CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: specific down force energy (SDFE)</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: specific down force energy (SDFE)"> <meta name="keywords" content="specific down force energy (SDFE)"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="specific down force energy (SDFE)" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="specific down force energy (SDFE)"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 17034</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: specific down force energy (SDFE)</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17034</span> Method and Experiment of Fabricating and Cutting the Burr for Y Shape Nanochannel </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zone-Ching%20Lin">Zone-Ching Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao-Yuan%20Jheng"> Hao-Yuan Jheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Hung%20Ma"> Shih-Hung Ma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper proposes using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the concept of specific down force energy (SDFE) to establish a method for fabricating and cutting the burr for Y shape nanochannel on silicon (Si) substrate. For fabricating Y shape nanochannel, it first makes the experimental cutting path planning for fabricating Y shape nanochannel until the fifth cutting layer. Using the constant down force by AFM and SDFE theory and following the experimental cutting path planning, the cutting depth and width of each pass of Y shape nanochannel can be predicted by simulation. The paper plans the path for cutting the burr at the edge of Y shape nanochannel. Then, it carries out cutting the burr along the Y nanochannel edge by using a smaller down force. The height of standing burr at the edge is required to be below the set value of 0.54 nm. The results of simulation and experiment of fabricating and cutting the burr for Y shape nanochannel is further compared. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20force%20microscopy%20%28AFM%29" title="atomic force microscopy (AFM)">atomic force microscopy (AFM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanochannel" title=" nanochannel"> nanochannel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29" title=" specific down force energy (SDFE)"> specific down force energy (SDFE)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y%20shape" title=" Y shape"> Y shape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burr" title=" burr"> burr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon" title=" silicon"> silicon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50887/method-and-experiment-of-fabricating-and-cutting-the-burr-for-y-shape-nanochannel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17033</span> A Machining Method of Cross-Shape Nano Channel and Experiments for Silicon Substrate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zone-Ching%20Lin">Zone-Ching Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao-Yuan%20Jheng"> Hao-Yuan Jheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zih-Wun%20Jhang"> Zih-Wun Jhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper innovatively proposes using the concept of specific down force energy (SDFE) and AFM machine to establish a machining method of cross-shape nanochannel on single-crystal silicon substrate. As for machining a cross-shape nanochannel by AFM machine, the paper develop a method of machining cross-shape nanochannel groove at a fixed down force by using SDFE theory and combining the planned cutting path of cross-shape nanochannel up to 5th machining layer it finally achieves a cross-shape nanochannel at a cutting depth of around 20nm. Since there may be standing burr at the machined cross-shape nanochannel edge, the paper uses a smaller down force to cut the edge of the cross-shape nanochannel in order to lower the height of standing burr and converge the height of standing burr at the edge to below 0.54nm as set by the paper. Finally, the paper conducts experiments of machining cross-shape nanochannel groove on single-crystal silicon by AFM probe, and compares the simulation and experimental results. It is proved that this proposed machining method of cross-shape nanochannel is feasible. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20force%20microscopy%20%28AFM%29" title="atomic force microscopy (AFM)">atomic force microscopy (AFM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-shape%20nanochannel" title=" cross-shape nanochannel"> cross-shape nanochannel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20substrate" title=" silicon substrate"> silicon substrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29" title=" specific down force energy (SDFE)"> specific down force energy (SDFE)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26057/a-machining-method-of-cross-shape-nano-channel-and-experiments-for-silicon-substrate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17032</span> Evaluation of Joint Contact Forces and Muscle Forces in the Subjects with Non-Specific Low Back Pain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Taghi%20Karimi">Mohammad Taghi Karimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Hasan%20Zahraee"> Maryam Hasan Zahraee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a common health and socioeconomic problem, especially the chronic one. The joint contact force is an important parameter during walking which increases the incidence of injury and degenerative joint disease. To our best knowledge, there are not enough evidences in literature on the muscular forces and joint contact forces in subjects with low back pain. Purpose: The main hypothesis associated with this research was that joint contact force of L4/L5 of non-specific chronic low back pain subjects was the same as that of normal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the joint contact force difference between non-specific chronic low back pain and normal subjects. Method: This was an experimental-comparative study. 20 normal subjects and 20 non-specific chronic low back pain patients were recruited in this study. Qualysis motion analysis system and a Kistler force plate were used to collect the motions and the force applied on the leg, respectively. OpenSimm software used to determine joint contact force and muscle forces in this study. Some parameters such as force applied on the legs (pelvis), kinematic of hip and pelvic, peaks of muscles, force of trunk musculature and joint contact force of L5/S1 were used for further analysis. Differences between mean values of all data were measured using two-sample t-test among the subjects. Results: The force produced by Semitendinosus, Biceps Femoris, and Adductor muscles were significantly different between low back pain and normal subjects. Moreover, the mean value of breaking component of the force of the knee joint increased significantly in low back pain subjects, besides a significant decrease in mean value of the vertical component of joint reaction force compared to the normal ones. Conclusions: The forces produced by the trunk and pelvic muscles, and joint contact forces differ significantly between low back pain and normal subjects. It seems that those with non-specific chronic low back pain use trunk muscles more than normal subjects to stabilize the pelvic during walking. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20back%20pain" title="low back pain">low back pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joint%20contact%20force" title=" joint contact force"> joint contact force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic" title=" kinetic"> kinetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=muscle%20force" title=" muscle force"> muscle force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88748/evaluation-of-joint-contact-forces-and-muscle-forces-in-the-subjects-with-non-specific-low-back-pain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88748.