CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281","20240815101848","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1723717128"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1"/>  <title>Amy Borovoy Archives - The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus</title><link rel="preload" data-rocket-preload as="image" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/logo-apjjf-e1696435302411.png" fetchpriority="high"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Amy Borovoy Archives - The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Amy Borovoy is a professor in the Department of East Asian Studies at Princeton University focusing on cultural anthropology, working in the fields of medical and psychological anthropology with an interest in social democracy and the provision of care. Her publications include The Too-Good Wife: Alcoholism, Codependency, and the Politics of Nurturance in Postwar Japan (2005) and “The Burdens of Self-Restraint: Social Measures and the Containment of Covid-19 in Japan” (Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus). aborovoy@princeton.edu"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/1284_bird_400x400.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="400"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@apjjf"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281","name":"Amy Borovoy Archives - The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281#primaryimage","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_.jpg","contentUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_.jpg","width":1000,"height":1415},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Amy Borovoy"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/","name":"The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus","description":"Analysis of the forces shaping the Asia-Pacific and the world","publisher":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#organization","name":"The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg","contentUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg","width":400,"height":400,"caption":"The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.facebook.com/apjjf/","https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://x.com/apjjf"]}]}</script>  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://fonts.googleapis.com/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus » Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/feed"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus » Comments Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/comments/feed"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus » Amy Borovoy Contributor Feed" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281/feed"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-theme-css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/css/minified/main.min.css?ver=4.7.3" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-google-fonts-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Libre+Caslon+Text%3A400%7CLibre+Caslon+Display%3A400%2C700%7CRoboto+Mono%3A400%7CRoboto%3A400%2C500%7CPlayfair+Display%3A500%7CRoboto+Condensed%3A400&display=fallback&ver=4.7.3" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-theme-dynamic-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/astra/astra-theme-dynamic-css-contributor-253.css?ver=1723717004" media="all"/> <style id="wp-emoji-styles-inline-css"> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="wp-block-library-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="spectra-pro-block-css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/spectra-pro/dist/style-blocks.css?ver=1.1.8" media="all"/> <style id="global-styles-inline-css"> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0: var(--ast-global-color-0);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1: var(--ast-global-color-1);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2: var(--ast-global-color-2);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3: var(--ast-global-color-3);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4: var(--ast-global-color-4);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5: var(--ast-global-color-5);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6: var(--ast-global-color-6);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7: var(--ast-global-color-7);--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8: var(--ast-global-color-8);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-content-width-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--wp--custom--ast-wide-width-size); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 24px; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 24px; }.is-layout-flow > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}.is-layout-flow > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > *{margin-block-start: 24px;margin-block-end: 0;}.is-layout-flex {gap: 24px;}.is-layout-grid {gap: 24px;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:root :where(body){padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: none;}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-0-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-0) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-1-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-1) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-2-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-3-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-3) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-4-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-4) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-5-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-5) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-6-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-6) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-7-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-7) !important;}.has-ast-global-color-8-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-8) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ccchildpagescss-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/cc-child-pages/includes/css/styles.css?ver=1.43" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="ccchildpagesskincss-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/cc-child-pages/includes/css/skins.css?ver=1.43" media="all"/>  <link rel="stylesheet" id="searchandfilter-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/search-filter/style.css?ver=1" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-253-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/0/uag-css-253.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-addon-css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/astra-addon/astra-addon-668365c9617720-31761203.css?ver=4.7.2" media="all"/> <style id="astra-addon-css-inline-css"> .astra-advanced-hook-31289 { padding-bottom: 10px;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-addon-dynamic-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/astra-addon/astra-addon-dynamic-css-contributor-253.css?ver=1723717004" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-31685-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/32000/uag-css-31685.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uagb-block-positioning-css-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg/assets/css/spectra-block-positioning.min.css?ver=2.15.1" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-31288-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/31000/uag-css-31288.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-31289-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/31000/uag-css-31289.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-3116-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/3000/uag-css-3116.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/> <link rel="stylesheet" id="uag-style-2347-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/2000/uag-css-2347.css?ver=1723717127" media="all"/>  <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://apjjf.org/wp-json/"/><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-json/wp/v2/contributor/253"/><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://apjjf.