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class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aspirate_e_gruppi_consonantici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspirate_e_gruppi_consonantici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aspirate e gruppi consonantici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspirate_e_gruppi_consonantici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eta_e_il_suono_/h/" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eta_e_il_suono_/h/"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eta e il suono /h/</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eta_e_il_suono_/h/-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lettere_arcaiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lettere_arcaiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lettere arcaiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lettere_arcaiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Lettere arcaiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lettere_arcaiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digamma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>San</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qoppa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qoppa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Qoppa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qoppa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lettere_innovative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lettere_innovative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lettere innovative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lettere_innovative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Lettere innovative</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lettere_innovative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omega" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omega"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Omega</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omega-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sampi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sampi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_arcadico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_arcadico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>San arcadico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_arcadico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digamma_panfilio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digamma_panfilio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Digamma panfilio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digamma_panfilio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epsilon_beota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epsilon_beota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Epsilon beota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epsilon_beota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forme_dei_glifi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forme_dei_glifi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forme dei glifi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forme_dei_glifi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alfabeti_locali_rilevanti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfabeti_locali_rilevanti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Alfabeti locali rilevanti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alfabeti_locali_rilevanti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Alfabeti locali rilevanti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alfabeti_locali_rilevanti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attico_antico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attico_antico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Attico antico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attico_antico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euboico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euboico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Euboico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euboico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corinzio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corinzio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Corinzio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corinzio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfabeti greci arcaici</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 14 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg_c%27hresianek_ar_c%27horn%C3%B4g" title="Lizherenneg c'hresianek ar c'hornôg - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg c'hresianek ar c'hornôg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabets_grecs_arcaics" title="Alfabets grecs arcaics - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabets grecs arcaics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αρχαϊκά ελληνικά αλφάβητα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαϊκά ελληνικά αλφάβητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Archaic Greek alphabets" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_griegos_arcaicos" title="Alfabetos griegos arcaicos - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabetos griegos arcaicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabets_grecs_archa%C3%AFques" title="Alphabets grecs archaïques - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabets grecs archaïques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_gregos_arcaicos" title="Alfabetos gregos arcaicos - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabetos gregos arcaicos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Yunani_Kuno" title="Alfabet Yunani Kuno - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="西方ギリシア文字 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西方ギリシア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaiske_greske_alfabeter" title="Arkaiske greske alfabeter - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkaiske greske alfabeter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griechisch_Alphebedd" title="Griechisch Alphebedd - tedesco della Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Griechisch Alphebedd" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco della Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_gregos_arcaicos" title="Alfabetos gregos arcaicos - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabetos gregos arcaicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Yunan_alfabeleri" title="Eski Yunan alfabeleri - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Yunan alfabeleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="古希腊字母 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希腊字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/220px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/330px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg/440px-NAMA_Alphabet_grec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Alfabeto greco arcaico su una <a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a> attica <a href="/wiki/Ceramica_a_figure_nere" title="Ceramica a figure nere">a figure nere</a> (<a href="/wiki/Museo_archeologico_nazionale_di_Atene" title="Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene">Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Durante il <a href="/wiki/Et%C3%A0_arcaica_greca" class="mw-redirect" title="Età arcaica greca">periodo arcaico</a> e i primi decenni del <a href="/wiki/Grecia_classica" title="Grecia classica">periodo classico</a> nell'<a href="/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia">Antica Grecia</a> sono state utilizzate molte varianti locali dell'<a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_greco" title="Alfabeto greco">alfabeto greco</a>, fino a quando non sono state rimpiazzate intorno al <a href="/wiki/400_a.C." title="400 a.C.">400 a.C.