titan+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Stephen+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonster+movie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopmotionworks.com/articles/rhearlyrs.htm">"Ray Harryhausen: The Early Years Collection – Interview"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Horror_film" title="Template:Horror film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_film" title="Template talk:Horror film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation_horror_films" title="Blaxploitation horror films">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monster</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological horror film">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_horror_film" title="Supernatural horror film">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_thriller" title="Social thriller">Social thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen horror">Teen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Asia" title="Horror films of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Cambodia" title="Horror films of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">China</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_horror" title="Thai horror">Thailand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Europe" title="Horror films of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_films_of_Mexico" title="Horror films of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_horror_cinema" title="British horror cinema">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_films" title="Lists of horror films">Film lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_horror_films" title="List of highest-grossing horror films">Highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_horror_films_by_country" title="List of first horror films by country">First film by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_horror_films" title="List of Indian horror films">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindi_horror_films" title="List of Hindi horror films">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_horror_films" title="List of Malayalam horror films">Malayalam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_decade" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1890s" title="List of horror films of the 1890s">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1900s" title="List of horror films of the 1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1910s" title="List of horror films of the 1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1920s" title="List of horror films of the 1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of horror films of the 1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of horror films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of horror films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of horror films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of horror films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of horror films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of horror films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of horror films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of horror films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of horror films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anthology_films" title="List of horror anthology films">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy_horror_films" title="List of comedy horror films">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">Indian ghost movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_films_set_in_academic_institutions" title="List of horror films set in academic institutions">Set in academic institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film_score" title="Horror film score">Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scream_queen" title="Scream queen">scream queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_mother" title="Archaic mother">archaic mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">Jump scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror films">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_burial_ground_trope" title="Indian burial ground trope">Indian burial ground trope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horror_film_characters" title="Lists of horror film characters">Characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">hosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_film_villains" title="List of horror film villains">villains</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a 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