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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Golongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Golongan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Golongan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Golongan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Golongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diuretik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diuretik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Diuretik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diuretik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyekat_saluran_kalsium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyekat_saluran_kalsium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Penyekat saluran kalsium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyekat_saluran_kalsium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_adrenergik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonis_reseptor_adrenergik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Antagonis reseptor adrenergik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_adrenergik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasodilator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasodilator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Vasodilator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasodilator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penghambat_renin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penghambat_renin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Penghambat renin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penghambat_renin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_aldosteron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antagonis_reseptor_aldosteron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Antagonis reseptor aldosteron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antagonis_reseptor_aldosteron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agonis_reseptor_adrenergik_alfa-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonis_reseptor_adrenergik_alfa-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Agonis reseptor adrenergik alfa-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonis_reseptor_adrenergik_alfa-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-penghambat_reseptor_endotel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#penghambat_reseptor_endotel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>penghambat reseptor endotel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-penghambat_reseptor_endotel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antihipertensi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 35 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6_%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="دواء خافض لضغط الدم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دواء خافض لضغط الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertensiu" title="Antihipertensiu – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antihipertensiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensivum" title="Antihypertensivum – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antihypertensivum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Antihypertensive" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertensivo" title="Antihipertensivo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antihipertensivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="داروهای کاهنده فشار خون – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروهای کاهنده فشار خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verenpainel%C3%A4%C3%A4ke" title="Verenpainelääke – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verenpainelääke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertenseur" title="Antihypertenseur – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antihypertenseur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A5_%D7%93%D7%9D" title="תרופות נוגדות יתר לחץ דם – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרופות נוגדות יתר לחץ דם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertenzivi" title="Antihipertenzivi – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antihipertenzivi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rnyom%C3%A1scs%C3%B6kkent%C5%91_gy%C3%B3gyszerek" title="Vérnyomáscsökkentő gyógyszerek – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérnyomáscsökkentő gyógyszerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արյան ճնշումն իջեցնող դեղանյութեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյան ճնշումն իջեցնող դեղանյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmaci_antipertensivi" title="Farmaci antipertensivi – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farmaci antipertensivi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E5%9C%A7%E8%96%AC" title="降圧薬 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="降圧薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%98%88%EC%95%95%EC%95%BD" title="고혈압약 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고혈압약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%87%D2%AF_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кан басымын төмөндөтүүчү дарылар – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кан басымын төмөндөтүүчү дарылар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Антихипертензивен лек – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антихипертензивен лек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat_antihipertensi" title="Ubat antihipertensi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ubat antihipertensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensiva" title="Antihypertensiva – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antihypertensiva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodtrykkssenkjande_l%C3%A6kjemiddel" title="Blodtrykkssenkjande lækjemiddel – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blodtrykkssenkjande lækjemiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leki_hipotensyjne" title="Leki hipotensyjne – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leki hipotensyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-hipertensivo" title="Anti-hipertensivo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anti-hipertensivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertensiv" title="Antihipertensiv – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antihipertensiv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertenziv" title="Antihipertenziv – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antihipertenziv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertenziv" title="Antihipertenziv – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antihipertenziv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertenziv" title="Antihipertenziv – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antihipertenziv" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensiva_l%C3%A4kemedel" title="Antihypertensiva läkemedel – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antihypertensiva läkemedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81" title="రక్తపోటు మందు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రక్తపోటు మందు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ยาลดความดัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาลดความดัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihipertansif" title="Antihipertansif – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antihipertansif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Антигіпертензивні препарати – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антигіпертензивні препарати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BA%A1_huy%E1%BA%BFt_%C3%A1p" title="Thuốc hạ huyết áp – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc hạ huyết áp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B%E8%8D%AF" title="抗高血压药 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="抗高血压药" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%8E%8B%E8%8D%AF" title="抗高血压药 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗高血压药" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93%E8%97%A5" title="抗高血壓藥 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="抗高血壓藥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q575890#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antihipertensi" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Antihipertensi" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antihipertensi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Antihipertensi" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Antihipertensi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&oldid=26333985" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Antihipertensi&id=26333985&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntihipertensi"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntihipertensi"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Antihipertensi"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antihipertensi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antihypertensive_agents" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q575890" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png/220px-Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png/330px-Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png/440px-Combination_antihypertensive_agents-de.png 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Kombinasi Pengobatan Hipertensi</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Antihipertensi</b> adalah kelompok obat yang telah digunakan selama hampir 40 tahun untuk mengurangi <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_darah" title="Tekanan darah">tekanan darah</a> dan mencegah <a href="/wiki/Morbiditas" class="mw-disambig" title="Morbiditas">morbiditas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mortalitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortalitas">mortalitas</a> yang terkait dengan keadaan <a href="/wiki/Hipertensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipertensi">hipertensi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-web_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagai suatu kelompok, antihipertensi digunakan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah ke tingkat normal (<90 mmHg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diastol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diastol (halaman belum tersedia)">diastolik</a>) atau sampai ke tingkat paling rendah yang dapat ditoleransi.