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd"/> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.1"/> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var VPData = {"version":"3.3.9","pro":false,"__":{"couldnt_retrieve_vp":"Couldn't retrieve Visual Portfolio ID.","pswp_close":"Close (Esc)","pswp_share":"Share","pswp_fs":"Toggle fullscreen","pswp_zoom":"Zoom in\/out","pswp_prev":"Previous (arrow left)","pswp_next":"Next (arrow right)","pswp_share_fb":"Share on Facebook","pswp_share_tw":"Tweet","pswp_share_pin":"Pin it","pswp_download":"Download","fancybox_close":"Close","fancybox_next":"Next","fancybox_prev":"Previous","fancybox_error":"The requested content cannot be loaded. <br \/> Please try again later.","fancybox_play_start":"Start slideshow","fancybox_play_stop":"Pause slideshow","fancybox_full_screen":"Full screen","fancybox_thumbs":"Thumbnails","fancybox_download":"Download","fancybox_share":"Share","fancybox_zoom":"Zoom"},"settingsPopupGallery":{"enable_on_wordpress_images":false,"vendor":"fancybox","deep_linking":false,"deep_linking_url_to_share_images":false,"show_arrows":true,"show_counter":true,"show_zoom_button":true,"show_fullscreen_button":true,"show_share_button":true,"show_close_button":true,"show_thumbs":true,"show_download_button":false,"show_slideshow":false,"click_to_zoom":true,"restore_focus":true},"screenSizes":[320,576,768,992,1200]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <noscript> <style type="text/css"> .vp-portfolio__preloader-wrap{display:none}.vp-portfolio__filter-wrap,.vp-portfolio__items-wrap,.vp-portfolio__pagination-wrap,.vp-portfolio__sort-wrap{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.vp-portfolio__item .vp-portfolio__item-img noscript+img,.vp-portfolio__thumbnails-wrap{display:none} </style> </noscript>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WDSDXVPT');</script> <style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/cropped-bluebird-32x32.jpg" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/cropped-bluebird-192x192.jpg" sizes="192x192"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/cropped-bluebird-180x180.jpg"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/cropped-bluebird-270x270.jpg"/> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .wp-container-10 { margin-left: 0px !important; } .ast-archive-description { padding: 0px !important; } .wp-block-post-template-is-layout-flow { margin-left: 0px !important; } .ast-mega-menu-enabled { font-family: roboto !important; font-size: 15px !important; } .content-align-center .main-header-menu { text-align: left !important; } .ast-search-menu-icon .search-field { font-size: 14px; font-family: roboto; } .ast-header-break-point .ast-nav-menu .sub-menu { line-height: 2; } .sub-menu .menu-link { font-family: roboto !important; } .ast-header-break-point .main-navigation .sub-menu .menu-item .menu-link { padding-left: 10px !important; } .ast-menu-toggle {font-size: 12px !important; } .wp-block-social-links, .wp-block-social-links.has-normal-icon-size {font-size: 18px !important; } .ast-archive-title { font-family: roboto; font-size: 28px !important; font-weight: 200 !important; } /* hide entry excerpt*/ .post-content .entry-content > p { display: none; } /* */ .ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-header-menu, .ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .menu-link, .ast-hfb-header .ast-builder-menu-mobile .main-navigation .menu-item .sub-menu .menu-link { border-style: solid; } /*Search Filter Plugin */ .searchandfilter input[type=text] { color: black; border-color: black; background-color: white; } #ofcategory.postform { color: black; background-color: white; border-color: black; } #ofpost_tag.postform { color: black; background: white; border-color: black; } #ofcontributor.postform { color: black; background: white; border-color: black; margin-right: 0px !important; } input[type=email], input[type=number], input[type=password], input[type=reset], input[type=search], input[type=tel], input[type=text], input[type=url], select, textarea { width: 98%; margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: .8rem; } .searchandfilter li { width: 280px; display: inline-table; } .searchandfilter ul { display: block !important; } /* Email Subscribe Form */ .wpcf7 input[type="url"], .wpcf7 input[type="email"], .wpcf7 input[type="tel"] { background-color: #ffffff; border-color: #bfbfbf; border-top: 0px; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; } .wpcf7 form.sent .wpcf7-response-output { border: none; } .wpcf7 input:not([type=submit]), .wpcf7 select, .wpcf7 textarea { padding: .5em; } .wpcf7-spinner {display: none !important; } .uagb-block-658ebc56.uagb-social-share__outer-wrap { justify-content: left; } img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } document.getElementsByTagName("table") { max-width: 100% !important; } /*Entry Meta */ .entry-meta { font-size: 18px; font-family: 'Libre Caslon Display'; font-variant-caps: all-small-caps; } .entry-meta * {color: #000000 !important; font-family: roboto !important; } .post-page-numbers.current .page-link, .ast-pagination .page-numbers.current {background-color: #ffffff; } .post-thumb-img-content post-thumb img{ padding-top: -20px !imporant; } .entry-header {margin-bottom: 0px !important; } /*Archive Page Meta Hooks */ .astra-advanced-hook-31289 { font-family: 'libre caslon text'; text-transform: uppercase; padding-bottom: 2px; } .astra-advanced-hook-31288 { width: 500px; color: #fc514e !important; font-family: 'roboto'; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 15px; padding-left: 10px; } .astra-advanced-hook-31288 p {margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 2em !important; margin-left: 0px; !important; margin-right: 0px !important; } .astra-advanced-hook-31685 { font-family: roboto !important; } /*Archive Page Entry Title */ .archive .entry-title { font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 1.5em; } .post-thumb-img-content .post-thumb { display: none !important;} .blog-layout-2 .post-content {padding-top: 2em !important; } /*Safari*/ .wp-container-core-post-template-is-layout-8.wp-container-core-post-template-is-layout-8 .safari_only { gap: 2% !important; } </style> </head> <body itemtype="https://schema.org/Blog" itemscope="itemscope" class="archive tax-contributor term-authors-view-15281 term-253 wp-custom-logo ast-desktop ast-plain-container ast-no-sidebar astra-4.7.3 group-blog ast-inherit-site-logo-transparent ast-hfb-header ast-full-width-primary-header ast-blog-grid-1 ast-blog-layout-2 ast-pagination-default astra-addon-4.7.2">  <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WDSDXVPT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content" role="link" title="Skip to content"> Skip to content</a> <div class="hfeed site" id="page"> <header class="site-header header-main-layout-1 ast-primary-menu-enabled ast-hide-custom-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu-toggle-icon ast-mobile-header-inline" id="masthead" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" itemscope="itemscope" itemid="#masthead"> <div id="ast-desktop-header" data-toggle-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-above-header-wrap "> <div class="ast-above-header-bar ast-above-header site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="site-above-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-above-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-above-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item ast-header-html-1" data-section="section-hb-html-1"> <div class="ast-header-html inner-link-style-"><div class="ast-builder-html-element"><p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/"><img class="wp-image-33977 size-medium alignright" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/APJJF-Text-Logo-Updated-300x49.png" alt="" width="300" height="49"/></a></p> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-above-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap "> <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="site-primary-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope"> <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="56" height="56" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg" class="custom-logo" alt="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus" decoding="async" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg 56w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-300x300.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-100x100.jpg 100w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 56px) 100vw, 56px"/></a></span> </div>  </div> <div class="ast-builder-menu-1 ast-builder-menu ast-flex ast-builder-menu-1-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-1"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="primary-site-navigation-desktop" aria-label="Site Navigation: Mainpage Menu" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul id="ast-hf-menu-1" class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border astra-menu-animation-slide-down stack-on-mobile ast-mega-menu-enabled"><li id="menu-item-2318" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/about" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">About</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-32264" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-32264 astra-megamenu-li full-stretched-width-mega"><a aria-expanded="false" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Archive</span><span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <div class="astra-full-megamenu-wrapper ast-hidden"> <ul class="astra-megamenu sub-menu astra-mega-menu-width-full-stretched ast-hidden"> <li id="menu-item-33200" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-33200"><a href="#" class="ast-hide-menu-item menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Latest Issue</span></a><div class="ast-mm-custom-content ast-mm-template-content"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uag-hide-mob uagb-block-303427b3 alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-3cea58f5"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CATEGORY</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Categories"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Article</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-note"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Note</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Reflections & Insights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/analysis"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Analysis</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/fiction"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Fiction</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-9879562b"><p class="uagb-heading-text">BROWSE</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-2 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Mobile Menu"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Search Archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Special Issues</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-5974cea1"><p class="uagb-heading-text">SPECIAL COLLECTIONS</p></div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/82470276_image002.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7463" style="aspect-ratio:0.75;object-fit:cover;width:144px;height:auto"/></a></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color uag-hide-mob is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-ecbf00d2"><p class="uagb-heading-text">COURSE READERS</p></div> </div> <p class="has-small-font-size uag-hide-mob" style="text-transform:none">Our course readers are essay compilations designed to make it easier for teachers and students to use the<em> Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus</em> archive. </p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-75 has-custom-font-size has-small-font-size uag-hide-mob" style="text-transform:capitalize"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-5-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.apjjf.org/course-readers" style="background-color:#fc514e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0">Download Readers</a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-2f905a85"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CONNECT</p></div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://facebook.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://twitter.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a></li> <li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#4066637073757b2966637171707b66637170727b66637171717b6e66637079777b66637171727b66637170767b66637170767b2666637076747b272d66637079777b66637170757b2c6e66637079797b2f2d" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Mail</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uag-hide-desktop uag-hide-tab uagb-block-0c8b27f2 alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-f64234b3"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CATEGORY</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-3 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Categories 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Article</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-note"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Note</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Reflections & Insights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/analysis"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Analysis</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/fiction"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Fiction</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-3cf6ade7"><p class="uagb-heading-text">BROWSE</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-4 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Mobile Menu 2"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Search Archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Special Issues</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-6bae2a65"><p class="uagb-heading-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/http://apjjf.com/specials-archive" data-type="link" data-id="http://apjjf.com/specials-archive">SPECIALS ARCHIVE</a></p></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:100%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/specials-archive"><img width="516" height="800" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/82470276_image002.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7463" style="aspect-ratio:2/3;object-fit:cover;height:180px"/></a></figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-db37ddc7"><p class="uagb-heading-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/archive" data-type="link" data-id="https://apjjf.com/archive">EXPLORE BY VOLUME</a></p></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:100%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/archive"><img width="562" height="800" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/409924.gif" alt="" class="wp-image-12618" style="aspect-ratio:2/3;object-fit:cover;height:180px"/></a></figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:70%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-2cd1d056"><p class="uagb-heading-text">SUPPORT THE JOURNAL</p></div> </div> <p class="has-small-font-size" style="line-height:1.2">Our ability to publish depends on the generous support of our readers. Please consider making a donation. </p> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-11 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-buttons uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-btn__default-btn uagb-btn-tablet__default-btn uagb-btn-mobile__default-btn uagb-block-ae252366"><div class="uagb-buttons__wrap uagb-buttons-layout-wrap "> <div class="wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-0074f51d wp-block-button"><div class="uagb-button__wrapper"><a class="uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link" aria-label="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us" rel="follow noopener" target="_self" role="button"><div class="uagb-button__link">Donate</div><span class="uagb-button__icon uagb-button__icon-position-after"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" focussable="false"><path d="M275.2 250.5c7 7.375 18.5 7.375 25.5 0l108.1-114.2c31.5-33.12 29.72-88.1-5.65-118.7c-30.88-26.75-76.75-21.9-104.9 7.724L287.1 36.91L276.8 25.28C248.7-4.345 202.7-9.194 171.1 17.56C136.7 48.18 134.7 103.2 166.4 136.3L275.2 250.5zM568.2 336.3c-13.12-17.81-38.14-21.66-55.93-8.469l-119.7 88.17h-120.6c-8.748 0-15.1-7.25-15.1-15.1c0-8.746 7.25-15.1 15.1-15.1h78.25c15.1 0 30.75-10.87 33.37-26.62c3.25-19.1-12.12-37.37-31.62-37.37H191.1c-26.1 0-53.12 9.25-74.12 26.25l-46.5 37.74l-55.37-.0253c-8.748 0-15.1 7.275-15.1 16.02L.0001 496C.0001 504.8 7.251 512 15.1 512h346.1c22.03 0 43.92-7.187 61.7-20.28l135.1-99.51C577.5 379.1 581.3 354.1 568.2 336.3z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div></li></ul> </li><li id="menu-item-30948" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30948"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Course Readers</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-30942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30942"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/submissions" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Submissions</span></a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item ast-header-button-1" data-section="section-hb-button-1"> <div class="ast-builder-button-wrap ast-builder-button-size-sm"><a class="ast-custom-button-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us" target="_self"><div class="ast-custom-button">Support Us</div></a><a class="menu-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us" target="_self">Support Us</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-below-header-wrap "> <div class="ast-below-header-bar ast-below-header site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-below-header-builder"> <div class="site-below-header-wrap ast-builder-grid-row-container site-header-focus-item ast-container" data-section="section-below-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-below-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-menu-3 ast-builder-menu ast-builder-menu-3-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-hb-menu-3"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation ast-flex-1"><nav class="site-navigation" id="menu_3-site-navigation" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope" class="ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility" aria-label="Site Navigation"><div id="ast-hf-menu-3" class="main-navigation ast-inline-flex"><ul class="main-header-menu ast-menu-shadow ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border stack-on-mobile"><li class="page_item page-item-2305 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive-search" class="menu-link">(Old) Archive Search</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-146 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/about" class="menu-link">About Us</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-31076 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive" class="menu-link">Archive</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-2309 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors" class="menu-link">Authors</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-10 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/coming-soon" class="menu-link">COMING SOON.