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> <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Gegenbaur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0" title="কার্ল গেগেনবাউর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল গেগেনবাউর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80" title="Карл Гегенбаўр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Гегенбаўр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کارل گیگنباور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل گیگنباور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كارل جيجينباور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل جيجينباور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegenbaur_Karl" title="Gegenbaur Karl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gegenbaur Karl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gegenbaur" title="Karl Gegenbaur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Gegenbaur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Гегенбаур, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гегенбаур, Карл" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German anatomist (1826–1903)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Gegenbaur</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Gegenbaur_(HeidICON_28813)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Karl_Gegenbaur_%28HeidICON_28813%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1837" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gegenbaur in 1886</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1826-08-21</span>)</span>21 August 1826<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1903<span style="display:none">(1903-06-14)</span> (aged 76)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">use of <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a> in<br /><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1896)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Gegenbaur</b> (21 August 1826 – 14 June 1903)<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> who demonstrated that the field of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> offers important evidence supporting of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a professor of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> (1855–1873) and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> (1873–1903), Carl Gegenbaur was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of organic evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having taught and worked, beginning in 1858, with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, eight years his junior. </p><p>Gegenbaur's book <i>Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1859; English translation <i>Elements of Comparative Anatomy</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey_Bell" title="Francis Jeffrey Bell">Francis Jeffrey Bell</a>, 1878) became the standard textbook, at the time, of evolutionary <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, emphasizing that structural similarities among various animals provide clues to their evolutionary history.<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gegenbaur noted that the most reliable clue to evolutionary history is <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a>, the comparison of anatomical parts which have a common evolutionary origin.<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gegenbaur had been a student of <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(physiologist)" title="Heinrich Müller (physiologist)">Heinrich Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Franz Leydig</a> (1821–1908).<sup id="cite_ref-CarlDE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlDE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carl Gegenbaur was born in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, in 1826, and he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> as a student in 1845. After taking his degree in 1851, he spent some time in travelling in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, before returning to Wurzburg as <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> in 1854. In 1855, he was appointed extraordinary professor of anatomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>, and in 1858, he became the ordinary professor, where after 1865, his former student and fellow-worker Ernst Haeckel was professor of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>. In 1873, Gegenbaur was appointed to <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, where he was professor of anatomy and director of the Anatomical Institute until his retirement in 1901. </p><p>In 1877 Gegenbaur was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>. He was honoured as one of the greatest comparative anatomists of the day, because of his labours and philosophical investigations into the structure and development of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnean_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gegenbaur was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 14 June 1903 at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KarlEB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png/350px-Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png/525px-Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png/700px-Gegenbaur_1870_hand_homology.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption> <b>Gegenbaur</b>: <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a> of the hand to forelimbs (1870)</figcaption></figure> <p>The work by which Gegenbaur is best known is his <i>Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie</i> (Leipzig, 1874; 2nd edition, 1878),<sup id="cite_ref-Grundriss_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundriss-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey_Bell" title="Francis Jeffrey Bell">Francis Jeffrey Bell</a> (as <i>Elements of Comparative Anatomy</i>, 1878), with additions by <a href="/wiki/E._Ray_Lankester" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Ray Lankester">E. Ray Lankester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elements_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elements-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While recognizing the importance of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_embryology" title="Comparative embryology">comparative embryology</a> in the study of descent, Gegenbaur laid stress on the higher value of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> as the basis of the study of homologies, i.e. of the relations between corresponding parts in different animals, as, for example, the arm of man, with the foreleg of a horse, and with the wing of a fowl. A distinctive piece of work was effected by him in 1871 in supplementing the evidence adduced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Huxley</a> in refutation of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> theory: the theory of the origin of the skull from expanded vertebrae, which, formulated independently by <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Oken</a>, had been championed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen</a>. Huxley demonstrated that the skull is built up of cartilaginous pieces; Gegenbaur showed that in the lowest (gristly) fishes, where hints of the original vertebrae might be most expected, the skull is an unsegmented gristly brain-box, and that in higher forms, the vertebral nature of the skull cannot be maintained, since many of the bones, notably those along the top of the skull, arise in the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, the physician <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> studied under Gegenbaur at <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> (after his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">medical degree</a>), and became a professor at the same institution, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>. Ernst Haeckel expanded on the ideas of Gegenbaur while advocating the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>. </p><p>In 1861, he published <i>"Ueber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Wirbelthier-Eier mit partielleer Dotterbildung"</i> ("Proof that the ovum is unicellular in all vertebrates", <i>Arch. Anat. Phys.