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id="toc-Development_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Development and corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_in_Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_in_Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Human rights in Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_in_Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Gaddafi_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Gaddafi_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Anti-Gaddafi movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-Gaddafi_movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-Gaddafi movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-Gaddafi_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_of_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_of_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beginnings of protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_of_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Uprising and civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uprising_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cultural revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_of_rebel_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_of_rebel_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Composition of rebel forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_of_rebel_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 State response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle State response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-State_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_sites_and_torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_sites_and_torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Prison sites and torture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_sites_and_torture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercenaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercenaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mercenaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercenaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Censorship of events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 International media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_shields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_shields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Human shields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_shields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Domestic responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestic responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resignation_of_government_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_of_government_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Resignation of government officials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_of_government_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military defections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_royal_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_royal_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Libyan royal family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_royal_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Course_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Course_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Course of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Course_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_weeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_weeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 First weeks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_weeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_military_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_military_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Foreign military intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_military_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20_August_rebel_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20_August_rebel_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 20 August rebel offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20_August_rebel_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Tripoli_and_NTC_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Tripoli_and_NTC_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 After Tripoli and NTC victory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Tripoli_and_NTC_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_qualification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_qualification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Legal qualification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_qualification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Humanitarian situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_targeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_targeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Ethnic targeting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_targeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libyan_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libyan_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Libyan refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libyan_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic,_religious_and_tribal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic,_religious_and_tribal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Economic, religious and tribal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic,_religious_and_tribal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Libyan civil war (2011)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiese_Burgeroorlog" title="Libiese Burgeroorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Libiese Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%B3%E1%8D%BB%E1%8D%AB_%E1%8B%93.%E1%88%9D._%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A2%E1%8B%AB_%E1%88%95%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%AE%E1%89%B5" title="የ፳፻፫ ዓ.ም. የሊቢያ ሕዝባዊ አብዮት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የ፳፻፫ ዓ.ም. የሊቢያ ሕዝባዊ አብዮት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_(2011)" title="الحرب الأهلية الليبية (2011) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية الليبية (2011)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Libia_de_2011" title="Guerra de Libia de 2011 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de Libia de 2011" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liviyada_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_(2011)" title="Liviyada vətəndaş müharibəsi (2011) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liviyada vətəndaş müharibəsi (2011)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B1)" title="لیبی ایچ ساواشی (۲۰۱۱) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیبی ایچ ساواشی (۲۰۱۱)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B_(2011)" title="Ливияла Граждандар һуғышы (2011) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ливияла Граждандар һуғышы (2011)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%96_(2011)" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лівіі (2011) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лівіі (2011)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%96" title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лібіі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзянская вайна ў Лібіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_(2011)" title="Гражданска война в Либия (2011) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война в Либия (2011)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_de_L%C3%ADbia_(2011)" title="Guerra Civil de Líbia (2011) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil de Líbia (2011)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_Libyi" title="První občanská válka v Libyi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První občanská válka v Libyi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_rebeli%C3%B3n_na_Libya_de_2011" title="El rebelión na Libya de 2011 – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="El rebelión na Libya de 2011" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwyldro_Libia" title="Chwyldro Libia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwyldro Libia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Libyen_(2011)" title="Borgerkrigen i Libyen (2011) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Libyen (2011)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg_in_Libyen_2011" title="Bürgerkrieg in Libyen 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerkrieg in Libyen 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011._aasta_Liib%C3%BCa_kodus%C3%B5da" title="2011. aasta Liibüa kodusõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2011. aasta Liibüa kodusõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B2%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_(2011)" title="Λιβυκός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος (2011) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιβυκός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος (2011)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Libia_de_2011" title="Guerra de Libia de 2011 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Libia de 2011" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libia_enlanda_milito" title="Libia enlanda milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libia enlanda milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libiako_gerra_zibila" title="Libiako gerra zibila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libiako gerra zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اولین جنگ داخلی لیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اولین جنگ داخلی لیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_civile_libyenne" title="Première guerre civile libyenne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre civile libyenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Cathartha_na_Libia_(2011)" title="Cogadh Cathartha na Libia (2011) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Cathartha na Libia (2011)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="제1차 리비아 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 리비아 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(2011)" title="Լիբիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ (2011) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիբիայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ (2011)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Libiji_2011." title="Rat u Libiji 2011. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rat u Libiji 2011." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Libya" title="Perang Saudara Libya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Libya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_civile_in_Libia" title="Prima guerra civile in Libia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra civile in Libia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91" title="מלחמת האזרחים הראשונה בלוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים הראשונה בלוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლიბიის პირველი სამოქალაქო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბიის პირველი სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_wenyewe_kwa_wenyewe_vya_Libya" title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Libya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Libya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_navxwey%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_L%C3%AEbyay%C3%AA" title="Şerê navxweyî yê Lîbyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê navxweyî yê Lîbyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_Libycus_anni_2011" title="Motus Libycus anni 2011 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motus Libycus anni 2011" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABbijas_pilso%C5%86u_kar%C5%A1_(2011)" title="Lībijas pilsoņu karš (2011) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lībijas pilsoņu karš (2011)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_l%C3%ADbiai_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első líbiai polgárháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Első líbiai polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Граѓанска војна во Либија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Граѓанска војна во Либија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82_(2011)" title="ലിബിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം (2011) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിബിയൻ ആഭ്യന്തരയുദ്ധം (2011)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9_2011" title="ثورة ليبيا سنة 2011 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثورة ليبيا سنة 2011" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_saudara_Libya" title="Perang saudara Libya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang saudara Libya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%81%E1%81%81)" title="လစ်ဗျား ပြည်တွင်းစစ် (၂၀၁၁) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လစ်ဗျား ပြည်တွင်းစစ် (၂၀၁၁)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Libische_Burgeroorlog" title="Eerste Libische Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Libische Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="2011年リビア内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2011年リビア内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Libya" title="Borgerkrigen i Libya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Libya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_libyske_borgarkrigen" title="Den libyske borgarkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den libyske borgarkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_civila_de_Libia" title="Guèrra civila de Libia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra civila de Libia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_(2011%D8%A1)" title="لیبیا خانہ جنگی (2011ء) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیبیا خانہ جنگی (2011ء)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B1)" title="د لیبیا کورنۍ جګړه (۲۰۱۱) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د لیبیا کورنۍ جګړه (۲۰۱۱)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_domowa_w_Libii" title="Wojna domowa w Libii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna domowa w Libii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_L%C3%ADbia_(2011)" title="Guerra Civil Líbia (2011) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Civil Líbia (2011)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Civil_Libian" title="Războiul Civil Libian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Civil Libian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8_(2011)" title="Гражданская война в Ливии (2011) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война в Ливии (2011)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libie_Ceevil_War_(2011)" title="Libie Ceevil War (2011) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Libie Ceevil War (2011)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Libyan Civil War (2011) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libyan Civil War (2011)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna_v_L%C3%ADbyi" title="Občianska vojna v Líbyi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Občianska vojna v Líbyi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A1)" title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی لیبیا (٢٠١١) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ناوخۆییی لیبیا (٢٠١١)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8_(2011)" title="Рат у Либији (2011) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рат у Либији (2011)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2011 armed conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about 1st Libyan Civil War. For the 18th-century civil war in Libya, see <a href="/wiki/Tripolitanian_civil_war" title="Tripolitanian civil war">Tripolitanian civil war</a>. For the latest civil war, see <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Libyan civil war (2014–2020)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Libyan Civil War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis since 2011</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_(2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png/420px-Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png/630px-Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png/840px-Pictures_of_Libyan_Civil_War_%282011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="904" /></a> From left to right: Armed pro-government supporters; Pro-government protesters gathered in <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Green Square</a>, now known as <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Martyrs' Square</a>; anti-Government protesters in Benghazi; Libyan rebels on a captured <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tank.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 February – 23 October 2011 (8 months, 1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> NATO/Anti-Gaddafi victory <ul><li>Overthrow and collapse of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Great_Socialist_People's_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya_(1977–2011)" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing of Muammar Gaddafi</a> and end of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">his rule over Libya</a> on 20 October 2011</li> <li>Start and continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li>Assumption of interim control by <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a>; remains in power until August 8, 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">UN</a> authorisation of <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO led military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_National_Transitional_Council" title="International recognition of the National Transitional Council">Diplomatic recognition</a> of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">AL</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">Factional violence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War">aftermath of the war</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">another civil war</a> in 2014<a href="#cite_note-norevolt-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Rise and spread of <a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a> in Libya<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">Anti-Gaddafi forces</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2011-10-26-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-3">[3]</a> </div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/US_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Air Force">US Air Force</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO members</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281976%E2%80%932020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other countries</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzin" title="Battle of Wazzin">Minor border clashes</a>: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg/23px-Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg/35px-Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg/46px-Banni%C3%A8re_forces_arm%C3%A9es_tunisiennes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Army" title="Tunisian Army">Tunisian Army</a></li> <li>Tunisian Police</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Mustafa Jalil</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Omar_El-Hariri" title="Omar El-Hariri">Omar El-Hariri</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Digheily" title="Jalal al-Digheily">Jalal al-Digheily</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdelhakim_Belhaj" title="Abdelhakim Belhaj">Abdelhakim Belhaj</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mahmoud" title="Suleiman Mahmoud">Suleiman Mahmoud</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Attalah_Obeidi" title="Ali Attalah Obeidi">Ali Attalah Obeidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Darbouk" title="Hussein Darbouk">Hussein Darbouk</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sallabi" title="Ali al-Sallabi">Ali al-Sallabi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Al-Ghariani" title="Sadiq Al-Ghariani">Sadiq Al-Ghariani</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Madani" title="Mohammed Ali Madani">Mohammed Ali Madani</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Osama_al-Juwaili" title="Osama al-Juwaili">Osama al-Juwaili</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Daou_al-Salhine_al-Jadak" title="Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak">Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bin_Dardef" title="Mustafa Bin Dardef">Mustafa Bin Dardef</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdel-Hakim_al-Hasidi" title="Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi">Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Salabi" title="Ismail al-Salabi">Ismail al-Salabi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Naker" title="Abdullah Naker">Abdullah Naker</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Ali_Al_Attiyah" title="Hamad bin Ali Al Attiyah">Hamad bin Ali Al Attiyah</a> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">James G. Stavridis</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Jodice" title="Ralph Jodice">Ralph Jodice</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/31px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bouchard" title="Charles Bouchard">J.C.C. Bouchard</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis Gaddafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi Gaddafi">Saadi Gaddafi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab Gaddafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu-Bakr_Yunis_Jabr" title="Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr">Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mansour_Dhao" title="Mansour Dhao">Mansour Dhao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Massoud_Abdelhafid" title="Massoud Abdelhafid">Massoud Abdelhafid</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Arabi" title="Mahdi al-Arabi">Mahdi al-Arabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Kanna" title="Ali Kanna">Ali Kanna</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Khweldi_Hameidi" title="Khweldi Hameidi">Khweldi Hameidi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sharif_al-Rifi" title="Ali Sharif al-Rifi">Ali Sharif al-Rifi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Tayeb_El-Safi" title="Tayeb El-Safi">Tayeb El-Safi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Gaddafi_al-Qahsi" title="Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi">Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Tohami_Khaled" title="Tohami Khaled">Tohami Khaled</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Salih_Rajab_al-Mismari" title="Salih Rajab al-Mismari">Salih Rajab al-Mismari</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam">Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Muftah_Anaqrat" title="Muftah Anaqrat">Muftah Anaqrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kabir_al-Gaddafi" title="Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi">Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi">Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Abdel_Hamid" title="Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid">Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_(Libya).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg/22px-Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg/33px-Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg/44px-Seal_of_the_National_Transitional_Council_%28Libya%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/22px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/33px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/44px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/22px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/33px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg/44px-Seal_of_the_Libyan_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> Defected army units</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Brigade" title="Tripoli Brigade">Tripoli Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg/22px-Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg/33px-Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg/44px-Free_Libyan_Air_Force_roundel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Force" title="Free Libyan Air Force">Free Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya" title="National Front for the Salvation of Libya">NFSL</a></li> <li>Armed protesters</li> <li>Local militias</li> <li>Anti-Gaddafi tribes<a href="#cite_note-tribewsj-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribespiegel-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2011-10-26-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black-3">[3]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Toubou_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Libya" title="Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya">Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya</a></li> <li>Fighters from the Awlad Suleiman tribe</li></ul></li> <li>Foreign mercenaries (alleged)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Military_advisors" class="mw-redirect" title="Military advisors">military advisors</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="624" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="624" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg/22px-Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg/33px-Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg/44px-Khamis_Brigade_SSI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="534" /></a> Elements of the <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Brigade" title="Khamis Brigade">Khamis Brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Naval_Ensign_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Navy" title="Libyan Navy">Libyan Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/22px-Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/33px-Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/44px-Roundel_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya"><img alt="Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Gaddafi Loyalists</a></li> <li>Paramilitary forces</li> <li>Libyan Police</li> <li>Pro-Gaddafi tribes and militias<a href="#cite_note-tribewsj-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribespiegel-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li>Loyalists from the <a href="/wiki/Warfalla" title="Warfalla">Warfalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magarha" title="Magarha">Magarha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg">Tuareg</a> Tribes</li> <li>Foreign mercenaries (alleged)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-childmercs-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-nervous-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-chadtuareg-23">[23]</a></li></ul></li></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 200,000 volunteers by war's end (NTC estimate)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <hr /> International Forces: Numerous air and maritime forces (see <a href="/wiki/Coalition_intervention_in_Libya#Forces_committed" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition intervention in Libya">here</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>–50,000<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> soldiers & militiamen</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,904–6,626 killed (other estimates: see <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Libyan civil war">here</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,309–4,227 soldiers killed (other estimates: see <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Libyan civil war">here</a>) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total casualties (including civilians): 30,000+ killed<a href="#cite_note-revolutioncasualties-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-20110908-28">[28]</a> 4,000 missing<a href="#cite_note-ap-20110908-28">[28]</a> 50,000 wounded<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> 7,000 captured <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> (other estimates: see <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Libyan civil