</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-3979 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers" class="menu-link">Course Readers</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-39 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/" class="menu-link">Home</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-3361 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/homepage-design" class="menu-link">Homepage-Design</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-31573 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/meet-the-editors" class="menu-link">Meet the Editors</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-33410 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/portfolio" class="menu-link">Portfolio</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-31054 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/research-articles" class="menu-link">Research Articles</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-2307 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive" class="menu-link">Specials Archive</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4148 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/stylesheet" class="menu-link">Style Sheet</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-3477 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/submissions" class="menu-link">Submissions</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-30982 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/subscribe" class="menu-link">Subscribe</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-3993 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us" class="menu-link">Support Us</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-33014 menu-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/online-ecosystem" class="menu-link">The Online Ecosystem of the Japanese Far Right: Platforms, Actors, Organizations</a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item ast-header-button-2" data-section="section-hb-button-2"> <div class="ast-builder-button-wrap ast-builder-button-size-sm"><a class="ast-custom-button-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.wpastra.com/" target="_self"><div class="ast-custom-button">Subscribe</div></a><a class="menu-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.wpastra.com/" target="_self">Subscribe</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-below-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="ast-mobile-header" class="ast-mobile-header-wrap " data-type="dropdown"> <div class="ast-main-header-wrap main-header-bar-wrap"> <div class="ast-primary-header-bar ast-primary-header main-header-bar site-primary-header-wrap site-header-focus-item ast-builder-grid-row-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-tablet-layout-default ast-builder-grid-row-mobile-layout-default" data-section="section-primary-header-builder"> <div class="ast-builder-grid-row ast-builder-grid-row-has-sides ast-builder-grid-row-no-center"> <div class="site-header-primary-section-left site-header-section ast-flex site-header-section-left"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="title_tagline"> <div class="site-branding ast-site-identity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization" itemscope="itemscope"> <span class="site-logo-img"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="56" height="56" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg" class="custom-logo" alt="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus" decoding="async" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg 56w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-300x300.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-100x100.jpg 100w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 56px) 100vw, 56px"/></a></span> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="site-header-primary-section-right site-header-section ast-flex ast-grid-right-section"> <div class="ast-builder-layout-element ast-flex site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-trigger"> <div class="ast-button-wrap"> <button type="button" class="menu-toggle main-header-menu-toggle ast-mobile-menu-trigger-minimal" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Main Menu</span> <span class="mobile-menu-toggle-icon"> <span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class="ast-mobile-svg ast-menu-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 13h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 7h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1zM3 19h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1h-18c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path></svg></span><span class="ahfb-svg-iconset ast-inline-flex svg-baseline"><svg class="ast-mobile-svg ast-close-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.293 6.707l5.293 5.293-5.293 5.293c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l5.293-5.293 5.293 5.293c0.391 0.391 1.024 0.391 1.414 0s0.391-1.024 0-1.414l-5.293-5.293 5.293-5.293c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-5.293 5.293-5.293-5.293c-0.391-0.391-1.024-0.391-1.414 0s-0.391 1.024 0 1.414z"></path></svg></span> </span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-mobile-header-content content-align-center "> <div class="ast-builder-menu-mobile ast-builder-menu ast-builder-menu-mobile-focus-item ast-builder-layout-element site-header-focus-item" data-section="section-header-mobile-menu"> <div class="ast-main-header-bar-alignment"><div class="main-header-bar-navigation"><nav class="site-navigation ast-flex-grow-1 navigation-accessibility site-header-focus-item" id="ast-mobile-site-navigation" aria-label="Site Navigation: Mainpage Menu" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" itemscope="itemscope"><div class="main-navigation"><ul id="ast-hf-mobile-menu" class="main-header-menu ast-nav-menu ast-flex submenu-with-border astra-menu-animation-fade stack-on-mobile ast-mega-menu-enabled"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-2318"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/about" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">About</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-32264"><a aria-expanded="false" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Archive</span><span role="application" class="dropdown-menu-toggle ast-header-navigation-arrow" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu Toggle"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></span></a><button class="ast-menu-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu Toggle</span><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span></button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-33200"><a href="#" class="ast-hide-menu-item menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Latest Issue</span></a><div class="ast-mm-custom-content ast-mm-template-content"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uag-hide-mob uagb-block-303427b3 alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-3cea58f5"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CATEGORY</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-5 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Categories 3"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Article</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-note"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Note</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Reflections & Insights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/analysis"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Analysis</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/fiction"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Fiction</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-9879562b"><p class="uagb-heading-text">BROWSE</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-6 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Mobile Menu 3"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Search Archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Special Issues</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-5974cea1"><p class="uagb-heading-text">SPECIAL COLLECTIONS</p></div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/82470276_image002.