<sup id="cite_ref-buku1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kegawatdaruratan hipertensi dapat ditangani dengan vasodilator <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenteral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parenteral (halaman belum tersedia)">parenteral</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diazoksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diazoksid (halaman belum tersedia)">diazoksid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroprusid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroprusid (halaman belum tersedia)">nitroprusid</a>, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enalaprilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enalaprilat (halaman belum tersedia)">enalaprilat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buku1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sampai sejauh ini, hanya diuretik dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_bloker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta bloker (halaman belum tersedia)">beta bloker</a> yang telah terbukti mencegah <a href="/wiki/Komplikasi" title="Komplikasi">komplikasi</a> jangka panjang hipertensi.<sup id="cite_ref-buku2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semua obat-obat antihipertensi lainnya digunakan dengan anggapan bahwa penurunan tekanan darah merupakan kunci dalam mencegah komplikasi-komplikasi tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-buku2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak obat yang meniadakan efektivitas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terapeutik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terapeutik (halaman belum tersedia)">terapeutik</a> dari antihipertensi, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Antihistamin" title="Antihistamin">antihistamin</a>, agens <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiinflamasi_nonsteroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiinflamasi nonsteroid (halaman belum tersedia)">antiinflamasi nonsteroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronkodilator" title="Bronkodilator">bronkodilator</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpatomimetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simpatomimetik (halaman belum tersedia)">simpatomimetik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dekongestan" title="Dekongestan">dekongestan</a>, penekan nafsu makan, <a href="/wiki/Antidepresan" title="Antidepresan">antidepresan</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAO_inhibitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAO inhibitor (halaman belum tersedia)">MAO inhibitor</a> (monoaminoksidase).<sup id="cite_ref-buku1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hipokalemia" title="Hipokalemia">Hipokalemia</a> akibat diuretik dapat meingkatkan risiko <a href="/wiki/Toksisitas" title="Toksisitas">toksisitas</a> <a href="/wiki/Glikosida_jantung" title="Glikosida jantung">glikosida jantung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buku1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suplemen <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diuretik_hemat_kalium" title="Diuretik hemat kalium">diuretik hemat kalium</a> dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Hiperkalemia" title="Hiperkalemia">hiperkalemia</a> bila digunakan bersama inhibitor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enzim_pengkonversi_angiotensin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enzim pengkonversi angiotensin (halaman belum tersedia)">enzim pengkonversi angiotensin</a> (ACE).<sup id="cite_ref-buku1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golongan">Golongan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Golongan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Golongan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diuretik">Diuretik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Diuretik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Diuretik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diuretik" title="Diuretik">Diuretik</a> membantu ginjal membuang kelebihan garam dan air dari jaringan tubuh dan darah. </p> <ul><li>Diuretik loop (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diuretik_lengkung_henle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diuretik lengkung henle (halaman belum tersedia)">diuretik lengkung henle</a>) : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumetanida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumetanida (halaman belum tersedia)">bumetanida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_etakrinat" title="Asam etakrinat">asam etakrinat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemid" title="Furosemid">furosemid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torasemid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torasemid (halaman belum tersedia)">torasemid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diuretik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiazid (halaman belum tersedia)">tiazid</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epitizid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitizid (halaman belum tersedia)">epitizid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidroklorotiazid" title="Hidroklorotiazid">hidroklorotiazid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klorotiazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klorotiazid (halaman belum tersedia)">klorotiazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendroflumetiazid" title="Bendroflumetiazid">bendroflumetiazid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metiklotiazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metiklotiazid (halaman belum tersedia)">metiklotiazid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politiazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politiazid (halaman belum tersedia)">politiazid</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diuretik mirip tiazid: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indapamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indapamid (halaman belum tersedia)">indapamid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klortalidon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klortalidon (halaman belum tersedia)">klortalidon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metolazon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metolazon (halaman belum tersedia)">metolazon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksipamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ksipamid (halaman belum tersedia)">ksipamid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klopamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klopamid (halaman belum tersedia)">klopamid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretik_hemat_kalium" title="Diuretik hemat kalium">Diuretik hemat kalium</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amilorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amilorida (halaman belum tersedia)">amilorida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triamteren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triamteren (halaman belum tersedia)">triamteren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolakton" title="Spironolakton">spironolakton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eplerenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eplerenon (halaman belum tersedia)">eplerenon</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Di Amerika Serikat, JNC8 (Komite Nasional Gabungan Kedelapan untuk Pencegahan, Deteksi, Evaluasi, dan Pengobatan Tekanan Darah Tinggi) merekomendasikan diuretik jenis tiazid sebagai salah satu pengobatan lini pertama untuk <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_darah_tinggi" title="Tekanan darah tinggi">hipertensi</a>, baik sebagai monoterapi atau dalam kombinasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Penghalang_saluran_kalsium" title="Penghalang saluran kalsium">penghalang saluran kalsium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" title="Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin">penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II" title="Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II">antagonis reseptor angiotensin II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat <a href="/wiki/Obat_kombinasi" title="Obat kombinasi">obat kombinasi</a> dosis tetap, seperti kombinasi penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin dengan tiazid. Meskipun tiazid murah dan efektif, obat ini tidak diresepkan sesering beberapa obat baru. Hal ini karena obat ini dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko diabetes baru dan karenanya direkomendasikan untuk digunakan pada pasien berusia di atas 65 tahun, yang risiko diabetes barunya lebih kecil daripada manfaat pengendalian tekanan darah sistolik.