war">here</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> *Large number of loyalist or immigrant civilians, not military personnel, among those captured by rebels,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> only an estimated minimum of 1,692+ confirmed as soldiers<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libyan_Crisis" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Campaignbox Libyan Crisis (2011–present)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Libyan Crisis (2011–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Libyan Crisis (2011–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libyan_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Aftermath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">Factional violence (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstrikes_in_Libya_since_the_beginning_of_the_Libyan_Crisis" title="Airstrikes in Libya since the beginning of the Libyan Crisis">Airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_peace_process" title="Libyan peace process">Libyan peace process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Libya">Refugees of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Libya">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libyan_protests" title="2020 Libyan protests">2020 Libyan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Tripoli_clashes" title="2022 Tripoli clashes">2022 Tripoli clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Tripoli_clashes" title="2023 Tripoli clashes">2023 Tripoli clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Libyan_Civil_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Libyan_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox First Libyan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Libyan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Libyan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Libyan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First Libyan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Libyan_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the First Libyan Civil War">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_before_military_intervention" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War before military intervention">Feb–18 Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(19_March%E2%80%93May)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (19 March–May)">19 Mar–May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(June%E2%80%9315_August)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (June–15 August)">Jun–15 Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(16_August_%E2%80%93_23_October)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (16 August – 23 October)">16 Aug–Oct</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayda" title="Battle of Bayda">Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="First Battle of Benghazi">1st Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_protests_and_clashes_(February_2011)" title="Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011)">1st Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(2011)" title="Battle of Misrata (2011)">Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="First Battle of Zawiya">1st Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nafusa_Mountains_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Nafusa Mountains campaign">Nafusa Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzin" title="Battle of Wazzin">Wazzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gharyan" title="Battle of Gharyan">Gharyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Brega" title="First Battle of Brega">1st Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ra%27s_Lanuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ra's Lanuf">Ra's Lanuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bin_Jawad" title="Battle of Bin Jawad">Bin Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Brega" title="Second Battle of Brega">2nd Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajdabiya" title="Battle of Ajdabiya">Ajdabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="Second Battle of Benghazi">2nd Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="First Gulf of Sidra offensive">1st Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Brega" title="Third Battle of Brega">3rd Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brega%E2%80%93Ajdabiya_road" title="Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road">Brega–Ajdabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaican_desert_campaign" title="Cyrenaican desert campaign">Cyrenaican desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Misrata_frontline" title="Battle of the Misrata frontline">Misrata Frontline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tawergha" title="Battle of Tawergha">Tawergha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zliten" title="Battle of Zliten">Zliten</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_uprising" title="Zliten uprising">uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Sebha_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Sebha clashes">Sebha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_skirmish" title="Zawiya skirmish">Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Brega" title="Fourth Battle of Brega">4th Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezzan_campaign" title="Fezzan campaign">Fezzan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebha" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sebha">Sebha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Msallata_clashes" title="2011 Msallata clashes">Msallata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rebel_coastal_offensive" title="2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive">Coastal Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="Second Battle of Zawiya">2nd Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Ras_Ajdir_clashes" title="2011 Ras Ajdir clashes">Ras Ajdir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="Second Gulf of Sidra offensive">2nd Gulf of Sidra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bin_Jawad" title="Second Battle of Bin Jawad">2nd Bin Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">Sirte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bani_Walid" title="Battle of Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Lanuf_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's Lanuf raid">Ra's Lanuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadames_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadames raid">Ghadames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_clashes_(mid-October_2011)" title="Tripoli clashes (mid-October 2011)">2nd Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_intervention_in_Libya" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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style="background-color:#008542;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/75px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/113px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg/150px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_at_the_AU_summit_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="2926" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#008542;color:white;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Personal life of Muammar Gaddafi">Personal</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#Early_life_and_career" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_to_Hell" title="Escape to Hell">Escape to Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Killing of Muammar Gaddafi">Killing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_and_legacy_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Reception and legacy of Muammar Gaddafi">Reception and legacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">Loyalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_movement_(Libya)" title="Free Officers movement (Libya)">Free Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Union_(Libya)" title="Arab Socialist Union (Libya)">Arab Socialist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Revolutionary_Command_Council" title="Libyan Revolutionary Command Council">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">General People's Committee</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Politics of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherly_Leader_and_Guide_of_the_Revolution" title="Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution">Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_General_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the General People's Congress">Secretary General of the General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Revolutionary_Command_Council_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council of Libya">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Libya">Prime Minister of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson of the African Union</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Military (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Armed Forces</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)" title="Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)">Action in the Gulf of Sidra in 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya" title="1986 United States bombing of Libya">1986 United States bombing of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO invasion of Libya</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Leadership (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History</a>)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Republic">Libyan Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_expulsion_of_Italians_from_Libya" title="1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya">1970 expulsion of Italians from Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_Libya" title="Cultural Revolution in Libya">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Libya and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTA_Flight_772" title="UTA Flight 772">UTA Flight 772</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi#Support_for_rebel_and_paramilitary_groups" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Support for rebel and paramilitary groups</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Libyan_Federation_of_Arab_Republics_referendum" title="1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum">1971 Libyan Federation of Arab Republics referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi's signature"><img alt="Muammar Gaddafi's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/50px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/75px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg/100px-Muammar_al-Gaddafi_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="163" /></a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_(1977%E2%80%932011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Libya_%281977%E2%80%932011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="624" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Template talk:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar_Gaddafi_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muammar Gaddafi series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Libyan civil war,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> also known as the First Libyan Civil War,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> was an armed conflict in 2011 in the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> country of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> and rebel groups that were seeking to oust <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">his government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2011-03-29-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2011-03-29-36">[36]</a> The war was preceded by protests in <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a> on 8 August 2009 and finally ignited by protests in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> beginning on Tuesday 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces who fired on the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> passed an <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">initial resolution</a> on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> for investigation.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-02-27-39">[39]</a> In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before reaching Benghazi. A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">further UN resolution</a> authorised member states to establish and enforce a <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">no-fly zone over Libya</a>, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> which turned into a <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">bombing campaign by the forces of NATO</a> against Libyan military installations and vehicles. The <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Gaddafi government</a> then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In August, rebel forces <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rebel_coastal_offensive" title="2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive">launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya</a>, backed by a wide-reaching NATO bombing campaign, taking back territory lost months before and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">capturing the capital city of Tripoli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a> campaign.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-2011-08-24-45">[45]</a> On 16 September 2011, the National Transitional Council was recognised by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as the legal representative of Libya, replacing the Gaddafi government. Muammar Gaddafi evaded capture until 20 October 2011, when he was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">captured and killed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The National Transitional Council declared "the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the war on 23 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the 2011 Libyan Civil War">the aftermath of the civil war</a>, a low-level <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> by former Gaddafi loyalists continued. There were various disagreements and strife between local militias and tribes, including fighting on 23 January 2012 in the former Gaddafi stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Bani_Walid" title="Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a>, leading to an alternative town council being established and later recognized by the National Transitional Council (NTC).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2401-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a> had become influential among many militias, leading to further division. A much greater issue had been the role of militias which fought in the civil war and their role in Libya's new dispensation. Some refused to disarm, and cooperation with the NTC had been strained, leading to demonstrations against militias and government action to disband such groups or integrate them into the Libyan military.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> These unresolved issues led directly to a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">second civil war in Libya</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> was the head of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Officers_Movement_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Officers Movement (Libya)">Free Officers Movement</a>, a group of Arab nationalists that deposed <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">King Idris I</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">bloodless coup d'état in 1969</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He abolished the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Libya_(1951)" title="Constitution of Libya (1951)">Libyan Constitution of 1951</a>, branding it a neocolonial document. From 1969 until 1975, standards of living, life expectancy and literacy grew rapidly. In 1975, he published his manifesto <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Muammar_Gaddafi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)">The Green Book</a>. He officially stepped down from power in 1977, and subsequently claimed to be merely a "symbolic figurehead" until 2011, with the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan government</a> up until then also denying that he held any power.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_gaddafi-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-jazeera_gaddafi-54">[54]</a> Under Gaddafi, Libya was theoretically a decentralized, <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> state run according to the philosophy of Gaddafi's The Green Book, with Gaddafi retaining a ceremonial position. Libya was officially run by a system of people's committees which served as local governments for the country's subdivisions, an indirectly elected <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)" title="General People's Congress (Libya)">General People's Congress</a> as the legislature, and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Libya" title="Cabinet of Libya">General People's Committee</a>, led by a Secretary-General, as the executive branch. According to the US Government funded <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, however, these structures were often manipulated to ensure the dominance of Gaddafi, who reportedly continued to dominate all aspects of government.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>' <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cables</a> revealed US diplomats there speaking of Gaddafi's "mastery of tactical maneuvering".<a href="#cite_note-Whitlock_2011-02-22-57">[57]</a> While placing relatives and loyal members of <a href="/wiki/Qadhadhfa" title="Qadhadhfa">his tribe</a> in central military and government positions, he skilfully marginalized supporters and rivals, thus maintaining a delicate balance of powers, stability and economic developments. This extended even to his own sons, as he repeatedly changed affections to avoid the rise of a clear successor and rival.<a href="#cite_note-Whitlock_2011-02-22-57">[57]</a> Both Gaddafi and the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a>, however, officially denied that he held any power, but said that he was merely a symbolic figurehead.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_gaddafi-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-jazeera_gaddafi-54">[54]</a> While he was popularly seen as a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a> in the West, Gaddafi always portrayed himself as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statesman" class="extiw" title="wikt:statesman">statesman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> According to several Western media sources, Gaddafi feared a military coup against his government and deliberately kept Libya's military relatively weak. The <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a> consisted of about 50,000 personnel. Its most powerful units were four crack brigades of highly equipped and trained soldiers, composed of members of Gaddafi's tribe or members of other tribes loyal to him. One, the <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Brigade" title="Khamis Brigade">Khamis Brigade</a>, was led by his son <a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis</a>. Local militias and Revolutionary Committees across the country were also kept well-armed. By contrast, regular military units were poorly trained, and were armed with largely outdated military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-KFMBChannel8-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_corruption">Development and corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development and corruption">edit</a>]</div> By the end of Gaddafi's 42-year rule, Libya's population had a per capita income of $14,000, though a third was estimated to still live below the national poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> A broadly secular society was imposed.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a> was banned, and women enjoyed equality of equal pay for equal work, equal rights in divorce and access to higher education rose from 8% in 1966 to 43% in 1996, equal to that of men.<a href="#cite_note-Observer-64">[64]</a> Homelessness was insignificant, with literacy rates estimated at 88%, and average life expectancy rose from 51/54 in 1969 to 74/77.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg/564px-Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="564" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg/846px-Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg/1128px-Libya_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Libya under <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> used to have a higher <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> than the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> in the past.</figcaption></figure> Much of the state's income came from <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">its oil production</a>, which soared in the 1970s. In the 1980s, a large portion of it was spent on arms purchases, and on sponsoring militant groups and independence movements around the world.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Libya's economy was structured primarily around the nation's energy sector, which in the 2000s generated about 95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP, and 99% of government income.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2005-05-05-69">[69]</a> Libya is a member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">world's largest oil producers</a>. It was producing roughly 1.6 million barrels a day before the war, nearly 70% of them through the <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Oil_Corporation" title="National Oil Corporation">National Oil Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Additionally, the country's <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Investment_Authority" title="Libyan Investment Authority">Libyan Investment Authority</a>, was one of the largest in the world,<a href="#cite_note-Libya's_Gold-71">[71]</a> controlling assets worth approximately <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>56 billion,<a href="#cite_note-Libyan_investment-72">[72]</a> including over 100 tons of <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Central Bank of Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Libya's GDP per capita (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Human_development_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development index">human development index</a>, and literacy rate were better than in Egypt and Tunisia, whose <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> revolutions preceded the outbreak of protests in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Maleki_2011-02-09-74">[74]</a> Libya's <a href="/wiki/Corruption_perception_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption perception index">corruption perception index</a> in 2010 was 2.2, ranking 146th out of 178 countries, worse than that of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (ranked 98th) and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (ranked 59th).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> One paper speculated that such a situation created a broader contrast between good education, high demand for democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of democracy).<a href="#cite_note-Maleki_2011-02-09-74">[74]</a> An estimated 13% of Libyan citizens were unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2005-05-05-69">[69]</a> More than 16% of families had no members earning a stable income, and 43.3% had just one. Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region, there was a consistent labor shortage with over a million migrant workers present on the market.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> These migrant workers were the bulk of the refugees leaving Libya after the beginning of hostilities. Despite this, Libya's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in 2010 was the highest in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and greater than that of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. Libya had <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> systems allowing access to <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Free healthcare">free healthcare</a>, and financial assistance for housing, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Manmade_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Manmade River">Great Manmade River</a> was built to allow free access to fresh water across large parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_News_2011-10-22-77">[77]</a> Some of the worst economic conditions were in the eastern parts of the state, once a breadbasket of the ancient world, where Gaddafi extracted oil.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2011-03-03-79">[79]</a> Except for housing improvements and the Great Manmade River, little infrastructure was developed in this region for many years.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_News_2011-10-22-77">[77]</a> For example, the only sewage facility in Benghazi was over 40 years old, and untreated sewage has resulted in environmental problems.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Several foreign governments and analysts have stated that a large share of the business enterprise was controlled by Gaddafi, his family, and the government.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> A leaked US diplomatic cable said that the Libyan economy was "a <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a> in which the government – either the Gaddafi family itself or its close political allies – has a direct stake in anything worth buying, selling or owning".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-03-24-82">[82]</a> According to US officials, Gaddafi amassed a vast personal fortune during his 42-year leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Risen-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> pointed to Gaddafi's relatives adopting lavish lifestyles, including luxurious homes, Hollywood film investments, and private parties with American pop stars.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-03-24-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Gaddafi said that he planned to combat corruption in the state by proposing reforms where oil profits are handed out directly to the country's five million people<a href="#cite_note-reuters_handout-85">[85]</a> rather than to government bodies, stating that "as long as money is administered by a government body, there would be theft and corruption."<a href="#cite_note-bbc_handout-86">[86]</a> Gaddafi urged a sweeping reform of the government <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, suggesting that most of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> system should be dismantled to "free Libyans from red tape" and "protect the state's budget from corruption". According to Western diplomats, this move appeared to be aimed at putting pressure on the government to speed up reforms.<a href="#cite_note-reuters_handout-85">[85]</a> In March 2008, Gaddafi proposed plans to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people. The plan included abolishing all <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a> except those of defence, internal security, and foreign affairs, and departments implementing strategic projects.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> He stated that the ministries were failing to manage the country's oil revenues,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and that his "dream during all these years was to give power and wealth directly to the people".<a href="#cite_note-reuters_oil-89">[89]</a> A national vote on Gaddafi's plan was held in 2009, where Libya's people's congresses, collectively the country's highest authority, voted to delay implementation. The <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)" title="General People's Congress (Libya)">General People's Congress</a> announced that, of 468 <a href="/wiki/Basic_People%27s_Congress_(administrative_division)" title="Basic People's Congress (administrative division)">Basic People's Congresses</a>, 64 chose immediate implementation while 251 endorsed implementation "but asked for (it) to be delayed until appropriate measures were put in place". Some top government officials opposed the plan, saying that it would "wreak havoc" in the economy by "fanning <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and spurring <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>". Gaddafi acknowledged that the scheme, which promised up to 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Libyan dinars</a> ($23,000) annually to about a million of Libya's poorest, may "cause chaos before it brought about prosperity," but said "do not be afraid to experiment with a new form of government" and that "this plan is to offer a better future for Libya's children".