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17031</span> Tensile Force Estimation for Real-Size Pre-Stressed Concrete Girder using Embedded Elasto-Magnetic Sensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junkyeong%20Kim">Junkyeong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jooyoung%20Park"> Jooyoung Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aoqi%20Zhang"> Aoqi Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seunghee%20Park"> Seunghee Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The tensile force of Pre-Stressed Concrete (PSC) girder is the most important factor for evaluating the performance of PSC girder bridges. To measure the tensile force of PSC girder, several NDT methods were studied. However, conventional NDT method cannot be applied to the real-size PSC girder because the PS tendons could not be approached. To measure the tensile force of real-size PSC girder, this study proposed embedded EM sensor based tensile force estimation method. The embedded EM sensor could be installed inside of PSC girder as a sheath joint before the concrete casting. After curing process, the PS tendons were installed, and the tensile force was induced step by step using hydraulic jacking machine. The B-H loop was measured using embedded EM sensor at each tensile force steps and to compare with actual tensile force, the load cell was installed at each end of girder. The magnetization energy loss, that is the closed area of B-H loop, was decreased according to the increase of tensile force with regular pattern. Thus, the tensile force could be estimated by the tracking the change of magnetization energy loss of PS tendons. Through the experimental result, the proposed method can be used to estimate the tensile force of the in-situ real-size PSC girder bridge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tensile%20force%20estimation" title="tensile force estimation">tensile force estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedded%20EM%20sensor" title=" embedded EM sensor"> embedded EM sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetization%20energy%20loss" title=" magnetization energy loss"> magnetization energy loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSC%20girder" title=" PSC girder"> PSC girder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57237/tensile-force-estimation-for-real-size-pre-stressed-concrete-girder-using-embedded-elasto-magnetic-sensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17030</span> Prediction of Pounding between Two SDOF Systems by Using Link Element Based On Mathematic Relations and Suggestion of New Equation for Impact Damping Ratio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20M.%20Khatami">Seyed M. Khatami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Naderpour"> H. Naderpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Vahdani"> R. Vahdani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20C.%20Barros"> R. C. Barros</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many previous studies have been carried out to calculate the impact force and the dissipated energy between two neighboring buildings during seismic excitation, when they collide with each other. Numerical studies are an important part of impact, which several researchers have tried to simulate the impact by using different formulas. Estimation of the impact force and the dissipated energy depends significantly on some parameters of impact. Mass of bodies, stiffness of spring, coefficient of restitution, damping ratio of dashpot and impact velocity are some known and unknown parameters to simulate the impact and measure dissipated energy during collision. Collision is usually shown by force-displacement hysteresis curve. The enclosed area of the hysteresis loop explains the dissipated energy during impact. In this paper, the effect of using different types of impact models is investigated in order to calculate the impact force. To increase the accuracy of impact model and to optimize the results of simulations, a new damping equation is assumed and is validated to get the best results of impact force and dissipated energy, which can show the accuracy of suggested equation of motion in comparison with other formulas. This relation is called "n-m". Based on mathematical relation, an initial value is selected for the mentioned coefficients and kinetic energy loss is calculated. After each simulation, kinetic energy loss and energy dissipation are compared with each other. If they are equal, selected parameters are true and, if not, the constant of parameters are modified and a new analysis is performed. Finally, two unknown parameters are suggested to estimate the impact force and calculate the dissipated energy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20force" title="impact force">impact force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissipated%20energy" title=" dissipated energy"> dissipated energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kinetic%20energy%20loss" title=" kinetic energy loss"> kinetic energy loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damping%20relation" title=" damping relation "> damping relation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14416/prediction-of-pounding-between-two-sdof-systems-by-using-link-element-based-on-mathematic-relations-and-suggestion-of-new-equation-for-impact-damping-ratio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17029</span> The Effect of the Hexagonal Ring Interior Angle on Energy Absorption Capability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shada%20Bennbaia">Shada Bennbaia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elsadig%20Mahdi"> Elsadig Mahdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the effect of changing the interior angle of a hexagonal passive energy absorber is investigated. Aluminum hexagonal structures have been tested under in-plane quasi-static compression tests. These hexagonal structures are designed to have varying interior angle values to study their crushing behavior and the relationship between the angle and the energy absorption capability. It was found that the structures with angles 40° and 45° showed an almost perfectly stable crushing mechanism with low initial peak force. Thus, hexagonal structures with these angels can be used in the vehicle's crumple zones to absorb energy during collisions. The larger angles required high initial peak force to start crushing, which indicates that these structures are best suited in applications where high load carrying capacity is needed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title="energy absorption">energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crushing%20force%20efficiency" title=" crushing force efficiency"> crushing force efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crushing%20mechanism" title=" crushing mechanism"> crushing mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hexagonal%20angle" title=" hexagonal angle"> hexagonal angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peak%20force" title=" peak force"> peak force</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137856/the-effect-of-the-hexagonal-ring-interior-angle-on-energy-absorption-capability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17028</span> Investigations in Machining of Hot Work Tool Steel with Mixed Ceramic Tool</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Varaprasad">B. Varaprasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Srinivasa%20Rao"> C. Srinivasa Rao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hard turning has been explored as an alternative to the conventional one used for manufacture of Parts using tool steels. In the present study, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate and Depth of Cut (DOC) on cutting forces, specific cutting force, power and surface roughness in the hard turning are experimentally investigated. Experiments are carried out using mixed ceramic(Al2O3+TiC) cutting tool of corner radius 0.8mm, in turning operations on AISI H13 tool steel, heat treated to a hardness of 62 HRC. Based on Design of Experiments (DOE), a total of 20 tests are carried out. The range of each one of the three parameters is set at three different levels, viz, low, medium and high. The validity of the model is checked by Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Predicted models are derived from regression analysis. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of specific cutting force, power and surface roughness shows that good agreement has been achieved between them. Therefore, the developed model may be recommended to be used for predicting specific cutting force, power and surface roughness in hard turning of tool steel that is AISI H13 steel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hard%20turning" title="hard turning">hard turning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20cutting%20force" title=" specific cutting force"> specific cutting force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AISI%20H13" title=" AISI H13"> AISI H13</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20ceramic" title=" mixed ceramic"> mixed ceramic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19263/investigations-in-machining-of-hot-work-tool-steel-with-mixed-ceramic-tool" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19263.