<sup id="cite_ref-ahg2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahg2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teori lain adalah bahwa obat ini tidak lagi dipatenkan dan jarang dipromosikan oleh industri obat.<sup id="cite_ref-promotion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-promotion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obat-obatan yang tergolong diuretik hemat kalium yang memblokir saluran natrium epitel (ENaC), seperti amilorida dan triamterene, jarang diresepkan sebagai monoterapi. Obat penghambat ENaC memerlukan bukti publik yang lebih kuat untuk efek penurunan tekanan darahnya.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyekat_saluran_kalsium">Penyekat saluran kalsium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Penyekat saluran kalsium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyekat saluran kalsium"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penyekat_saluran_kalsium" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyekat saluran kalsium">Penyekat saluran kalsium</a> (<i>calcium channel blocker</i>) menghalangi masuknya kalsium ke dalam sel otot di dinding arteri, yang mengakibatkan relaksasi sel otot dan vasodilatasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berikut merupakan obat-obat penyekat saluran kalsium: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihidropiridina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihidropiridina (halaman belum tersedia)">dihidropiridina</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amlodipin" title="Amlodipin">amlodipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnidipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnidipin (halaman belum tersedia)">barnidipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silnidipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silnidipin (halaman belum tersedia)">silnidipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klevidipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klevidipin (halaman belum tersedia)">klevidipin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipin" title="Felodipin">felodipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isradipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isradipin (halaman belum tersedia)">isradipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lerkanidipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lerkanidipin (halaman belum tersedia)">lerkanidipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levamlodipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levamlodipin (halaman belum tersedia)">levamlodipin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikardipin" title="Nikardipin">nikardipin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipin" title="Nifedipin">nifedipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimodipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimodipin (halaman belum tersedia)">nimodipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisoldipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisoldipin (halaman belum tersedia)">nisoldipin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrendipin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrendipin (halaman belum tersedia)">nitrendipin</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-dihidropiridina: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">verapamil</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Komite Nasional Gabungan ke-8 (JNC-8) merekomendasikan penyekat saluran kalsium sebagai pengobatan lini pertama baik sebagai monoterapi atau dalam kombinasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Diuretik" title="Diuretik">diuretik</a> tipe tiazid, <a href="/wiki/Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" title="Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin">penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II" title="Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II">antagonis reseptor angiotensin II</a> untuk semua pasien tanpa memandang usia atau ras.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rasio efek anti-<a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a> penyekat saluran kalsium, non-dihidropiridina terhadap dihidropiridina adalah 30 banding -2.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakris_Weir_Secic_Campbell_2004_pp._1991–2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakris_Weir_Secic_Campbell_2004_pp._1991–2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efek anti-proteinuria dari non-dihidropiridin disebabkan oleh selektivitas yang lebih baik selama filtrasi <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus" title="Glomerulus">glomerulus</a> dan/atau laju perfusi yang lebih rendah melalui sistem ginjal.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efek samping yang umum dari golongan obat ini meliputi <a href="/wiki/Sembap" title="Sembap">edema</a>, muka memerah, sakit kepala, kantuk, dan pusing.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin">Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" title="Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin">Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin</a> (<i>ACE inhibitor</i>) menghambat aktivitas enzim pengubah angiotensin (<i>ACE</i>), enzim yang bertanggung jawab untuk mengubah angiotensin I menjadi <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">angiotensin</a> II, suatu <a href="/wiki/Vasokonstriksi" title="Vasokonstriksi">vasokonstriktor</a> yang kuat.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berikut merupakan anggota-anggotanya: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaptopril" title="Kaptopril">kaptopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">enalapril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosinopril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosinopril (halaman belum tersedia)">fosinopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">lisinopril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moeksipril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moeksipril (halaman belum tersedia)">moeksipril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perindopril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perindopril (halaman belum tersedia)">perindopril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuinapril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuinapril (halaman belum tersedia)">kuinapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">ramipril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trandolapril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trandolapril (halaman belum tersedia)">trandolapril</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benazepril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benazepril (halaman belum tersedia)">benazepril</a></li></ul> <p>Tinjauan sistematis terhadap 63 uji coba dengan lebih dari 35.000 peserta menunjukkan bahwa <i>ACE inhibitor</i> secara signifikan mengurangi penggandaan kadar kreatinin serum dibandingkan dengan obat lain (<i>ARB, α blocker, β blocker</i>, dll.), dan disarankan golongan ini sebagai kini pengobatan pertama.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uji coba AASK menunjukkan bahwa <i>ACE inhibitor</i> lebih efektif dalam memperlambat penurunan fungsi ginjal dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Penyekat_saluran_kalsium" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyekat saluran kalsium">penyekat saluran kalsium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penyekat_beta" title="Penyekat beta">penyekat beta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AASK_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AASK-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan demikian, <i>ACE inhibitor</i> harus menjadi pengobatan pilihan bagi pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronis tanpa memandang ras atau status diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun, <i>ACE inhibitor</i> (dan antagonis reseptor angiotensin II) tidak boleh menjadi pengobatan lini pertama bagi penderita hipertensi kulit hitam tanpa penyakit ginjal kronis.<sup id="cite_ref-JNC8_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNC8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hasil uji coba ALLHAT menunjukkan bahwa diuretik tipe tiazid dan penyekat saluran kalsium sama-sama lebih efektif sebagai monoterapi dalam meningkatkan hasil kardiovaskular dibandingkan dengan <i>ACE inhibitor</i> untuk subkelompok ini.<sup id="cite_ref-allhat_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allhat-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lebih jauh, <i>ACE inhibitor</i> kurang efektif dalam menurunkan tekanan darah dan memiliki risiko <a href="/wiki/Strok" title="Strok">strok</a> 51% lebih tinggi pada penderita hipertensi kulit hitam bila digunakan sebagai terapi awal dibandingkan dengan penyekat saluran kalsium.