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7463" style="aspect-ratio:0.75;object-fit:cover;width:144px;height:auto"/></a></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color uag-hide-mob is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-15 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-ecbf00d2"><p class="uagb-heading-text">COURSE READERS</p></div> </div> <p class="has-small-font-size uag-hide-mob" style="text-transform:none">Our course readers are essay compilations designed to make it easier for teachers and students to use the<em> Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus</em> archive. </p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-75 has-custom-font-size has-small-font-size uag-hide-mob" style="text-transform:capitalize"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-5-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.apjjf.org/course-readers" style="background-color:#fc514e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0">Download Readers</a></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-2f905a85"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CONNECT</p></div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-layout-flex wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://facebook.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://twitter.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Twitter</span></a></li> <li style="color: #fc514e; " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#52713b74716363626974716362606974716363636974716266646933747163636069383874716362606974716264666935747163626b697471626b6569747163626769747163626a697471626664697471626b6b69747163636369747163626b69" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Mail</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uag-hide-desktop uag-hide-tab uagb-block-0c8b27f2 alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:0;flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-f64234b3"><p class="uagb-heading-text">CATEGORY</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-7 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Categories 4"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Article</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-note"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Note</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Reflections & Insights</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/analysis"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Analysis</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/fiction"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Fiction</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-18 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-3cf6ade7"><p class="uagb-heading-text">BROWSE</p></div> </div> <nav class=" is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Mobile Menu 4"><ul class="wp-block-navigation__container is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Search Archive</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/specials-archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Special Issues</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-11 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-19 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-6bae2a65"><p class="uagb-heading-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/http://apjjf.com/specials-archive" data-type="link" data-id="http://apjjf.com/specials-archive">SPECIALS ARCHIVE</a></p></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:100%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/specials-archive"><img width="516" height="800" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/82470276_image002.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-7463" style="aspect-ratio:2/3;object-fit:cover;height:180px"/></a></figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:50%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-20 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-db37ddc7"><p class="uagb-heading-text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/archive" data-type="link" data-id="https://apjjf.com/archive">EXPLORE BY VOLUME</a></p></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-10 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:100%"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.com/archive"><img width="562" height="800" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/409924.gif" alt="" class="wp-image-12618" style="aspect-ratio:2/3;object-fit:cover;height:180px"/></a></figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-12 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);flex-basis:70%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-black-color has-text-color is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-21 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-2cd1d056"><p class="uagb-heading-text">SUPPORT THE JOURNAL</p></div> </div> <p class="has-small-font-size" style="line-height:1.2">Our ability to publish depends on the generous support of our readers. Please consider making a donation. </p> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-22 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-buttons uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-btn__default-btn uagb-btn-tablet__default-btn uagb-btn-mobile__default-btn uagb-block-ae252366"><div class="uagb-buttons__wrap uagb-buttons-layout-wrap "> <div class="wp-block-uagb-buttons-child uagb-buttons__outer-wrap uagb-block-0074f51d wp-block-button"><div class="uagb-button__wrapper"><a class="uagb-buttons-repeater wp-block-button__link" aria-label="" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us" rel="follow noopener" target="_self" role="button"><div class="uagb-button__link">Donate</div><span class="uagb-button__icon uagb-button__icon-position-after"><svg xmlns="https://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 576 512" aria-hidden="true" focussable="false"><path d="M275.2 250.5c7 7.375 18.5 7.375 25.5 0l108.1-114.2c31.5-33.12 29.72-88.1-5.65-118.7c-30.88-26.75-76.75-21.9-104.9 7.724L287.1 36.91L276.8 25.28C248.7-4.345 202.7-9.194 171.1 17.56C136.7 48.18 134.7 103.2 166.4 136.3L275.2 250.5zM568.2 336.3c-13.12-17.81-38.14-21.66-55.93-8.469l-119.7 88.17h-120.6c-8.748 0-15.1-7.25-15.1-15.1c0-8.746 7.25-15.1 15.1-15.1h78.25c15.1 0 30.75-10.87 33.37-26.62c3.25-19.1-12.12-37.37-31.62-37.37H191.1c-26.1 0-53.12 9.25-74.12 26.25l-46.5 37.74l-55.37-.0253c-8.748 0-15.1 7.275-15.1 16.02L.0001 496C.0001 504.8 7.251 512 15.1 512h346.1c22.03 0 43.92-7.187 61.7-20.28l135.1-99.51C577.5 379.1 581.3 354.1 568.2 336.3z"></path></svg></span></a></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div></li></ul> </li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30948"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Course Readers</span></a></li><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-30942"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/submissions" class="menu-link"><span class="ast-icon icon-arrow"><svg class="ast-arrow-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1" x="0px" y="0px" width="26px" height="16.043px" viewbox="57 35.171 26 16.043" enable-background="new 57 35.171 26 16.043" xml:space="preserve"> <path d="M57.5,38.193l12.5,12.5l12.5-12.5l-2.5-2.5l-10,10l-10-10L57.5,38.193z"/> </svg></span><span class="menu-text">Submissions</span></a></li></ul></div></nav></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="ast-container"> <div id="primary" class="content-area primary ast-grid-1"> <section class="ast-archive-description"> <h1 class="page-title ast-archive-title">Amy Borovoy</h1><p><strong>Amy Borovoy</strong> is a professor in the Department of East Asian Studies at Princeton University focusing on cultural anthropology, working in the fields of medical and psychological anthropology with an interest in social democracy and the provision of care. Her publications include <em>The Too-Good Wife: Alcoholism, Codependency, and the Politics of Nurturance in Postwar Japan </em>(2005) and “The Burdens of Self-Restraint: Social Measures and the Containment of Covid-19 in Japan” (<em>Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus</em>). <a href="/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#0a6b686578657c65734a7a786364696f7e6564246f6e7f"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="f392919c819c859c8ab383819a9d9096879c9ddd969786">[email protected]</span></a></p> </section> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <div class="ast-row"> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31288 "> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-21b5088b alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"><p>Volume 22 | Issue 6 | Number 5</p> </div></div> </div> <article class="post-34190 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-reflection-insight contributor-authors-view-15281 contributor-elizabeth-davis contributor-james-raymo contributor-junko-kitanaka volume-and-issue-volume-22 