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">700</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17027</span> Investigation of Building Pounding during Earthquake and Calculation of Impact Force between Two Adjacent Structures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Naderpour">H. Naderpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20C.%20Barros"> R. C. Barros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Khatami"> S. M. Khatami</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Seismic excitation is naturally caused large horizontal relative displacements, which is able to provide collisions between two adjacent buildings due to insufficient separation distance and severe damages are occurred due to impact especially in tall buildings. In this paper, an impact is numerically simulated and two needed parameters are calculated, including impact force and energy absorption. In order to calculate mentioned parameters, mathematical study needs to model an unreal link element, which is logically assumed to be spring and dashpot to determine lateral displacement and damping ratio of impact. For the determination of dynamic response of impact, a new equation of motion is theoretically suggested to evaluate impact force and energy dissipation. In order to confirm the rendered equation, a series of parametric study are performed and the accuracy of formula is confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pounding" title="pounding">pounding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact" title=" impact"> impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissipated%20energy" title=" dissipated energy"> dissipated energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coefficient%20of%20restitution" title=" coefficient of restitution"> coefficient of restitution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43715/investigation-of-building-pounding-during-earthquake-and-calculation-of-impact-force-between-two-adjacent-structures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43715.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17026</span> Effect of Stitching Pattern on Composite Tubular Structures Subjected to Quasi-Static Crushing </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Rabiee">Ali Rabiee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hessam%20Ghasemnejad"> Hessam Ghasemnejad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Extensive experimental investigation on the effect of stitching pattern on tubular composite structures was conducted. The effect of stitching reinforcement through thickness on using glass flux yarn on energy absorption of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) was investigated under high speed loading conditions at axial loading. Keeping the mass of the structure at 125 grams and applying different pattern of stitching at various locations in theory enables better energy absorption, and also enables the control over the behaviour of force-crush distance curve. The study consists of simple non-stitch absorber comparison with single and multi-location stitching behaviour and its effect on energy absorption capabilities. The locations of reinforcements are 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 10-20 mm, 10-30 mm, 20-30 mm, 10-20-30 mm and 10-15-20-25-30-35 mm from the top of the specimen. The effect of through the thickness reinforcements has shown increase in energy absorption capabilities and crushing load. The significance of this is that as the stitching locations are closer, the crushing load increases and consequently energy absorption capabilities are also increased. The implementation of this idea would improve the mean force by applying stitching and controlling the behaviour of force-crush distance curve. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=through-thickness%20stitching" title="through-thickness stitching">through-thickness stitching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20enforcement%E2%80%8B" title=" 3D enforcement"> 3D enforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title=" energy absorption"> energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tubular%20composite%20structures" title=" tubular composite structures"> tubular composite structures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55255/effect-of-stitching-pattern-on-composite-tubular-structures-subjected-to-quasi-static-crushing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17025</span> Calculation and Comparison of a Turbofan Engine Performance Parameters with Various Definitions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Onal">O. Onal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Turan"> O. Turan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, some performance parameters of a selected turbofan engine (JT9D) are analyzed. The engine is a high bypass turbofan engine which powers a wide-body aircraft and it produces 206 kN thrust force (thrust/weight ratio is 5.4). The objective parameters for the engine include calculation of power, specific fuel consumption, specific thrust, engine propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies according to the various definitions given in the literature. Furthermore, in the case study, wasted energy from the exhaust is calculated at the maximum power setting (i.e. take off phase) for the engine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbofan" title="turbofan">turbofan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust" title=" trust"> trust</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51790/calculation-and-comparison-of-a-turbofan-engine-performance-parameters-with-various-definitions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51790.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17024</span> Key Technologies and Evolution Strategies for Computing Force Bearer Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhaojunfeng">Zhaojunfeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Driven by the national policy of "East Data and Western Calculation", the computing first network will attract a new wave of development. As the foundation of the development of the computing first network, the computing force bearer network has become the key direction of technology research and development in the industry. This article will analyze typical computing force application scenarios and bearing requirements and sort out the SLA indicators of computing force applications. On this basis, this article carries out research and discussion on the key technologies of computing force bearer network in a slice packet network, and finally, gives evolution policy for SPN computing force bearer network to support the development of SPN computing force bearer network technology and network deployment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=component-computing%20force%20bearing" title="component-computing force bearing">component-computing force bearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20requirements%20of%20computing%20force%20application" title=" bearing requirements of computing force application"> bearing requirements of computing force application</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-SLA%20indicators%20for%20computing%20force%20applications" title=" dual-SLA indicators for computing force applications"> dual-SLA indicators for computing force applications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRv6" title=" SRv6"> SRv6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolution%20strategies" title=" evolution strategies"> evolution strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155006/key-technologies-and-evolution-strategies-for-computing-force-bearer-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17023</span> The Use of Superplastic Tin-Lead Alloy as A solid Lubricant in Free Upsetting of Aluminum and Brass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20I.%20O.%20Zaid">Adnan I. O. Zaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hebah%20B.