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada obat kombinasi dosis tetap, seperti kombinasi <i>ACE inhibitor</i> dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiazid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiazid (halaman belum tersedia)">tiazid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efek samping penting dari <i>ACE inhibitor</i> meliputi <a href="/wiki/Batuk" title="Batuk">batuk</a> kering, <a href="/wiki/Hiperkalemia" title="Hiperkalemia">kadar kalium darah tinggi</a>, kelelahan, pusing, sakit kepala, kehilangan indra perasa, dan risiko <a href="/wiki/Edema_angioneurotik" title="Edema angioneurotik">angioedema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II">Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antagonis_reseptor_angiotensin_II" title="Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II">Antagonis reseptor angiotensin II</a> atau penyekat reseptor angiotensin II (<i>Angiotensin II receptor blocker</i>, disingkat ARB) bekerja sebagai <a href="/wiki/Antagonis_reseptor" title="Antagonis reseptor">antagonis reseptor</a> angiotensin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berikut merupakan anggota antagonis reseptor angiotensin II </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azilsartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azilsartan (halaman belum tersedia)">azilsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandesartan" title="Kandesartan">kandesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eprosartan" title="Eprosartan">eprosartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbesartan" title="Irbesartan">irbesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">losartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olmesartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmesartan (halaman belum tersedia)">olmesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">telmisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsartan" title="Valsartan">valsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimasartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimasartan (halaman belum tersedia)">fimasartan</a></li></ul> <p>Pada tahun 2004, sebuah artikel di <a href="/wiki/BMJ" title="BMJ">BMJ</a> meneliti bukti yang mendukung dan menentang saran bahwa penghambat reseptor angiotensin dapat meningkatkan risiko infark miokard (<a href="/wiki/Serangan_jantung" title="Serangan jantung">serangan jantung</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BMJ1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMJ1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masalah ini diperdebatkan pada tahun 2006 di jurnal medis <i>American Heart Association</i>. Tidak ada konsensus mengenai apakah ARB memiliki kecenderungan untuk meningkatkan serangan jantung, tetapi juga tidak ada bukti substantif yang menunjukkan bahwa ARB mampu mengurangi serangan jantung.<sup id="cite_ref-Circ1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Circ2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam uji coba VALUE, penghambat reseptor angiotensin II valsartan menghasilkan peningkatan relatif yang signifikan secara statistik sebesar 19% (p=0,02) pada titik akhir sekunder serangan jantung yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya (fatal dan non-fatal) dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Amlodipin" title="Amlodipin">amlodipin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uji coba alternatif CHARM menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan sebesar +52% (p=0,025) pada serangan jantung dengan kandesartan (dibandingkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Plasebo" title="Plasebo">plasebo</a>) meskipun terjadi penurunan tekanan darah.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai konsekuensi dari blokade AT1, ARB meningkatkan kadar angiotensin II beberapa kali lipat di atas garis dasar dengan melepaskan loop <a href="/wiki/Umpan_balik_negatif" title="Umpan balik negatif">umpan balik negatif</a>. Peningkatan kadar Angiotensin II yang bersirkulasi mengakibatkan stimulasi reseptor AT2 yang tidak terlawan, yang juga mengalami peningkatan regulasi. Data terkini menunjukkan bahwa stimulasi reseptor AT2 mungkin kurang bermanfaat daripada yang diusulkan sebelumnya dan bahkan mungkin berbahaya dalam keadaan tertentu melalui mediasi peningkatan pertumbuhan, fibrosis, dan hipertrofi, serta efek proaterogenik dan proinflamasi.<sup id="cite_ref-AJH1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJH1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Circ23_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Circ23-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CircHyp43_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CircHyp43-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ARB merupakan alternatif yang baik untuk <i>ACE inhibitor</i> jika pasien hipertensi dengan tipe gagal jantung dengan fraksi ejeksi rendah yang diobati dengan <i>ACE inhibitor</i> tidak toleran terhadap batuk, angioedema selain <a href="/wiki/Hiperkalemia" title="Hiperkalemia">hiperkalemia</a> atau penyakit ginjal kronis.<sup id="cite_ref-Yusuf_Pitt_Davis_Hood_1991_pp._293–302_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yusuf_Pitt_Davis_Hood_1991_pp._293–302-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACC/AHA/HFSA_2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACC/AHA/HFSA_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonis_reseptor_adrenergik">Antagonis reseptor adrenergik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Antagonis reseptor adrenergik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antagonis reseptor adrenergik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyekat beta dapat memblokir reseptor adrenergik beta-1 dan/atau reseptor adrenergik beta-2. Obat yang memblokir reseptor adrenergik beta-1 mencegah pengikatan katekolamin endogen (seperti <a href="/wiki/Epinefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinefrin">epinefrin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Norepinefrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinefrin">norepinefrin</a>), yang pada akhirnya mengurangi tekanan darah melalui penurunan pelepasan renin dan curah jantung. Obat yang memblokir reseptor adrenergik beta-2 mengurangi tekanan darah melalui peningkatan relaksasi otot polos.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyekat alfa dapat memblokir reseptor adrenergik alfa-1 dan/atau reseptor adrenergik alfa-2. Obat yang memblokir reseptor adrenergik alfa-1 pada sel otot polos vaskular mencegah <a href="/wiki/Vasokonstriksi" title="Vasokonstriksi">vasokonstriksi</a>. Blokade reseptor adrenergik alfa-2 mencegah mekanisme umpan balik negatif norepinefrin (NE). Penyekat alfa non-selektif menghasilkan keseimbangan di mana penyekat alfa-2 melepaskan NE untuk mengurangi efek vasodilatasi yang disebabkan oleh penyekat alfa-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Nachawati_2023_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nachawati_2023-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penyekat_beta" title="Penyekat beta">Penyekat beta</a> (<i>beta blocker</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asebutolol" title="Asebutolol">asebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">bisoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaksolol" title="Betaksolol">betaksolol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karteolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karteolol (halaman belum tersedia)">karteolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karvedilol" title="Karvedilol">karvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labetalol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labetalol (halaman belum tersedia)">labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebivolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebivolol (halaman belum tersedia)">nebivolol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksprenolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksprenolol (halaman belum tersedia)">oksprenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penbutolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penbutolol (halaman belum tersedia)">penbutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindolol (halaman belum tersedia)">pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timolol" title="Timolol">timolol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Penyekat alfa: (<i>alpha blocker</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doksazosin" title="Doksazosin">doksazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klorpromazin" title="Klorpromazin">klorpromazin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentolamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentolamin (halaman belum tersedia)">fentolamin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoramin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoramin (halaman belum tersedia)">indoramin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fenoksibenzamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenoksibenzamin (halaman belum tersedia)">fenoksibenzamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terazosin" title="Terazosin">terazosin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolazolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolazolin (halaman belum tersedia)">tolazolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urapidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urapidil (halaman belum tersedia)">urapidil</a></li></ul></li> <li>Penyekat alfa + beta campuran: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Busindolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Busindolol (halaman belum tersedia)">busindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karvedilol" title="Karvedilol">karvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labetalol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labetalol (halaman belum tersedia)">labetalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin">klonidin</a> (secara tidak langsung)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Meskipun <i>beta blocker</i> menurunkan tekanan darah, mereka tidak memiliki manfaat positif pada titik akhir seperti yang dilakukan beberapa antihipertensi lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-betablockers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-betablockers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara khusus, <i>beta blocker</i> tidak lagi direkomendasikan sebagai pengobatan lini pertama karena risiko <a href="/wiki/Strok" title="Strok">strok</a> yang relatif buruk dan timbulnya <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_melitus_tipe_2" title="Diabetes melitus tipe 2">diabetes melitus tipe 2</a> yang baru jika dibandingkan dengan obat lain,<sup id="cite_ref-nps02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sementara <i>beta blocker</i> tertentu seperti atenolol tampaknya kurang berguna dalam pengobatan hipertensi secara keseluruhan daripada beberapa agen lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-atenolol_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atenolol-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinjauan sistematis dari 63 uji coba dengan lebih dari 35.000 peserta menunjukkan <i>β-blocker</i> meningkatkan risiko mortalitas, dibandingkan dengan terapi antihipertensi lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-wu_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wu-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, mereka memiliki peran penting dalam pencegahan serangan jantung pada orang yang pernah mengalami serangan jantung.