volume-and-issue-volume-22-issue-6 volume-and-issue-volume-22-issue-6-number-5 ast-grid-common-col ast-full-width ast-article-post ast-width-md-12 ast-archive-post" id="post-34190" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope"> <div class="ast-post-format- blog-layout-2 ast-article-inner ast-no-date-box"> <div class="post-content ast-width-md-6"> <h2 class="entry-title ast-blog-single-element" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/2024/6/borovoy-davis-kitanaka-raymo" rel="bookmark">Plan 75: Hayakawa Chie’s Dark Visual Articulation of the Crisis of Japan’s Aging Society</a></h2> <div class="entry-content clear" itemprop="text"> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31289 "> <div style="text-transform:uppercase" class="taxonomy-contributor has-link-color wp-elements-4b684ae43c01bd15499bce253593ad80 wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-2-color has-small-font-size"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281" rel="tag">Amy Borovoy</a><span class="wp-block-post-terms__separator">, </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/contributor/elizabeth-davis" rel="tag">Elizabeth Davis</a><span class="wp-block-post-terms__separator">, </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/contributor/james-raymo" rel="tag">James Raymo</a><span class="wp-block-post-terms__separator">, </span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/contributor/junko-kitanaka" rel="tag">Junko Kitanaka</a></div> </div> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31685 "> <div class="wp-block-group is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-23 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><div style="color:#fc514e; font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase;" class="has-link-color wp-elements-c53f9409937be59d77e699e3e951b369 wp-block-post-date has-text-color"><time datetime="2024-07-02T15:43:17+00:00">July 2, 2024</time></div> <p class="has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d042f6898e7e170c661c6b262eeb6f49" style="color:#fc514e">|</p> <div style="color:#fc514e;font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase" class="taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-ce3c3ba104c26107fb04f9714460ed31 wp-block-post-terms has-text-color"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight" rel="tag">Reflections & Insights</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-blog-featured-section post-thumb ast-width-md-6"><div class="post-thumb-img-content post-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/2024/6/borovoy-davis-kitanaka-raymo"><img width="212" height="300" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-212x300.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-212x300.jpg 212w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-724x1024.jpg 724w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-770x1090.jpg 770w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-500x708.jpg 500w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_-800x1132.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MV5BNjgxZjNiNmItZDY0My00OWEzLTkxNjAtNjU0NDNhODg4YjZmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyODA0MjgyNzM@._V1_FMjpg_UX1000_.jpg 1000w" sizes="(max-width: 212px) 100vw, 212px"/></a></div></div> </div>  </article> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31288 "> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-21b5088b alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"><p>Volume 20 | Issue 19 | Number 2</p> </div></div> </div> <article class="post-8317 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-research-article contributor-authors-view-15281 volume-and-issue-number-2-issue-19-volume-20 volume-and-issue-volume-20 volume-and-issue-issue-19-volume-20 ast-grid-common-col ast-full-width ast-article-post ast-width-md-12 ast-archive-post" id="post-8317" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope="itemscope"> <div class="ast-post-format- blog-layout-2 ast-article-inner ast-no-date-box"> <div class="post-content ast-width-md-6"> <h2 class="entry-title ast-blog-single-element" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/2022/19/borovoy" rel="bookmark">The Burdens of Self-Restraint: Social Measures and the Containment of Covid-19 in Japan</a></h2> <div class="entry-content clear" itemprop="text"> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31289 "> <div style="text-transform:uppercase" class="taxonomy-contributor has-link-color wp-elements-4b684ae43c01bd15499bce253593ad80 wp-block-post-terms has-text-color has-ast-global-color-2-color has-small-font-size"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/authors/view/15281" rel="tag">Amy Borovoy</a></div> </div> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-31685 "> <div class="wp-block-group is-horizontal is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-24 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex"><div style="color:#fc514e; font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase;" class="has-link-color wp-elements-c53f9409937be59d77e699e3e951b369 wp-block-post-date has-text-color"><time datetime="2022-12-15T02:00:00+00:00">December 15, 2022</time></div> <p class="has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d042f6898e7e170c661c6b262eeb6f49" style="color:#fc514e">|</p> <div style="color:#fc514e;font-size:14px;text-transform:uppercase" class="taxonomy-category has-link-color wp-elements-ce3c3ba104c26107fb04f9714460ed31 wp-block-post-terms has-text-color"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article" rel="tag">Research Article</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ast-blog-featured-section post-thumb ast-width-md-6"><div class="post-thumb-img-content post-thumb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/2022/19/borovoy"><img width="300" height="169" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Figure.1_-300x169.gif" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async"/></a></div></div> </div>  </article> </div> </main> </div> </div>  </div> <footer class="ast-custom-footer" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"> <div class="astra-advanced-hook-3116 "> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-768e15c6 alignfull uagb-is-root-container"><div class="uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top is-not-stacked-on-mobile uag-hide-mob is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-13 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-ca0e1bd3"><h5 class="uagb-heading-text">ABOUT</h5></div> <nav style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-9 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Homepage-Main Nav"><ul style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="wp-block-navigation__container has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: 14px; font-style:normal;font-weight:100;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/about"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">About</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Browse Archive</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/submissions"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Submissions</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top uag-hide-mob is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-c828ca23"><h5 class="uagb-heading-text">EXPLORE</h5></div> <nav style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color is-responsive is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-10 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Categories 5" data-wp-interactive="core/navigation" data-wp-context="{"overlayOpenedBy":{"click":false,"hover":false,"focus":false},"type":"overlay","roleAttribute":"","ariaLabel":"Menu"}"><button aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Open menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-open " data-wp-on-async--click="actions.openMenuOnClick" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.handleMenuKeydown"><svg width="24" height="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 5v1.5h14V5H5zm0 7.8h14v-1.5H5v1.5zM5 19h14v-1.5H5V19z"/></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container " id="modal-1" data-wp-class--has-modal-open="state.isMenuOpen" data-wp-class--is-menu-open="state.isMenuOpen" data-wp-watch="callbacks.initMenu" data-wp-on--keydown="actions.handleMenuKeydown" data-wp-on-async--focusout="actions.handleMenuFocusout" tabindex="-1"> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-close" tabindex="-1"> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-dialog" data-wp-bind--aria-modal="state.ariaModal" data-wp-bind--aria-label="state.ariaLabel" data-wp-bind--role="state.roleAttribute"> <button aria-label="Close menu" class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-close" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.closeMenuOnClick"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M13 11.8l6.1-6.3-1-1-6.1 6.2-6.1-6.2-1 1 6.1 6.3-6.5 6.7 1 1 6.5-6.6 6.5 6.6 