<a href="#cite_note-reuters_oil-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_in_Libya">Human rights in Libya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Human rights in Libya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights in Libya</a></div> In 2009 and 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_(report)" title="Freedom of the Press (report)">Freedom of the Press Index</a> rated Libya the most-censored state in the Middle East and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In contrast, a January 2011 report of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>, on which the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> sat prior to the uprising, released a month before protests began, praised certain aspects of the country's human rights record, including its <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">treatment of women</a> and improvements in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-93">[93]</a> The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya's delegation to the United Nations issued a report about human rights in Libya. The report said that the country was founded on direct people's democracy that guaranteed direct exercise of authority by all citizens through the people's congresses. Citizens were said to be able to express opinions to the congresses on political, economic, social, and cultural issues. In addition, the report stated that there were information platforms such as newspapers and TV channels for people to express their opinions through. Libyan authorities also argued that no one in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya suffered from extreme poverty and hunger, and that the government guaranteed a minimum of food and essential needs to people with low incomes. In 2006, an initiative was adopted for providing people with low incomes investment portfolios amounting to $30,000 to be deposited with banks and companies.<a href="#cite_note-lib.ohchr.org-94">[94]</a> The Revolutionary Committees occasionally kept tight control over internal dissent; reportedly, 10% to 20% of Libyans worked as informants for these committees, with surveillance taking place in the government, in factories, and in the education sector.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-95">[95]</a> The government sometimes executed dissidents through public hangings and mutilations and re-broadcast them on <a href="/wiki/Public_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public television">public television</a> channels.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1990-96">[96]</a> Until the mid-1980s, Libya's intelligence service conducted assassinations of Libyan dissidents around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In December 2009, Gaddafi reportedly told government officials that Libya would soon experience a "new political period" and would have elections for important positions such as minister-level roles and the National Security Advisor position (a Prime Minister equivalent). He also promised that international monitors would be included to ensure fair elections. His speech was said to have caused a stir. These elections were planned to coincide with the Jamahiriya's usual periodic elections for the Popular Committees, <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">Basic People's Committees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_People%27s_Congress_(administrative_division)" title="Basic People's Congress (administrative division)">Basic People's Congresses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)" title="General People's Congress (Libya)">General People's Congresses</a>, in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973, and in 1974, Gaddafi asserted that anyone guilty of founding a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> would be executed.<a href="#cite_note-Mohamed_Eljhami-95">[95]</a> With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamahiriya">Jamahiriya</a> ("state of the masses") system in 1977, he established the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">Revolutionary Committees</a> as conduits for raising political consciousness, with the aim of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct</a> <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">political participation</a> by all Libyans rather than a traditional party-based <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ham_40_1-99">[99]</a> In 1979, some of the Revolutionary Committees had eventually evolved into self-appointed, sometimes zealous, enforcers of revolutionary orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-ham_40_1-99">[99]</a> During the early 1980s, the Revolutionary Committees had considerable power and became a growing source of tension within the Jamihiriya,<a href="#cite_note-vandewalle_124-100">[100]</a> to the extent that Gaddafi sometimes criticized their effectiveness and excessive repression,<a href="#cite_note-ham_40_1-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-vandewalle_124-100">[100]</a> until the power of the Revolutionary Committees was eventually restricted in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-vandewalle_124-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Libya)">The Green Book</a>, which Gaddafi authored in the 1970s, was for years the principal text of political education. BBC cited a Libyan who said that teachers who called it "rubbish" could face <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> "The Great Green Document on Human Rights treats the right to life as an individual human right and calls for abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a>, except in the case of persons whose lives endanger or corrupt society."<a href="#cite_note-lib.ohchr.org-94">[94]</a> In 1988, Gaddafi criticized the "excesses" he blamed on the Revolutionary Councils, stating that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression."<a href="#cite_note-ham_40_1-99">[99]</a> That same year, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya issued the Great Green Document on Human Rights, in which Article 5 established laws that allowed greater <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. Article 8 of The Code on the Promotion of Freedom stated that "each citizen has the right to express his opinions and ideas openly in <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Libya)" title="General People's Congress (Libya)">People's Congresses</a> and in all <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>."<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-93">[93]</a> A number of restrictions were also allegedly placed on the power of the Revolutionary Committees by the Gaddafi government, leading to a resurgence in the Libyan state's popularity by the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-vandewalle_124-100">[100]</a> In 2004, however, Libya posted a $1 million bounty for journalist and governmental critic Ashur Shamis, under the allegation that he was linked to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> and terror suspect <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qatada_al-Filistini" title="Abu Qatada al-Filistini">Abu Qatada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Gaddafi_movement">Anti-Gaddafi movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-Gaddafi movement">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_protests">Beginnings of protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beginnings of protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg/220px-Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg/330px-Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg/440px-Bayda_protest_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Protests on Al Oroba Street, Bayda, 13 January 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/220px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/330px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/440px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> was used as an <a href="/wiki/Libyan_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan opposition">opposition</a> flag.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></figcaption></figure> Between 13 and 16 January 2011, upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption, protesters in <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derna,_Libya" title="Derna, Libya">Derna</a>, Benghazi and other cities broke into, and occupied, housing that the government had been building. Protesters also clashed with police in Bayda and attacked government offices.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> By 27 January, the government had responded to the housing unrest with an over €20 billion investment fund to provide housing and development.<a href="#cite_note-fund-reuters-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg/140px-My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg/210px-My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg/280px-My_name_is_freedom_DSCF0480b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti in Benghazi, drawing the connection to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></figcaption></figure> In late January, Jamal al-Hajji, a writer, political commentator and accountant, "call[ed] on the Internet for demonstrations to be held in support of greater freedoms in Libya" inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian</a> revolutions. He was arrested on 1 February by plain-clothes police officers, and charged on 3 February with injuring someone with his car. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that because al-Hajji had previously been imprisoned for his non-violent political opinions, the real reason for the present arrest appeared to be his call for demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-AI_JamalH-109">[109]</a> In early February, Gaddafi, on behalf of the Jamahiriya, met with political activists, journalists and media figures and warned them that they would be held responsible if they disturbed the peace or created chaos in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-Awsat_2011-02-13-110">[110]</a> The protests would lead to an uprising and civil war, as part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-06-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-07-112">[112]</a> which had already resulted in the ousting of long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-02-19-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> played a central role in organizing the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Timpane-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-01-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-02-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-03-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASPO-H-04-118">[118]</a> A social media website declared an alternative government, one that would be an interim national council, was the first to compete with Muammar Gaddafi's political authority. Gaddafi's senior advisor attempted to reject the idea by tweeting his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uprising_and_civil_war">Uprising and civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uprising and civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_Civil_War_before_military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan Civil War before military intervention">Timeline of the Libyan Civil War before military intervention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_(Bayda,_Libya,_2011-02-16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg/220px-First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg/330px-First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg/440px-First_demonstrations_calling_for_toppling_the_regime_in_Libya_%28Bayda%2C_Libya%2C_2011-02-16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The first demonstrations in Bayda. A police car burns on 16 February 2011, at the crossroads of At-Talhi, now known as the Crossroads of the Spark.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg/220px-A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg/330px-A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg/440px-A_Benghazi_girl_holding_a_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>A girl in Benghazi with a placard saying that the Libyan tribes are united, on 23 February 2011.</figcaption></figure> The protests, unrest and confrontations began in earnest on 2 February 2011. They were soon nicknamed the Libyan Revolution of Dignity by the protesters and foreign media.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Foreign workers and disgruntled minorities protested in the main square of Zawiya, Libya against the local administration. This was succeeded by race riots, which were squashed by the police and pro-Gaddafi loyalists. On the evening of 15 February, between 500 and 600 demonstrators protested in front of Benghazi's police headquarters after the arrest of human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Fathi_Terbil" title="Fathi Terbil">Fathi Terbil</a>. Crowds were armed with petrol bombs and threw stones. Marchers hurled <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktails</a> in a downtown square in Benghazi, damaging cars, blocking roads, and hurling rocks. Police responded to crowds with tear gas, water cannon, and rubber bullets.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> 38 people were injured, including 10 security personnel.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2011-02-16-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idris_Al-Mesmari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idris Al-Mesmari (page does not exist)">Idris Al-Mesmari</a> was arrested hours after giving an interview with <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> about the police reaction to protests.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2011-02-16-122">[122]</a> In a statement released after clashes in Benghazi, a Libyan official warned that the Government "will not allow a group of people to move around at night and play with the security of Libya". The statement added: "The clashes last night were between small groups of people – up to 150. Some outsiders infiltrated that group. They were trying to corrupt the local legal process which has long been in place. We will not permit that at all, and we call on Libyans to voice their issues through existing channels, even if it is to call for the downfall of the government."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On the night of 16 February in <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zintan" title="Zintan">Zintan</a>, hundreds of protesters in each town calling for an end to the Gaddafi government set fire to police and security buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_2011-02-16-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2011-12-18-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_(Libya,_2011-07-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg/220px-Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg/330px-Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg/440px-Libyan_flag_above_the_communications_tower_in_Al_Bayda_%28Libya%2C_2011-07-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Libyan National Transitional Council flag is flown from a communications tower in Bayda in July.</figcaption></figure> A "Day of Rage" in Libya and by Libyans in exile was planned for 17 February.<a href="#cite_note-Awsat_2011-02-13-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Conference_for_the_Libyan_Opposition" title="National Conference for the Libyan Opposition">National Conference for the Libyan Opposition</a> asked that all groups opposed to the Gaddafi government protest on 17 February in memory of demonstrations in Benghazi five years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Awsat_2011-02-13-110">[110]</a> The plans to protest were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Awsat_2011-02-13-110">[110]</a> Protests took place in Benghazi, <a href="/wiki/Ajdabiya" title="Ajdabiya">Ajdabiya</a>, Derna, Zintan, and Bayda. Libyan security forces fired live ammunition into the armed protests. Protesters torched a number of government buildings, including a police station.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, television and public radio stations had been sacked, and protesters set fire to security buildings, <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Committee" title="General People's Committee">Revolutionary Committee</a> offices, the interior <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministry</a> building, and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hall,_Tripoli" title="People's Hall, Tripoli">People's Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ladepeche_libya-131">[131]</a> On 18 February, police and army personnel later withdrew from Benghazi after being overwhelmed by protesters. Some army personnel also joined the protesters; they then seized the local radio station. In Bayda, unconfirmed reports indicated that the local police force and riot-control units had joined the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-liveblog217-132">[132]</a> On 19 February, witnesses in Libya reported <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a> firing into crowds of anti-government protesters.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The army withdrew from the city of Bayda. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_revolt">Cultural revolt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural revolt">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;">'Al-Soo'al' (The Question)<a href="#cite_note-FreeMuse_20042011-134">[134]</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> Muammar: You have never served the people Muammar: You'd better give up Confess. You cannot escape Our revenge will catch you As a train roars through a wall We will drown you. </div> </blockquote> </div> <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">Rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and traditional music, alongside other genres, played a big role in encouraging dissent against Gaddafi's government. Music has been controlled and dissenting cultural figures have been arrested or tortured in <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> countries, including Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FreeMuse_20042011-134">[134]</a> Music provided an important platform for communication among demonstrators. It helped to create moral support and encouraged a spirit of revolt against the governments.<a href="#cite_note-FreeMuse_20042011-134">[134]</a> An anonymous hip hop artist called <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Thabit_(Libyan_musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Thabit (Libyan musician)">Ibn Thabit</a> gave a voice to "disenfranchised Libyans looking for a non-violent way to express their political will".<a href="#cite_note-Lane_2011-03-30-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> On his website, Ibn Thabit said that he "has been attacking Gaddafi with his music since 2008" when he posted his first song on the internet, titled "Moammar – the coward".<a href="#cite_note-Lane_2011-03-30-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Lyrics of a song 'Al-Soo'al' released by Ibn Thabit on YouTube on 27 January 2011, weeks before the riots began in Libya were indicative of the rebel sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-FreeMuse_20042011-134">[134]</a> Some groups, such as a rock band from Benghazi called the "Guys Underground", used <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a> to cloak the censure of the authorities. The group released a song just before the uprising entitled "Like My Father Always Says" to ridicule an autocratic fictional male head of a family which was a veiled reference to Colonel Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-FreeMuse_20042011-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv/220px-seek%3D125-2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="166" data-durationhint="221" data-mwtitle="2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="420" data-height="316" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="420" data-height="316" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv/2011_Libyan_uprising_Voice_of_America.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Public_Scout_and_Girl_Guide_Movement" title="Public Scout and Girl Guide Movement">Libyan Boy Scouts</a> helping in the social services in Benghazi.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></div> Many opposition participants called for a return to the 1952 constitution and a transition to multi-party democracy. Military units who joined the rebellion and many volunteers formed fighting units to defend against Jamahiriya attacks and to work to bring Tripoli under the influence of Jalil.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In Tobruk, volunteers turned a former headquarters of the government into a centre for helping protesters. Volunteers reportedly guarded the port, local banks and oil terminals to keep the oil flowing. Teachers and engineers set up a committee to collect weapons.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2011-03-03-79">[79]</a> Likewise, supply lines were run by volunteers. For example, in Misrata people organised a <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a> service which delivered up to 8,000 pizzas a day to fighters.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg/220px-Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg/330px-Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg/440px-Benghazi_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A few hundred anti-Gaddafi protesters in Benghazi, 25 February 2011</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: المجلس الوطني الانتقالي) was established on 27 February to consolidate efforts for change in the rule of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The main objectives of the group was to co-ordinate resistance between towns held in rebel control, and represent the opposition to the world, but did not include forming an interim government.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The Benghazi-based opposition government had called for a no-fly zone and airstrikes against the Jamahiriya.<a href="#cite_note-NZ_Herald_2011-03-11-142">[142]</a> The council began to refer to itself as the Libyan Republic and by March had a website.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Former Jamahiriya Justice Minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil said in February that the new government would prepare for elections and they could be held in three months.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 29 March, the political and international affairs committee of the Council presented its eight-point plan for Libya in The Guardian newspaper, stating they would hold free and fair elections and draft a national constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2011-03-29-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_2011-03-29-36">[36]</a> An independent newspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Some of the rebels opposed tribalism and wore vests bearing slogans such as "No to tribalism, no to factionalism".<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2011-03-03-79">[79]</a> Some Libyans said that they had found abandoned <a href="/wiki/Torture_chamber" title="Torture chamber">torture chambers</a> and devices that had been used in the past.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_rebel_forces">Composition of rebel forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Composition of rebel forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg/220px-Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg/330px-Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg/440px-Bengasi_court_square_0824b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1709" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Court square in Benghazi, 19 April 2011. At the central place for gatherings and demonstrations the walls are draped with pictures of casualties, mourners passing by.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_(6)_(8288579409).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg/220px-Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg/330px-Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg/440px-Tanks_outside_of_Misrata_%286%29_%288288579409%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed tanks in a scrap yard outside <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a></figcaption></figure> The rebels primarily included civilians, such as teachers, students, lawyers, and oil workers, but also defected police officers and professional soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> were part of the rebel movement in both eastern and western Libya.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Rebel groups primarily initiated from Misrati, Zentan and Derna. In Benghazi "the February 17 Brigade" was a powerful Islamist group composed of 12 different brigades. The Libya Shield was based out of Mistrata and Zaria. There was also the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group" title="Libyan Islamic Fighting Group">Libyan Islamic Fighting Group</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and the Obaida Ibn Jarrah Brigade which has been held responsible for the assassination of top rebel commander General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Gaddafi's administration repeatedly asserted that the rebels included <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> fighters.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Rebels denied this.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> NATO's Supreme Allied Commander <a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">James G. Stavridis</a> stated that intelligence reports suggested there were "flickers" of al-Qaeda activity among rebels, but that there was insufficient information to confirm a significant presence of <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Gaddafi's claims are supported by a 2008 secret cable from the US embassy in Tripoli to the US State Department, and an analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">US Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> of a set of documents called the Sinjar Records, purporting to show a statistical study of the al-Qaeda personnel records. The West Point analysis of these documents concluded that Libya provided "far more" foreign fighters in per capita terms than any other country.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> A disclosed file from 2005 on <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> found that rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufian_Ibrahim_Ahmed_Hamuda_Bin_Qumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sufian Ibrahim Ahmed Hamuda Bin Qumu">Abu Sufian Ibrahim Ahmed Hamuda Bin Qumu</a> was a former <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a> detainee alleged to be a member of the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, to have joined the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in 1998, and that he was a "probable member of Al Qaida and a member of the African Extremist Network".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_response">State response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State response">edit</a>]</div> In the days leading up to the conflict, Gaddafi called for a rally against the government that was to be held on 17 February. The <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> believes this to have been a political manoeuvre to divert attention away from himself and the <a href="/wiki/Jamahiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamahiriya">Jamahiriya</a> political system towards government officials currently in power.