<sup id="cite_ref-bbmi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbmi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a>, pedoman "Hipertensi: Penatalaksanaan Hipertensi pada Orang Dewasa dalam Perawatan Primer"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juni 2006 dari Institut Nasional untuk Kesehatan dan Keunggulan Klinis, menurunkan peran <i>beta blocker</i> karena risiko memicu diabetes melitus tipe 2.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun menurunkan tekanan darah, <i>alpha blocker</i> memiliki hasil akhir yang jauh lebih buruk daripada antihipertensi lainnya, dan tidak lagi direkomendasikan sebagai pilihan lini pertama dalam pengobatan hipertensi.<sup id="cite_ref-alpha_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alpha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun, obat ini mungkin berguna bagi sebagian pria dengan gejala penyakit prostat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasodilator">Vasodilator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Vasodilator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Vasodilator"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vasodilasi" title="Vasodilasi">Vasodilator</a> bekerja langsung pada <a href="/wiki/Otot_polos" title="Otot polos">otot polos</a> arteri untuk merelaksasikan dindingnya sehingga darah dapat mengalir lebih mudah melaluinya; vasodilator ini hanya digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Hipertensi_gawat_darurat" title="Hipertensi gawat darurat">hipertensi gawat darurat</a> atau ketika obat lain tidak berhasil, dan meskipun demikian jarang diberikan sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natrium_nitroprusida" title="Natrium nitroprusida">Natrium nitroprusida</a>, suatu vasodilator yang sangat kuat dan bekerja singkat, paling sering digunakan untuk menurunkan tekanan darah secara cepat dan sementara dalam keadaan darurat (seperti hipertensi gawat darurat atau <a href="/wiki/Diseksi_aorta" title="Diseksi aorta">diseksi aorta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Brunton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varon_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidralazin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidralazin (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidralazin</a> dan turunannya juga digunakan dalam pengobatan hipertensi berat, meskipun harus dihindari dalam keadaan darurat.<sup id="cite_ref-Varon_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obat ini tidak lagi diindikasikan sebagai terapi lini pertama untuk tekanan darah tinggi karena efek samping dan masalah keamanan, tetapi hidralazin tetap menjadi obat pilihan untuk hipertensi gestasional.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunton_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penghambat_renin">Penghambat renin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Penghambat renin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penghambat renin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a> memiliki kadar yang lebih tinggi daripada <a href="/wiki/Enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" title="Enzim pengubah angiotensin">enzim pengubah angiotensin</a> (<i>ACE</i>) dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_renin-angiotensin" title="Sistem renin-angiotensin">sistem renin-angiotensin</a>. Oleh karena itu, penghambat renin dapat secara efektif mengurangi hipertensi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliskiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliskiren (halaman belum tersedia)">Aliskiren</a> (dikembangkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a>) adalah penghambat renin yang telah disetujui oleh <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengawas_Obat_dan_Makanan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat">Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat</a> untuk pengobatan hipertensi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antagonis_reseptor_aldosteron">Antagonis reseptor aldosteron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Antagonis reseptor aldosteron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Antagonis reseptor aldosteron"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antagonis reseptor <a href="/wiki/Aldosteron" title="Aldosteron">aldosteron</a>, yang juga dikenal sebagai antagonis reseptor mineralokortikoid (MRA) dapat menurunkan tekanan darah dengan menghalangi pengikatan aldosteron ke reseptor mineralokortikoid. Spironolakton dan eplerenon adalah MRA yang menyebabkan penghambatan penyerapan kembali natrium, sehingga mengakibatkan penurunan tekanan darah.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada dua obat yang termasuk golongan ini yakni: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eplerenon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eplerenon (halaman belum tersedia)">eplerenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolakton" title="Spironolakton">spironolakton</a></li></ul> <p>Antagonis reseptor aldosteron tidak direkomendasikan sebagai agen lini pertama untuk tekanan darah,<sup id="cite_ref-jnc7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jnc7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi spironolakton dan eplerenon keduanya digunakan dalam pengobatan gagal jantung dan hipertensi resistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonis_reseptor_adrenergik_alfa-2">Agonis reseptor adrenergik alfa-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Agonis reseptor adrenergik alfa-2" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Agonis reseptor adrenergik alfa-2"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agonis alfa sentral menurunkan tekanan darah dengan menstimulasi reseptor alfa di otak yang membuka arteri perifer sehingga memperlancar aliran darah. Reseptor alfa 2 ini dikenal sebagai autoreseptor yang memberikan <a href="/wiki/Umpan_balik_negatif" title="Umpan balik negatif">umpan balik negatif</a> dalam neurotransmisi (dalam hal ini, efek vasokonstriksi adrenalin). Agonis alfa sentral, seperti klonidin, biasanya diresepkan ketika semua obat antihipertensi lainnya gagal. Untuk mengobati hipertensi, obat-obatan ini biasanya diberikan dalam kombinasi dengan <a href="/wiki/Diuretik" title="Diuretik">diuretik</a>. Berikut merupakan obat-obatnya: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klonidin" title="Klonidin">klonidin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanabenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanabenz (halaman belum tersedia)">guanabenz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanfasin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanfasin (halaman belum tersedia)">guanfasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metildopa" title="Metildopa">metildopa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moksonidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moksonidin (halaman belum tersedia)">moksonidin</a></li></ul> <p>Efek samping dari golongan obat ini meliputi sedasi, pengeringan mukosa hidung, dan hipertensi <i>rebound</i> setelah penghentian.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa antiadrenergik tidak langsung jarang digunakan pada hipertensi yang resistan terhadap pengobatan: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanetidin" title="Guanetidin">guanetidin</a> – menggantikan norepinefrin dalam vesikel, mengurangi pelepasan toniknya</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekamilamin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekamilamin (halaman belum tersedia)">mekamilamin</a> – antinikotinik dan penghambat ganglion</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reserpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reserpin (halaman belum tersedia)">reserpin</a> – tidak langsung melalui penghambatan VMAT yang ireversibel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="penghambat_reseptor_endotel">penghambat reseptor endotel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: penghambat reseptor endotel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: penghambat reseptor endotel"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a> termasuk golongan obat baru dan bekerja dengan cara memblokir reseptor <a href="/wiki/Endotelin" title="Endotelin">endotelin</a>. Obat ini secara khusus hanya diindikasikan untuk pengobatan hipertensi <a href="/wiki/Arteri_pulmonalis" title="Arteri pulmonalis">arteri pulmonalis</a> pada pasien dengan <a href="/wiki/Gagal_jantung" title="Gagal jantung">gagal jantung</a> sedang hingga berat.