%20Melhem"> Hebah B. Melhem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Qandil"> Ahmad Qandil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main function of a lubricant in any forming process is to reduce friction between the work piece and the die set, hence reducing the force and energy requirement for forming process and to achieve homogeneous deformation. The free upsetting test is an important open forging test. In this paper, super plastic tin-lead alloy is used as solid lubricant in the free upsetting test of non-ferrous metals and compared with eight different lubricants using the following three criteria: one comparing the value of the reduction in height percentages, i.e. the engineering strain, in identical specimens of the same material under the effect of the same compressive force. The second is comparing the amount of barreling produced in each of the identical specimens, at each lubricant. The third criterion is using the specific energy, i.e. the energy per unit volume consumed in forming each material, using the different lubricants to produce the same reduction in height percentage of identical specimens from each of the two materials, namely: aluminum and brass. It was found that the super plastic tin-lead alloy lubricant has produced higher values of reductions in height percentage and less barreling in the two non-ferrous materials, used in this work namely: aluminum and brass. It was found that the super plastic tin-lead alloy lubricant has produced higher values of reductions in height percentage and less barreling in the two non-ferrous materials, used in this work, under the same compression force among the different used lubricants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminum" title="aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brass" title=" brass"> brass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=different%20lubricants" title=" different lubricants"> different lubricants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20upsetting" title=" free upsetting"> free upsetting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20lubricants" title=" solid lubricants"> solid lubricants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superplastic%20tin-lead%20alloy" title=" superplastic tin-lead alloy "> superplastic tin-lead alloy </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32061/the-use-of-superplastic-tin-lead-alloy-as-a-solid-lubricant-in-free-upsetting-of-aluminum-and-brass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">464</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17022</span> An Efficient Approach for Shear Behavior Definition of Plant Stalk </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Kamandar">M. R. Kamandar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Massah"> J. Massah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The information of the impact cutting behavior of plants stalk plays an important role in the design and fabrication of plants cutting equipment. It is difficult to investigate a theoretical method for defining cutting properties of plants stalks because the cutting process is complex. Thus, it is necessary to set up an experimental approach to determine cutting parameters for a single stalk. To measure the shear force, shear energy and shear strength of plant stalk, a special impact cutting tester was fabricated. It was similar to an Izod impact cutting tester for metals but a cutting blade and data acquisition system were attached to the end of pendulum's arm. The apparatus was included four strain gages and a digital indicator to show the real-time cutting force of plant stalk. To measure the shear force and also testing the apparatus, two plants’ stalks, like buxus and privet, were selected. The samples (buxus and privet stalks) were cut under impact cutting process at four loading rates 1, 2, 3 and 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and three internodes fifth, tenth and fifteenth by the apparatus. At buxus cutting analysis: the minimum value of cutting energy was obtained at fifth internode and loading rate 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and the maximum value of shear energy was obtained at fifteenth internode and loading rate 1 m.s<sup>-1</sup>. At privet cutting analysis: the minimum value of shear consumption energy was obtained at fifth internode and loading rate: 4 m.s<sup>-1</sup> and the maximum value of shear energy was obtained at fifteenth internode and loading rate: 1 m.s<sup>-1</sup>. The statistical analysis at both plants showed that the increase of impact cutting speed would decrease the shear consumption energy and shear strength. In two scenarios, the results showed that with increase the cutting speed, shear force would decrease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buxus" title="Buxus">Buxus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Privet" title=" Privet"> Privet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20cutting" title=" impact cutting"> impact cutting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20energy" title=" shear energy"> shear energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109634/an-efficient-approach-for-shear-behavior-definition-of-plant-stalk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17021</span> On Unification of the Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak Interactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Youssef%20Mohamed">Hassan Youssef Mohamed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we show new wave equations, and by using the equations, we concluded that the strong force and the weak force are not fundamental, but they are quantum effects for electromagnetism. This result is different from the current scientific understanding about strong and weak interactions at all. So, we introduce three evidences for our theory. First, we prove the asymptotic freedom phenomenon in the strong force by using our model. Second, we derive the nuclear shell model as an approximation of our model. Third, we prove that the leptons do not participate in the strong interactions, and we prove the short ranges of weak and strong interactions. So, our model is consistent with the current understanding of physics. Finally, we introduce the electron-positron model as the basic ingredients for protons, neutrons, and all matters, so we can study all particles interactions and nuclear interaction as many-body problems of electrons and positrons. Also, we prove the violation of parity conservation in weak interaction as evidence of our theory in the weak interaction. Also, we calculate the average of the binding energy per nucleon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20wave%20equations" title="new wave equations">new wave equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20strong%20force" title=" the strong force"> the strong force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20grand%20unification%20theory" title=" the grand unification theory"> the grand unification theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20atom" title=" hydrogen atom"> hydrogen atom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weak%20force" title=" weak force"> weak force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20nuclear%20shell%20model" title=" the nuclear shell model"> the nuclear shell model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20asymptotic%20freedom" title=" the asymptotic freedom"> the asymptotic freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron-positron%20model" title=" electron-positron model"> electron-positron model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20violation%20of%20parity%20conservation" title=" the violation of parity conservation"> the violation of parity conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20binding%20energy" title=" the binding energy"> the binding energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146460/on-unification-of-the-electromagnetic-strong-and-weak-interactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17020</span> Features of Rail Strength Analysis in Conditions of Increased Force Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Guramishvili">G. Guramishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Moistsrapishvili"> M. Moistsrapishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Andghuladze"> L. Andghuladze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the article are considered the problems arising at increasing of transferring from rolling stock axles on rail loading from 210 KN up to 270 KN and is offered for rail strength analysis definition of rail force loading complex integral characteristic with taking into account all affecting force factors that is characterizing specific operation condition of rail structure and defines the working capability of structure. As result of analysis due mentioned method is obtained that in the conditions of 270 KN loading the rail meets the working assessment criteria of rail and rail structures: Strength, rail track stability, rail links stability and its transverse stability, traffic safety condition that is rather important for post-Soviet countries railways. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20loading" title="axial loading">axial loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail%20force%20loading" title=" rail force loading"> rail force loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail%20structure" title=" rail structure"> rail structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail%20strength%20analysis" title=" rail strength analysis"> rail strength analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rail%20track%20stability" title=" rail track stability"> rail track stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8609/features-of-rail-strength-analysis-in-conditions-of-increased-force-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8609.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17019</span> A Deep Explanation for the Formation of Force as a Foundational Law of Physics by Incorporating Unknown Degrees of Freedom into Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Farshad">Mohsen Farshad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Information and force definition has been intertwined with the concept of entropy for many years. The displacement information of degrees of freedom with Brownian motions at a given temperature in space emerges as an entropic force between species. Here, we use this concept of entropy to understand the underlying physics behind the formation of attractive and repulsive forces by imagining that space is filled with free Brownian degrees of freedom. We incorporate the radius of bodies and the distance between them into entropic force relation systematically. Using this modified gravitational entropic force, we derive the attractive entropic force between bodies without considering their spin. We further hypothesize a possible mechanism for the formation of the repulsive force between two bodies. We visually elaborate that the repulsive entropic force will be manifested through the rotation of degrees of freedom around the spinning particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy" title="entropy">entropy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information" title=" information"> information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=force" title=" force"> force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brownian%20Motions" title=" Brownian Motions"> Brownian Motions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150175/a-deep-explanation-for-the-formation-of-force-as-a-foundational-law-of-physics-by-incorporating-unknown-degrees-of-freedom-into-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17018</span> Effects of Position and Cut-Out Lengths on the Axial Crushing Behavior of Aluminum Tubes: Experimental and Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20K%C3%A4fer">B. Käfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20K.%20Bheemineni"> V. K. Bheemineni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Lammer"> H. Lammer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kotnik"> M. Kotnik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20O.%20Riemelmoser"> F. O. Riemelmoser</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Axial compression tests are performed on circular tubes made of Aluminum EN AW 6060 (AlMgSi0.5 alloy) in T66 state. All the received tubes have the uniform outer diameter of 40mm and thickness of 1.5mm. Two different lengths 100mm and 200mm are used in the analysis. After performing compression tests on the uniform tube, important crashworthy parameters like peak force, average force, crush efficiency and energy absorption are measured. The present paper has given importance to increase the percentage of crush efficiency without decreasing the value energy absorption of a tube, so a circumferential notch was introduced on the top section of the tube. The effects of position and cut-out lengths of a circumferential notch on the crush efficiency are well explained with relative deformation modes and force-displacement curves. The numerical simulations were carried on the software tool ANSYS/LS-DYNA. It is seen that the numerical results are reasonably good in agreement with the experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20box" title="crash box">crash box</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Notch%20triggering" title=" Notch triggering"> Notch triggering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20absorption" title=" energy absorption"> energy absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FEM%20simulation" title=" FEM simulation "> FEM simulation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1341/effects-of-position-and-cut-out-lengths-on-the-axial-crushing-behavior-of-aluminum-tubes-experimental-and-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">460</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17017</span> Assessment of Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in Two Portuguese Slaughterhouses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Feliciano">M. Feliciano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Rodrigues"> F. Rodrigues</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gon%C3%A7alves"> A. Gonçalves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20R.%20C.%20A.%20Santos"> J. M. R. C. A. Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Leite"> V. Leite</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the objective of characterizing the profile and performance of energy use by slaughterhouses, surveys and audits were performed in two different facilities located in the northeastern region of Portugal. Energy consumption from multiple energy sources was assessed monthly, along with production and costs, for the same reference year. Gathered data was analyzed to identify and quantify the main consuming processes and to estimate energy efficiency indicators for benchmarking purposes. Main results show differences between the two slaughterhouses concerning energy sources, consumption by source and sector, and global energy efficiency. Electricity is the most used source in both slaughterhouses with a contribution of around 50%, being essentially used for meat processing and refrigeration. Natural gas, in slaughterhouse A, and pellets, in slaughterhouse B, used for heating water take the second place, with a mean contribution of about 45%. On average, a 62 kgoe/t specific energy consumption (SEC) was found, although with differences between slaughterhouses. A prominent negative correlation between SEC and carcass production was found specially in slaughterhouse A. Estimated Specific Energy Cost and Greenhouse Gases Intensity (GHGI) show mean values of about 50 €/t and 1.8 tCO2e/toe, respectively. Main results show that there is a significant margin for improving energy efficiency and therefore lowering costs in this type of non-energy intensive industries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meat%20industry" title="meat industry">meat industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20intensity" title=" energy intensity"> energy intensity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GHG%20emissions" title=" GHG emissions"> GHG emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7915/assessment-of-energy-use-and-energy-efficiency-in-two-portuguese-slaughterhouses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17016</span> Comparison of Iodine Density Quantification through Three Material Decomposition between Philips iQon Dual Layer Spectral CT Scanner and Siemens Somatom Force Dual Source Dual Energy CT Scanner: An in vitro Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jitendra%20Pratap">Jitendra Pratap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Sivyer"> Jonathan Sivyer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Dual energy/Spectral CT scanning permits simultaneous acquisition of two x-ray spectra datasets and can complement radiological diagnosis by allowing tissue characterisation (e.g., uric acid vs. non-uric acid renal stones), enhancing structures (e.g. boost iodine signal to improve contrast resolution), and quantifying substances (e.g. iodine density). However, the latter showed inconsistent results between the 2 main modes of dual energy scanning (i.e. dual source vs. dual layer). Therefore, the present study aimed to determine which technology