<a href="#cite_note-crisisgroup-130">[130]</a> Later in February, Gaddafi stated that the rebels were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic drugs">hallucinogenic drugs</a> put in drinks and pills. He specifically referred to substances in milk, coffee, and <a href="/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9" title="Nescafé">Nescafé</a>, and said that Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were distributing these hallucinogenic drugs. He also blamed <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Gaddafi later also stated that the revolt against his rule was the result of a colonialist plot by foreign states, particularly blaming France, the US and the UK, to control oil and enslave the Libyan people. He referred to the rebels as "cockroaches" and "rats", and vowed not to step down and to cleanse Libya house by house until the insurrection was crushed.<a href="#cite_note-deserve_to_live-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-three_scenarios-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> He said that if the rebels laid down their arms, they would not be harmed. He also said that he had been receiving "thousands" of phone calls from Benghazi, from residents who were being held hostage and who wanted to be rescued. Gaddafi said in a speech addressed to Benghazi on 17 March 2011 that the rebels<blockquote>"… can run away, they can go to Egypt…Those who would surrender their weapons and would join our side, we are the people of Libya. Those who surrender their weapons and would come without their arms, we would forgive them, and would have amnesty for those who put down their weapons. Anyone who throws his arms away and stays at home would be protected."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></blockquote>Libya's ambassador in Malta addressed that "many people instigating unrest were arrested. Libya will show that these belonged to Al Qaeda. Some young protestors were also misled. The government is ready to dialogue with them." He cited reports from the Libyan Foreign Ministry that up to 2,500 al-Qaeda foreign operatives have been working in eastern Libya and were mostly responsible for "stirring up trouble." He concluded, "What we saw in Tahrir Square, and in Tunisia, was a clear situation. But in Libya, there is something different."<a href="#cite_note-maltatoday.com.mt-163">[163]</a> He called himself a "warrior", and vowed to fight on and die a "martyr", and urged his supporters to leave their homes and attack rebels "in their lairs". Gaddafi said that he had not yet ordered the use of force, and threatened that "everything will burn" when he did. Responding to demands that he step down, he stated that he could not step down, as he held a purely symbolic position like <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth</a>, and that the people were in power.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> peace research institute <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">SIPRI</a> reported flights between Tripoli and a dedicated military base in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> which only handles stockpiled weaponry and military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Violence">edit</a>]</div> In a 17 March 2011 interview with ABC, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s son and heir apparent <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> said that "armed militia" fighters in <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> were killing children and terrorizing the population.<a href="#cite_note-Tripoli_Post_2011-03-18-166">[166]</a> He stated, "You know, the armoured militia yesterday, they killed four young boys in Benghazi. Why? Because they were against them. Everybody is terrified because of the armed militia. They live in terror. Nightmare. Armed people are everywhere. They have their own courts. They execute the people who are against them. No school. No hospital. No money. No banks."<a href="#cite_note-Tripoli_Post_2011-03-18-166">[166]</a> The Libyan government were reported to have employed snipers, artillery, helicopter gunships, warplanes, anti-aircraft weaponry, and warships against demonstrations and funeral processions.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> It was also reported that security forces and foreign mercenaries repeatedly used firearms, including assault rifles and machine guns, as well as knives against protesters. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> initially reported that writers, intellectuals and other prominent opposition sympathizers disappeared during the early days of the conflict in Gaddafi-controlled cities, and that they may have been subjected to torture or execution.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg/220px-Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg/330px-Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg/440px-Tripoli_hospital_during_uprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Rebel fighter in hospital in Tripoli</figcaption></figure> Amnesty International also reported that security forces targeted paramedics helping injured protesters.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In multiple incidents, Gaddafi's forces were documented using ambulances in their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Injured demonstrators were sometimes denied access to hospitals and ambulance transport. The government also banned giving blood transfusions to people who had taken part in the demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Security forces, including members of Gaddafi's Revolutionary Committees, stormed hospitals and removed the dead. Injured protesters were either summarily executed or had their oxygen masks, IV drips, and wires connected to the monitors removed. The dead and injured were piled into vehicles and taken away, possibly for cremation.<a href="#cite_note-haunted-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Doctors were prevented from documenting the numbers of dead and wounded, but an orderly in a Tripoli hospital morgue estimated to the BBC that 600–700 protesters were killed in Green Square in Tripoli on 20 February. The orderly said that ambulances brought in three or four corpses at a time, and that after the ice lockers were filled to capacity, bodies were placed on stretchers or the floor, and that "it was in the same at the other hospitals".<a href="#cite_note-haunted-173">[173]</a> In the eastern city of Bayda, anti-government forces hanged two policemen who were involved in trying to disperse demonstrations. In downtown Benghazi, anti-government forces killed the managing director of al-Galaa hospital. The victim's body showed signs of torture.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> On 19 February, several days after the conflict began, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi announced the creation of a commission of inquiry into the violence, chaired by a Libyan judge, as reported on <a href="/wiki/State_television" class="mw-redirect" title="State television">state television</a>. He stated that the commission was intended to be "for members of Libyan and foreign organizations of human rights" and that it will "investigate the circumstances and events that have caused many victims."<a href="#cite_note-ladepeche_libya-131">[131]</a> Towards the end of February, it was reported that the Gaddafi government had suppressed protests in Tripoli by distributing automobiles, money and weapons for hired followers to drive around Tripoli and attack people showing signs of dissent.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In Tripoli, "death squads" of mercenaries and Revolutionary Committees members reportedly patrolled the streets and shot people who tried to take the dead off the streets or gather in groups.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a> concluded on 24 February that Gaddafi was implementing a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy. The organization stated that "It is reasonable to fear that he has, in fact, decided to largely eliminate, wherever he still can, Libyan citizens who stood up against his regime and furthermore, to systematically and indiscriminately repress civilians. These acts can be characterized as <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, as defined in Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court."<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In May 2011, <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) chief prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno-Ocampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Moreno-Ocampo">Luis Moreno-Ocampo</a> estimated that 500–700 people were killed by security forces in February 2011, before the rebels took up arms. According to Moreno-Ocampo, "shooting at protesters was systematic".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> During the siege of Misrata in May 2011, Amnesty International reported "horrifying" tactics such as "indiscriminate attacks that have led to massive civilian casualties, including use of heavy artillery, rockets and cluster bombs in civilian areas and sniper fire against residents."<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_2011-05-06-180">[180]</a> Gaddafi's military commanders also reportedly executed soldiers who refused to fire on protesters.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a> reported a case where 130 soldiers were executed.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Some of the soldiers executed by their commanders were reportedly burned alive.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In June 2011, a more detailed investigation by Amnesty International found that many of the allegations against Gaddafi and the Libyan state turned out to be false or to lack any credible evidence, saying that rebels at times appeared to have knowingly made false claims or manufactured evidence.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> In July 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had an interview with <a href="/wiki/Russia_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Today">Russia Today</a> in which he denied the ICC's allegations that he or his father <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> ordered the killing of civilian protesters. He said that he was not a member of the government or the military and therefore had no authority to give such orders. He also said that his father made recorded calls to General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a>, who later defected to the rebel forces, in order to request not to use force against protesters, to which he said Fatah Younis responded that protesters were attacking a military site and soldiers were acting in self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2011-07-01-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_sites_and_torture">Prison sites and torture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prison sites and torture">edit</a>]</div> Gaddafi reportedly imprisoned thousands or tens of thousands of residents in Tripoli, with the Red Cross denied access to these hidden prisons. One of the most notorious is a prison which was set up in a tobacco factory in Tripoli where inmates are reported to have been fed just half a loaf of bread and a bottle of water a day.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In late April, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">United States Ambassador to the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> alleged that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were given Viagra and encouraged to commit rapes in rebel-held or disputed areas. The allegations surfaced in an <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> report the previous month from Libya-based doctors, who claimed to have found Viagra in the pockets of government soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Human rights groups and aid workers had previously documented rapes by loyalist fighters during the war. The British aid agency "Save the children" said it got reports that children were raped by unknown perpetrators, but warned that these reports could not be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In a questionnaire 259 refugee women reported that they had been raped by Gaddafi's soldiers, however the accounts of these women could not be independently verified as the psychologist who conducted the questionnaire said that "she had lost contact with them".<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> The validity of the rape allegations is questioned by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, which has not found evidence to back up the claims and said that there are indications that on several occasions the rebels in Benghazi appeared to have knowingly made false claims or manufactured evidence.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercenaries">Mercenaries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mercenaries">edit</a>]</div> The Libyan government alleged that the armed rebellion was composed of "criminal gangs and mercenaries."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> A Libyan official reported to Libyan television that security forces arrested Tunisians and Egyptians that were "trained to sow chaos."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> According to the Libyan Government authorities, mercenaries from Turkey, Egypt, and Tunisia entered Libya to fight on the side of the rebels. Dozens of them were arrested. Libya's Jamahiriya News Agency reported that the detained men were part of a "foreign network (and were) trained to damage Libya's stability, the safety of its citizens and national unity."<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Military advisors from Qatar participated on the side of the rebels,<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and were sometimes labelled as "mercenaries" by the media.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> However, Qatar's role was certainly much greater than that. Initially, Qatari Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Jassim_bin_Jaber_Al_Thani" title="Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani">Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani</a> declared that the country was supporting the rebels by sending "defensive weaponry" only.<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.com-194">[194]</a> A report by Sam Dagher, Charles Levinson, and Margaret Coker published by The Wall Street Journal on 17 October 2011 challenged those statements, and posited that "Qatar provided anti-Gadhafi rebels with what Libyan officials now estimate are tens of millions of dollars in aid, military training and more than 20,000 tons of weapons."<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> The three columnists reported anonymous sources described as "people familiar with the shipments" who confirmed that 18 weapons shipments were delivered to rebel forces between spring and summer 2011, mostly independently from the mediation of the National Transitional Council. In fact, most shipments for which Qatar paid went directly to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> According to NTC-allied officials interviewed by The Wall Street Journal, a few key figures facilitated Qatar's weapons and aid to flow directly to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> Cleric Ali al-Sallabi allegedly served as a primary "conduit for Qatari humanitarian aid, money and arms" and helped to direct more than a dozen of the Qatari shipments.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> His brother Ismail al-Salabi, leader of the Islamist "February 17 Katiba" rebel faction, was believed to be financially backed from Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.com-194">[194]</a> Abdel Hakim Belhaj, the leader of Tripoli Military Council who had previously served as the leader of the 2004 U.S. terrorist-designated <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Islamic_Fighting_Group" title="Libyan Islamic Fighting Group">Libyan Islamic Fighting Group</a> (LIFG), was among the privileged recipients of shipments from Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blanchard,_Christopher_2009_P.16-196">[196]</a> Jalal al-Dugheily, the NTC Defence Minister, was a Libyan army veteran who reportedly favoured Islamist militia leaders.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> According to David Roberts' analysis published by Foreign Policy, Belhaj – a "politically radioactive personality" – met with NATO officials at the end of August 2011 "under Qatar auspices."<a href="#cite_note-Blanchard,_Christopher_2009_P.16-196">[196]</a> Over ten ammunition shipments sponsored by Qatar were allegedly delivered to anti-Gaddhafi forces via Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a> Dagher, Levinson, and Coker also wrote that some government officials in Tripoli claimed that Ghaddafi's fall did not cause those shipments to be suspended. Weapons allegedly continued to be delivered to Islamist groups also in September 2011, after the removal of Libya's government.<a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Reuters had reported in May 2011 that rebels from eastern Libya – where Ghaddafi's rule had ended in early February – were negotiating with Qatari banks to "facilitate international money transfers in rebel-held areas, a move aimed at recapitalising banks and boosting the economy through trade." The Qatari banks involved in talks with delegates from the National Transitional Council were <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Islamic_Bank" title="Qatar Islamic Bank">Qatar Islamic Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qatar_National_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar National Bank">Qatar National Bank</a>. According to the Reuters report, Qatar was already marketing crude petroleum from oil fields in the territories controlled by the rebels and had sent "gasoline, diesel and liquefied petroleum gas" in the same areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Qatar also provided training to fighters based both in eastern Libya and in the Nafusa Mountains, in the Tripoli area. David Roberts reported that Libyan fighters were even brought back to Doha for special training. Finally, on 24 August 2011, "Qatari special forces" were involved in the final assault on <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> compound.<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.com-194">[194]</a> After clashes between Government and anti-government forces, allegations arose of the Libyan Gaddafi using foreign mercenaries. The Libyan Government's ambassador to India Ali al-Essawi said that the defections of military units had indeed led to such a decision.<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_23_February_2011-198">[198]</a> Video footage purporting to show this started to leak out of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_23_February_2011-198">[198]</a> Gaddafi's former Chief of Protocol Nouri Al Mesmari said in an interview with the Al Jazeera that <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Nigerien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenyan</a> mercenaries were among foreign soldiers helping fight the uprising on behalf of Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Chadian sources repudiated allegations that mercenaries from Chad were involved in the fighting in Libya. The Chadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a statement said that "Chadians are not sent or recruited in Chad to serve as mercenaries in Libya," and that allegations about Chadian mercenaries were "likely to cause serious physical and material harm to Chadians residing in Libya."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> According to African Union chairman <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ping" title="Jean Ping">Jean Ping</a>, the "NTC seems to confuse black people with mercenaries". Ping said that for the rebels, "All blacks are mercenaries. If you do that, it means (that the) one-third of the population of Libya, which is black, is also mercenaries. They are killing people, normal workers, mistreating them."<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Reports claiming that Sahrawi mercenaries have been contracted by Gaddafi in 2011 have been vehemently refuted by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> and remain unsubstantiated to date.<a href="#cite_note-News_Article_–_Center_for_Security_Studies_2016-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fiddian-Qasmiyeh2015-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In Mali, members of the Tuareg tribe confirmed that a large number of men, about 5,000, from the tribe went to Libya in late February.<a href="#cite_note-chadtuareg-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuaregs1-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuaregs2-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuaregs4-207">[207]</a> Locals in Mali said they were promised €7,500 ($10,000) upfront payment and compensation up to €750 ($1,000) per day.<a href="#cite_note-tuaregs1-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-tuaregs2-206">[206]</a> Gaddafi has used Malian Tuaregs in his political projects before, sending them to fight in places like Chad, Sudan and Lebanon and recently they have fought against the Niger government, a war which Gaddafi has reportedly sponsored. Malian government officials told BBC that it is hard to stop the flow of fighters from Mali to Libya.<a href="#cite_note-tuaregs1-205">[205]</a> A recruitment center for Malian soldiers leaving to Libya was found in a <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> hotel.<a href="#cite_note-tuaregs4-207">[207]</a> Reports from Ghana state that the men who went to Libya were offered as much as €1950 ($2,500) per day.<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_23_February_2011-198">[198]</a> Advertisements seeking mercenaries were seen in Nigeria<a href="#cite_note-Jamestown_23_February_2011-198">[198]</a> with at least one female Nigerian pro-Gaddafi sniper being caught in late August outside Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-M&Gsniper-208">[208]</a> One group of mercenaries from Niger, who had been allegedly recruited from the streets with promises of money, included a soldier of just 13 years old.<a href="#cite_note-childmercs-21">[21]</a> The Daily Telegraph studied the case of a 16-year-old captured Chadian child soldier in Bayda. The boy, who had previously been a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> in Chad, told that a Libyan man had offered him a job and a free flight to Tripoli, but in the end he had been airlifted to shoot opposition members in Eastern Libya.<a href="#cite_note-nervous-22">[22]</a> Reports by EU experts stated that Gaddafi's government hired between 300 and 500 European soldiers, including some from EU countries, at high wages. According to Michel Koutouzis, who does research on security issues for the EU institutions, the UN and the French government, "In Libyan society, there is a taboo against killing people from your own tribal group. This is one reason why Gaddafi needs foreign fighters,"<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Rumours of Serbian mercenary pilots participating on the side of Gaddafi appeared early in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Time magazine interviewed mercenaries from ex-Yugoslavia who fled Gaddafi's forces in August.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> A witness stated that mercenaries were more willing to kill demonstrators than Libyan forces were, and earned a reputation as among the most brutal forces employed by the government. A doctor in Benghazi said of the mercenaries that "they know one thing: to kill who is in front of them. Nothing else. They're killing people in cold blood".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> On 7 April, Reuters reported that soldiers loyal to Gaddafi were sent into refugee camps to intimidate and bribe black African migrant workers into fighting for the Libyan state during the war. Some of these "mercenaries" were compelled to fight against their wishes, according to a source inside one of the refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In June 2011, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> said it found no evidence of foreign mercenaries being used, saying the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black Africans</a> said to be "mercenaries" were in fact "sub-Saharan migrants working in Libya," and described the use of mercenaries as a "myth" that "inflamed public opinion" and led to lynchings and executions of black Africans by rebel forces.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has countered that while many foreign migrants were erroneously accused of fighting with Gaddafi, there were also genuine mercenaries from several nations who participated in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In October 2011, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/South_African_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South African government">South African government</a> was investigating the possibility that Gaddafi hired <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> mercenaries to help him escape the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">besieged</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">ultimately caught</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DailyMaverickMerc-217">[217]</a> It is thought that two South African mercenaries died in that operation from a NATO air strike on Gaddafi's convoy. One of the alleged mercenaries speaking from a hospital in North Africa stated that around 19 South Africans had been contracted by different companies for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-Rapport-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_of_events">Censorship of events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Censorship of events">edit</a>]</div> A subsidiary of Bull developed a software called Eagle which enabled Gaddafi to monitor internet traffic and which was implemented in Libya in 2008 and with better performance in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Gaddafi shut down all Internet communications in Libya, and arrested Libyans who had given phone interviews to the media.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> International journalists were banned by the Libyan authorities from reporting from Libya except by invitation of the Gaddafi government.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> On 21 February, The New York Times reported that Gaddafi had tried to impose a blackout on information from Libya.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-225">[225]</a> Several residents reported that cellphone service was down, and even landline phone service was sporadic.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-225">[225]</a> However, every day new footage made with cell phone cameras found its way to YouTube and the international media. Journalists and human rights researchers made daily phone calls to hundreds of civilians in government held territory. In the city of Misrata, rebel leaders imposed restrictions on the foreign media. Journalists were prevented from travelling to the village of Dafniya and were turned back at rebel-held checkpoints. Journalists were only able to use officially approved translators.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> International journalists who attempted to cover the events were attacked by Gaddafi's forces. A BBC News crew was beaten and lined up against a wall by Gaddafi's soldiers, who then shot next to a journalist's ear and laughed at them.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> A journalist working for The Guardian and another Brazilian journalist have been detained. An Al-Jazeera journalist <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Jaber" title="Ali Hassan al-Jaber">Ali Hassan al-Jaber</a> was murdered, and was apparently deliberately targeted.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Gaddafi's soldiers held four New York Times journalists – <a href="/wiki/Lynsey_Addario" title="Lynsey Addario">Lynsey Addario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shadid" title="Anthony Shadid">Anthony Shadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Farrell_(journalist)" title="Stephen Farrell (journalist)">Stephen Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Hicks" title="Tyler Hicks">Tyler Hicks</a> – in captivity for a week.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Libyan citizen journalist <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a> was shot in the head by Gaddafi's soldiers soon after exposing the Gaddafi government's false reports related to the cease-fire declaration.