</a> dall'alfabeto di 24 lettere dell'età classica, un sistema di scrittura ancora oggi adoperato e standardizzato dalle <a href="/wiki/Greci" title="Greci">popolazioni greche</a> nei secoli. Tutte le varianti dell'alfabeto greco si basavano sull'<a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_fenicio" title="Alfabeto fenicio">alfabeto fenicio</a>, con l'eccezione della lettera <a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a> (𐤎), la cui variante greca <a href="/wiki/Xi_(lettera)" title="Xi (lettera)">xi</a> (Ξ) era utilizzata solamente da un sottogruppo di alfabeti greci, e della lettera <a href="/wiki/Ypsilon" title="Ypsilon">upsilon</a> (Y), introdotta in Grecia per rappresentare il <a href="/wiki/Vocale" title="Vocale">suono vocalico</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocale_posteriore_chiusa_arrotondata" title="Vocale posteriore chiusa arrotondata">/u/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gli alfabeti locali, definiti <i>epicori</i>, si differenziavano in vari modi: nell'utilizzo delle lettere consonantiche <a href="/wiki/Chi_(lettera)" title="Chi (lettera)">chi</a> (X), <a href="/wiki/Phi_(lettera)" title="Phi (lettera)">phi</a> (Φ) e <a href="/wiki/Psi_(lettera)" title="Psi (lettera)">psi</a> (Ψ); nell'utilizzo delle lettere vocaliche <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> (Ω) ed <a href="/wiki/Eta_(lettera)" title="Eta (lettera)">eta</a> (Η), in assenza o meno della lettera eta pronunciata come <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glottidale_sorda" title="Fricativa glottidale sorda">fricativa glottidale sorda</a>, [h]; nell'utilizzo o meno di talune lettere arcaiche come <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> (Ϝ), <a href="/wiki/Qoppa" title="Qoppa">qoppa</a> (Ϙ) e <a href="/wiki/San_(lettera)" title="San (lettera)">san</a> (Ϻ); e in molti dettagli che riguardano la forma di ciascuna lettera nello specifico. </p><p>Il sistema oggi conosciuto come l'alfabeto greco standard era originariamente una variante diffusa nelle <a href="/wiki/Ioni" title="Ioni">città ioniche</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minore</a>. Venne adottato ufficialmente ad <a href="/wiki/Atene_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Atene (città antica)">Atene</a> nel <a href="/wiki/403_a.C." title="403 a.C.">403 a.C.</a> e dalla maggior parte della civiltà greca intorno alla metà del <a href="/wiki/IV_secolo_a.C." title="IV secolo a.C.">IV secolo a.C.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspirate_e_gruppi_consonantici">Aspirate e gruppi consonantici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Aspirate e gruppi consonantici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Aspirate e gruppi consonantici"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>È di uso comune dividere gli alfabeti epicori in quattro grandi gruppi, basandosi sul loro differente approccio nell'utilizzo delle lettere i cui suoni siano aspirati come /pʰ]/ e /kʰ/ oppure che indichino gruppi consonantici come /ps/ e /ks/. Questi quattro gruppi sono spesso indicati per convenzione con i colori verde, rosso, blu chiaro e blu scuro, traendo come fonte una mappa a colori apparsa su un pionieristico saggio del <a href="/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo">XIX secolo</a> sull'argomento, <i>Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets</i>, scritto da <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kirchhoff" title="Adolf Kirchhoff">Adolf Kirchhoff</a> e pubblicato nel 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il gruppo "verde" (o meridionale) è il più arcaico e il più vicino all'alfabeto fenicio, mentre il gruppo "rosso" (od occidentale) è quello che si diffuse successivamente a ovest della Grecia e che divenne il progenitore dell'<a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino">alfabeto latino</a>, e mostra alcune caratteristiche a riprova di questo successivo sviluppo. I gruppi "blu" (od orientali) sono invece quelli da cui si è poi sviluppato l'alfabeto greco che è arrivato ai giorni nostri. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Lettere fenicie </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">𐤀</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bet_(lettera)" title="Bet (lettera)">𐤁</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(lettera)" title="Gimel (lettera)">𐤂</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daleth" title="Daleth">𐤃</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/He_(lettera)" title="He (lettera)">𐤄</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waw" title="Waw">𐤅</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zajin" title="Zajin">𐤆</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">𐤇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">𐤈</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jodh" title="Jodh">𐤉</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">𐤊</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">𐤋</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mem_(lettera)" title="Mem (lettera)">𐤌</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nun_(lettera)" title="Nun (lettera)">𐤍</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">𐤎</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ajin" title="Ajin">𐤏</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe_(lettera)" title="Pe (lettera)">𐤐</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">𐤑</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qof" title="Qof">𐤒</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%A4%93" class="mw-redirect" title="𐤓">𐤓</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%ABn" title="Shīn">𐤔</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Taw_(lettera)" title="Taw (lettera)">𐤕</a> </th> <th colspan="6"> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#B0FFB0;">Meridionale </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0FFB0;">verde </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/16px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/24px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/32px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/16px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/24px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/32px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/16px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/24px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg/32px-Greek_Gamma_archaic_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/16px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/24px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/32px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/16px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/24px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/32px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <td rowspan="4">— </td> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/16px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/24px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Greek_Lambda_09.svg/32px-Greek_Lambda_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/16px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/24px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/32px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/16px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/24px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/32px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/16px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/24px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/32px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_San_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/16px-Greek_San_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/24px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_San_02.svg/32px-Greek_San_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="4" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/16px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/24px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/32px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background-color:#E0FFE0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <td rowspan="4">— </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#FFB0B0;">Occidentale </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFB0B0;">rosso </th> <th style="background-color:#fecccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="4" style="background-color:#fecccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Greek_Phi_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Phi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th style="background-color:#fecccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/16px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/24px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/32px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0FF;">Orientale </th> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0FF;">blu chiaro </th> <td rowspan="3">— </td> <th rowspan="3" style="background-color:#D0D0FF;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#5c8abe;">blu scuro </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#84a8d1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/16px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/24px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/32px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#84a8d1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/16px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/24px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/32px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#5c8abe;">Ionico classico </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <th style="background-color:#84a8d1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <th style="background-color:#84a8d1;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/16px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/24px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Greek_Omega_normal.svg/32px-Greek_Omega_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#eaecf0;">Alfabeto moderno </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfa_(lettera)" title="Alfa (lettera)">Α</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Β</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(lettera)" title="Gamma (lettera)">Γ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delta_(lettera)" title="Delta (lettera)">Δ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Ε</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zeta_(lettera_greca)" title="Zeta (lettera greca)">Ζ</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eta_(lettera)" title="Eta (lettera)">Η</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">Θ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ι</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa_(lettera_greca)" title="Kappa (lettera greca)">Κ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Λ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi_(lettera)" title="Mi (lettera)">Μ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ni_(lettera)" title="Ni (lettera)">Ν</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xi_(lettera)" title="Xi (lettera)">Ξ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pi_(lettera_greca)" title="Pi (lettera greca)">Π</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rho_(lettera)" title="Rho (lettera)">Ρ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">Σ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">Τ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ypsilon" title="Ypsilon">Υ</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phi_(lettera)" title="Phi (lettera)">Φ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi_(lettera)" title="Chi (lettera)">Χ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psi_(lettera)" title="Psi (lettera)">Ψ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Ώ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background-color:#eaecf0;">Pronuncia classica </th> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>/g/ </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/w/ </td> <td>/zd/ </td> <td>/h/ </td> <td>/ɛː/ </td> <td>/tʰ/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>/pʰ/ </td> <td>/kʰ/ </td> <td>/ps/ </td> <td>/ɔː/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/350px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/525px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg/700px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Distribuzione dei <i>gruppi</i> di alfabeti epicori, secondo <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kirchhoff" title="Adolf Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Il gruppo "verde" non utilizzava altre lettere in aggiunta al sistema di scrittura fenicio e non prevedeva la lettera xi (Ξ). Perciò i suoni aspirati /pʰ/ e /kʰ/ erano trascritti semplicemente come <a href="/wiki/Pi_(lettera_greca)" title="Pi (lettera greca)">pi</a> (Π) o <a href="/wiki/Kappa_(lettera_greca)" title="Kappa (lettera greca)">kappa</a> (Κ) rispettivamente, senza alcuna distinzione dai suoni non aspirati /p/ e /k/, oppure attraversi i <a href="/wiki/Digramma" title="Digramma">digrammi</a> pi-eta (ΠΗ) e kappa-eta (ΚΗ). Allo stesso modo, i gruppi consonantici /ps/ e /ks/ venivano trascritti come pi-sigma (ΠΣ) e kappa-sigma (ΚΣ). Questo sistema veniva utilizzato a <a href="/wiki/Creta_(Grecia)" title="Creta (Grecia)">Creta</a> e in altre isole dell'<a href="/wiki/Mar_Egeo" title="Mar Egeo">Egeo</a> meridionale, tra cui <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milo_(Grecia)" title="Milo (Grecia)">Milo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Anafi" title="Anafi">Anafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anche il gruppo "rosso" non si avvaleva della lettera xi, bensì introduceva alla fine dell'alfabeto la lettera chi (X) per indicare lo stesso suono. Inoltre, questo alfabeto prevedeva due lettere per indicare i suoni aspirati, phi (Φ) e psi (Ψ). Da notare che l'utilizzo della lettera chi (X) in questo alfabeto era più simile a quello della <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> dell'alfabeto latino (quindi pronunciata /ks/) piuttosto che alla lettera chi dell'alfabeto greco, la cui pronuncia classica è /kʰ/. Questo sistema di scrittura era in uso nella maggioranza della Grecia continentale (<a href="/wiki/Tessaglia" title="Tessaglia">Tessaglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beozia" title="Beozia">Beozia</a> e gran parte del <a href="/wiki/Peloponneso" title="Peloponneso">Peloponneso</a>), così come nell'<a href="/wiki/Eubea" title="Eubea">isola di Eubea</a> e in molte <a href="/wiki/Magna_Grecia" title="Magna Grecia">colonie greche in Italia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La lettera xi non era presente nemmeno nell'alfabeto del gruppo "blu chiaro" e quest'ultimo introduceva soltanto le lettere phi e chi, con quest'ultima che acquisiva la pronuncia classica. Questo sistema non aveva perciò delle lettere dedicate ai gruppi consonantici /ps/ e /ks/, che venivano invece trascritti rispettivamente come phi-sigma (ΦΣ) e chi-sigma (ΧΣ). Questo era il sistema in uso ad Atene prima del 403 a.C. e in diverse isole del Mar Egeo.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Infine, l'alfabeto di gruppo "blu scuro" era quello che si avvaleva di tutte le lettere utilizzate anche dall'alfabeto greco standard: in aggiunta a phi e chi (previste anche nel gruppo "blu chiaro"), esso introduceva anche le lettere psi (alla fine dell'alfabeto) e xi (nella stessa posizione della lettera samekh dell'alfabeto fenicio). Questo sistema di scrittura si diffuse nella <a href="/wiki/Lega_ionica" title="Lega ionica">Dodecapoli ionia</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Cnido" title="Cnido">Cnido</a> in Asia Minore, nonché a <a href="/wiki/Corinto_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Corinto (città antica)">Corinto</a> e <a href="/wiki/Argo_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Argo (città antica)">Argo</a> nel Peloponneso.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eta_e_il_suono_/h/"><span id="Eta_e_il_suono_.2Fh.2F"></span>Eta e il suono /h/</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Eta e il suono /h/" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Eta e il suono /h/"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La lettera <a href="/wiki/Eta_(lettera)" title="Eta (lettera)">eta</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, originariamente chiamata <a href="/wiki/Heta_(lettera)" title="Heta (lettera)">heta</a>) aveva due funzioni differenti, entrambi derivanti dal nome della lettera fenicia corrispondente, <a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">heth</a>: la maggioranza dei dialetti greci continuava ad utilizzarla per indicare la <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glottidale_sorda" title="Fricativa glottidale sorda">fricativa glottidale sorda</a> (/h/), similmente alla sua pronuncia fenicia <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_faringale_sorda" title="Fricativa faringale sorda">/ħ/</a>. Con il tempo, questo suono scomparve dalla lingua parlata (un processo noto come <a href="/wiki/Psilosi" title="Psilosi">psilosi</a>) e la lettera eta assunse invece la pronuncia classica <a href="/wiki/Vocale_anteriore_semiaperta_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale anteriore semiaperta non arrotondata">/ɛː/</a>. I dialetti che sperimentarono per primi la psilosi furono lo <a href="/wiki/Dialetto_ionico" title="Dialetto ionico">ionico orientale</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Dialetto_eolico" title="Dialetto