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihipertensi&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-web-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web">McVeigh GE, Flack J, Grimm R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7729325">"Goals of Antihypertensive Therapy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal May 23 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goals+of+Antihypertensive+Therapy&rft.date=1995&rft.au=McVeigh+GE%2C+Flack+J%2C+Grimm+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F7729325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buku1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buku1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buku1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buku1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buku1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buku1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Judith Hopfer, April Hazard (2005). <i>Pedoman Obat untuk Perawat</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979-448-646-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/979-448-646-9">979-448-646-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedoman+Obat+untuk+Perawat&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Penerbit+Buku+Kedokteran+EGC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=979-448-646-9&rft.au=Judith+Hopfer%2C+April+Hazard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buku2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buku2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buku2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Staff Pengajar Departemen Farmakologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya (2009). <i>Kumpulan Kuliah Farmakologi</i>. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-979-448-831-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-979-448-831-7">978-979-448-831-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kumpulan+Kuliah+Farmakologi&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Penerbit+Buku+Kedokteran+EGC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-979-448-831-7&rft.au=Staff+Pengajar+Departemen+Farmakologi+Fakultas+Kedokteran+Universitas+Sriwijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JNC8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JNC8_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JNC8_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JNC8_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JNC8_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, Smith SC, Svetkey LP, Taler SJ, Townsend RR, Wright JT, Narva AS, Ortiz E (February 2014). 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"Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review". <i>Hypertension</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 219–24. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa">10.1161/01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801488">16801488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.atitle=Thiazide+diuretics%2C+potassium%2C+and+the+development+of+diabetes%3A+a+quantitative+review&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-24&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000231552.10054.aa&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16801488&rft.aulast=Zillich&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Garg%2C+J&rft.au=Basu%2C+S&rft.au=Bakris%2C+GL&rft.au=Carter%2C+BL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-promotion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-promotion_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang TJ, Ausiello JC, Stafford RS (April 1999). "Trends in antihypertensive drug advertising, 1985-1996". <i>Circulation</i>. <b>99</b> (15): 2055–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.99.15.2055">10.1161/01.CIR.99.15.2055</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10209012">10209012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Trends+in+antihypertensive+drug+advertising%2C+1985-1996&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2055-7&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.CIR.99.15.2055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10209012&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Ausiello%2C+JC&rft.au=Stafford%2C+RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heran BS, Chen JM, Wang JJ, Wright JM, et al. (Cochrane Hypertension Group) (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11380160">"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of potassium-sparing diuretics (that block the epithelial sodium channel) for primary hypertension"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>11</b>: CD008167. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008167.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD008167.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11380160">11380160</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; 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"Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>288</b> (23): 2981–97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.288.23.2981">10.1001/jama.288.23.2981</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479763">12479763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Major+outcomes+in+high-risk+hypertensive+patients+randomized+to+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibitor+or+calcium+channel+blocker+vs+diuretic%3A+The+Antihypertensive+and+Lipid-Lowering+Treatment+to+Prevent+Heart+Attack+Trial+%28ALLHAT%29&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2981-97&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.288.23.2981&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12479763&rft.aulast=Furberg&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Wright+Jr%2C+JT&rft.au=Davis%2C+BR&rft.au=Cutler%2C+JA&rft.au=Alderman%2C+M&rft.au=Black%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Leenen FH, Nwachuku CE, Black HR, Cushman WC, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_R._Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry R. Davis (halaman belum tersedia)">Davis BR</a>, Simpson LM, Alderman MH, Atlas SA, Basile JN, Cuyjet AB, Dart R, Felicetta JV, Grimm RH, Haywood LJ, Jafri SZ, Proschan MA, Thadani U, Whelton PK, Wright JT (September 2006). "Clinical events in high-risk hypertensive patients randomly assigned to calcium channel blocker versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial". <i>Hypertension</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 374–84. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000231662.77359.de">10.1161/01.HYP.0000231662.77359.de</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16864749">16864749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.atitle=Clinical+events+in+high-risk+hypertensive+patients+randomly+assigned+to+calcium+channel+blocker+versus+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibitor+in+the+antihypertensive+and+lipid-lowering+treatment+to+prevent+heart+attack+trial&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374-84&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000231662.77359.de&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16864749&rft.aulast=Leenen&rft.aufirst=FH&rft.au=Nwachuku%2C+CE&rft.au=Black%2C+HR&rft.au=Cushman%2C+WC&rft.au=Davis%2C+BR&rft.au=Simpson%2C+LM&rft.au=Alderman%2C+MH&rft.au=Atlas%2C+SA&rft.au=Basile%2C+JN&rft.au=Cuyjet%2C+AB&rft.au=Dart%2C+R&rft.au=Felicetta%2C+JV&rft.au=Grimm%2C+RH&rft.au=Haywood%2C+LJ&rft.au=Jafri%2C+SZ&rft.au=Proschan%2C+MA&rft.au=Thadani%2C+U&rft.au=Whelton%2C+PK&rft.au=Wright%2C+JT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Borghi C, Soldati M, Bragagni A, Cicero AF (December 2020). "Safety implications of combining ACE inhibitors with thiazides for the treatment of hypertensive patients". <i>Expert Opinion on Drug Safety</i>. <b>19</b> (12): 1577–1583. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14740338.2020.1836151">10.1080/14740338.2020.1836151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33047990">33047990</a> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Drug+Safety&rft.atitle=Safety+implications+of+combining+ACE+inhibitors+with+thiazides+for+the+treatment+of+hypertensive+patients&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1577-1583&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14740338.2020.1836151&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33047990&rft.aulast=Borghi&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Soldati%2C+M&rft.au=Bragagni%2C+A&rft.au=Cicero%2C+AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160801120145/http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/ace-inhibitors/art-20047480?pg=2">"High blood pressure (hypertension) - Uses for ACE inhibitors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a></i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/ace-inhibitors/art-20047480?pg=2">versi asli</a> tanggal 2016-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=High+blood+pressure+%28hypertension%29+-+Uses+for+ACE+inhibitors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fhigh-blood-pressure%2Fin-depth%2Face-inhibitors%2Fart-20047480%3Fpg%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> Page updated: June 29, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barreras A, Gurk-Turner C (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200815">"Angiotensin II receptor blockers"</a>. <i>Proceedings</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 123–126. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08998280.2003.11927893">10.1080/08998280.2003.11927893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1200815">1200815</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278727">16278727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+II+receptor+blockers&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-126&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200815&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16278727&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08998280.2003.11927893&rft.aulast=Barreras&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Gurk-Turner%2C+C&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1200815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMJ1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Verma S, Strauss M (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534428">"Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>329</b> (7477): 1248–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7477.1248">10.1136/bmj.329.7477.1248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534428">534428</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15564232">15564232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+receptor+blockers+and+myocardial+infarction&rft.volume=329&rft.issue=7477&rft.pages=1248-9&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC534428&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15564232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.329.7477.1248&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Strauss%2C+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC534428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circ1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Circ1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Strauss MH, Hall AS (August 2006). "Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction: unraveling the ARB-MI paradox". <i>Circulation</i>. <b>114</b> (8): 838–54. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923768">16923768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+receptor+blockers+may+increase+risk+of+myocardial+infarction%3A+unraveling+the+ARB-MI+paradox&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=838-54&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.105.594986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16923768&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Hall%2C+AS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Circ2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Circ2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tsuyuki RT, McDonald MA (August 2006). "Angiotensin receptor blockers do not increase risk of myocardial infarction". <i>Circulation</i>. <b>114</b> (8): 855–60. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.105.594978">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594978</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16923769">16923769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+receptor+blockers+do+not+increase+risk+of+myocardial+infarction&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=855-60&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.105.594978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16923769&rft.aulast=Tsuyuki&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.au=McDonald%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancet1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A (June 2004). "Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>363</b> (9426): 2022–31. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916451-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16451-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11392%2F462725">11392/462725</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15207952">15207952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Outcomes+in+hypertensive+patients+at+high+cardiovascular+risk+treated+with+regimens+based+on+valsartan+or+amlodipine%3A+the+VALUE+randomised+trial&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=9426&rft.pages=2022-31&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11392%2F462725&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15207952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2916451-9&rft.aulast=Julius&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kjeldsen%2C+SE&rft.au=Weber%2C+M&rft.au=Brunner%2C+HR&rft.au=Ekman%2C+S&rft.au=Hansson%2C+L&rft.au=Hua%2C+T&rft.au=Laragh%2C+J&rft.au=McInnes%2C+GT&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+L&rft.au=Plat%2C+F&rft.au=Schork%2C+A&rft.au=Smith%2C+B&rft.au=Zanchetti%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Granger CB, McMurray JJ, Yusuf S, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K (September 2003). "Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>362</b> (9386): 772–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2914284-5">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14284-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13678870">13678870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Effects+of+candesartan+in+patients+with+chronic+heart+failure+and+reduced+left-ventricular+systolic+function+intolerant+to+angiotensin-converting-enzyme+inhibitors%3A+the+CHARM-Alternative+trial&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=9386&rft.pages=772-6&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2914284-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13678870&rft.aulast=Granger&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=McMurray%2C+JJ&rft.au=Yusuf%2C+S&rft.au=Held%2C+P&rft.au=Michelson%2C+EL&rft.au=Olofsson%2C+B&rft.au=Ostergren%2C+J&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+MA&rft.au=Swedberg%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJH1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJH1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation journal">Levy BI (September 2005). 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typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25148386">25148386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Angiotensin+converting+enzyme+%28ACE%29+inhibitors+versus+angiotensin+receptor+blockers+for+primary+hypertension&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD009096&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25148386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009096.pub2&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Heran%2C+BS&rft.au=Wright%2C+JM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6486121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarzamJan2023" class="citation">Farzam K, Jan A (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532906/">"Beta Blockers"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30422501">30422501</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Beta+Blockers&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30422501&rft.aulast=Farzam&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Jan%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK532906%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nachawati_2023-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nachawati_2023_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Nachawati D, Patel JB (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556066/">"Alpha-Blockers"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32310526">32310526</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alpha-Blockers&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32310526&rft.aulast=Nachawati&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Patel%2C+JB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK556066%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-betablockers-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-betablockers_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O (29 Oct – 4 Nov 2005). "Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A meta-analysis". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>366</b> (9496): 1545–53. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2967573-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67573-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257341">16257341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Should+beta+blockers+remain+first+choice+in+the+treatment+of+primary+hypertension%3F+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=9496&rft.pages=1545-53&rft.date=2005-10-29%2F2005-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2967573-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16257341&rft.aulast=Lindholm&rft.aufirst=LH&rft.au=Carlberg%2C+B&rft.au=Samuelsson%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps02-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps02_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nelson M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826074015/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/4/108/12">"Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure"</a>. <i>Australian Prescriber</i> (33): 108–112. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/4/108/12">versi asli</a> tanggal 26 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Prescriber&rft.atitle=Drug+treatment+of+elevated+blood+pressure&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=108-112&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianprescriber.com%2Fmagazine%2F33%2F4%2F108%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atenolol-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atenolol_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carlberg B, Samuelsson O, Lindholm LH (6–12 Nov 2004). "Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice?". <i>Lancet</i>. <b>364</b> (9446): 1684–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917355-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17355-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15530629">15530629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Atenolol+in+hypertension%3A+is+it+a+wise+choice%3F&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=9446&rft.pages=1684-9&rft.date=2004-11-06%2F2004-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2917355-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15530629&rft.aulast=Carlberg&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Samuelsson%2C+O&rft.au=Lindholm%2C+LH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbmi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbmi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31101">"beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>318</b> (7200): 1730–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7200.1730">10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1730</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31101">31101</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381708">10381708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=beta+Blockade+after+myocardial+infarction%3A+systematic+review+and+meta+regression+analysis&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=7200&rft.pages=1730-7&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10381708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.318.7200.1730&rft.aulast=Freemantle&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Cleland%2C+J&rft.au=Young%2C+P&rft.au=Mason%2C+J&rft.au=Harrison%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216204848/http://www.nice.org.uk/download.aspx?o=CG034quickrefguide">"Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (halaman belum tersedia)">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nice.org.uk/download.aspx?o=CG034quickrefguide">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2007-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypertension%3A+management+of+hypertension+in+adults+in+primary+care&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Health+and+Clinical+Excellence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nice.org.uk%2Fdownload.aspx%3Fo%3DCG034quickrefguide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ladva S (2006-06-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929210400/http://www.nelm.nhs.uk/Record%20Viewing/viewRecord.aspx?id=567178">"NICE and BHS launch updated hypertension guideline"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Health_and_Clinical_Excellence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (halaman belum tersedia)">National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelm.nhs.uk/Record%20Viewing/viewRecord.aspx?id=567178">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2006-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NICE+and+BHS+launch+updated+hypertension+guideline&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Health+and+Clinical+Excellence&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft.aulast=Ladva&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nelm.nhs.uk%2FRecord%2520Viewing%2FviewRecord.aspx%3Fid%3D567178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alpha-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alpha_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (September 2003). "Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)". <i>Hypertension</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 239–46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A">10.1161/01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12925554">12925554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypertension&rft.atitle=Diuretic+versus+alpha-blocker+as+first-step+antihypertensive+therapy%3A+final+results+from+the+Antihypertensive+and+Lipid-Lowering+Treatment+to+Prevent+Heart+Attack+Trial+%28ALLHAT%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=239-46&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.HYP.0000086521.95630.5A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12925554&rft.au=ALLHAT+Officers+and+Coordinators+for+the+ALLHAT+Collaborative+Research+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hariri L, Patel JB (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554423/">"Vasodilators"</a>. <i>StatPearls</i>. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32119310">32119310</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vasodilators&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32119310&rft.aulast=Hariri&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Patel%2C+JB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK554423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunton-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunton_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunton_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Brunton L, Parker K, Blumenthal D, Buxton I (2007). "Therapy of hypertension". <i>Goodman & Gilman's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=The+Seventh+Report+of+the+Joint+National+Committee+on+Prevention%2C+Detection%2C+Evaluation%2C+and+Treatment+of+High+Blood+Pressure%3A+the+JNC+7+report&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=2560-72&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.289.19.2560&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12748199&rft.aulast=Chobanian&rft.aufirst=AV&rft.au=Bakris%2C+GL&rft.au=Black%2C+HR&rft.au=Cushman%2C+WC&rft.au=Green%2C+LA&rft.au=Izzo%2C+JL&rft.au=Jones%2C+DW&rft.au=Materson%2C+BJ&rft.au=Oparil%2C+S&rft.au=Wright%2C+JT&rft.au=Roccella%2C+EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAntihipertensi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" 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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Valerio CJ, Coghlan JG (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725793">"Bosentan in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the focus on the mildly symptomatic patient"</a>. <i>Vascular Health and Risk Management</i>. <b>5</b>: 607–619. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FVHRM.S4713">10.2147/VHRM.S4713</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725793">2725793</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" 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href="/wiki/Otot" title="Otot">Otot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang">tulang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sendi" title="Sendi">sendi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kode_ATC_M" title="Kode ATC M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_anabolik" title="Steroid anabolik">Steroid anabolik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiradang" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiradang">Antiradang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antirematik" title="Antirematik">Antirematik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortikosteroid" title="Kortikosteroid">Kortikosteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelemas_otot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelemas otot (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelemas otot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otak" title="Otak">Otak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_saraf" title="Sistem saraf">sistem saraf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kode_ATC_N" title="Kode ATC N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anestetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anestetik">Anestetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesik" title="Analgesik">Analgesik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikonvulsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikonvulsan">Antikonvulsan (antikejang)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penstabil_suasana_hati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penstabil suasana hati (halaman belum tersedia)">Penstabil suasana hati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anksiolitik" title="Anksiolitik">Anksiolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsikotik" title="Antipsikotik">Antipsikotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepresan" title="Antidepresan">Antidepresan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perangsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perangsang (halaman belum tersedia)">Perangsang sistem saraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedatif" title="Sedatif">Sedatif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_pernafasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem pernafasan">Sistem pernafasan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kode_ATC_R" title="Kode ATC R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronkodilator" title="Bronkodilator">Bronkodilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekongestan" title="Dekongestan">Dekongestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H1_antagonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H1 antagonis (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>1</sub> antagonis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18342415">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox 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