CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135317b4b2ffce3',cH: 'KEzWpDamVbnxDo4Kw9Z8lM9cG0nj4AFzmbSKcGGSUqE-1739789183-1.2.1.1-6h1CpZM6.risBblNaYZvxPj4uTHq5BGogIi_4w_L.g23q6_GJNi71cAyBxM4L.8b',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=geomembrane&__cf_chl_tk=hhiqFnzsUzsdSxh9VnPqVelmXpI5NC6yARyUcezTyYo-1739789183-1.0.1.1-mFQw3y4cEWMDkmqONWqIVuJnl9I.kmQgYlTnTkNvNgQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739789183',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=geomembrane&__cf_chl_f_tk=hhiqFnzsUzsdSxh9VnPqVelmXpI5NC6yARyUcezTyYo-1739789183-1.0.1.1-mFQw3y4cEWMDkmqONWqIVuJnl9I.kmQgYlTnTkNvNgQ",md: "m7C6.FdPTdfp64FJypED_F0fmZ9CJqWJ_OqzkbHFsdk-1739789183-1.2.1.1-P6Ay_38MvwP8DETNl2IQLEjZ6ZQVEvG_oZRzpVFqiNGJhi3.qDtOLTWJad4tPy8VreXp9xLvs3KKOl0ANe7.9oS8ML2MwRFdgQJNRZTXEDarhtl8Bs82N8t685u4Fw.H55TSVCu7l6ubYfuatC9mx8YjQ9Q9I0oC0wV65caFp2JMsd_9J6ilg4jP6SEr6Zw4wcc_lYaGT70Mj7ha2ivBirfypmkiqIU_6g4uAfrWaHl.8bf9wa4YPhfrUP2mCyq4GNOYgwqZO2G0dtTSkxNPNTXB.cmQnh0fZDmpeSpevehIMJlijyxHri4AN_S4SzBWRTXCwEX1dXjhVZAAM8a_cP90ggOn3LRRVLkoGkhbuz4v8k1BCOmVEImuNKa6lhuujqvDdmy21PXBzFVkrmRoUO7nC0YV0ZOZLzXqGNNLR1Ivv3WZD858r77egUwq0h3neg45HHJadggUVHIAZ70xe_Ugo.lwuX_IH6sjTXfG0fKmuavLIC2Y6bYvoOoIqt5_0NftGwU.SdAWggKfBHsx2gKiE2e60wYcSteGWFRCdmLsYh9cx7K5ZXd8pYk7Ne_3N0rUjgw1hkMnz9JHTenrehBx115cLs_rwDwS_MA98cIAA_zH7ac2n8XgxWyo6hle4Q.KLCdQ6hNaFqlBE1OeWU0Afpo5AnGavsjtbDtuPU8fRDigtN_IMYz5h_XsxQqsmdwBZjIErFMo.kvmENiutAK6GKyF_Zi0SB8P90VVylkIUi5BYgGMFbPt647jHaj23RiFaxnWe_t0y.auitga5cmjLJB8j9WVSUpzSEEULB_4cEmdiiabyGYOrCUkj5ZeFwsDLIDDMzLpaLQFVYdg_Tl_8KBD9EC_0dTxf1D_rgunLULPrT0U3ezQvPGn2Kb6mDqESR_ZgySkWjaTs2r9tVIAhm6aR2YsyfaSG9nJJKR_p2HLLWWwJkReC9gwRMpvRyT..ymFOsrwVc0B7mnxwwDgL.V2pMLoHWVQ445YaFxIAwKZ_cz2k_hRTWfevpEKwYRe8qAzlybHTOFgLLfeHkwUZJeMVpRZqMevzksOyFNKzE5lpnXR0.A615kYIWodjASS97eUoBFYV2iMtEYArDiq0b1sAEVuRke8QAWTBJ7oSjjA4Elc3SQ2EpSjB0rRfxpLZ7iH8JG5SWUlxSH9HaBSFfgTLU3sRrGV_ED9mb5Z6UlfxCs6j79lLr_mXlmjXfgh_OIFMfJZdr8mq78zV_YSNaXzwoh8zHklfih.d9ShNkaSiwpjB6OHrDV2356QqCOpQ2kFGDeO1ibkZyYyPoaDxcG6COiWUi4Vj1mmUHDaxeytYb7JYTOHGXdJSkfZ0Crtfw_7BHLr8.8AEdqpGUNlBB3VMsmEipYiTmk2XjSLzhIyEDNA8H64a5tlk5NWwEfyv5xzG908hTceEKxBDvbOcxJQ0.ZmxYnMcoiyeR8hfHzBBO1icmcPxGoUOZv_BXUGtQ6PCOw2FWjw3CZ9m4ogqknCmRj6rrjf87DuE3LIOylaPh_9rh.mrv4L_17DrcRugYCwQm.s.o0RbIuVA.BrQMIb6be8xdhrM.Fj3qI3fJ7pI4u1Ny_DY9wVhzmkceg2wBDiD95BVHZXf52D9K8huwhCiqOYKLRgXoJbqXsH9b4W07hGqLdcmIqWZLtlGBbw0lF3Hxrbu45gRO8OQUMvtzsj7QobxSblYh_vBorJ.gz1jamKYDKPMut1gFe6MV5tutkGMKB0H5YKKw2ML8AVdBGNrQWWgTs7BMPx8Auc1E4QqcvDMkdpCg.oOX_32r9lt6hiX4wQDd7QYEbUf.lXE4G7SuYQwzLlj6J5hGluIL_JI0_Qh1ZoDj95OsYG.4pSbvEDswbwVSEV9OKt62xuebglVEd6BC3uXcJxuexo9jfZk3a3C7OJLKPkkuB6dH7ohAQP1BKWFQ1d9ZFnqQ",mdrd: "D0S1hoStqXDmTS0nZz4YGOUU8q_k6Z0XBJGnKF9VB90-1739789183-1.2.1.1-6LKUgf50sjk_K2R.wR5gmYUtgjFHBwg1GuCuI.ra6FZ6CqIuCsKg51LcRrnhv4UmKP9qvwNR1Y.QS8_8lDT5lEE9FhT6m7EGMjSlL74pQyOBxplTnn7P6trgtM30LK_HH.58kFm8xEFhbfn4RfCkrOsizxrm9SGCAFes9g5hx3QeHI8cEaH3VVShW36kXGZ_zU2nApxQgrOuO1ymBp8hvUrrPtzErRvCjV8LtO3msOaYZqgURGLU4pgmIsp85Q_NOc0I.5OfjDhgvWuuG9p11z1F9.j5rB9Z2CNgsYL7NFeDqrPn7MiLb6M44jmFkC8br6Z6bUf8P84.2PGcQKYqlevvM_H9F_OLBPAHogQ1DUlK9l6tZfgcs9pJ_nhdR3BeBEjLLAw3AfZw7pxsjgYy_2vZuUL6XeqMY5_JULz5T0n6sbcWCRl.2wCRIe7BaSZdWR5hxJHZnGP2VXwpU4K9jYdvqoHR8sl.cza2z9gWYCr3nXWTV9UHW_5QxR99Hj2_X4lMP6xd8lHh_CuswVOrMf.Zzru1P2DmgSeJtUXfs_PzGw7fS41yHsyufA64YJTqSpvlxvu.nwY.t2aA2QMEVWLGdHQgtMnjaQJ1eQnE5wMZR4gUAWcsZr7cKSCh_5qB9S4tOnf0NTxd7ZInSFmrISgxWOedYsWEChp49auS8OfKRl1ekR.uYN5RriA0A0AL3RY.8Jo1kJdn05LZVIWuvA_ZFq5BNi2bOcSDV42q5wdpNKUbpgcE93d.BNnwDTFsXZ0hp23mxaMgUW_9FPznPC9vWjCs8reAPCulSR7J5pUiCwJ8Z2dRwEN6mPq.Y5rxaaGxuM1UZxiqgspx6NYdg9REkMfU5p_aygAI20oaKHdut1HIBchwfkdRpVyKyFvLmqrMZWvjGrDfzfB.rUzh9vhNY9ODJZur0NTVRZheQhrn3QXRhHwchLaTZRD6vMuv.ZrOh.v0d5woiNo42q9aOlYTZUZV_9.D4EgCelMJ4BTV3eMETv8Fk8NDCPo7z2sG6NfQ47Y33qJ_yIIiKi08KWMxQdrqe9vkUK.B4lsnnJh6zVuXY9G5EmPSXwp7_fSimEI7KbJdcGLS7jgTbFIBtfpjY5XeXjiemhHzWmyzfL98yx4O2.QUFw7jb6j_bEXOT0_zh2SmTesk3T4vzF.HRasT3KNBkA96n0dHiPyioQyCkWRfEvHS8fyiXY1VIUCnNimvQxD_LQfi.YZUuuTG0c7JWNmCVN_QWF6G9grsRqhKfMGoSj0jotHZ2z1tZCM_gFQc6PyHMCNEzH.7NTHYCEbbFP1aq1N0RiA.71b0.ar6P_0VEXoCTZCW.c5jv9ahIWOr1FgDrSTogJwE6yxGTKSopew8MEQcWx6D4Cjse1OYMbhvlLKpaiV6zgtuzqZ77apdExU_kft.NaAi2PjVJqCnwXKrxXV5xH5HwTR8Jr6syu3dXoMskCCjb9xf8zQyn59pPtXa6lcyfYI89xnhDjIjcQzgtDSX5oAcw6gsvQA_66OTuBDoG8oDVbnsuRCTuRI0mbe1LmrzufcvNoG3uYbEQtT2ymr8fkhfIE5Co75QSOPc_l9DvdE.60Gf5w_0f_knedyngkhQtoeeHymKqpqi42BcndxgLXkI1638Sd9ZIBZEvExnXLXdm.qttGRiKe5jboTgPz9s1gbF2QxtIYpsSxoGDH1qshpPPHQ.waDhsC4faX.doLlxNTi1uVObpdeDBA7TupH8wcaUhPL2GLULZUnhSrjTE0hyK1wjbJ50P_Gd2k6D1jIR3wm7XmTqn1s7LN1sSbW2e56scnR7DONMmSDJxwUpW9_AplbJ5TcL3hJB2xmLBkOrjEoLR7m24Kph.ZbZUnz69FlkzE7shk3umZNFI4CaI0A8gs_mzV1Cb1dRieoh9eux5rpd18bS4e7bIdK3qBMjzEzJGqeKjeh.iz0DsrtAQjXIf1ueuHvIuFAPBfjjzYJitGQT2uKldbRoSR5fmxptJLE381nXcQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135317b4b2ffce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=geomembrane&__cf_chl_rt_tk=hhiqFnzsUzsdSxh9VnPqVelmXpI5NC6yARyUcezTyYo-1739789183-1.0.1.1-mFQw3y4cEWMDkmqONWqIVuJnl9I.kmQgYlTnTkNvNgQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>