eolico">eolico</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lesbo" title="Lesbo">Lesbo</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Dialetto_dorico" title="Dialetto dorico">dorico</a> di Creta e dell'<a href="/wiki/Elide" title="Elide">Elide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La distribuzione della <i>eta</i> vocalica si differenziava tra i vari dialetti, poiché la lingua greca prevedeva tre fonemi distinti per indicare la vocale E: eta (H,η) per indicare il suono /ɛː/, la lettera <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> (E,ε) per indicare /e/ ed infine il dittongo epsilon-iota (EI,ει) per indicare /eː/. Nei dialetti dell'Anatolia e delle isole dell'Egeo che sperimentarono la psilosi, la <i>eta</i> vocalica veniva utilizzata soltanto per il suono /ɛː/, mentre in un molte isole come <a href="/wiki/Rodi" title="Rodi">Rodi</a>, Milo, Thera e <a href="/wiki/Paro_(Grecia)" title="Paro (Grecia)">Paro</a>, veniva utilizzata sia come vocale che come /h/, senza distinzione. A Cnido, una variante della lettera venne creata per distinguere tra le due pronunce: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> per il suono vocalico, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> per la fricativa glottidale sorda. Dopo il 400 a.C., nelle colonie della Magna Grecia e in particolar modo a <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, venne utilizzata una distinzione simile, dove la lettera <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> indicava il suono vocalico, mentre la lettera <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_tack.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> indicava la /h/. Quest'ultima lettera venne in seguito trasformata in un <a href="/wiki/Segno_diacritico" title="Segno diacritico">segno diacritico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nasso_(isola)" title="Nasso (isola)">Nasso</a> il sistema era leggermente diverso: anche qui la stessa lettera veniva adoperata per indicare la /h/ e la vocale /εː/, ma soltanto nei casi in cui il suono vocalico derivasse dalla pronuncia antica <a href="/wiki/Vocale_anteriore_aperta_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale anteriore aperta non arrotondata">/aː/</a>. Questo probabilmente significa che laddove in altri dialetti l'antico e il nuovo suono vocalico si erano già fusi in un unico fonema, il suono che prendeva piede a Nasso era ancora abbastanza distinto sia da /aː/ che da /εː/, andando quindi ad assomigliare ad un suono simile a <a href="/wiki/Vocale_anteriore_quasi_aperta_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale anteriore quasi aperta non arrotondata">/æ/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un'altra distinzione si trovava nelle città nel nord-est del Peloponneso, prima fra tutte Corinto: qui non era il suono /ɛː/ a distinguersi tra le varie forme della vocale E, bensì il suono <a href="/wiki/Vocale_anteriore_semichiusa_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale anteriore semichiusa non arrotondata">/eː/</a>. La lettera epsilon veniva utilizzata esclusivamente per quest'ultimo suono, mentre il grafo<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (o, a <a href="/wiki/Sicione" title="Sicione">Sicione</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/22px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/29px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) indicava sia il suono breve /e/ sia /ɛː/. Un'ultima variazione di questo sistema si poteva trovare a <a href="/wiki/Tirinto" title="Tirinto">Tirinto</a>: utilizzava le stesse lettere usate a Corinto, ma con la distinzione tra eta ed epsilon.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regione </th> <th>/h/ </th> <th colspan="2">/ɛː/ </th> <th>/e/ </th> <th>/eː/ </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eolide" title="Eolide">Eolide</a>, Creta</b> </td> <td>– </td> <td colspan="2">Η </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Rodi, Milo, Thera, Paro</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td colspan="2">Η </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Cnido</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Eta_square.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Nasso</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td>Η </td> <td>E </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Tirinto</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Corinto, <a href="/wiki/Megara_Nisea" title="Megara Nisea">Megara</a>, Sicione</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Beta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Beta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ε </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Altri</b> </td> <td>Η </td> <td colspan="2">Ε </td> <td>Ε </td> <td>Ε </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lettere_arcaiche">Lettere arcaiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Lettere arcaiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Lettere arcaiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digamma">Digamma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Digamma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Digamma"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">Digamma</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La lettera <b>digamma</b> (Ϝ) veniva generalmente utilizzata negli scritti locali nel cui dialetto era ancora presente il suono semivocalico <a href="/wiki/Approssimante_labiovelare_sonora" title="Approssimante labiovelare sonora">/w/</a>. Durante il periodo arcaico, questi dialetti erano quelli della <a href="/wiki/Geografia_della_Grecia" title="Geografia della Grecia">Grecia continentale</a> (esclusa l'<a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>), di Eubea e Creta. Ad Atene e Nasso sembra appartenesse esclusivamente al <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">linguaggio poetico</a>. In tutti gli altri luoghi, come ad esempio nelle isole del Mare Egeo e ad oriente, il suono /w/ era già scomparso dalla lingua parlata.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La forma di questa lettera variava a seconda del tempo e del luogo. La forma più comune inizialmente era <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, ma con l'avanzare del tempo si è evoluta assieme alla <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a> (che si modificò da <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> a <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) e cominciò ad essere scritta come <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> o anche <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_angular.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Digamma_angular.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_angular.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Digamma_angular.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_angular.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Digamma_angular.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_angular.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. Nella Creta arcaica veniva utilizzata la forma <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Greek_Digamma_02.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Greek_Digamma_02.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Greek_Digamma_02.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> (che assomigliava maggiormente al grafema fenicio <a href="/wiki/Waw" title="Waw">waw</a>), o una variante in cui la gamba destra era piegata verso lo stesso lato (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Greek_Digamma_09.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Greek_Digamma_09.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Greek_Digamma_09.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San">San</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione San" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: San"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/San_(lettera)" title="San (lettera)">San (lettera)</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Alcune fonti scritte locali usavano la lettera <b>san</b> (Ϻ) al posto del normale <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> per indicare il suono <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_alveolare_sorda" title="Fricativa alveolare sorda">/s/</a>. Non è chiaro se la distinzione tra le due lettere corrispondesse in origine alle diverse articolazioni del fonema /s/ nei differenti dialetti. L'epigrafista <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Hamilton_Jeffery" title="Lilian Hamilton Jeffery">Lilian Hamilton Jeffery</a> teorizzò che <i>san</i> indicasse in origine il suono <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_alveolare_sonora" title="Fricativa alveolare sonora">/z/</a> e che i <a href="/wiki/Dialetto_dorico" title="Dialetto dorico">dialetti dorici</a> che mantennero l'uso di <i>san</i> al posto di sigma potessero pertanto avere questa pronuncia al posto del suono sordo /s/.