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href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> scholar Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook Speak Cantonese initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> but later published in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization of Mandarin</a>, it is still widely used in books and dictionaries, especially for foreign learners of <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. It shares some similarities with <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> in that unvoiced, unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> are represented by letters traditionally used in English and most other European languages to represent voiced sounds. For example, [p] is represented as b in Yale, whereas its aspirated counterpart, [pʰ] is represented as p.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Students attending <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong">The Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>'s New-Asia Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center are taught using Yale romanization.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yale</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">耶魯</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">耶鲁</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yèh lóuh</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">yèh lóuh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">je4 lou5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[jɛ˩ lɔw˩˧]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> Some enthusiasts employ Yale romanisation to explore <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="zh:粵文拉丁化">writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Initials">1 Initials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Finals">2 Finals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Tones">3 Tones</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Examples">4 Examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Initials">Initials</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Initials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <td>b [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] 巴 </td> <td>p [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>] 怕 </td> <td>m [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] 媽 </td> <td>f [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] 花 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] 打 </td> <td>t [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>] 他 </td> <td>n [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] 那 </td> <td> </td> <td>l [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] 啦 </td></tr> <tr> <td>g [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] 家 </td> <td>k [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>] 卡 </td> <td>ng [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>] 牙 </td> <td>h [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] 蝦 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>gw [kʷ] 瓜 </td> <td>kw [kʷʰ] 誇 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>w [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] 蛙 </td></tr> <tr> <td>j [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>] 渣 </td> <td>ch [<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>] 叉 </td> <td> </td> <td>s [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] 沙 </td> <td>y [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] 也 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Finals">Finals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <td>a [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a>] 沙 </td> <td>aai [aːi̯] 晒 </td> <td>aau [aːu̯] 筲 </td> <td>aam [aːm] 三 </td> <td>aan [aːn] 山 </td> <td>aang [aːŋ] 省 </td> <td>aap [aːp̚] 圾 </td> <td>aat [aːt̚] 殺 </td> <td>aak [aːk̚] 客 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>ai [ɐi̯] 西 </td> <td>au [ɐu̯] 收 </td> <td>am [ɐm] 心 </td> <td>an [ɐn] 新 </td> <td>ang [ɐŋ] 生 </td> <td>ap [ɐp̚] 十 </td> <td>at [ɐt̚] 失 </td> <td>ak [ɐk̚] 塞 </td></tr> <tr> <td>e [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a>] 些 </td> <td>ei [ei̯] 四 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eng [ɛːŋ] 聲 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ek [ɛːk̚] 石 </td></tr> <tr> <td>i [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a>] 司 </td> <td> </td> <td>iu [iːu̯] 消 </td> <td>im [iːm] 閃 </td> <td>in [iːn] 先 </td> <td>ing [ɪŋ] 星 </td> <td>ip [iːp̚] 攝 </td> <td>it [iːt̚] 舌 </td> <td>ik [ɪk̚] 色 </td></tr> <tr> <td>o [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a>] 蔬 </td> <td>oi [ɔːy̯] 鰓 </td> <td>ou [ou̯] 酥 </td> <td> </td> <td>on [ɔːn] 看 </td> <td>ong [ɔːŋ] 康 </td> <td> </td> <td>ot [ɔːt̚] 割 </td> <td>ok [ɔːk̚] 各 </td></tr> <tr> <td>u [<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>] 夫 </td> <td>ui [uːy̯] 灰 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>un [uːn] 寬 </td> <td>ung [ʊŋ] 風 </td> <td> </td> <td>ut [uːt̚] 闊 </td> <td>uk [ʊk̚] 福 </td></tr> <tr> <td>eu [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a>] 靴 </td> <td>eui [ɵy̯] 去 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>eun [ɵn] 信 </td> <td>eung [œːŋ] 上 </td> <td> </td> <td>eut [ɵt̚] 摔 </td> <td>euk [œːk̚] 削 </td></tr> <tr> <td>yu [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a>] 書 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>yun [yːn] 孫 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>yut [yːt̚] 雪 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>m [<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a>] 唔 </td> <td> </td> <td>ng [<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̩</a>] 吳 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Only the finals m and ng can be used as standalone <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllabic nasal">nasal syllables</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Tones">Tones</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantonese_Tones.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cantonese_Tones.png/180px-Cantonese_Tones.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 292px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cantonese_Tones.png/180px-Cantonese_Tones.png" data-width="180" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cantonese_Tones.png/270px-Cantonese_Tones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Cantonese_Tones.png/360px-Cantonese_Tones.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graphical representation of the tones of six-tone Cantonese.</figcaption></figure> Modern Cantonese has up to seven phonemic tones. Cantonese Yale represents these tones using a combination of diacritics and the letter h.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Traditional Chinese linguistics treats the tones in syllables ending with a stop consonant as separate "<a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">entering tones</a>". Cantonese Yale follows modern linguistic conventions in treating these the same as the high-flat, mid-flat and low-flat tones, respectively. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Description </th> <th>IPA & <a href="/wiki/Tone_letter#Chao_tone_letters_(IPA)" title="Tone letter">Chao</a> tone numbers </th> <th colspan="3">Yale representation </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <td>high-flat </td> <td>˥ 55 </td> <td>sī </td> <td>sīn </td> <td>sīk </td></tr> <tr> <td>high-falling </td> <td>˥˨ 52 </td> <td>sì </td> <td>sìn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">2 </th> <td>mid-rising </td> <td>˧˥ 35 </td> <td>sí </td> <td>sín </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">3 </th> <td>mid-flat </td> <td>˧ 33 </td> <td>si </td> <td>sin </td> <td>sik </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">4 </th> <td>low-falling </td> <td>˨˩ 21 </td> <td>sìh </td> <td>sìhn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">5 </th> <td>low-rising </td> <td>˨˧ 23 </td> <td>síh </td> <td>síhn </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1">6 </th> <td>low-flat </td> <td>˨ 22 </td> <td>sih </td> <td>sihn </td> <td>sihk </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese character">Traditional</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese character">Simplified</a> </th> <th>Romanization </th></tr> <tr> <td>廣州話 </td> <td>广州话 </td> <td>gwóng jàu wá </td></tr> <tr> <td>粵語 </td> <td>粤语 </td> <td>yuht yúh </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">你好 </td> <td>néih hóu </td></tr></tbody></table> Sample transcription of one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">300 Tang Poems</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a>: <table style="margin:auto; font-size:larger; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200">春曉 <a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">孟浩然</a></th> <th>chèun híu maahng houh yìhn </th></tr> <tr> <td>春眠不覺曉，</td> <td>chèun mìhn bāt gok híu, </td></tr> <tr> <td>處處聞啼鳥。</td> <td>chyu chyu màhn tàih níuh. </td></tr> <tr> <td>夜來風雨聲，</td> <td>yeh lòih fùng yúh sìng, </td></tr> <tr> <td>花落知多少？</td> <td>fà lohk jì dò síu? </td></tr></tbody></table> Note concerning the jì in the last line of the poem that it is pronounced as high flat here because immediately followed by a tone that begins high and yet that this Romanization's conventions mark it nonetheless as high falling, and the user then needs to remember this rule of tone-sandhi. (Interested readers can confirm this convention by looking at for instance the dictionary by Kwan Choi Wah among the works in the list at bottom below.) </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILE_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="ILE romanization of Cantonese">ILE romanization of Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao_Romanisation" title="Barnett–Chao Romanisation">Barnett–Chao Romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanization of Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization of Korean</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHuang1965" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Parker Po-fei (1965). Cantonese Sounds and Tones. New Haven, CT: Far Eastern Publications, Yale University. p. Foreword.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese+Sounds+and+Tones&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=Foreword&rft.pub=Far+Eastern+Publications%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Parker+Po-fei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3D7CwAAQBAJ">The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/chinese/cantonese.htm">"Cantonese"</a>. Omniglot. Retrieved 2016-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cantonese&rft.pub=Omniglot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fchinese%2Fcantonese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ycclc.cuhk.edu.hk/?v=new_TMP">"CUHK Teaching Materials"</a>. Retrieved 2016-10-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CUHK+Teaching+Materials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ycclc.cuhk.edu.hk%2F%3Fv%3Dnew_TMP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ng Lam & Chik 2000: 515. "Appendix 3: Tones. The student of Cantonese will be well aware of the importance of tones in conveying meaning. Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Gwaan 2000: 7. "Basically, there are seven tones which, in the Yale system, are represented by the use of diacritics and by the insertion of h for the three low tones. The following chart will illustrate the seven tones: 3 Mid Level, 1 High Level, 5 Low Falling, 6 Low Level..." </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwan,_Choi_Wah_關彩華Category:Articles_containing_Yue_Chinese-language_text2000" class="citation book cs1">Kwan, Choi Wah 關彩華 (2000). English-Cantonese Dictionary - 英粤字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese University Press">Chinese University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-970-6" title="Special:BookSources/962-201-970-6"><bdi>962-201-970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English-Cantonese+Dictionary+-+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Yue+Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22yue%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E7%B2%A4%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Yue+Chinese-language+text%3A+Cantonese+in+Yale+Romanization&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=962-201-970-6&rft.au=Kwan%2C+Choi+Wah+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Yue+Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22yue%22%3E%E9%97%9C%E5%BD%A9%E8%8F%AF%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Yue+Chinese-language+text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews,_StephenYip,_Virginia1994" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Stephen & Yip, Virginia (1994). Cantonese. A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08945-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08945-X"><bdi>0-415-08945-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese.+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-08945-X&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Yip%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNg_Lam,_Sim-yukChik,_Hon-man2000" class="citation book cs1">Ng Lam, Sim-yuk & Chik, Hon-man (2000). Chinese-English Dictionary 漢英小字典: Cantonese in Yale Romanization, Mandarin in Pinyin. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese University Press">Chinese University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-922-6" title="Special:BookSources/962-201-922-6"><bdi>962-201-922-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E6%BC%A2%E8%8B%B1%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text%3A+Cantonese+in+Yale+Romanization%2C+Mandarin+in+Pinyin&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=962-201-922-6&rft.au=Ng+Lam%2C+Sim-yuk&rft.au=Chik%2C+Hon-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYale+romanization+of+Cantonese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~windharp/ctroma.htm">Comparison chart of Romanization for Cantonese with Yale, S. Lau, Guangdong, Toho and LSHK (uses Shift JIS encoding)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=chardict">MDBG free online Chinese-English dictionary (supports Cantonese Yale romanization)</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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