</i>, 1861.8: 461–529), a fundamental proof in <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>. </p><p>Gegenbaur learned techniques as a student of <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(physiologist)" title="Heinrich Müller (physiologist)">Heinrich Müller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Franz Leydig</a> (1821–1908).<sup id="cite_ref-CarlDE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlDE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Gegenbaur had a strong influence on his environment, with his <a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">colleagues</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Huschke" title="Emil Huschke">Emil Huschke</a>, Ernst Haeckel, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Klaatsch" title="Hermann Klaatsch">Hermann Klaatsch</a> (1863–1916).<sup id="cite_ref-CarlDE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlDE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carl Gegenbaur also influenced his students, including: <a href="/wiki/Max_F%C3%BCrbringer" title="Max Fürbringer">Max Fürbringer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hertwig" title="Richard Hertwig">Richard Hertwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Hertwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Hertwig">Oskar Hertwig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Rosenberg" title="Emil Rosenberg">Emil Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Hubrecht" title="Ambrosius Hubrecht">Ambrosius Hubrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Erik_Vesti_Boas" title="Johan Erik Vesti Boas">Johan Erik Vesti Boas</a> (1855–1935), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Friedrich_Gadow" title="Hans Friedrich Gadow">Hans Friedrich Gadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ruge" title="Georg Ruge">Georg Ruge</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Sagemehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Sagemehl (page does not exist)">M. Sagemehl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Goronowitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Goronowitsch (page does not exist)">N. Goronowitsch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._K._Corning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. K. Corning (page does not exist)">H. K. Corning</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._R%C3%B6se&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Röse (page does not exist)">C. Röse</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Paulli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Paulli (page does not exist)">S. Paulli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlDE_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlDE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gegenbaur's research program of comparative morphology incorporating ontogeny and phylogeny is still evident in the burgeoning field of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_publications">Other publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other publications by Carl Gegenbaur include a <i>Text-book of Human Anatomy</i> (Leipzig, 1883, new ed. 1903), the <i>Epiglottis</i> (1892), and <i>Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates in relation to the Invertebrates</i> (Leipzig, 2 vols., 1898–1901). In 1875, he founded the <i>Morphologisches Jahrbuch</i> ("Morphological Yearbook"), which he edited for many years. In 1901 he published a short autobiography under the title <i>Erlebtes und Erstrebtes</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> "experiencing and striving"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KarlEB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarlEB_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Carl Gegenbaur – Encyclopædia Britannica" (biography), <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2006, Britannica.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036296/Karl-Gegenbaur">Britannica-KarlG</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A shortened student edition (1874) was titled <i>"Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie"</i>, "Biodiversity Heritage Library", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/110774#/summary">biodivlib-Anatomy</a>. It was the second edition (1877) of this work that formed the basis for Bell's translation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarlDE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarlDE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarlDE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarlDE_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarlDE_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Carl Gegenbaur – Wikipedia" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>), German Wikipedia, 2006-10-29, de.wikipedia.org webpage: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Gegenbaur">GermanWP-CarlGegenbaur</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnean-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnean_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarting1877" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Edmund_Harting" title="James Edmund Harting">Harting, James Edmund</a>, ed. (June 1877). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Zoologist/3rd series, vol 1 (1877)/Issue 6/Proceedings of Scientific Societies#265"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Zoologist/3rd_series,_vol_1_(1877)/Issue_6/Proceedings_of_Scientific_Societies#265">"Proceedings of Scientific Societies: Linnean Society of London : May 3, 1877" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Zoologist" title="The Zoologist">The Zoologist</a></i>. 3. <b>1</b> (6): 265 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Zoologist&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+Scientific+Societies%3A+Linnean+Society+of+London+%3A+May+3%2C+1877&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=265&rft.date=1877-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+B&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundriss-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grundriss_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGegenbaur1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gegenbaur, Carl</a> (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/110774"><i>Grundriss der vergleichenden Anatomie</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+vergleichenden+Anatomie&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Engelmann&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Gegenbaur&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F110774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elements-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elements_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGegenbaur1878" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gegenbaur, Carl</a> (1878). "translation revised and preface written by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">E. Ray Lankester</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/106950"><i>Elements of Comparative Anatomy</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jeffrey_Bell" title="Francis Jeffrey Bell">Bell, F. Jeffrey</a>. London: MacMillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=translation+revised+and+preface+written+by+E.