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Woodard, professore di <a href="/wiki/Studi_classici" title="Studi classici">studi classici</a> all'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Buffalo" title="Università di Buffalo">Università di Buffalo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">Stati Uniti</a>), ipotizza invece che san potesse essere stato inizialmente utilizzato per indicare <a href="/wiki/Affricata_alveolare_sorda" title="Affricata alveolare sorda">/ts/</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ogni caso, ogni dialetto aveva la tendenza ad usare o san o sigma e l'utilizzo di uno precludeva l'utilizzo dell'altro. Mentre le prime raccolte alfabetiche indicavano entrambe le lettere separatamente, fonti successive al VI secolo ne indicavano soltanto una. La lettera san era in uso ad Argo fino alla fine del <a href="/wiki/VI_secolo_a.C." title="VI secolo a.C.">VI secolo a.C.</a>, a Sicione fino al <a href="/wiki/500_a.C." title="500 a.C.">500 a.C</a>. circa, a Corinto fino alla prima metà del <a href="/wiki/V_secolo_a.C." title="V secolo a.C.">V secolo a.C.</a> e a Creta per un periodo di tempo più lungo.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Sicione la lettera venne mantenuta come simbolo della valuta locale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qoppa">Qoppa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Qoppa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Qoppa"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Qoppa" title="Qoppa">Qoppa</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La lettera arcaica <b>qoppa</b> (Ϙ), usata per indicare il suono <a href="/wiki/Occlusiva_velare_sorda" title="Occlusiva velare sorda">/k/</a> quando si presentava prima delle vocali /o/ e /u/, era inizialmente comune a molti alfabeti epicori. Iniziò a cadere in disuso intorno alla metà del VI secolo a.C. Alcune regioni doriche come Corinto, Argo, Creta e Rodi, continuarono ad utilizzarla fino al V secolo a.C.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lettere_innovative">Lettere innovative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Lettere innovative" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Lettere innovative"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Omega">Omega</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Omega" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Omega"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">Omega</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>La nuova lettera <b>omega</b> (Ω) comparve ad Oriente intorno al <a href="/wiki/600_a.C." title="600 a.C.">600 a.C.</a>, nelle città ionie dell'Asia Minore, per indicare il suono /ɔː/. Fu creata spezzando la circonferenza chiusa della lettera <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a> (Ο), in origine in corrispondenza del lato. La lettera venne in seguito ruotata verso il basso e i due punti spezzati vennero fatti sporgere verso l'esterno, creando la forma che conosciamo oggi: (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_09.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Greek_Omega_09.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_09.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Greek_Omega_09.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_09.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Greek_Omega_09.svg/29px-Greek_Omega_09.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Omega_05.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Omega_05.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Omega_05.svg/29px-Greek_Omega_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Omega_03.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Omega_03.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Omega_03.svg/29px-Greek_Omega_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_07.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Greek_Omega_07.svg/15px-Greek_Omega_07.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Greek_Omega_07.svg/22px-Greek_Omega_07.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Greek_Omega_07.svg/29px-Greek_Omega_07.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) </p><p>La città dorica di Cnido, così come altre isole dell'Egeo (Paro, <a href="/wiki/Taso" title="Taso">Taso</a> e Milo), scelsero un utilizzo opposto della lettera, andando quindi a scambiare omicron ed omega.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampi">Sampi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Sampi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Sampi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">Sampi</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Alcune città ionie usavano una lettera speciale, <b>sampi</b> (Ͳ), posizionata nell'alfabeto prima di omega, per indicare il suono /ss/, al posto del doppio sigma utilizzato da altri dialetti. Questo simbolo venne successivamente abbandonato, ma sopravvisse nella forma di numerale (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg/16px-Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg/24px-Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg/31px-Greek_Sampi_lc_IFAO-Grec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="40" /></a></span>). Era in uso nelle città di <a href="/wiki/Mileto_(Asia_Minore)" title="Mileto (Asia Minore)">Mileto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efeso" title="Efeso">Efeso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicarnasso" title="Alicarnasso">Alicarnasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritre" title="Eritre">Eritre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teo_(Asia_Minore)" title="Teo (Asia Minore)">Teo</a> (tutte situate in Asia Minore), nell'<a href="/wiki/Samo_(isola)" title="Samo (isola)">isola di Samo</a>, nella colonia ionia di <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massilia</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Cizico" title="Cizico">Cizico</a>, situata nella <a href="/wiki/Misia" title="Misia">Misia</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Neseb%C4%83r" title="Nesebăr">Mesembria</a> (oggi Nesebăr, in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), era utilizzata sulle monete locali, che recavano incisa l'abbreviazione del nome della città, ΜΕͲΑ. Il suono che questa lettera rappresentava era un riflesso dei gruppi consonantici protogreci /kj/, /kʰj/, /tj/, /tʰj/ o /tw/, ed era probabilmente un suono intermedio durante il cambiamento fonetico dagli iniziali suoni occlusivi al successivo suono sibilante /s/, forse un'affricata simile a /ts/.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_arcadico">San arcadico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione San arcadico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: San arcadico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I greci <a href="/wiki/Dialetto_arcado-cipriota" title="Dialetto arcado-cipriota">arcado-ciprioti</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mantinea" title="Mantinea">Mantinea</a> utilizzarono in un documento una lettera innovativa simile a И (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/22px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/29px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), probabilmente derivata da una variante della lettera san, per indicare quello che si presume essere il suono /ts/, nelle parole in cui quest'ultimo si rifaceva all'etimologia <a href="/wiki/Protogreco" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogreco">protogreca</a> /kʷ/.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digamma_panfilio">Digamma panfilio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Digamma panfilio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Digamma panfilio"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tra i greci della città di <a href="/wiki/Panfilia" title="Panfilia">Panfilia</a>, la lettera digamma (Ϝ) conviveva con un'altra forma distinta, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/22px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/29px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. Si è speculato sul fatto che in questo dialetto il suono semivocalico /w/ possa essersi modificato, in determinate parole, nella consonante <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_labiodentale_sonora" title="Fricativa labiodentale sonora">/v/</a>. Il digamma comune avrebbe potuto indicare il nuovo suono consonantico, mentre il digamma panfilio indicherebbe il suono /w/ laddove fosse stato mantenuto.