<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_media">International media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International media">edit</a>]</div> After the uprising began, Libyan students studying in the United States allegedly received phone calls from the Libyan embassy, instructing them to join pro-Gaddafi rallies, and threatening the loss of their government-funded scholarships if they refused. Gaddafi's ambassador denied the reports.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> A campaign in Serbia has organized people to spread pro-Gaddafi messages on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Gaddafi's aides also organized tours for foreign journalists in Tripoli. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> correspondent in Tripoli noted "The picture presented by the regime often falls apart, fast. Coffins at funerals have sometimes turned out to be empty. Bombing sites are recycled. An injured seven-year-old in a hospital was the victim of a car crash, according to a note passed on surreptitiously by a nurse. Journalists who point out such blatant massaging of facts are harangued in the hotel corridors."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> described journalism in Gaddafi's Libya as "<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> with palm trees". Journalists were not allowed to go anywhere, or talk to anyone, without authorization from Gaddafi's officials who always followed them. Journalists who did not report events the way Gaddafi's officials instructed faced problems and sudden deportations.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In June 2011, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized "Western <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media coverage</a>" which "has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators who presented no security challenge."<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_shields">Human shields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human shields">edit</a>]</div> Gaddafi forces reportedly surrounded themselves with civilians to protect themselves and key military sites like the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> compound in Tripoli from air strikes.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Amnesty International cited claims that Gaddafi had placed his tanks next to civilian facilities, using them as shields.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_2011-05-06-180">[180]</a> According to Libyan state television, the rebels used human shields in Misrata.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The Jamahiriya News Agency reported on a speech delivered by Leader Gaddafi to Misrata tribes in Tripoli, in which he said that the rebels "used children and women as human shields. They took more than 100 children whose whereabouts we do not know – maybe to Europe, to be evangelised."<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_responses">Domestic responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Domestic responses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan civil war">Domestic responses to the Libyan civil war</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_of_government_officials">Resignation of government officials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resignation of government officials">edit</a>]</div> In response to the use of force against protesters, a number of senior Libyan public officials either renounced the Gaddafi government or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan civil war">resigned from their positions</a>. Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Mustafa Abdul Jalil</a> and Interior Minister Major General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a> both defected to the opposition. Oil Minister <a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Moussa_Koussa" title="Moussa Koussa">Moussa Koussa</a> fled Libya, with the latter defecting to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FCO576566082-238">[238]</a> Libyan Prosecutor General Abdul-Rahman al-Abbar resigned from the post and joined the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The staff of a number of diplomatic missions of Libya have either resigned or condemned the actions of the Gaddafi government. The ambassadors to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> have either resigned or stated that they no longer support the government.<a href="#cite_note-GAN_20110221-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The ambassadors to Australia,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Bangladesh, Belgium,<a href="#cite_note-GAN_20110221-240">[240]</a> France,<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> India,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-liveblog217-132">[132]</a> Malaysia, Nigeria, Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Sweden,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> and the US<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> also renounced the Gaddafi government or formally resigned. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_defections">Military defections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military defections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirage_F1ED_(12549140495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg/220px-Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg/330px-Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg/440px-Mirage_F1ED_%2812549140495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>One of the two Dassault Mirage F1 that were flown to Malta.</figcaption></figure> A number of senior military officials defected to the opposition, including General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a>, General al-Barani Ashkal,<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mahmoud" title="Suleiman Mahmoud">Suleiman Mahmoud</a>, Brigadier General Musa'ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, Brigadier General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Ibrahim_Al_Qarawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi (page does not exist)">Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi</a> and Brigadier General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawood_Issa_Al_Qafsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawood Issa Al Qafsi (page does not exist)">Dawood Issa Al Qafsi</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a> colonels each flew their <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F1</a> fighter jets to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and requested asylum, after being ordered to carry out airstrikes against civilian protesters in Benghazi.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Colonel Nuretin Hurala, the commander of the Benghazi Naval Base also defected along with senior naval officials.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_royal_family">Libyan royal family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libyan royal family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG/220px-A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG/330px-A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG/440px-A_Benghazi_citizen_holding_King_Idris%27s_photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazian</a> carrying (deposed) <a href="/wiki/King_Idris" class="mw-redirect" title="King Idris">King Idris</a>' photo. Support of the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi dynasty</a> has traditionally been strong in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_2011-03-03-79">[79]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_as-Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad as-Senussi">Muhammad as-Senussi</a>, son of the former Crown Prince and grand-nephew of the late King <a href="/wiki/Idris_of_Libya" title="Idris of Libya">Idris</a>, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down their lives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with immediate effect."<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> as-Senussi said that the protesters would be "victorious in the end" and calls for international support to end the violence. On 24 February, as-Senussi gave an interview to Al Jazeera where he called upon the international community to help remove Gaddafi from power and stop the ongoing "massacre".<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> He dismissed talk of a civil war saying "The Libyan people and the tribes have proven they are united". He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the violence.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> He asked for a no-fly zone over Libya but does not support foreign ground troops.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> On 20 April, Mohammed spoke in front of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> calling for more support for Libya.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> He also stated that he will support any form of government that Libya will choose after Gaddafi including a constitutional monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> A rival claimant to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Idris_bin_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi">Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi</a>, announced in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Adnkronos" title="Adnkronos">Adnkronos</a> that he was ready to return to Libya and "assume leadership" once change had been initiated.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> On 21 February, he made an appearance on <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan_Tonight" class="mw-redirect" title="Piers Morgan Tonight">Piers Morgan Tonight</a> to discuss the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> In March, it was reported Idris bin Abdullah had held meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government officials. It was also reported attempts at contact had been initiated by French and Saudi officials.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> On 3 March, it was reported that another member of the family, Prince Zouber al-Senussi, had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in <a href="/wiki/Totebo" title="Totebo">Totebo</a>, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Course_of_the_war">Course of the war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Course of the war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the First Libyan Civil War">Timeline of the First Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libyan_war_final.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libyan_war_final.svg/250px-Libyan_war_final.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libyan_war_final.svg/375px-Libyan_war_final.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Libyan_war_final.svg/500px-Libyan_war_final.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>The course of the war<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Held by anti-Gaddafi forces by 1 March (Checkered: Lost before UN intervention)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Contested areas between March and August</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rebel western coastal offensive in August</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rebel gains by 1 October</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Last loyalist pockets</div><a href="/wiki/File:Big_battle_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/30px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/45px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Big_battle_symbol.svg/60px-Big_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="41" /></a> Major campaigns <a href="/wiki/File:Small_battle_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Small_battle_symbol.svg/20px-Small_battle_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Small_battle_symbol.svg/30px-Small_battle_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Small_battle_symbol.svg/40px-Small_battle_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="23" data-file-height="30" /></a> Battles</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_weeks">First weeks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: First weeks">edit</a>]</div> By 23 February, Gaddafi was suffering from the resignations and defections of close allies,<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-pressure-261">[261]</a> from the loss of Benghazi,<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> the fall of <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misrata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuwara">Zuwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Sabratha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorman">Sorman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-pressure-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> and mounting international isolation and pressure.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-pressure-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_23rd_(2)-265">[265]</a> By the end of February, Gaddafi's government had lost control of a significant part of Libya, including the major cities of Misrata and Benghazi, and the important harbours at <a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Lanuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's Lanuf">Ra's Lanuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brega" title="Brega">Brega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeeradefiant-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> But in early March, Gaddafi's forces pushed the rebels back and eventually reached Benghazi<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> and Misrata.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> On 10 March, the president of the ICRC Jakob Kellenberger warned of the increase in the intensity of fighting and in the number of casualties arriving at hospitals in Ajdabiya and Misrata.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC_10032011-271">[271]</a> By 11 March, the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a> was running out of quality jet fuel, and the government tried to bribe <a href="/wiki/Air_Wing_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Air Wing of the Armed Forces of Malta">Maltese Air Force</a> officials in order to buy fuel.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_military_intervention">Foreign military intervention</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Foreign military intervention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Charlottetown_(FFH_339)" title="HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339)">HMCS Charlottetown</a> was deployed to the Mediterranean off the coast of Libya on 2 March 2011, but did not take immediate action once arrived.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Seventeen days later, a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a>, which was taken in response to events then occurring during the conflict. That same day, military operations began, with US forces and one British submarine firing cruise missiles.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_2011-03-19-274">[274]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, and British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> undertaking <a href="/wiki/Sorties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorties">sorties</a> across Libya and a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_deployment-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> From the beginning of the intervention, the coalition of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Qatar, Spain, UK and US<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> expanded to 17 states. Newer states mostly enforced the no-fly zone and naval blockade or provided military logistical assistance. The effort was initially largely led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States involvement in the Libyan civil war">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABC_2011-03-19-274">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a>. An attempt to unify the military command of the air campaign (while keeping political and strategic control with a small group), first failed due to objections by the French, German, and Turkish governments.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remained with coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg/220px-Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg/330px-Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg/440px-Palmaria_bengasi_1903_0612_b1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Loyalist <a href="/wiki/Palmaria_(artillery)" title="Palmaria (artillery)">Palmaria howitzers</a> destroyed by the French air force near <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Harmattan" title="Opération Harmattan">Opération Harmattan</a> on 19 March 2011</figcaption></figure>In May 2011, when Gaddafi's forces were still fighting, and the result of the civil war was still uncertain, Putin and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri Medvedev">Dmitri Medvedev</a>'s Russian government recognized the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (NTC) of Libya as a legitimate dialogue partner.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> On 9 June 2011, some negotiators from NTC arrived in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to have negotiations with the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> In June 2011, Muammar Gaddafi and his son <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam</a> announced that they were willing to hold elections and that Gaddafi would step aside if he lost. Saif al-Islam stated that the elections could be held within three months and transparency would be guaranteed through international observers. NATO and the rebels rejected the offer, and NATO soon resumed bombardment of Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> In July 2011, Saif al-Islam accused NATO of bombing Libyan civilians, including his family members and their children, under the false pretence that their homes were military bases. He also stated that NATO offered to drop the ICC charges against him and his father if they accept a secret deal, an offer they rejected. He criticized the ICC as "a fake court" controlled by the NATO nations.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2011-07-01-184">[184]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Miller_(reporter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Miller (reporter) (page does not exist)">Phil Miller</a> in <a href="/wiki/Declassified_UK" title="Declassified UK">Declassified UK</a>, a 2022 book by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)" title="Ian Martin (UN official)">Ian Martin</a>, who ran the UN’s support mission in Libya from 2011-12, said that NATO's' deployments of special forces were "deliberately concealed" from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> and that NATO failed to investigate civilian deaths from its bombing campaign and gave "unconvincing" arguments for promoting regime change in the name of protecting civilians. Martin writes "NATO operations had increasingly extended from preventing attacks by Gaddafi's forces to supporting rebel advances."<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20_August_rebel_offensive">20 August rebel offensive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 20 August rebel offensive">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg/220px-Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg/330px-Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg/440px-Libya_rebel_checkpoint_by_VOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>A rebel checkpoint in Tripoli on 26 August 2011</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Battle of Tripoli (2011)</a></div> Heads of the rebellion reported on 21 August that Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam, was under arrest and that they had encircled the leader's compound, suggesting that the war had reached its endgame with an imminent rebel victory. By 22 August, rebel fighters had gained entrance into Tripoli and occupied Green Square, which was promptly renamed <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Martyrs' Square</a> in memory of those who had died fighting in the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Early on 23 August, Saif al-Islam appeared at the Gaddafi-controlled <a href="/wiki/Rixos_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rixos Hotels">Rixos Hotel</a> in central Tripoli and boasted his father was still in control.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Later the same day, rebels blasted open the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a> compound in Tripoli through its north gates and stormed inside. Despite previous reports suggesting that Muammar Gaddafi may be inside, no members of the Gaddafi family were found.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Early the following day, 24 August, Gaddafi broadcast an address from a Tripoli local radio station in which he said the withdrawal from Bab al-Azizia had been a "tactical" move. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported rebel leaders as saying they believed the only areas still under Gaddafi's control, other than the immediate neighbourhood of Bab al-Azizia, were al-Hadhba and Abu Salim, the latter including the Rixos Hotel where a group of foreign journalists had been trapped for days. However, the report noted the rebels lacked a unified command and that Gaddafi loyalists and snipers remained at large in many areas of Tripoli. Local hospitals and clinics, even in areas considered under rebel control, were reporting hundreds of cases of gunshot wounds and the death toll was impossible to estimate.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> By late afternoon the journalists trapped at the Rixos Hotel had been released while heavy fighting continued in the Abu Salim region close to Bab al-Azizia and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> The rebels were reported as estimating 400 people had been killed and a further 2,000 injured in the battle.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-2011-08-24-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_Tripoli_and_NTC_victory">After Tripoli and NTC victory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: After Tripoli and NTC victory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Muammar Gaddafi">Death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-A_frontline_parade_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A rebel tank near Ajdabiya</figcaption></figure> Efforts to mop up pro-Gaddafi forces in northwestern Libya and toward <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> began even before the rebels fully consolidated control of Tripoli. Rebels took the city of <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> near the borders of Tunisia and Algeria on 29 August. Members of the Gaddafi family took flight to Algeria. In September, the Gaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid was besieged by rebels, who reported that Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam was hiding in the city.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> On 22 September, the NTC captured the southern city of <a href="/wiki/Sabha,_Libya" title="Sabha, Libya">Sabha</a>, and claimed to have found a large cache of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Concerns were raised over the danger of Gaddafi mounting an insurgency against the new authorities.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> By mid-October 2011, much of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sirte" title="Sirte">Sirte</a> had been taken by NTC forces, although <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">fierce fighting continued around the city center</a>, where many pro-Gaddafi fighters were encamped.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> The NTC captured the whole of Sirte on 20 October 2011, and reported that Gaddafi himself had been killed in the city.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> Some civilian Gaddafi supporters remaining in the city reported that women and children had been killed in crossfire or fired upon by rebel forces. There were also reports of harassment and theft by rebels; however, the rebel army indicated it would leave unarmed civilians "to their own devices", and had allowed families in the city access to supplies and medical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_sirte-303">[303]</a> On 1 September, when Gaddafi lost his capital <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> but continued fighting, the Russian government under president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> recognized the Libyan NTC as the only legal regime in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> On 5 September, Libyan NTC spokesman, Abdulrahman Busin, said the NTC had hard evidence that Gaddafi bought arms from China.<a href="#cite_note-cnn201109-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt201109-306">[306]</a> Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Yu" title="Jiang Yu">Jiang Yu</a> confirmed arms sales talks with Gaddafi forces, but no arms were delivered.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-diplomat2011-309">[309]</a> On 12 September, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> also recognized the NTC as the only legal regime in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> Despite China and Russia abandoning their support of Gaddafi, an NTC spokesman said because of their long time support of Gaddafi, it will be very hard for a Chinese, Russian or <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> oil companies to acquire new exploration contracts.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War">Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Libyan Civil War">Second Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg/220px-NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg/330px-NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg/440px-NTC_fighters_claim_Bani_Walid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Libyan rebels after entering the town of <a href="/wiki/Bani_Walid" title="Bani Walid">Bani Walid</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the defeat of Gaddafi's <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_loyalism" title="Gaddafi loyalism">loyalists</a>, the capture of his last cities and Gaddafi's death, Saif al-Islam, Gaddafi's son and successor, remained hiding in the southern region of Libya until his capture in mid-November. In addition, some loyalist forces crossed into Niger, though the escape attempts exploded into violence when detected by Nigerien troops. Sporadic clashes between NTC and former loyalists also continued across Libya with low intensity. On 23 November 2011, seven people were killed in clashes at Bani Walid, five of them among the revolutionary forces and one Gaddafi loyalist.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> Fighting broke out on 3 January 2012, at a building used as intelligence headquarters by the Gaddafi government.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Arabiya_2012-01-03-313">[313]</a> Abdul Jalil, the chairman of NTC, warned Libyans that the country could descend into another civil war if they resort to force to settle their differences.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Arabiya_2012-01-03-313">[313]</a> It was reported that five people were killed and at least five injured in the events.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Also on 3 January, Libya's government named a retired general from Misrata, Yousel al-Manquosh, as head of the country's armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Bani Walid was captured by local tribal fighters on 23 January, due to the NTC's perceived inability to cooperate with them.<a href="#cite_note-norevolt-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2401-50">[50]</a> The local forces were said to have used heavy weapons and numbered 100–150 men.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2401-50">[50]</a> Eight NTC fighters were killed and at least 25 wounded, with the rest fleeing the city.<a href="#cite_note-norevolt-7">[7]</a> Clashes were also reported in Benghazi and Tripoli.