1-1z"></path></svg></button> <div class="wp-block-navigation__responsive-container-content" data-wp-watch="callbacks.focusFirstElement" id="modal-1-content"> <ul style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="wp-block-navigation__container has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color is-responsive is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-article"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Article</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/research-note"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Research Note</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/reflection-insight"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Reflections & Insights</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/analysis"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Analysis</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/category/fiction"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Fiction</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-de987d19"><h5 class="uagb-heading-text">CONNECT</h5></div> <nav style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-11 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Widget 2"><ul style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="wp-block-navigation__container has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Support Us</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/subscribe"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Subscribe</span></a></li><li class="wp-block-navigation-item"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-small-icon-size has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-3 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://twitter.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">twitter</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#cfa6a1a9a0e1aebfa5a5a98fa8a2aea6a3e1aca0a2" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Mail</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.facebook.com/apjjf/" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul></nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="flex-basis:25%"><div class="is-style-rounded is-style-rounded--34876ba366d7a4c6b796a7b25e3b7eea wp-block-site-logo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="90" height="90" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg" class="custom-logo" alt="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus" decoding="async" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-300x300.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-100x100.jpg 100w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg 56w" sizes="(max-width: 90px) 100vw, 90px"/></a></div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-0146a1cb uag-hide-mob"><div class="uagb-separator"></div><h2 class="uagb-heading-text">Celebrating over <em>two decades</em> combining scholarship & journalism. </h2></div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ecd3a341"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile uag-hide-desktop uag-hide-tab is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-14 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-container-core-column-is-layout-27 wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:33.33%"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-e61f9d4a"><h5 class="uagb-heading-text">ABOUT</h5></div> <nav style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-12 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Homepage-Main Nav 2"><ul style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="wp-block-navigation__container has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: 14px; font-style:normal;font-weight:100;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/about"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">About</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/archive"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Browse Archive</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/course-readers"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Course Readers</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/submissions"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Submissions</span></a></li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);flex-basis:33.33%"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-9825ce08"><h5 class="uagb-heading-text">CONNECT</h5></div> <nav style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-13 wp-block-navigation-is-layout-flex" aria-label="Footer Widget 2 2"><ul style="font-size:14px;line-height:1;" class="wp-block-navigation__container has-text-color has-ast-global-color-5-color items-justified-left is-vertical wp-block-navigation"><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/support-us"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Support Us</span></a></li><li style="font-size: 14px;" class=" wp-block-navigation-item wp-block-navigation-link"><a class="wp-block-navigation-item__content" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/subscribe"><span class="wp-block-navigation-item__label">Subscribe</span></a></li><li class="wp-block-navigation-item"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-small-icon-size has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-4 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"><li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-twitter has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://twitter.com/apjjf" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">twitter</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-mail has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e68f888089c887968c8c80a6818b878f8ac885898b" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19,5H5c-1.1,0-2,.9-2,2v10c0,1.1.9,2,2,2h14c1.1,0,2-.9,2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm.5,12c0,.3-.2.5-.5.5H5c-.3,0-.5-.2-.5-.5V9.8l7.5,5.6,7.5-5.6V17zm0-9.1L12,13.6,4.5,7.9V7c0-.3.2-.5.5-.5h14c.3,0,.5.2.5.5v.9z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Mail</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--ast-global-color-5); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-ast-global-color-5-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://www.facebook.com/apjjf/" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li></ul> </li></ul></nav></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><div class="is-style-rounded is-style-rounded--abc680ecd2260ab7d391c0525b744a21 wp-block-site-logo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img width="82" height="82" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg" class="custom-logo" alt="The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus" decoding="async" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400.jpg 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-300x300.jpg 300w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-100x100.jpg 100w, https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848im_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/cropped-1284_bird_400x400-56x56.jpg 56w" sizes="(max-width: 82px) 100vw, 82px"/></a></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-564f21a7 alignwide uagb-is-root-container"> <div class="wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-c9b240c9"><h6 class="uagb-heading-text">Copyright © 2024 All Rights Reserved.</h6></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </footer> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script id="wp-load-polyfill-importmap"> ( HTMLScriptElement.supports && HTMLScriptElement.supports("importmap") ) || document.write( '<script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-importmap.min.js?ver=1.8.2"></scr' + 'ipt>' ); </script> <script type="importmap" id="wp-importmap"> {"imports":{"@wordpress\/interactivity":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-includes\/js\/dist\/interactivity.