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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Naval Air Transport Service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Role</th><td class="infobox-data">Air transportation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">26,000 personnel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Aircraft flown</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_aircraft" title="Cargo aircraft">Transport</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster" title="Douglas C-54 Skymaster">Douglas C-54 Skymaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PB2Y_Coronado" title="Consolidated PB2Y Coronado">Consolidated PB2Y Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner" title="Martin PBM Mariner">Martin PBM Mariner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>Naval Air Transport Service</b> or NATS, was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> from 1941 to 1948. At its height during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, NATS's totaled four wings of 18 <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(aviation)" title="Squadron (aviation)">squadrons</a> that operated 540 aircraft with 26,000 personnel assigned. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation,_1941–42"><span id="Formation.2C_1941.E2.80.9342"></span>Formation, 1941–42</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation, 1941–42"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to WW II, The Navy's air transport needs were provided by utility squadrons and aircraft assigned to commands. Five days after <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Capt. C. H. Schildhauer presented a detailed plan for a naval air transport program to the Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a>. Knox immediate approved the plan and the Naval Air Transport Service was created. This was a tall order since the largest transport operated by the Navy at this time were four <a href="/wiki/R2D" class="mw-redirect" title="R2D">R2Ds</a> (DC-2). The first military transport version of the <a href="/wiki/DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">DC-3</a>, the C-47, was first flown on 23 December 1941. Throughout the war, the Navy obtained its <a href="/wiki/R4D" class="mw-redirect" title="R4D">R4Ds</a> (C-47) and later the C-54 (<a href="/wiki/R5D" class="mw-redirect" title="R5D">R5D</a>) from U.S. Army contracts. Initially, additional DC-3s were appropriated from the commercial airlines. On 9 March 1942, the first NATS squadron, VR-1, was commissioned at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Norfolk">NAS Norfolk</a> with four R4D (C-47) aircraft, 27 officers, and 150 men. Initially, most of VR-1 flights were south in support of the Atlantic antisubmarine effort. "VR" is the Navy acronym for transport squadron – "V” is for heavier than air and "R” is for transport. </p><p>The next month, the Navy contracted <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> to operate an R4D school at <a href="/wiki/Meacham_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Meacham Field">Meacham Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>. The 30-day-long school included 30 hours of flight instruction and 30 hours of inflight observation. Student capacity was 30 per month. The Navy relied heavily on the expertise of former Naval aviators who were working for the commercial airlines and had been recalled to the Navy because of the war. </p><p>On 1 April 1942, VR-2 was commissioned at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Alameda" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Alameda">NAS Alameda</a>, California. VR-2 initiated NATS transoceanic service on 15 May, from <a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda</a> to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_Aircraft" title="Sikorsky Aircraft">Sikorsky</a> flying boat. VR-3, NATS's transcontinental squadron was commissioned on 15 July at the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairfax Airport">Fairfax Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a> with four <a href="/wiki/DC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-3">DC-3s</a> appropriated from <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a>. NATS also established its headquarters at Fairfax. In October, NATS moved its operation to the newly completed <a href="/wiki/Olathe,_Kansas" title="Olathe, Kansas">NAS Olathe</a>, 25 miles to the southwest. The same month, the Pacific Wing Command was established in Honolulu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion,_1943"><span id="Expansion.2C_1943"></span>Expansion, 1943</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion, 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next year was spent building up the NATS operation. In March 1943, NATS Wing West Coast and NATS Wing Atlantic were formed. NATS received its first R5D(C-54) in the spring of 1943. Seaplane operations were conducted with the transport versions of the Consolidated <a href="/wiki/PB2Y_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="PB2Y Coronado">PB2Y Coronado</a> and the Martin <a href="/wiki/PBM_Mariner" class="mw-redirect" title="PBM Mariner">PBM Mariner</a>. NATS utilized the airlines as much as was feasible. <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan American</a> conducted a navigation school at <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Export_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Export