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera2401-50">[50]</a> The NTC has functioned as an interim legislature during the transitional period. In early May 2012, it passed its most sweeping measures to date, granting immunity to former rebel fighters for acts committed during the civil war and ordering that all detainees accused of fighting for Gaddafi should be tried or released by 12 July 2012. It also adopted Law 37, prohibiting the publication of "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>" criticising the revolution, questioning the authority of Libya's governing organs, or praising Muammar Gaddafi, his family, his government, or the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Libya)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Green Book (Libya)">Green Book</a>.<a href="#cite_note-immunity-316">[316]</a> A September 2013 report by <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> shows that Libya had plunged into its worst political and economic crisis since the defeat of Gaddafi. The production of oil had almost completely stopped and the government had lost control of large areas of the country to the militias, while violence increased throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-TheIndepenedentLawlessness-317">[317]</a> By May 2014, conflicts between several factions in Libya had descended into a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Civil War (2014–present)">second civil war</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Casualties of the Libyan Civil War">Casualties of the Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg/220px-Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg/330px-Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg/440px-Protest_In_Dublin_Gaddafi_Is_A_Murderer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland, protesting against Gaddafi (March 2011).</figcaption></figure> Independent numbers of dead and injured in the conflict have still not been made available. Estimates have been widely varied. On 24 February, Libya's ambassador to Malta said that Gaddafi's government believed the number of dead to be about 300, including civilians, police officers, and soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-maltatoday.com.mt-163">[163]</a> The exact same day, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> estimated 10,000 had been killed.<a href="#cite_note-IRIB_2011-02-24-318">[318]</a> The numbers of injured were estimated to be around 4,000 by 22 February.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> On 2 March, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimated approximately 2,000 killed. At the same time, the opposition said that 6,500 people had died.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> Later, rebel spokesman <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Ghoga" title="Abdul Hafiz Ghoga">Abdul Hafiz Ghoga</a> reported that the death toll reached 8,000.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> In June 2011, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that earlier estimates of the initial clashes in February were exaggerated. It estimated that during the first few days of the conflict, 100 to 110 people were killed in Benghazi and 59 to 64 were killed in <a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Bayda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AmnestyRape-37">[37]</a> On 8 September, Naji Barakat, the Health Minister of the <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a>, stated that about half of an estimated 30,000 dead were believed to have been pro-Gaddafi fighters. War wounded were estimated as at least 50,000, of which about 20,000 were serious injuries, but this estimate was expected to rise.<a href="#cite_note-ap-20110908-28">[28]</a> However, there was no independent verification of the Health Minister's statement and, one month later, the NTC reduced the estimated number of killed to 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-SMH_2011-10-28-322">[322]</a> In January 2013, the new Libyan government, based on figures still being checked, estimated the number of killed to be actually far lower than previous estimates, with 4,700 rebel supporters and a similar number of Gaddafi supporters killed during the conflict. An estimated 2,100 people on both sides were missing.<a href="#cite_note-revolutioncasualties-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Conflict_Location_and_Event_Data_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project">Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project</a>, which compiles a database of all reported fatalities due to political violence on the African continent, listed 6,109 fatalities from 15 February to 23 October 2011, of which 1,319 prior to NATO intervention.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>, a public data resource that includes information on different types of organized violence (e.g. actors involved, casualties, date, location, etc.), reported that between 1,914 and 3,466 people were killed during the 2011 fighting.<a href="#cite_note-UCDP_Conflict_Encyclopedia_Libya-324">[324]</a> In addition their data shows that between 152 and 168 civilians were deliberately killed by the pro-Gaddafi forces in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-UCDP_Conflict_Encyclopedia_Libya-324">[324]</a> There were no combat casualties amongst the coalition forces, although one RAF airman was killed in an accident in Italy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_qualification">Legal qualification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legal qualification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama_speaking_on_the_military_intervention_in_Libya_at_the_National_Defense_University_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> speaking on the military intervention in Libya at the National Defense University.</figcaption></figure> Legal qualification of an armed conflict determines which rules of <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> apply to the conduct of the parties during that conflict. In general, the normative framework applicable to international conflicts is broader and more detailed than the sum of rules that apply in conflicts not of an international character.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The qualification of the Libyan conflict is the subject of some academic controversy. While most agree that the intensity of the fighting and the organization of the insurgents quickly rose to the level required for the existence of a non-international armed conflict under <a href="/wiki/Common_Article_3_of_the_Geneva_Conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions">Common Article 3</a> of the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Macak1-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1-327">[327]</a> the exact date when these conditions were considered fulfilled ranges from late February<a href="#cite_note-Macak2-328">[328]</a> to 10 March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-ICRC_10032011-271">[271]</a> It is generally accepted that the military intervention by a multi-state coalition acting under the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> mandate since 19 March 2011 occasioned an international armed conflict between Libya and the intervening states.<a href="#cite_note-Macak3-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2-330">[330]</a> Some academics believe that this intervention transformed the legal nature of the conflict as a whole, with the result that even the rebels should have been considered one of the parties to an overarching international conflict spanning the whole Libyan territory.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston2-330">[330]</a> Others doubt this on account of both legal and factual considerations.<a href="#cite_note-Macak4-331">[331]</a> Finally, it remains unsettled whether or not the rebels' overthrow of Gaddafi's government following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">fall of Tripoli</a> in August 2011 changed the nature of the conflict again. Some academics believe that as the rebels were now the legitimate and effective government of the state of Libya, the conflict was "deinternationalised" and thus non-international in nature again.<a href="#cite_note-Milanovic-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston3-333">[333]</a> Others maintain the opposite position, arguing that the available legal tests for "deinternationalisation" are unpersuasive and introduce vague and politicized criteria that cannot be satisfactorily considered in the heat of the battle. Consequently, these authors would consider that the international nature of the conflict remained unchanged until the end of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-Macak5-334">[334]</a> The ongoing conflict (or conflicts) ended for the purposes of legal qualification with the conclusion of hostilities in Libya in the end of October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Macak6-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnston4-336">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_situation">Humanitarian situation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Humanitarian situation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian situation during the Libyan Civil War">Humanitarian situation during the Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg/220px-US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg/330px-US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg/440px-US_forces_transport_displaced_Egyptians_from_Tunisia-01-dvids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>US forces transport displaced <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Egyptian</a> workers, March 2011</figcaption></figure> By the end of February 2011, supplies of medicine, fuel and food were dangerously low in Libya's urban centres.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> On 25 February, the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> launched an emergency appeal for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>6,400,000 to meet the emergency needs of people affected by the violent unrest in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> In early March, the fighting across Libya meant that more than a million people fleeing or inside the country needed humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a> and the WFP also coordinated a shipment of humanitarian supplies to Misrata.<a href="#cite_note-reliefweb1-341">[341]</a> In March, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Swedish government</a> donated medical supplies and other humanitarian aid and the UN <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> provided food. Turkey sent a hospital ship to Misrata and a Turkish cargo ship brought 141 tons of humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-reliefweb1-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> Another humanitarian issue was refugees fleeing the crisis. A humanitarian ship docked in harbour of Misrata in April to begin the evacuation of stranded migrants.<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-343">[343]</a> By 10 July, over 150,000 migrants were evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Migrants were also stranded elsewhere in Libya, such as in the southern towns of Sebha and Gatroum. Fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000 refugees were crossing the Libya–Tunisia border daily during the first days of the uprising. Among those escaping the violence were native Libyans as well as foreign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks.<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> While the UN sanctioned military intervention has been implemented on humanitarian grounds, UN agencies seeking to ease the humanitarian crisis repeatedly rejected offers of support from the military to carry out the agencies' humanitarian operations.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-346">[346]</a> The conditions under which such support may be accepted are outlined in the Guidelines on the Use of Military and Civil Defence Assets to Support United Nations Humanitarian Activities in Complex Emergencies (MCDA), whereby military support can be used but only temporarily and as a last resort.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-346">[346]</a> Yet, there remains the concern that aid agencies' neutrality will be brought into question by accepting military support, putting aid staff at risk of being <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_humanitarian_workers" title="Attacks on humanitarian workers">attacked</a> and causing some parties to prevent the agencies accessing all the areas they need to.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-346">[346]</a> Furthermore, the military may not always have the technical skills required to assess the need for aid and to ensure its effective distribution.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-346">[346]</a> Despite this, offers continue for the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_corridor" title="Humanitarian corridor">aid corridor</a> and aid agencies have accepted military logistical support in the past, for instance in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Pakistan_floods" title="2010 Pakistan floods">2010 Pakistan floods</a> response.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-346">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_targeting">Ethnic targeting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic targeting">edit</a>]</div> In August 2011, the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> issued a strong call for the rights and lives of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africans</a> living in Libya to be protected due to reports that black Africans were being targeted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by the rebel forces as cities fell.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> Other news sources including <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> have reported on the targeting[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> in rebel held areas.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> statement, released on 30 August 2011, stated that on visits to detention centres in <a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Libya" title="Zawiya, Libya">Zawiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, Amnesty International was informed that between one third and half of those detained were from Sub-Saharan Africa. A New York Times online article also comments that "it seems that plenty of the black Africans captured as mercenaries were never actually involved in the fight".<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> "Hundreds of thousands of sub-Saharan Africans worked in Gaddafi's Libya, doing everything from managing hotels to sweeping floors. But some also fought as pro-Gaddafi mercenaries, and many migrant workers [-] fled ahead of the rebels, fearing they would be mistaken for mercenaries."<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> It was also reported that some African women had said rebels were raping them in <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a>, with additional reports of forced labour. Foreign aid workers were also claiming to be prohibited from officially talking about the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Tawergha" title="Tawergha">Tawergha</a>, which supported Gaddafi prior to its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tawergha" title="Battle of Tawergha">capture</a> by anti-Gaddafi fighters in August, has been emptied of its mostly black inhabitants in what appeared to be a "major reprisal against supporters of the Gaddafi regime", according to an 11 September report from <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a>, and commanders of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misrata_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misrata Brigade (page does not exist)">Misrata Brigade</a> are refusing to allow the displaced townspeople to return. One commander was quoted as saying, "Tawergha no longer exists."<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2011-09-11-355">[355]</a> In 2014 a former <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a> officer reported to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> that the civil war was now an "ethnic struggle" between Arab tribes (like the Zintanis) against those of <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Turkish ancestry</a> (like the Misuratis), as well as against the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-356">[356]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libyan_refugees">Libyan refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Libyan refugees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Libyan Civil War">Refugees of the Libyan Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_(5631269655).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg/220px-Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg/330px-Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg/440px-Poursuite_de_lexode_libyen_%285631269655%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Libyan children at a refugee camp, April 2011</figcaption></figure> Fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000 refugees were crossing the Libya–Tunisia border daily during the first days of the uprising. Among those, escaping the violence, were native Libyans as well as foreign nationals including Egyptians, Tunisians and Turks.<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> In February, Italian Foreign Minister Frattini expressed his concerns that the amount of Libyan refugees trying to reach Italy might reach between 200,000 and 300,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> By 1 March, officials from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees</a> had confirmed allegations of discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans who were held in dangerous conditions in the no-man's-land between Tunisia and Libya.<a href="#cite_note-tgam-359">[359]</a> By 3 March, an estimated 200,000 refugees had fled Libya to either Tunisia or Egypt. A provisional refugee camp set up at <a href="/wiki/Ras_Ajdir" title="Ras Ajdir">Ras Ajdir</a> with a capacity for 10,000 was overflowing with an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 refugees. Many tens of thousands were still trapped on the Libyan side of the frontier. By 3 March, the situation was described as a logistical nightmare, with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> warning of the risk of epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> To continue responding to the needs of people staying at the <a href="/wiki/Ras_Ajdir" title="Ras Ajdir">Ras Ajdir</a> crossing point in Tunisia, the WFP and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secours_Islamique-France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secours Islamique-France (page does not exist)">Secours Islamique-France</a> were upgrading a kitchen that would provide breakfast for families. Separately, the ICRC advised it was handing over its operations at the Choucha Camp to the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Red_Crescent" title="Tunisian Red Crescent">Tunisian Red Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> Since 24 March, the WFP supplied over 42,500 cooked meals for TCNs at the Saloum border. A total of 1,650 cartons of fortified date bars (equivalent of 13.2 metric tons) had also been provided to supplement these meals.<a href="#cite_note-reliefweb1-341">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a> reported on 11 September that almost the entire population of <a href="/wiki/Tawergha" title="Tawergha">Tawergha</a>, a town of about 10,000 people, had been forced to flee their homes by anti-Gaddafi fighters after their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tawergha" title="Battle of Tawergha">takeover of the settlement</a>. The report suggested that Tawergha, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> Libyans, may have been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> provoked by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and bitterness on the part of <a href="/wiki/Misrata" title="Misrata">Misratan</a> fighters over the town's support for Gaddafi during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(2011)" title="Battle of Misrata (2011)">siege of Misrata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2011-09-11-355">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic,_religious_and_tribal">Economic, religious and tribal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economic, religious and tribal">edit</a>]</div> Oil prices around the world increased during the Libyan conflict, due to <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">the country's significant oil reserves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Oil_Company" title="Arabian Gulf Oil Company">Arabian Gulf Oil Company</a>, the second-largest state-owned oil company in Libya, announced plans to use oil funds to support anti-Gaddafi forces.<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> Islamic leaders and clerics in Libya, notably the <a href="/wiki/Network_of_Free_Ulema_%E2%80%93_Libya" title="Network of Free Ulema – Libya">Network of Free Ulema – Libya</a> urged all Muslims to rebel against Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Magarha" title="Magarha">Magarha</a> tribe announced their support of the protesters.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeeradefiant-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-hussein-22-02-2011-364">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zuwayya" title="Zuwayya">Zuwayya</a> tribe, based in eastern Libya, threatened to cut off oil exports from fields in its part of Libya if Libyan security forces continued attacking demonstrators.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-hussein-22-02-2011-364">[364]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg people</a> consistently supported Gaddafi during the Civil War, and for a time sheltered Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a> Gaddafi had given many Tuareg refuge from persecution in neighbouring Sahel countries, and that he patronized Tuareg culture in many ways, such as through festivals such as the Ghadames Festival,<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> and also the designation of <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Ghadames</a> old town as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> One Tuareg fighter said he and other Tuareg were ready to "fight for Gaddafi to the last drop of blood".<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> Tuareg areas such as <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat</a> remain Gaddafi loyalist strongholds to this day.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the 2011 Libyan Civil War">International reactions to the 2011 Libyan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_domestic_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_National_Transitional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council">Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg/220px-China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg/330px-China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg/440px-China_Eastern_Airbus_A340_in_Malta_Zammit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A total of 19 charter flights evacuated Chinese citizens from Libya via <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> Here a chartered <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a> is seen at <a href="/wiki/Malta_International_Airport" title="Malta International Airport">Malta International Airport</a> on 26 February 2011.</figcaption></figure> Many states and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> bodies condemned Gaddafi's government over disputed allegations of air attacks on civilian targets within the country. Virtually all Western countries cut off diplomatic relations with Gaddafi's government over disputed reports of an aerial bombing campaign in February and March, and a number of other countries led by <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> did likewise. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970</a> was adopted on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and ten members of his inner circle and restricting their travel. The resolution also referred the actions of the government to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> for investigation,<a href="#cite_note-NYT_2011-02-27-39">[39]</a> and an arrest warrant for Gaddafi was issued on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> This was followed by an arrest warrant issued by <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> The disputed allegations about the Libyan government's use of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a> to strike civilians led to the adoption of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/Libyan_no-fly_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan no-fly zone">Libyan no-fly zone</a> on 17 March, though several countries involved in the resolution's enforcement have also carried out regular strike missions to degrade the offensive capacity of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a> and destroy the government's <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> capabilities, effectively acting in <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> support of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">anti-Gaddafi forces</a> on the ground. The later British parliament's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Foreign Affairs Select Committee">Foreign Affairs Select Committee</a> inquiry concluded that by summer 2011 British policy had become one of <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20160914-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoc-libya-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-20160914-375">[375]</a> China and Russia, originally abstaining on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> due to the influence of the Arab League, pointed out that the implemented "no-fly-zone" had gone much further out of the originally agreed aims.<a href="#cite_note-tco-libya-376">[376]</a> One hundred countries recognized the anti-Gaddafi <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> as Libya's legitimate representative, with many of those countries explicitly describing it as the legal interim government of the country due to the perceived loss of legitimacy on the part of Gaddafi's government, though the National Transitional Council never obtained authority and security across all of Libya.<a href="#cite_note-hoc-libya-374">[374]</a> Many states also either issued <a href="/wiki/Travel_advisory" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel advisory">travel advisories</a> or attempted evacuations. Some evacuations were successful to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> or via land borders to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>; other attempts were hindered by tarmac damage at <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a>'s airport or refusals of permission to land in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. There were also several solidarity protests in other countries that were mostly composed of Libyan <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a>. Financial markets around the world had adverse reactions to the instability, with oil prices rising to a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2-year high.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/32px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/48px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/64px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Libya portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Libyan_protests" title="1976 Libyan protests">1976 Libyan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">2011 Battle of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">2011 Battle of Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War">Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_in_the_media_during_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Ibrahim" title="Moussa Ibrahim">Moussa Ibrahim</a>, Gaddafi's spokesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_North_Africa" title="List of modern conflicts in North Africa">List of modern conflicts in North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Resistance">Green Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011102693420436507.html">"NTC asks NATO to extend Libya presence"</a>. Al Jazeera. 26 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220035843/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011102693420436507.