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La lettera <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/22px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Greek_Sigma_01.svg/29px-Greek_Sigma_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> deriva probabilmente dalla forma simile della beta di Corinto. In questo alfabeto peloponnesiaco, l'approssimante posteriore /w/ era rappresentata da <Ϝ>, mentre la lettera <Ͷ> era utilizzata come /b/. Tuttavia, ci sono prove del fatto che potesse assumere anche un valore /w/. Una volta giunta in Anatolia, questa lettera venne impiegata principalmente per rappresentare il suono /w/, talvolta se in alternanza con <Ϝ> e <B>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epsilon_beota">Epsilon beota</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Epsilon beota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Epsilon beota"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Una speciale variante della lettera epsilon, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_tack.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Greek_Eta_tack.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_tack.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, venne utilizzata per un breve periodo nella città <a href="/wiki/Beozia" title="Beozia">beota</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tespie" title="Tespie">Tespie</a> durante gli ultimi anni del V secolo a.C. Compariva al posto della normale epsilon ogni volta che il suono /e/ precedesse un'altra vocale. Giacché la sua forma suggerisce un'unione tra la epsilon e la <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a>, si pensa che indicasse un suono simile a <a href="/wiki/Vocale_anteriore_chiusa_non_arrotondata" title="Vocale anteriore chiusa non arrotondata">/i/</a>. È attestata soltanto in una fonte, delle <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steli</a> funerarie del <a href="/wiki/424_a.C." title="424 a.C.">424 a.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forme_dei_glifi">Forme dei glifi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Forme dei glifi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Forme dei glifi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molte delle lettere conosciute dell'alfabeto greco classico mostravano delle variazioni nella forma, alcune delle quali erano caratteristiche di specifici alfabeti locali. </p><p>La forma di zeta (Ζ) tendenzialmente aveva il tronco diritto (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) in tutti gli alfabeti locali del periodo arcaico. Theta (Θ) aveva spesso una croce al suo interno (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/15px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/22px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg/29px-Greek_Theta_archaic_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> o <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), xi (Ξ) possedeva una riga verticale al centro (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) e phi (Φ) era spesso scritta come <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/15px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/22px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/29px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. Upsilon (Υ) e psi (Ψ) presentavano di frequente delle varianti in cui il tratto verticale finale veniva reciso, risultando quindi in <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg/22px-Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg/29px-Greek_Upsilon_V-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> e <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/22px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/29px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. Eta (Η) era in origine di forma rettangolare e chiusa (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) e si svilupparono molte varianti.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La forma iniziale di epsilon (Ε) era <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, con i bracci obliqui ed una piccola gamba discendente; si modificò nel più ortogonale Ε durante tutto il periodo arcaico. Un cambiamento simile venne affrontato da digamma, che si trasformò da <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> a <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/22px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/29px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>. Anche le prime forme di mu (Μ) presentavano una gamba discendente in prossimità del lato sinistro (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Mu_06.svg/15px-Greek_Mu_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Mu_06.svg/22px-Greek_Mu_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Greek_Mu_06.svg/29px-Greek_Mu_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), una peculiarità che venne mantenuta dalla lettera <i>san</i> nelle popolazioni che ne facevano uso.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anche <a href="/wiki/Pi_(lettera_greca)" title="Pi (lettera greca)">pi</a> (Π) presentava una gamba più corta dell'altra (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/15px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/22px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/29px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) e la parte superiore tendeva ad essere più curva, assomigliando perciò alla <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> dell'alfabeto latino (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Pi_04.svg/16px-Greek_Pi_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Pi_04.svg/24px-Greek_Pi_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Pi_04.svg/32px-Greek_Pi_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>). Il pi greco, alle volte, poteva presentare anche una coda discendente sul lato destro, ricordando perciò una <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> latina. Anche <a href="/wiki/Delta_(lettera)" title="Delta (lettera)">delta</a> (Δ) aveva alcune varianti in cui il lato sinistro si presentava dritto e il lato destro appariva ruotato e, quando arrotondato, simile a una <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> latina (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_Delta_vertical.svg/15px-Greek_Delta_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_Delta_vertical.svg/23px-Greek_Delta_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Greek_Delta_vertical.svg/31px-Greek_Delta_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/15px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/23px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Greek_Delta_03.svg/31px-Greek_Delta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La forma segmentata di sigma poteva essere rappresentata con diversi angoli e linee. Oltre alla forma classica con quattro segmenti (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/23px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/31px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), una forma con tre segmenti (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/23px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/31px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), simile a una <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> latina, era piuttosto comune nella Grecia continentale, inclusa l'Attica, e in diversi alfabeti di gruppo "rosso". La forma arrotondata del sigma (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg/23px-Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg/31px-Greek_Sigma_3-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), che sarebbe poi diventata la forma standard durante l'<a href="/wiki/Impero_bizantino" title="Impero bizantino">epoca bizantina</a>, non era ancora apparsa negli alfabeti arcaici.