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}} </script> <script type="module" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848jm_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/blocks/navigation/view.min.js?ver=6.6.1" id="@wordpress/block-library/navigation-js-module"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848jm_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/dist/interactivity.min.js?ver=6.6.1" id="@wordpress/interactivity-js-modulepreload"><script>function changewidth(){ let x = document.querySelectorAll("table"); for(var i = 0; i < x.length; i++) x[i].style.width = "100%"; } changewidth()</script><script>var mobPdf = document.getElementsByClassName("art-pdf-download")[0].getElementsByTagName("a")[0]; var deskPdf = document.getElementsByClassName("art-pdf-download")[1].getElementsByTagName("a")[0]; mobPdf.innerHTML = "Download Article"; deskPdf.innerHTML = "Download Article"; </script><style id="block-style-variation-styles-inline-css"> :root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded--34876ba366d7a4c6b796a7b25e3b7eea){border-radius: 9999px;} :root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded--abc680ecd2260ab7d391c0525b744a21){border-radius: 9999px;} </style> <style id="core-block-supports-inline-css"> .wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-1{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-2{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1{align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-3{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-4{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-8{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-11{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-5{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-6{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-15{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2{align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-17{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-7{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-18{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-8{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-19{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-20{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-10{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-11{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-21{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-22{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-12{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-elements-4b684ae43c01bd15499bce253593ad80 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2);}.wp-elements-4b684ae43c01bd15499bce253593ad80 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:#fc514e;}.wp-elements-c53f9409937be59d77e699e3e951b369 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:#fc514e;}.wp-elements-d042f6898e7e170c661c6b262eeb6f49 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:#fc514e;}.wp-elements-ce3c3ba104c26107fb04f9714460ed31 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:#fc514e;}.wp-elements-ce3c3ba104c26107fb04f9714460ed31 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:var(--wp--preset--color--ast-global-color-2);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-23{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:5px;justify-content:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-24{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:5px;justify-content:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-9{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-10{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-3{gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-11{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-13{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em 0;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-12{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-27 > *{margin-block-start:0;margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-27 > * + *{margin-block-start:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-block-end:0;}.wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-4{gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);justify-content:center;}.wp-container-core-navigation-is-layout-13{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-14{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" id="astra-addon-megamenu-dynamic-css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848cs_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/astra-addon/addons/nav-menu/assets/css/minified/magamenu-frontend.min.css?ver=4.7.2" media="all"/> <style id="astra-addon-megamenu-dynamic-inline-css"> .ast-desktop .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop li.astra-megamenu-li.menu-item-32264 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper .astra-megamenu > .menu-item{border-right-width:15px;}.ast-desktop .astra-megamenu-li.menu-item-32264 .astra-megamenu{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}.ast-desktop .astra-megamenu-li.menu-item-32264 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper{border-color:var(--ast-global-color-7);}.ast-desktop li.astra-megamenu-li.menu-item-32264 .astra-full-megamenu-wrapper .astra-megamenu, .ast-desktop li.astra-megamenu-li.menu-item-32264 .astra-megamenu > .menu-item{border-style:solid;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-2318 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-2318 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-32264 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-32264 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-33200 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-33200 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30948 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30948 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;line-height:0;margin:5px;}.ast-desktop .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942 svg, .ast-header-break-point .menu-item-30942 .astra-mm-icon-label.icon-item-30942 svg{color:var(--ast-global-color-0);fill:var(--ast-global-color-0);width:20px;height:20px;} </style> <script id="astra-theme-js-js-extra"> var astra = {"break_point":"921","isRtl":"","is_scroll_to_id":"1","is_scroll_to_top":"","is_header_footer_builder_active":"1","responsive_cart_click":"flyout","revealEffectEnable":"","edit_post_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/post.php?post={{id}}&action=edit","ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","infinite_count":"2","infinite_total":"1","pagination":"number","infinite_scroll_event":"scroll","no_more_post_message":"No more posts to show.","grid_layout":"1","site_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org","blogArchiveTitleLayout":"","blogArchiveTitleOn":"","show_comments":"Show Comments","masonryEnabled":"","blogMasonryBreakPoint":"921"}; </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/themes/astra/assets/js/minified/frontend.min.js?ver=4.7.3" id="astra-theme-js-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/spectra-pro/assets/js/loop-builder.js?ver=1.1.8" id="uagb-loop-builder-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script id="uagb-post-js-js-extra"> var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877"}; var uagb_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","uagb_masonry_ajax_nonce":"27db868877","uagb_grid_ajax_nonce":"41c4660e45"}; </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg/assets/js/post.min.js?ver=2.15.1" id="uagb-post-js-js"></script> <script id="rocket-browser-checker-js-after"> "use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}(); </script> <script id="rocket-preload-links-js-extra"> var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/(?:.+\/)?feed(?:\/(?:.+\/?)?)?$|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|\/(index.php\/)?(.*)wp-json(\/.*|$)|\/refer\/|\/go\/|\/recommend\/|\/recommends\/","usesTrailingSlash":"","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240815101848\/https:\/\/apjjf.org","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"}; </script> <script id="rocket-preload-links-js-after"> (function() { "use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run(); }()); </script> <script id="astra-addon-js-js-extra"> var astraAddon = {"sticky_active":"1","svgIconClose":"<span class=\"ast-icon icon-close\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"img\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" width=\"18px\" height=\"18px\">\n <path d=\"M71.029 71.029c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0L256 222.059l151.029-151.03c9.373-9.372 24.569-9.372 33.942 0 9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942L289.941 256l151.03 151.029c9.372 9.373 9.372 24.569 0 33.942-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0L256 289.941l-151.029 151.03c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942L222.059 256 71.029 104.971c-9.372-9.373-9.372-24.569 0-33.942z\" \/>\n <\/svg><\/span>","hf_account_show_menu_on":"hover","hf_account_action_type":"link","hook_sticky_footer":"","hook_sticky_footer_on_devices":"desktop","hook_custom_footer_break_point":"921","is_header_builder_active":"1"}; </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/astra-addon/astra-addon-668365c9619a99-17033913.js?ver=4.7.2" id="astra-addon-js-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg/assets/js/spectra-block-positioning.min.js?ver=2.15.1" id="uagb-block-positioning-js-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-addons-for-gutenberg/assets/js/uagb-button-child.min.js?ver=2.15.1" id="uagb-button-child-js-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/uploads/uag-plugin/assets/2000/uag-js-2347.js?ver=1723717127" id="uag-script-2347-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeZvIcpAAAAAKae18zLYtyQSyIeA1MrPvGhe9rl&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6LeZvIcpAAAAAKae18zLYtyQSyIeA1MrPvGhe9rl","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815101848js_/https://apjjf.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> </body> </html>