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NTC+asks+NATO+to+extend+Libya+presence&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fafrica%2F2011%2F10%2F2011102693420436507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2011-10-26-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2011-10-26_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2011-10-26_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15459473">"Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer"</a>. 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BBC News. 10 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408200937/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12692068">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+How+the+Opposing+Sides+Are+Armed&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-12692068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-revolutioncasualties-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-revolutioncasualties_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-revolutioncasualties_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Black2013" class="citation news cs1">Ian Black (8 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/08/libyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government">"Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libyan+revolution+casualties+lower+than+expected%2C+says+new+government&rft.date=2013-01-08&rft.au=Ian+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjan%2F08%2Flibyan-revolution-casualties-lower-expected-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-20110908-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap-20110908_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-20110908_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap-20110908_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarin_Laub2011" class="citation news cs1">Karin Laub (8 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9835879">"Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war"</a>. The Guardian. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/173542/reftab/96/t/Up-to-30000-killed-say-Libyans/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Times&rft.atitle=Libyan+estimate%3A+At+least+30%2C000+died+in+the+war&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabtimesonline.com%2FNewsDetails%2Ftabid%2F96%2Fsmid%2F414%2FArticleID%2F173542%2Freftab%2F96%2Ft%2FUp-to-30000-killed-say-Libyans%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2011" class="citation news cs1">Sheridan, Mary Beth (22 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023020554/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/prisoners-in-libya-languish-without-charge/2011/10/22/gIQAz0EZ7L_story.html">"Prisoners in Libya languish without charge"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/prisoners-in-libya-languish-without-charge/2011/10/22/gIQAz0EZ7L_story.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Prisoners+in+Libya+languish+without+charge&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fprisoners-in-libya-languish-without-charge%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2FgIQAz0EZ7L_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/05/libya.war/index.html">"Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture"</a>. CNN. 5 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018112834/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/05/libya.war/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libyan+Rebels+Accused+of+Arbitrary+Arrests%2C+Torture&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F06%2F05%2Flibya.war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 300 prisoners in Benghazi,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812035932/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41960775/">"Libyan rebels capture part of Brega, push north"</a>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41960775">the original</a> on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libyan+rebels+capture+part+of+Brega%2C+push+north&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F41960775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> 230 prisoners in Misrata,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/africa/18cemetery.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018112835/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/africa/18cemetery.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 52 prisoners in Nalut,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2011/05/201152451012814342.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819222110/http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2011/05/201152451012814342.html">Archived</a> 19 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 13 prisoners in Yafran,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVIZDIKxFSA">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220328111233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVIZDIKxFSA">Archived</a> 28 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 50 prisoners in al-Galaa,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/story_print.html?id=4993607&sponsor=">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] 147 prisoners in Zintan,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/14/libya-gaddafi-troops-demoralised-prisoners-of-war">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018112835/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/14/libya-gaddafi-troops-demoralised-prisoners-of-war">Archived</a> 18 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 600 prisoners in Tripoli,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072328/http://www.newshoursbd.com/english/2011/08/24/400-dead-2000-wounded-in-battle-for-tripoli-rebel-leader/">"400 dead, 2,000 wounded in battle for Tripoli: Rebel leader"</a>. News Hours BD English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newshoursbd.com/english/2011/08/24/400-dead-2000-wounded-in-battle-for-tripoli-rebel-leader/">the original</a> on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Hours+BD+English&rft.atitle=400+dead%2C+2%2C000+wounded+in+battle+for+Tripoli%3A+Rebel+leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshoursbd.com%2Fenglish%2F2011%2F08%2F24%2F400-dead-2000-wounded-in-battle-for-tripoli-rebel-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> 150 prisoners in Sabha,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2011/09/21/libyas-ntc-claims-vital-sabha-victory/">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019224640/https://dailynewsegypt.com/2011/09/21/libyas-ntc-claims-vital-sabha-victory/">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 150 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">prisoners in Sirte</a> minimum of 1,692 reported captured </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/multimedia/libya_9months/index.html">"A Visual Look Back at the Libyan Revolution"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Libyan+minister+claims+Gaddafi+is+powerless+and+the+ceasefire+is+%27solid%27&rft.date=2011-03-19&rft.aulast=Wynne-Jones&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Flibya%2F8393285%2FLibyan-minister-claims-Gaddafi-is-powerless-and-the-ceasefire-is-solid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jazeera_gaddafi-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jazeera_gaddafi_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jazeera_gaddafi_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/201132113120236750.html">"Gaddafi: Libya dignity under attack"</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/news/international/libya_oil/index.htm">Libya oil eyed by Western companies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027213334/https://money.cnn.com/2011/10/25/news/international/libya_oil/index.htm">Archived</a> 27 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/CNNMoney.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CNNMoney.com">CNN Money</a>. 25 October 2011. 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Grimaldi">Grimaldi, James V.</a> and Robert O'Harrow Jr. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-gold-rush-followed-end-to-sanctions/2011/05/25/AGGgbVBH_story.html">Libyan gold rush followed end to sanctions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle-east/libyan-gold-rush-followed-end-to-sanctions/2011/05/25/AGGgbVBH_story.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Walker, Andrew. 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Retrieved 24 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Libya+No-Fly+Zone+Leadership+Squabbles+Continue+Within+Nato&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.aulast=Traynor&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Watt%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmar%2F23%2Flibya-no-fly-zone-leadership-squabbles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/03/2011324221036894697.html">"NATO to police Libya no-fly zone"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Libya%3A+Libya+attacks+criticised+by+Arab+League%2C+China%2C+Russia+and+India&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Flibya%2F8393950%2FLibya-attacks-criticised-by-Arab-League-China-Russia-and-India.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com/business/markets/oil-jumps-after-western-attacks-on-libya-20110319-1c101.html">"Oil jumps after Western attacks on Libya"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Oil+jumps+after+Western+attacks+on+Libya&rft.date=2011-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com%2Fbusiness%2Fmarkets%2Foil-jumps-after-western-attacks-on-libya-20110319-1c101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Crawford" title="Alex Crawford">Crawford, Alex</a> (2012). Colonel Gaddafi's Hat. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-746730-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-746730-3"><bdi>978-0-00-746730-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonel+Gaddafi%27s+Hat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-00-746730-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilsum2012" class="citation book cs1">Hilsum, Lindsey (2012). Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandstorm%3A+Libya+in+the+Time+of+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hilsum&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorayef2009" class="citation book cs1">Morayef, Heba (2009). Truth and Justice Can't Wait – Human Rights Developments in Libya Amid Institutional Obstacles. New York: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-563-1"><bdi>978-1-56432-563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Justice+Can%27t+Wait+%E2%80%93+Human+Rights+Developments+in+Libya+Amid+Institutional+Obstacles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-563-1&rft.aulast=Morayef&rft.aufirst=Heba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pack, Jason, ed. The 2011 Libyan Uprisings and the Struggle for the Post-Qadhafi Future (Palgrave Macmillan; 2013) 254 pages; scholarly essays on the roles of economics, outside actors, Islamists, and tribes in the rebellions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Hugh (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n22/hugh-roberts/who-said-gaddafi-had-to-go">"Who said Gaddafi had to go?"</a>. London Review of Books. 33 (22): 8–18. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who+said+Gaddafi+had+to+go%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=8-18&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv33%2Fn22%2Fhugh-roberts%2Fwho-said-gaddafi-had-to-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2011" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Ronald Bruce (2011). Libya – Continuity and Change. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77977-7"><bdi>978-0-415-77977-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya+%E2%80%93+Continuity+and+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77977-7&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_de_Waal" title="Alex de Waal">de Waal, Alex</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122130959/http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/ia/archive/view/189849">"African roles in the Libyan conflict of 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a>. 89 (2): 365–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12022">10.1111/1468-2346.12022</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/ia/archive/view/189849">the original</a> on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=African+roles+in+the+Libyan+conflict+of+2011&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-379&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12022&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fpublications%2Fia%2Farchive%2Fview%2F189849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibyan+civil+war+%282011%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan_civil_war_(2011)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Template:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Template talk:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan Civil War (2011)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libyan civil war (2011)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the First Libyan Civil War">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_before_military_intervention" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War before military intervention">15 February–18 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(19_March_%E2%80%93_May)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (19 March – May)">19 March–31 May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(June_%E2%80%93_15_August)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (June – 15 August)">June–15 August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War_and_military_intervention_(16_August_%E2%80%93_23_October)" title="Timeline of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and military intervention (16 August – 23 October)">16 August–23 October</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">Opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Libyan_Air_Force" title="Free Libyan Air Force">Free Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_for_the_Libyan_Opposition" title="National Conference for the Libyan Opposition">NCLO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army_(1951%E2%80%932011)" title="Libyan Army (1951–2011)">Libyan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force" title="Libyan Air Force">Libyan Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Navy" title="Libyan Navy">Libyan Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Revolutionary Guard Corps">Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:Battles of the Libyan civil war (2011)">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayda" title="Battle of Bayda">Battle of Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="First Battle of Benghazi">First Battle of Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Brega" title="First Battle of Brega">First Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ra%27s_Lanuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ra's Lanuf">Battle of Ra's Lanuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bin_Jawad" title="Battle of Bin Jawad">Battle of Bin Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Brega" title="Second Battle of Brega">Second Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajdabiya" title="Battle of Ajdabiya">Battle of Ajdabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Benghazi" title="Second Battle of Benghazi">Second Battle of Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="First Gulf of Sidra offensive">First Gulf of Sidra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Brega" title="Third Battle of Brega">Third Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brega%E2%80%93Ajdabiya_road" title="Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road">Battle of Brega–Ajdabiya road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaican_desert_campaign" title="Cyrenaican desert campaign">Cyrenaica campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Brega" title="Fourth Battle of Brega">Fourth Battle of Brega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_Lanuf_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra's Lanuf raid">Ra's Lanuf raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Sabha_clashes" title="2011 Sabha clashes">Sabha clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezzan_campaign" title="Fezzan campaign">Fezzan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabha" title="Battle of Sabha">Battle of Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadames_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadames raid">Ghadames raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_protests_and_clashes_(February_2011)" title="Tripoli protests and clashes (February 2011)">First Tripoli clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Misrata_(2011)" title="Battle of Misrata (2011)">Battle of Misrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="First Battle of Zawiya">First Battle of Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nafusa_Mountains_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Nafusa Mountains Campaign">Nafusa Mountain Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wazzin" title="Battle of Wazzin">Battle of Wazzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gharyan" title="Battle of Gharyan">Battle of Gharyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Misrata_frontline" title="Battle of the Misrata frontline">Battle of the Misrata frontline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_uprising" title="Zliten uprising">Zliten uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zliten" title="Battle of Zliten">Battle of Zliten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tawergha" title="Battle of Tawergha">Battle of Tawergha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_skirmish" title="Zawiya skirmish">Zawiya skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Msallata_clashes" title="2011 Msallata clashes">Msallata clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rebel_coastal_offensive" title="2011 Libyan rebel coastal offensive">Rebel coastal offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zawiya" title="Second Battle of Zawiya">Second Battle of Zawiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Ras_Ajdir_clashes" title="2011 Ras Ajdir clashes">Ras Ajdir clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(2011)" title="Battle of Tripoli (2011)">Battle of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gulf_of_Sidra_offensive" title="Second Gulf of Sidra offensive">Second Gulf of Sidra offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2011)" title="Battle of Sirte (2011)">Battle of Sirte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bani_Walid" title="Battle of Bani Walid">Battle of Bani Walid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_clashes_(mid-October_2011)" title="Tripoli clashes (mid-October 2011)">Second Tripoli clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ellamy" title="Operation Ellamy">Operation Ellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Harmattan" title="Opération Harmattan">Opération Harmattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Operation Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Odyssey_Dawn" title="Operation Odyssey Dawn">Operation Odyssey Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector" title="Operation Unified Protector">Operation Unified Protector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:People of the Libyan civil war (2011)">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Anti-Gaddafi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul_Jalil" title="Mustafa Abdul Jalil">Mustafa Abdul Jalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Jibril" title="Mahmoud Jibril">Mahmoud Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Younis" title="Abdul Fatah Younis">Abdul Fatah Younis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Haftar" title="Khalifa Haftar">Khalifa Haftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhakim_Belhadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhakim Belhadj">Abdelhakim Belhadj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sallabi" title="Ali al-Sallabi">Ali al-Sallabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Ghoga" title="Abdul Hafiz Ghoga">Abdul Hafiz Ghoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Mahmoud" title="Suleiman Mahmoud">Suleiman Mahmoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_El-Hariri" title="Omar El-Hariri">Omar El-Hariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Madani" title="Mohammed Ali Madani">Mohammed Ali Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bin_Dardef" title="Mustafa Bin Dardef">Mustafa Bin Dardef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Hassy" title="Hamid Hassy">Hamid Hassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daou_al-Salhine_al-Jadak" title="Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak">Daou al-Salhine al-Jadak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Digheily" title="Jalal al-Digheily">Jalal al-Digheily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Tarhouni" title="Ali Tarhouni">Ali Tarhouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Moneim_al-Houni" title="Abdel Moneim al-Houni">Abdel Moneim al-Houni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Zeidan" title="Ali Zeidan">Ali Zeidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahim_El-Keib" title="Abdurrahim El-Keib">Abdurrahim El-Keib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_al-Juwaili" title="Osama al-Juwaili">Osama al-Juwaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Senussi" title="Ahmed al-Senussi">Ahmed al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Darbouk" title="Hussein Darbouk">Hussein Darbouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Terbil" title="Fathi Terbil">Fathi Terbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Attalah_Obeidi" title="Ali Attalah Obeidi">Ali Attalah Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Harati" title="Mahdi al-Harati">Mahdi al-Harati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Shahmah" title="Khalid Shahmah">Khalid Shahmah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Mangoush" title="Yousef Mangoush">Yousef Mangoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Oweis" title="Abu Oweis">Abu Oweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Naker" title="Abdullah Naker">Abdullah Naker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Salabi" title="Ismail al-Salabi">Ismail al-Salabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Al-Ghariani" title="Sadiq Al-Ghariani">Sadiq Al-Ghariani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seham_Sergiwa" title="Seham Sergiwa">Seham Sergiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Bashagha" title="Fathi Bashagha">Fathi Bashagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_A._G._Abushagur" title="Mustafa A. G. Abushagur">Mustafa A. G. Abushagur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Omar_Bani" title="Ahmed Omar Bani">Ahmed Omar Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi_Al-Barghathi" title="Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi">Al-Mahdi Al-Barghathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Bughaighis" title="Salwa Bughaighis">Salwa Bughaighis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel-Hakim_al-Hasidi" title="Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi">Abdel-Hakim al-Hasidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_al-Hilali" title="Kais al-Hilali">Kais al-Hilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abd-al-Aziz_al-Isawi" title="Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi">Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Magariaf" title="Mohammed Magariaf">Mohammed Magariaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Najm" title="Mohammed Najm">Mohammed Najm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Mohammed_Zeyo" title="Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo">Mehdi Mohammed Zeyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Werfalli" title="Mahmoud al-Werfalli">Mahmoud al-Werfalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Pro-Gaddafi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Bakr_Yunis_Jabr" title="Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr">Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamis_Gaddafi" title="Khamis Gaddafi">Khamis Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutassim_Gaddafi" title="Mutassim Gaddafi">Mutassim Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saadi_Gaddafi" title="Al-Saadi Gaddafi">Al-Saadi Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Gaddafi" title="Ayesha Gaddafi">Ayesha Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Senussi" title="Abdullah Senussi">Abdullah Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sharif_al-Rifi" title="Ali Sharif al-Rifi">Ali Sharif al-Rifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Ibrahim" title="Moussa Ibrahim">Moussa Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuzed_Omar_Dorda" title="Abuzed Omar Dorda">Abuzed Omar Dorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Mahmudi" title="Baghdadi Mahmudi">Baghdadi Mahmudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Dhao" title="Mansour Dhao">Mansour Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Arab_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Arab Gaddafi">Saif al-Arab Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Gaddafi_al-Qahsi" title="Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi">Ahmed al-Gaddafi al-Qahsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi">Mohammed Abdullah al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Saleh_Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashir Saleh Bashir">Bashir Saleh Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam">Ahmed Gaddaf al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Abdel_Hamid" title="Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid">Abdel Rahman Abdel Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohami_Khaled" title="Tohami Khaled">Tohami Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kanna" title="Ali Kanna">Ali Kanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khweldi_Hameidi" title="Khweldi Hameidi">Khweldi Hameidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftah_Anaqrat" title="Muftah Anaqrat">Muftah Anaqrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Kabir_al-Gaddafi" title="Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi">Hasan al-Kabir al-Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Gayth" title="Mohamed Gayth">Mohamed Gayth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Abdelhafid" title="Massoud Abdelhafid">Massoud Abdelhafid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Arabi" title="Mahdi al-Arabi">Mahdi al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Ben_Amer" title="Huda Ben Amer">Huda Ben Amer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Misrati" title="Hala Misrati">Hala Misrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safia_Farkash" title="Safia Farkash">Safia Farkash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ati_al-Obeidi" title="Abdul Ati al-Obeidi">Abdul Ati al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zwai" title="Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai">Mohamed Abu al-Qasim al-Zwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Rajab_al-Mismari" title="Salih Rajab al-Mismari">Salih Rajab al-Mismari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_al-Qa%E2%80%B2ud" title="Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud">Abdul Majid al-Qa′ud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayeb_El-Safi" title="Tayeb El-Safi">Tayeb El-Safi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Gaddaf_al-Dam" title="Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam">Sayyid Gaddaf al-Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Saghir_Hawadi" title="Bashir Saghir Hawadi">Bashir Saghir Hawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulqadir_al-Baghdadi" title="Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi">Abdulqadir al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kharoubi" title="Mustafa Kharoubi">Mustafa Kharoubi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">NATO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">James G. Stavridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bouchard" title="Charles Bouchard">Charles Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Jodice" title="Ralph Jodice">Ralph Jodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_Veri" title="Rinaldo Veri">Rinaldo