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La lettera <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a> (Ι) aveva due varianti principale: la classica linea dritta in verticale e una forma segmentata, simile a sigma, con tre, quattro o più segmenti (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/15px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/23px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Iota_04.svg/31px-Greek_Iota_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>). La forma segmentata era la più antica e rimase comune in quei sistemi in cui non poteva essere confusa con sigma, poiché quest'ultima lettera era scomparsa e sostituita da san.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(lettera)" title="Gamma (lettera)">Gamma</a> (Γ) e <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a> (Λ) ebbero diverse varianti che potevano essere confuse l'una con l'altra. Alcune forme arrotondate di gamma erano molto diffuse ad Occidente, dove hanno poi ispirato la <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> latina. Varianti di lambda molto simili a una <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> latina erano particolarmente comuni in Eubea, Attica e Beozia. Le <a href="/wiki/Achei" title="Achei">colonie achee</a> avevano una forma di gamma che ricordava invece una iota, ovvero un singolo tratto verticale.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La lettera <a href="/wiki/Alfa_(lettera)" title="Alfa (lettera)">alfa</a> (A) aveva poche varianti e per la maggior parte prevedevano una posizione diversa della linea orizzontale.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a> (Β) aveva invece il maggior numero di varianti a livello locale, anche molto diverse tra loro. Oltre alla forma standard, arrotondata o meno, vi erano le forme di Gortina (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), Tera (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>e <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), Argo (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), Milo (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), Corinto (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>), Megara e Bisanzio (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>) e delle <a href="/wiki/Cicladi" title="Cicladi">Cicladi</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/23px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/31px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kappa_(lettera_greca)" title="Kappa (lettera greca)">Kappa</a> (Κ), <a href="/wiki/Ni_(lettera)" title="Ni (lettera)">nu</a> (Ν), omicron (Ο) e <a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a> (Τ) presentavano piccole variazioni e quasi nessuna differenza dalle loro forme classiche. </p><p>Tutte le lettere potevano presentarsi in forma capovolta, quando il testo veniva scritto da destra verso sinistra, come spesso accadeva nei primi anni.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alfabeti_locali_rilevanti">Alfabeti locali rilevanti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Alfabeti locali rilevanti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Alfabeti locali rilevanti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attico_antico">Attico antico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Attico antico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Attico antico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Athenian_decree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athenian_decree.jpg/220px-Athenian_decree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athenian_decree.jpg/330px-Athenian_decree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Athenian_decree.jpg/440px-Athenian_decree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>La frase Ἔδοξεν τῇ Βουλῇ καὶ τῷ Δήμῳ ("Il Consiglio e il Popolo hanno deciso") è solitamente trascritta come "Εδοχσεν τει Βολει και τοι Δεμοι" nelle iscrizioni della <a href="/wiki/Democrazia_ateniese" title="Democrazia ateniese">democrazia ateniese</a> precedenti al <a href="/wiki/403_a.C." title="403 a.C.">403 a.C.</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Atene, fino alla fine del V secolo a.C., utilizzava una variante dell'alfabeto di gruppo "blu chiaro", con chi-sigma (ΧΣ) per il suono /ks/ e phi-sigma (ΦΣ) per /ps/. La lettera epsilon veniva utilizzata per /e/, /eː/ e /ɛː/, quindi sostituendo il valore vocalico della eta, che invece indicava la <a href="/wiki/Fricativa_glottidale_sorda" title="Fricativa glottidale sorda">fricativa glottidale sorda</a> /h/. Omicron si usava per /o/, /oː/ e /ɔː/, perciò la lettera omega non era presente. Tra le peculiarità del sistema di scrittura ateniese vi erano anche le varianti locali delle forme delle lettere, alcune delle quali erano correlate all'alfabeto euboico: una forma di lambda che ricordava la L latina e una forma di sigma che ricordava la S.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verso la fine del V secolo a.C., l'utilizzo di elementi dell'alfabeto ionico affiancato a quello dell'alfabeto locale ateniese divenne piuttosto comune nella corrispondenza personale e nel 403 a.C., un decreto formale sanciva che la scrittura pubblica si adattasse alla nuova ortografia ionica. Questo nuovo sistema venne in seguito definito alfabeto "euclideo", prendendo il nome dall'<a href="/wiki/Arconte" title="Arconte">arconte</a> <a href="/wiki/Euclide_(arconte)" title="Euclide (arconte)">Euclide</a> che ne promosse la diffusione.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euboico">Euboico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Euboico" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Euboico"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg/220px-Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg/330px-Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg/440px-Nestor_Cup_Cumae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Le iscrizioni della <a href="/wiki/Coppa_di_Nestore" title="Coppa di Nestore">coppa di Nestore</a>, ritrovata ad <a href="/wiki/Ischia_(Italia)" title="Ischia (Italia)">Ischia</a>; Alfabeto euboico (da destra a sinistra), <a href="/wiki/VIII_secolo_a.C." title="VIII secolo a.C.">VIII secolo a.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>L'alfabeto euboico era in uso nelle città di <a href="/wiki/Eretria_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Eretria (città antica)">Eretria</a> e <a href="/wiki/Calcide_(Eubea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcide (Eubea)">Calcide</a> e nelle colonie dell'<a href="/wiki/Italia_meridionale" title="Italia meridionale">Italia meridionale</a>, in particolar modo a <a href="/wiki/Cuma" title="Cuma">Cuma</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pithecusa" title="Pithecusa">Pitecussa</a> (attuale Ischia). Fu attraverso questa variante che l'alfabeto greco giunse nella penisola italiana, dove avrebbe poi originato gli alfabeti italici come l'<a href="/wiki/Lingua_etrusca" title="Lingua etrusca">etrusco</a> e in seguito quello <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino">latino</a>. Alcune delle caratteristiche distintive dell'alfabeto latino, comparate all'alfabeto greco standard, erano già presenti nel sistema di scrittura euboico.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'alfabeto euboico apparteneva al gruppo "rosso" (occidentale). La lettera chi rappresentava il gruppo consonantico /ks/ e psi invece era usata per il suono /kʰ/. Come tutte le varianti più antiche, non prevedeva l'uso di omega ed eta non aveva valore vocalico. Manteneva anche le lettere arcaiche digamma (per il suono /w/) e qoppa (per il suono /k/). La lettera san non era normalmente utilizzata nella scrittura, ma venne comunque tramandata come parte dell'alfabeto, poiché compariva in alcune raccolte alfabetiche trovate in <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> e in seguito adottate dagli <a href="/wiki/Etruschi" title="Etruschi">Etruschi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Come Atene, la lambda presente in Eubea aveva una forma molto simile alla L latina e un sigma molto simile alla S. Altri elementi che sarebbero poi stati adottati dall'alfabeto latino sono la gamma arrotondata, simile a una C, la lettera delta simile a una D appuntita e <a href="/wiki/Rho_(lettera)" title="Rho (lettera)">rho</a> provvista di una coda discendente, come una R.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il classicista Barry B. Powell ha suggerito che l'Eubea fosse il luogo in cui l'alfabeto greco cominciò ad essere utilizzato alla fine del <a href="/wiki/IX_secolo_a.C." title="IX secolo a.C.">IX secolo a.C.</a> e che fosse stato creato con lo scopo specifico di trascrivere i <a href="/wiki/Poema_epico" title="Poema epico">poemi epici</a> dell'antichità.