+Ray+Lankester&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Comparative+Anatomy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Gegenbaur&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F106950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZK004HREqgC&dq=Ruge+%22primate+morphology%22&pg=PA320">[1]</a> From here to eternity: Ernst Haeckel and scientific faith by Mario A. Di Gregorio</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gegenbaur, Carl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gegenbaur,_Carl">"Gegenbaur, Carl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gegenbaur%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaubichler2003" class="citation journal cs1">Laubichler, Manfred D (December 2003). "Carl Gegenbaur (1826–1903): integrating comparative anatomy and embryology". <i>J. Exp. Zool. B</i>. <b>300</b> (1): 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JEZ...300...23L">2003JEZ...300...23L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjez.b.43">10.1002/jez.b.43</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14984032">14984032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Exp.+Zool.+B&rft.atitle=Carl+Gegenbaur+%281826%E2%80%931903%29%3A+integrating+comparative+anatomy+and+embryology&rft.volume=300&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-31&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14984032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjez.b.43&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JEZ...300...23L&rft.aulast=Laubichler&rft.aufirst=Manfred+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyhart2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nyhart, Lynn K (April 2002). "Learning from history: morphology's challenges in Germany ca. 1900". <i>J. Morphol</i>. <b>252</b> (1): 2–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.10012">10.1002/jmor.10012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11921032">11921032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:552860">552860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Morphol.&rft.atitle=Learning+from+history%3A+morphology%27s+challenges+in+Germany+ca.+1900&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-14&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A552860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11921032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.10012&rft.aulast=Nyhart&rft.aufirst=Lynn+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharf1978" class="citation journal cs1">Scharf, J H (1978). "Goethe's morphology definition and the problem of relationship of the Cro-magnons to the primitive Germans (Carl Gegenbaur)". <i>Gegenbaurs morphologisches Jahrbuch</i>. <b>124</b> (2): 139–90. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/357241">357241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gegenbaurs+morphologisches+Jahrbuch&rft.atitle=Goethe%27s+morphology+definition+and+the+problem+of+relationship+of+the+Cro-magnons+to+the+primitive+Germans+%28Carl+Gegenbaur%29&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-90&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F357241&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=J+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1976" class="citation journal cs1">Lukács, D (December 1976). "Karl Gegenbaur". <i>Orvosi Hetilap</i>. <b>117</b> (52): 3177–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/794795">794795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orvosi+Hetilap&rft.atitle=Karl+Gegenbaur&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=3177-9&rft.date=1976-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F794795&rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gegenbaur,_Carl" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gegenbaur, Carl">Gegenbaur, Carl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 550.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gegenbaur%2C+Carl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=550&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Gegenbaur" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link 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databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61300#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110253966">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/40176802">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, C. (Carl), 1826-1903"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/180012/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCFjpmftCQpV7tk9c773">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118900757">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, C. (Carl), 1826-1903"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86841555">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb103532093">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb103532093">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35955292">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000085958&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1169932">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069802750">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99005150">Norway</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000694368&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000499661">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=244604">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605272005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/204445">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007440709705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21615262">Belgium</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02550126?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/carl-gegenbaur/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carl Gegenbaur"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=7079">Scientific illustrators</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1161631">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118900757.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118900757">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gegenbaur, Carl (1826-1903 ; biologiste)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/081169701">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x96837">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&oldid=1245688420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gegenbaur&oldid=1245688420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1826_births" title="Category:1826 births">1826 births</a></li><li><a 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