Veri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Christopher_Stevens" title="J. Christopher Stevens">J. Christopher Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Koussa" title="Moussa Koussa">Moussa Koussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukri_Ghanem" title="Shukri Ghanem">Shukri Ghanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Rahman_Shalgham" title="Abdel Rahman Shalgham">Abdel Rahman Shalgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdessalam_Jalloud" title="Abdessalam Jalloud">Abdessalam Jalloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Treki" title="Ali Treki">Ali Treki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbarek_Shamekh" title="Imbarek Shamekh">Imbarek Shamekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_al-Mismari" title="Nuri al-Mismari">Nuri al-Mismari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_al-Obeidi" title="Iman al-Obeidi">Iman al-Obeidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_El_Senussi" title="Mohammed El Senussi">Prince Mohammed El Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_bin_Abdullah_al-Senussi" title="Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi">Prince Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Sadiq_al_Musrati" title="Hussein Sadiq al Musrati">Hussein Sadiq al Musrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ben_Halim" title="Mustafa Ben Halim">Mustafa Ben Halim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_Al-Mismari" title="Ihab Al-Mismari">Ihab Al-Mismari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Places, buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Salim_prison" title="Abu Salim prison">Abu Salim prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Azizia" title="Bab al-Azizia">Bab al-Azizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fist_Crushing_a_U.S._Fighter_Plane_Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture">Fist Crushing a U.S. Fighter Plane Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliana_Bridge" title="Giuliana Bridge">Giuliana Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Tripoli" title="Martyrs' Square, Tripoli">Green Square/Martyrs' Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maydan_al_Shajara" title="Maydan al Shajara">Maydan al Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiga_International_Airport" title="Mitiga International Airport">Mitiga International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hall,_Tripoli" title="People's Hall, Tripoli">People's Hall, Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Casualties of the Libyan civil war (2011)">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War (2011)">Domestic responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">Human rights violations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_rape_allegations" title="2011 Libyan rape allegations">Rape allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_situation_during_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian situation during the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Humanitarian situation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_refugees" title="Libyan refugees">Refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war (2011)">International reactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">International reactions to military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">Protests against military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_domestic_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">U.S. reactions to military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_killing_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="International reactions to the killing of Muammar Gaddafi">International reactions to Gaddafi's death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">Factional violence in Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">2012 Benghazi attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afriqiyah_Airways_Flight_209" title="Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209">Afriqiyah Airways Flight 209</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_in_Libyan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus in Libyan conflict">Belarus in Libyan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Libya)" title="Democratic Party (Libya)">Democratic Party (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Freedom_and_Democracy_Campaign" title="Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign">Libyan Freedom and Democracy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_in_the_media_during_the_2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech in the media during the 2011 Libyan Civil War">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_First_Libyan_Civil_War#UK_squatting_by_'Topple_the_Tyrants'" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the First Libyan Civil War">Topple the Tyrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Free_Libya" title="Voice of Free Libya">Voice of Free Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenga_Zenga" title="Zenga Zenga">Zenga Zenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics denote operations or battles related to the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Category:Libyan civil war (2011)">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Libyan civil war (2011)">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:2011_Libyan_uprising" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:2011 Libyan uprising">Wikinews</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/2011_Libyan_civil_war" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:2011 Libyan civil war">Wikiquotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libya_topics" title="Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libya_topics" title="Template talk:Libya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_in_the_Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya in the Roman era">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Tripolitania_and_Cyrenaica" title="Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica">Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Spanish Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_Tripoli" title="Hospitaller Tripoli">Hospitaller Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Italian colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_administration_of_Libya" title="Allied administration of Libya">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">State of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:#f8f8f8;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/80px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/120px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg/160px-Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="929" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Libya" title="Template:Borders of Libya">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Libya" title="List of cities in Libya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya#Climate_and_hydrology" title="Geography of Libya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Libya" title="Districts of Libya">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Libya" title="List of ecoregions in Libya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladiyat_of_Libya" title="Baladiyat of Libya">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Libya" title="Subdivisions of Libya">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Libya" title="Wildlife of Libya">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Libya" title="Politics of Libya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Libya" title="Elections in Libya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya" title="Foreign relations of Libya">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Foreign relations under Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Presidential Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Libya" title="List of heads of state of Libya">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Libya" title="List of heads of government of Libya">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Libya)" title="High Council of State (Libya)">High Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Armed_Forces" title="Libyan Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya" title="Human rights in Libya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Libya">LGBT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Libya" title="Agriculture in Libya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Libya" title="Central Bank of Libya">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Libya">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Libya" title="List of companies of Libya">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Libya" title="Energy in Libya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Man-Made_River" title="Great Man-Made River">Great Man-Made River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oil_Corporation" title="National Oil Corporation">National Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Libya" title="Oil reserves in Libya">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Libya" title="Tourism in Libya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Libya" title="Transport in Libya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Libya" title="Culture of Libya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Libya" title="Demographics of Libya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Libya" title="Health in Libya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Libya" title="Media of Libya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Libya" title="Public holidays in Libya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Religion</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Libya" title="Football in Libya">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_at_the_Olympics" title="Libya at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Libya" title="Outline of Libya">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Libya-related_articles" title="Index of Libya-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libya" title="Category:Libya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libya" title="Portal:Libya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Libyan_institutional_transition" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libyan_institutional_transition" title="Template:Libyan institutional transition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libyan_institutional_transition" title="Template talk:Libyan institutional transition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan_institutional_transition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libyan institutional transition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libyan_institutional_transition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Libyan institutional transition</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Military context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Head of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_(Libya)" title="Presidential Council (Libya)">Presidential Council</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Advisory body</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Libya)" title="High Council of State (Libya)">High Council of State</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="unified" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">unified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> (2011–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Libya)" title="Government of National Unity (Libya)">Government of National Unity</a> (March–December 2021 (as a unified government))</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="split" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Al-Thani_Cabinet" title="Second Al-Thani Cabinet">Second Al-Thani Cabinet</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Government" title="National Salvation Government">National Salvation Government</a> (GNC, 2014–16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord" title="Government of National Accord">Government of National Accord</a> (GNA, 2015–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Stability" title="Government of National Stability">Government of National Stability</a> (2022–present)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="unified" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">unified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a> (GNC, 2012–14)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="split" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Libya)" title="House of Representatives (Libya)">House of Representatives</a> (HoR, 2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_National_Congress" title="General National Congress">General National Congress</a> (GNC, 2014–16)</li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Constitution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">2011 interim Constitutional Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_Constitutional_Assembly_election" title="2014 Libyan Constitutional Assembly election">2014 Constitutional Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Libya" title="Constituent Assembly of Libya">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_draft_Libyan_constitution" title="2017 draft Libyan constitution">2017 draft constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Libya" title="Elections in Libya">Elections in Libya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_National_Election_Commission" title="High National Election Commission">High National Election Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libyan_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Libyan parliamentary election">2012 parliament (GNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Libyan parliamentary election">2014 parliament (HoR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Libyan_presidential_election" title="Next Libyan presidential election">next parliament + president</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_of_Municipal_Council_Elections" title="Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections">Central Commission of Municipal Council Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Libyan_local_elections" title="2012 Libyan local elections">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Libyan_local_elections" title="2014 Libyan local elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Libyan_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Libyan local elections">2019–2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Libya" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Libya">Supreme Judicial Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="split" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">split</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Army" title="Libyan Army">Libyan Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Army" title="Libyan National Army">Libyan National Army</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_peace_process" title="Libyan peace process">Libyan peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Conference" title="Palermo Conference">Palermo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_National_Conference" title="Libyan National Conference">Libyan National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Political_Dialogue_Forum" title="Libyan Political Dialogue Forum">Libyan Political Dialogue Forum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Support_Mission_in_Libya" title="United Nations Support Mission in Libya">United Nations Support Mission in Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_Spring" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_Spring" title="Template talk:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_Spring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab Spring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_Spring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div>"<a href="/wiki/Ash-shab_yurid_isqat_an-nizam" title="Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam">Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Events by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Djiboutian_protests" title="2011 Djiboutian protests">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Iraqi_protests" title="2011 Iraqi protests">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_protests_(2011%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian protests (2011–12)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_protests_(2011%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti protests (2011–2013)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Lebanese_protests" title="2011 Lebanese protests">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Palestinian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Palestinian protests">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14_Youth_Coalition" title="February 14 Youth Coalition">February 14 Youth Coalition</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/April_6_Youth_Movement" title="April 6 Youth Movement">April 6 Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefaya" title="Kefaya">Kefaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">FJP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Change" title="National Association for Change">National Association for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt)" title="National Democratic Party (Egypt)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Egypt)" title="National Salvation Front (Egypt)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialists_(Egypt)" title="Revolutionary Socialists (Egypt)">Revolutionary Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayfeencom" title="Shayfeencom">Shayfeencom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras_Ahlawy" title="Ultras Ahlawy">Ultras Ahlawy</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya)" title="National Liberation Army (Libya)">National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/February_25th_Movement" title="February 25th Movement">February 25th Movement</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in the Arabian Peninsula">CDHRAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">Society for Development and Change</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Regional Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">National Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign fighters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Democratic Rally">Constitutional Democratic Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Tunisia)" title="Popular Front (Tunisia)">Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_General_Labour_Union" title="Tunisian General Labour Union">Tunisian General Labour Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Yemeni_Tribes" title="Alliance of Yemeni Tribes">Alliance of Yemeni Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">Hiraak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_Spring" title="Women in the Arab Spring">Women in the Arab Spring</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Algeria: <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ouyahia" title="Ahmed Ouyahia">Ahmed Ouyahia</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Bahrain: <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa" title="Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa">Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Mushaima" title="Hasan Mushaima">Hasan Mushaima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Salman" title="Ali Salman">Ali Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ali_Jawad_al-Sheikh" title="Death of Ali Jawad al-Sheikh">Ali Jawad al-Sheikh</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hussein_Tantawy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hussein Tantawy">Mohamed Hussein Tantawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Nazif" title="Ahmed Nazif">Ahmed Nazif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shafik" title="Ahmed Shafik">Ahmed Shafik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Ghonim" title="Wael Ghonim">Wael Ghonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Ganzouri" title="Kamal Ganzouri">Kamal Ganzouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Khaled Mohamed Saeed">Khaled Mohamed Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_Sharaf" title="Essam Sharaf">Essam Sharaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesham_Qandil" title="Hesham Qandil">Hesham Qandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassem_Youssef_(television_host)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassem Youssef (television host)">Bassem Youssef</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Jordan: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marouf_al-Bakhit" title="Marouf al-Bakhit">Marouf al-Bakhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Rifai" title="Samir Rifai">Samir Rifai</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Libya: <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Abdul-Jelil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Abdul-Jelil">Mustafa Abdul-Jelil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Gebril" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Gebril">Mahmud Gebril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nabbous" title="Mohammed Nabbous">Mohammed Nabbous</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Mauritania: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulaye_Ould_Mohamed_Laghdaf" title="Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf">Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Morocco: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_El_Fassi" title="Abbas El Fassi">Abbas El Fassi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Johani" title="Khaled al-Johani">Khaled al-Johani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manal_al-Sharif" title="Manal al-Sharif">Manal al-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Nimr al-Nimr">Nimr al-Nimr</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Sudan: <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Syria: <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Naji_al-Otari" title="Muhammad Naji al-Otari">Muhammad Naji al-Otari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adel_Safar" title="Adel Safar">Adel Safar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyad_Farid_Hijab" title="Riyad Farid Hijab">Riyad Farid Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wael_Nader_al-Halqi" title="Wael Nader al-Halqi">Wael Nader al-Halqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tunisia: <a href="/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali" title="Zine El Abidine Ben Ali">Zine El Abidine Ben Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ghannouchi" title="Mohamed Ghannouchi">Mohamed Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Marzouki" title="Moncef Marzouki">Moncef Marzouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Ghannushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid al-Ghannushi">Rashid al-Ghannushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Mebazaa" title="Fouad Mebazaa">Fouad Mebazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beji_Caid_Essebsi" title="Beji Caid Essebsi">Beji Caid Essebsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamadi_Jebali" title="Hamadi Jebali">Hamadi Jebali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Bouazizi" title="Mohamed Bouazizi">Mohamed Bouazizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokri_Belaid" title="Chokri Belaid">Chokri Belaid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United Arab Emirates:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAE_Five" title="UAE Five">UAE Five</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_al-Zindani" title="Abdul Majeed al-Zindani">Abdul Majeed al-Zindani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Ahmar" title="Sadiq al-Ahmar">Sadiq al-Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Impact of the Arab Spring">Impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations" title="2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Armenian_protests" title="2011 Armenian protests">Armenia</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Baku_protests" title="2013 Baku protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belarusian_protests" title="2011 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Chinese_pro-democracy_protests" title="2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Greek_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–12 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Iranian_protests" title="2011–2012 Iranian protests">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kurdish_protests_in_Iraq" title="2011 Kurdish protests in Iraq">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Israeli_social_justice_protests" title="2011 Israeli social justice protests">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Maldives_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Maldives political crisis">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mali_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mali conflict">Mali</a></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Portugal" title="Anti-austerity movement in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Russian_protests" title="2011–2013 Russian protests">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Spanish_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Spanish protests">Spain</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Kurdish_protests_in_Turkey" title="2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey">2011–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">2013</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_anti-austerity_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_public_employee_protests" title="2011 United States public employee protests">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan civil war (2011–present)">Libyan civil war (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">UN Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_65/265" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265">65/265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1970" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2009" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2014" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2016" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016">2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Arab_Spring" title="International reactions to the Arab Spring">International reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the Libyan civil war">civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="International reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the death of Muammar Gaddafi">death of Muammar Gaddafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Tunisian_revolution" title="International reactions to the Tunisian revolution">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="International reactions to the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left">Domestic reactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_responses_to_the_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic responses to the Libyan Civil War">domestic responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab_Spring" title="Timeline of the Arab Spring">Timelines</a> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bahraini_uprising_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Bahraini uprising (2011–present)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" title="Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Libyan civil war">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011%E2%80%9313_Saudi_Arabian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2011–13 Saudi Arabian protests">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_revolution" title="Timeline of the Yemeni revolution">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni crisis (2011–present)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)">Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Spring" title="Category:Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War African conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div 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Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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