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corinzio">Corinzio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Corinzio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Corinzio"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corinthian_incised_shard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Corinthian_incised_shard.svg/220px-Corinthian_incised_shard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Corinthian_incised_shard.svg/330px-Corinthian_incised_shard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Corinthian_incised_shard.svg/440px-Corinthian_incised_shard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Scheggia di un vaso con iscrizioni in alfabeto corinzio arcaico, <a href="/wiki/700_a.C." title="700 a.C.">700 a.C.</a> circa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg/220px-Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg/330px-Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg/440px-Greekreligion-animalsacrifice-corinth-6C-BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Scena di un sacrificio animale, <a href="/wiki/Corinto_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Corinto (città antica)">Corinto</a> (<a href="/wiki/VI_secolo_a.C." title="VI secolo a.C.">VI secolo a.C.</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Il dialetto dorico di Corinto veniva trascritto con un alfabeto particolare, appartenente al gruppo "blu scuro" (orientale) per quanto riguarda l'uso delle aspirate e dei gruppi consonantici, ma differente dagli altri sistemi ionici e orientali su molte questioni. Corinto faceva uso di san al posto del sigma per indicare il suono /s/ e conservava l'arcaica lettera qoppa, che veniva utilizzata per il suono /k/ che precedesse /o/ e /u/. Come descritto in precedenza, aveva anche un peculiare sistema di gestire la vocale E, con una lettera simile a una B per /e/ ed /ɛː/ e utilizzando la epsilon solamente per il suono /eː/. La lettera beta veniva scritta come <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/15px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/23px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/31px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> e la lettera iota assomigliava al sigma (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/23px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/31px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/15px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/23px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/31px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5">f</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Egbert J. Bakker e Roger D. Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoancie00bakk"><span style="font-style:italic;">Phoinikeia grammata: an alphabet for the Greek language</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">A companion to the ancient Greek language</span>, Oxford, Blackwell, 2010, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoancie00bakk/page/26">26</a>-46.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n38">21</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kirchhoff" title="Adolf Kirchhoff">Adolf Kirchhoff</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24337090M/Studien_zur_Geschichte_des_griechischen_Alphabets"><span style="font-style:italic;">Studien zur geschichte des griechischen alphabets</span></a>, 3ª ed., Berlino, Ferdinand Dümmler, 1877 <abbr title="Data di edizione originale">[1867]</abbr>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Roger D. Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_845"><span style="font-style:italic;">Greek dialects</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The ancient languages of Europe</span>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood_845/page/n80">58</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n45">28</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n308">291</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n41">24</a>, 114, 138, 144.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n41">24</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-4">e</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n50">33</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n133">116</a>-142.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n54">37</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Roger D. Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekwritingfrom00wood"><span style="font-style:italic;">Greek writing from Knossos to Homer: a linguistic interpretation of the origin of the Greek alphabet and the continuity of ancient Greek literacy</span></a>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greekwritingfrom00wood/page/n177">177</a>-179.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Nigel Guy Wilson e Roger D. Woodard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6"><span style="font-style:italic;">Alphabets</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Encyclopedia of ancient Greece</span>, Londra, Routledge, 2006, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofan0000unse_a6l6/page/38">38</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Nick Nicholas, <span style="font-style:italic;">Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS. Technical report, Unicode Consortium, 2005</span>, 2005, p. 46-57.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) Eleonora Selvi e Andrea Santamaria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/kadmos-2023-0005/html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Shaping the Pamphylian alphabet: the puzzle of the two digammas</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Kadmos</span>, vol. 62, n. 1-2, 1º dicembre 2023, pp. 95–114, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2023-0005">10.1515/kadmos-2023-0005</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 maggio 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Nick Nicholas, <span style="font-style:italic;">Proposal to add Greek epigraphical letters to the UCS. Technical report, Unicode Consortium, 2005</span>, 2005, pp. 3-5.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n106">89</a>, 95.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. 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Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n83">66</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Leslie Threatte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofatticin0001thre"><span style="font-style:italic;">The grammar of Attic inscriptions</span></a>, I: Phonology, Berlino, De Gruyter, 1980, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofatticin0001thre/page/26">26</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-:5_23-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n96">79</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Barry B. Powell, <span style="font-style:italic;">Introduction</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Poems of Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, the Shield of Herakles</span>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2017.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lilian H. Jeffery, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff"><span style="font-style:italic;">The local scripts of archaic Greece</span></a>, Oxford, Clarendon, 1961, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/localscriptsarch00jeff/page/n131">114</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_greco" title="Alfabeto greco">Alfabeto greco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonologia_della_lingua_greca_antica" title="Fonologia della lingua greca antica">Fonologia della lingua greca antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">Lingua greca antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatica_del_greco_antico" title="Grammatica del greco antico">Grammatica del greco antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia">Antica Grecia</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&oldid=141499759">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabeti_greci_arcaici&oldid=141499759</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Antica_Grecia" title="Categoria:Antica Grecia">Antica Grecia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Linguistica" title="Categoria:Linguistica">Linguistica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Grecia" title="Categoria:Grecia">Grecia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 7 ott 2024 alle 11:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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