is more accurate in quantifying iodine density. Methods: Twenty vials with known concentrations of iodine solutions were made using Optiray 350 contrast media diluted in sterile water. The concentration of iodine utilised ranged from 0.1 mg/ml to 1.0mg/ml in 0.1mg/ml increments, 1.5 mg/ml to 4.5 mg/ml in 0.5mg/ml increments followed by further concentrations at 5.0 mg/ml, 7mg/ml, 10 mg/ml and 15mg/ml. The vials were scanned using Dual Energy scan mode on a Siemens Somatom Force at 80kV/Sn150kV and 100kV/Sn150kV kilovoltage pairing. The same vials were scanned using Spectral scan mode on a Philips iQon at 120kVp and 140kVp. The images were reconstructed at 5mm thickness and 5mm increment using Br40 kernel on the Siemens Force and B Filter on Philips iQon. Post-processing of the Dual Energy data was performed on vendor-specific Siemens Syngo VIA (VB40) and Philips Intellispace Portal (Ver. 12) for the Spectral data. For each vial and scan mode, the iodine concentration was measured by placing an ROI in the coronal plane. Intraclass correlation analysis was performed on both datasets. Results: The iodine concentrations were reproduced with a high degree of accuracy for Dual Layer CT scanner. Although the Dual Source images showed a greater degree of deviation in measured iodine density for all vials, the dataset acquired at 80kV/Sn150kV had a higher accuracy. Conclusion: Spectral CT scanning by the dual layer technique has higher accuracy for quantitative measurements of iodine density compared to the dual source technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT" title="CT">CT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iodine%20density" title=" iodine density"> iodine density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral" title=" spectral"> spectral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual-energy" title=" dual-energy"> dual-energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152372/comparison-of-iodine-density-quantification-through-three-material-decomposition-between-philips-iqon-dual-layer-spectral-ct-scanner-and-siemens-somatom-force-dual-source-dual-energy-ct-scanner-an-in-vitro-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152372.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17015</span> Investigating the Invalidity of the Law of Energy Conservation Based on Waves Interference Phenomenon Inside a Ringed Waveguide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Yusefzad">M. Yusefzad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Law of energy conservation is one of the fundamental laws of physics. Energy is conserved, and the total amount of energy is constant. It can be transferred from one object to another and changed from one state to another. However, in the case of wave interference, this law faces important contradictions. Based on the presented mathematical relationship in this paper, it seems that validity of this law depends on the path of energy wave, like light, in which it is located. In this paper, by using some fundamental concepts in physics like the constancy of the electromagnetic wave speed in a specific media and wave theory of light, it will be shown that law of energy conservation is not valid in every condition and in some circumstances, it is possible to increase energy of a system with a determined amount of energy without any input. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title="power">power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law%20of%20energy%20conservation" title=" law of energy conservation"> law of energy conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20wave" title=" electromagnetic wave"> electromagnetic wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interference" title=" interference"> interference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxwell%E2%80%99s%20equations" title=" Maxwell’s equations"> Maxwell’s equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88981/investigating-the-invalidity-of-the-law-of-energy-conservation-based-on-waves-interference-phenomenon-inside-a-ringed-waveguide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17014</span> Estimation of the External Force for a Co-Manipulation Task Using the Drive Chain Robot</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sylvain%20Devie">Sylvain Devie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pierre-Philippe%20Robet"> Pierre-Philippe Robet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yannick%20Aoustin"> Yannick Aoustin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxime%20Gautier"> Maxime Gautier</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to show that the observation of the external effort and the sensor-less control of a system is limited by the mechanical system. First, the model of a one-joint robot with a prismatic joint is presented. Based on this model, two different procedures were performed in order to identify the mechanical parameters of the system and observe the external effort applied on it. Experiments have proven that the accuracy of the force observer, based on the DC motor current, is limited by the mechanics of the robot. The sensor-less control will be limited by the accuracy in estimation of the mechanical parameters and by the maximum static friction force, that is the minimum force which can be observed in this case. The consequence of this limitation is that industrial robots without specific design are not well adapted to perform sensor-less precision tasks. Finally, an efficient control law is presented for high effort applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control" title="control">control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot" title=" robot"> robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-manipulation" title=" co-manipulation"> co-manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor-less" title=" sensor-less"> sensor-less</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95452/estimation-of-the-external-force-for-a-co-manipulation-task-using-the-drive-chain-robot" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17013</span> Computational Models for Accurate Estimation of Joint Forces</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Elnour%20Abdelrahman%20Eltayeb">Ibrahim Elnour Abdelrahman Eltayeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Computational modelling is a method used to investigate joint forces during a movement. It can get high accuracy in the joint forces via subject-specific models. However, the construction of subject-specific models remains time-consuming and expensive. The purpose of this paper was to identify what alterations we can make to generic computational models to get a better estimation of the joint forces. It appraised the impact of these alterations on the accuracy of the estimated joint forces. It found different strategies of alterations: joint model, muscle model, and an optimisation problem. All these alterations affected joint contact force accuracy, so showing the potential for improving the model predictions without involving costly and time-consuming medical images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joint%20force" title="joint force">joint force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=joint%20model" title=" joint model"> joint model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimisation%20problem" title=" optimisation problem"> optimisation problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=validation" title=" validation"> validation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158393/computational-models-for-accurate-estimation-of-joint-forces" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158393.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17012</span> A Method to Determine Cutting Force Coefficients in Turning Using Mechanistic Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20C.