Airlines">American Export Airlines</a> operated a similar navigation school at <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>, NY. By the end of 1943, the American Airlines R4D school expanded to train 50 pilots a month. The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Central_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Central Airlines">Pennsylvania Central Airlines</a> school at <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a> which had been training Army <a href="/wiki/C-47" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47">C-47</a> pilots was taken over by the Navy when the Army cancelled its contract. <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> also began training Navy mechanics at the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport" title="Oakland International Airport">Oakland Airport</a> by the end of the year. All transport pilots were required to be good instrument pilots so all NATS-bound pilots were sent through the Instrument Instructor School at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Atlanta">NAS Atlanta</a>. R4D and R5D aircraft commander school was located at Olathe. </p><p>NATS also contracted Pan American to operate seaplane transport service from San Francisco to Hawaii. Pan America utilized <a href="/wiki/Martin_Model_130_China_Clipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Model 130 China Clipper">Martin M-130 China Clippers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314s</a>, and Navy supplied Consolidated <a href="/wiki/PB2Y" class="mw-redirect" title="PB2Y">PB2Y</a> Coronados. Pan Am initially operated out of its prewar terminal at Treasure Island. By 1944, conflict with Navy surface ship traffic around Treasure Island caused Pan Am to move its operation south to Mills Field, now <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a>. At the end of September 1944, Pan Am was operating four Boeing 314s and 15 PB2Y plus a few miscellaneous types. </p><p>Meanwhile, in March 1943, VR-4 was commissioned at Oakland as a maintenance squadron. The next month VR-6 was established at <a href="/wiki/Dinner_Key" title="Dinner Key">Dinner Key</a>, Miami and took over transport seaplane training from VR-1. The same month, VR-7, an R4D squadron was formed at NAS Miami to service the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and South America. VR-7 was based at Miami Municipal, aka <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart_Airport" title="Amelia Earhart Airport">Amelia Earhart Airport</a>, which was a part of the three airfield NAS Miami complex. VR-10 was also commissioned at Honolulu and was primarily a maintenance squadron. </p><p>In June, VR-5 was commission at <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> to provide service to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> with R4D and R5Ds. The next month, VR-1 at <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>, moved to the recently opened <a href="/wiki/NAS_Patuxent_River" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Patuxent River">NAS Patuxent River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>. Several months later, VR-8 was established, and took over VR-1s transport seaplane operations. That September, VR-11 formed at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oakland" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station Oakland">Naval Air Station Oakland</a>. VR-11 provided R5D service throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a> and was eventually to become the largest VR squadron with over 700 pilots. In November 1943, the Navy took delivery of the first of six Martin <a href="/wiki/PB2M_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="PB2M Mars">PB2M Mars</a>. On 30 November, the PB2M completed a 4,375-mile nonstop flight of 28 hours and 25 minutes, delivering 16,000 pounds of cargo from <a href="/wiki/Patuxent_River" title="Patuxent River">Patuxent River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal, Brazil">Natal, Brazil</a>. With the completion of facilities at NAS Honolulu, VR-11 moved its headquarters there in December. </p><p>In December 1943, the Naval Air Ferry Command was established under NATS to take over the mission previously provided by the Aircraft Delivery Units. The mission of the Ferry Command was to ferry aircraft from the factories to the fleet. The Command's headquarters were placed at NAS New York (<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field" title="Floyd Bennett Field">Floyd Bennett Field</a>) as well as the first squadron, VRF-1. Once a manufacturer, such as <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vought" title="Vought">Vought</a>, or <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, deemed an aircraft was ready for delivery to the Navy, the aircraft was flown to NAS New York by the company's pilots. At New York, Navy personnel would check the aircraft and accept it. The Ferry Command would then fly the aircraft to where it was needed. NAS New York accepted over 20,000 aircraft during the course of the war – 25% of the Navy's total. The Air Ferry Command had a pilot training detachment at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Willow_Grove" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Willow Grove">NAS Willow Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. VRF-2 was established at <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a> to accept aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright" title="Curtiss-Wright">Curtiss-Wright</a> plant at Columbus and the <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear</a> plant at <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a> as well as others. Finally VRF-3 was established at NAS San Pedro to accept aircraft from the West Coast manufacturers. VRS-1 was also formed to provide servicing and refueling on the ferry route from New York to the West Coast. Ferrying stops were located at various times at <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina" title="Spartanburg, South Carolina">Spartanburg, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>; Fort Worth, <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coolidge,_Arizona" title="Coolidge, Arizona">Coolidge, Arizona</a>; and <a href="/wiki/El_Centro,_California" title="El Centro, California">El Centro, California</a> plus others. In December 1944, VFR-4 was established at New York to specialize in the ferrying of seaplanes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Full_strength,_1944–45"><span id="Full_strength.2C_1944.E2.80.9345"></span>Full strength, 1944–45</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Full strength, 1944–45"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1944, NATS was operating at full steam. In June, two additional maintenance squadrons were formed, VR-12 at Honolulu and VR-9 at Patuxent River. VR-13, an additional R4D squadron, was established and was eventually moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Negros_Island" title="Los Negros Island">Los Negros</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>. </p><p>In March 1945, VRE-1, a wounded evacuation squadron, was formed out of VR-11 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. VR-11 became the largest squadron in the Navy with 700 pilots, 89 R5Ds and 10 R4Ds. NATS relied heavily on personnel with airline experience. At one time, VR-11 had 47 officers and 10 enlisted men that previously worked for 15 different airlines. One of VR-11's special missions was the delivery of whole blood to Pacific battle areas. Using special refrigerating units, the squadron was delivering 1000 pints a day by the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war,_1945–48"><span id="Post-war.2C_1945.E2.80.9348"></span>Post-war, 1945–48</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war, 1945–48"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the war, the size of NATS diminished. The major operations at Miami and Olathe were eventually shutdown and the operations at San Francisco and Hawaii greatly reduced. The Naval Air Ferry Command was disbanded. By 1947, the NATS inventory had been reduced to only 116 aircraft. NATS meanwhile had planned for the future and introduced a new aircraft in 1947, the Lockheed <a href="/wiki/R6O" class="mw-redirect" title="R6O">R6O</a> (later R6V) Constitution. Design of the Constitution had begun in 1942 for the Navy and Pan American. The Constitution featured a double deck cabin with a passenger capacity of 168 and was powered by four <a href="/wiki/Pratt_and_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt and Whitney">Pratt and Whitney</a> R-4360s. Only two Constitutions were built for the Navy since Pan Am had previously dropped out of the project. The R6V remains to this day as the largest aircraft operated by the Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_department">Defense department</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defense department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, the newly created Defense Department, with economy and efficiency as its goal, combined the Air Force's Air Transport Command and NATS into the Military Air Transport Service or MATS. The Navy's contribution to MATS consisted of five squadrons and 58 aircraft. Although NATS was dissolved, the Navy was allowed to retain several transport squadrons for its specific needs. The Navy contribution to MATS and its subsequent command, <a href="/wiki/Military_Airlift_Command" title="Military Airlift Command">Military Airlift Command</a> or MAC, lasted until 1967. The demands of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the resultant pilot shortage caused the Navy to withdraw its commitment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>James Lee, <i>Operation Lifeline – History and Development of the Naval Air Transport Service</i>, 1947, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company</li> <li>Stanley M. Ulanoff, <i>MATS: The Story of the Military Air Transport Service</i>, 1964, The Moffa Press, Inc.</li> <li>Nicolas M. Williams, 'Aircraft of the United States' Military Air Transport Service', 1999, Midland Publishing Limited</li> <li>Melvin L. Shettle, Jr., 'United States Naval Air Stations of World WAR II – Volume One -Eastern States', 1995, Schaertel Publishing Co</li> <li>Melvin L. Shettle Jr., 'United States Naval Air Stations of World WAR II – Volume Two-Western States', 1997, Schaertel Publishing Co.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Air_Transport_Service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil">U.S. Navy – Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016195103/http://www.navymats.org/NATS.htm">NATS to MATS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpnavy.org/nats.html">NATS at vpnavy.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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