%20Bera">T. C. Bera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bansal"> A. Bansal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Nema"> D. Nema</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During performing turning operation, cutting force plays a significant role in metal cutting process affecting tool-work piece deflection, vibration and eventually part quality. The present research work aims to develop a mechanistic cutting force model and to study the mechanistic constants used in the force model in case of turning operation. The proposed model can be used for the reliable and accurate estimation of the cutting forces establishing relationship of various force components (cutting force and feed force) with uncut chip thickness. The accurate estimation of cutting force is required to improve thin-walled part accuracy by controlling the tool-work piece deflection induced surface errors and tool-work piece vibration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turning" title="turning">turning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cutting%20forces" title=" cutting forces"> cutting forces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cutting%20constants" title=" cutting constants"> cutting constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncut%20chip%20thickness" title=" uncut chip thickness"> uncut chip thickness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30832/a-method-to-determine-cutting-force-coefficients-in-turning-using-mechanistic-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30832.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17011</span> Study of Parameters Affecting the Electrostatic Attractions Force</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vahid%20Sabermand">Vahid Sabermand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Hojjat"> Yousef Hojjat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Hasanzadeh"> Majid Hasanzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper contains two main parts. In the first part of paper we simulated and studied three type of electrode patterns used in various industries for suspension and handling of the semiconductor and glass and we selected the best pattern by evaluating the electrostatic force, which was comb pattern electrode. In the second part, we investigated the parameters affecting the amount of electrostatic force such as the gap between surface and electrode (g), the electrode width (w), the gap between electrodes (t), the surface permittivity and electrode Length and methods of improvement of adhesion force by changing these values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20force" title="electrostatic force">electrostatic force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20adhesion" title=" electrostatic adhesion"> electrostatic adhesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20chuck" title=" electrostatic chuck"> electrostatic chuck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20application%20in%20industry" title=" electrostatic application in industry"> electrostatic application in industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroadhesive%20grippers" title=" electroadhesive grippers"> electroadhesive grippers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16573/study-of-parameters-affecting-the-electrostatic-attractions-force" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17010</span> The Big Bang Was Not the Beginning, but a Repeating Pattern of Expansion and Contraction of the Spacetime</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amrit%20Ladhani">Amrit Ladhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The cyclic universe theory is a model of cosmic evolution according to which the universe undergoes endless cycles of expansion and cooling, each beginning with a “big bang” and ending in a “big crunch”. In this paper, we propose a unique property of Space-time. This particular and marvelous nature of space shows us that space can stretch, expand, and shrink. This property of space is caused by the size of the universe change over time: growing or shrinking. The observed accelerated expansion, which relates to the stretching of Shrunk space for the new theory, is derived. This theory is based on three underlying notions: First, the Big Bang is not the beginning of Space-time, but rather, at the very beginning fraction of a second, there was an infinite force of infinite Shrunk space in the cosmic singularity that force gave rise to the big bang and caused the rapidly growing of space, and all other forms of energy are transformed into new matter and radiation and a new period of expansion and cooling begins. Second, there was a previous phase leading up to it, with multiple cycles of contraction and expansion that repeat indefinitely. Third, the two principal long-range forces are the gravitational force and the repulsive force generated by shrink space. They are the two most fundamental quantities in the universe that govern cosmic evolution. They may provide the clockwork mechanism that operates our eternal cyclic universe. The universe will not continue to expand forever; no need, however, for dark energy and dark matter. This new model of Space-time and its unique properties enables us to describe a sequence of events from the Big Bang to the Big Crunch. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20matter" title="dark matter">dark matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title=" dark energy"> dark energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmology" title=" cosmology"> cosmology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20bang%20and%20big%20crunch" title=" big bang and big crunch"> big bang and big crunch</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173573/the-big-bang-was-not-the-beginning-but-a-repeating-pattern-of-expansion-and-contraction-of-the-spacetime" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17009</span> Analysing the Renewable Energy Integration Paradigm in the Post-COVID-19 Era: An Examination of the Upcoming Energy Law of China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lan%20Wu">Lan Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The declared transformation towards a ‘new electricity system dominated by renewable energy’ by China requires a cleaner electricity consumption mix with high shares of renewable energy sourced-electricity (RES-E). Unfortunately, integration of RES-E into Chinese electricity markets remains a problem pending more robust legal support, evidenced by the curtailment of wind and solar power as a consequence of integration constraints. The upcoming energy law of the PRC (energy law) is expected to provide such long-awaiting support and coordinate the existing diverse sector-specific laws to deal with the weak implementation that dampening the delivery of their desired regulatory effects. However, in the shadow of the COVID-19 crisis, it remains uncertain how this new energy law brings synergies to RES-E integration, mindful of the significant impacts of the pandemic. Through the theoretical lens of the interplay between China’s electricity reform and legislative development, the present paper investigates whether there is a paradigm shift in energy law regarding renewable energy integration compared with the existing sector-specific energy laws. It examines the 2020 draft for comments on the energy law and analyses its relationship with sector-specific energy laws focusing on RES-E integration. The comparison is drawn upon five key aspects of the RES-E integration issue, including the status of renewables, marketisation, incentive schemes, consumption mechanisms, access to power grids, and dispatching. The analysis shows that it is reasonable to expect a more open and well-organized electricity market enabling absorption of high shares of RES-E. The present paper concludes that a period of prosperous development of RES-E in the post-COVID-19 era can be anticipated with the legal support by the upcoming energy law. It contributes to understanding the signals China is sending regarding the transition towards a cleaner energy future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20law" title="energy law">energy law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20transition" title=" energy transition"> energy transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electricity%20market%20reform" title=" electricity market reform"> electricity market reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy%20integration" title=" renewable energy integration"> renewable energy integration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139562/analysing-the-renewable-energy-integration-paradigm-in-the-post-covid-19-era-an-examination-of-the-upcoming-energy-law-of-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17008</span> The Effect of Main Factors on Forces during FSJ Processing of AA2024 Aluminum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dunwen%20Zuo">Dunwen Zuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongfang%20Deng"> Yongfang Deng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Song"> Bo Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An attempt is made here to measure the forces of three directions, under conditions of different feed speeds, different tilt angles of tool and without or with the pin on the tool, by using octagonal ring dynamometer in the AA2024 aluminum FSJ (Friction Stir Joining) process, and investigate how four main factors influence forces in the FSJ process. It is found that, high feed speed lead to small feed force and small lateral force, but high feed speed leads to large feed force in the stable joining stage of process. As the rotational speed increasing, the time of axial force drop from the maximum to the minimum required increased in the push-up process. In the stable joining stage, the rotational speed has little effect on the feed force; large rotational speed leads to small lateral force and axial force. The maximum axial force increases as the tilt angle of tool increases at the downward movement stage. At the moment of start feeding, as tilt angle of tool increases, the amplitudes of the axial force increasing become large. In the stable joining stage, with the increase of tilt angle of tool, the axial force is increased, the lateral force is decreased, and the feed force almost unchanged. The tool with pin will decrease axial force in the downward movement stage. The feed force and lateral force will increase, but the axial force will reduced in the stable joining stage by using the tool with pin compare to by using the tool without pin. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FSJ" title="FSJ">FSJ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=force%20factor" title=" force factor"> force factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AA2024%20aluminum" title=" AA2024 aluminum"> AA2024 aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction%20stir%20joining" title=" friction stir joining"> friction stir joining</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22273/the-effect-of-main-factors-on-forces-during-fsj-processing-of-aa2024-aluminum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17007</span> Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors: Based Force Sensor Array for Occlusal Force Measurement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheng-Che%20Chen">Sheng-Che Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keng-Ren%20Lin"> Keng-Ren Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Che-Hsin%20Lin"> Che-Hsin Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao-Yuan%20Tseng"> Hao-Yuan Tseng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Han%20Chang"> Chih-Han Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Teeth play an important role in providing the essential nutrients. The force loading of chewing on the crow is important condition to evaluate long-term success of many dental treatments. However, the quantification of the force regarding forces are distributed over the dental crow is still not well recognized. This study presents an industrial-grade piezoelectric-based multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) force sensor for measuring the distribution of the force distribute over the first molar. The developed sensor array is based on a flexible polyimide electrode and barium titanate-based MLCCs. MLCCs are commonly used in the electronic industry and it is a typical electric component composed of BaTiO₃, which is used as a capacitive material. The most important is that it also can be used as a force-sensing component by its piezoelectric property. In this study, to increase the sensitivity as well as to reduce the variation of different MLCCs, a treatment process is utilized. The MLCC force sensors are able to measure large forces (above 500 N), making them suitable for measuring the bite forces on the tooth crown. Moreover, the sensors also show good force response and good repeatability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=force%20sensor%20array" title="force sensor array">force sensor array</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilayer%20ceramic%20capacitors" title=" multilayer ceramic capacitors"> multilayer ceramic capacitors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occlusal%20force" title=" occlusal force"> occlusal force</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectric" title=" piezoelectric"> piezoelectric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45572/multilayer-ceramic-capacitors-based-force-sensor-array-for-occlusal-force-measurement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">411</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17006</span> [Keynote Talk]: Wave-Tidal Integral Turbine Hybrid Generation Approach for Characterizing Performance of Surface Wave</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norshazmira%20Mat%20Azmi">Norshazmira Mat Azmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayidal%20El%20Fatimah%20Masnan"> Sayidal El Fatimah Masnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shatirah%20Akib"> Shatirah Akib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Boundless renewable energy, such as tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, thermal energy and chemical energy are covered and possessed by oceans. The hybrid system helps in improving the economic and environmental sustainability of renewable energy systems to fulfill the energy demand. The objective and concept of hybridizing renewable energy is to meet the desired system requirements, with the lowest value of the energy cost. This paper reviews applications of using hybrid power generation system for remote area. It also highlights the future directions to investigate the impacts of surface waves on turbine design and performance. The importance of understanding the site-specific wave conditions could also been explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid" title="hybrid">hybrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20current%20energy" title=" marine current energy"> marine current energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tidal%20turbine" title=" tidal turbine"> tidal turbine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20turbine" title=" wave turbine"> wave turbine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51335/keynote-talk-wave-tidal-integral-turbine-hybrid-generation-approach-for-characterizing-performance-of-surface-wave" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17005</span> The Effect of Surface Wave on the Performance Characteristic of a Wave-Tidal Integral Turbine Hybrid Generation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Norshazmira%20Mat%20Azmi">Norshazmira Mat Azmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayidal%20El%20Fatimah%20Masnan"> Sayidal El Fatimah Masnan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shatirah%20Akib"> Shatirah Akib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> More than 70% of the Earth is covered by oceans, which are considered to possess boundless renewable energy, such as tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, thermal energy, and chemical energy. The hybrid system help in improving the economic and environmental sustainability of renewable energy systems to fulfill the energy demand. The concept of hybridizing renewable energy is to meet the desired system requirements, with the lowest value of the energy cost. This paper propose a hybrid power generation system suitable for remote area application and highlight the impact of surface waves on turbine design and performance, and the importance of understanding the site-specific wave conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20current%20energy" title="marine current energy">marine current energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tidal%20turbines" title=" tidal turbines"> tidal turbines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20turbine" title=" wave turbine"> wave turbine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20waves" title=" surface waves"> surface waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20flume%20experiments" title=" hydraulic flume experiments"> hydraulic flume experiments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=instantaneous%20wave%20phase" title=" instantaneous wave phase"> instantaneous wave phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30722/the-effect-of-surface-wave-on-the-performance-characteristic-of-a-wave-tidal-integral-turbine-hybrid-generation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=567">567</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=568">568</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20down%20force%20energy%20%28SDFE%29&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>