What is a virtual machine (VM)?

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23.613v.114" stroke-width="25" stroke="black"/></svg><li class="rh-navigation-link-container"> What is a virtual machine (VM)? </li></ul> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-headline dx-mb-4 dx-mt-4">  <div class="rh-band-header--component" ><h1 class="rh-band-header-hero-headline" >What is a virtual machine (VM)?</h1> </div> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-hero-front-matter">  <div class="rh-front-matter--component"><div class="rh-front-matter-wrapper" data-rh-layout="inline-horizontal"><div class="rh-front-matter-metadata"><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-publish-date">Updated <span> April 9, 2024</span></span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-separator">•</span><span class="rh-front-matter-metadata-readtime" for="article-contents" data-rh-hidden="sm"><em class="placeholder">1</em>-minute read</span></div><pfe-clipboard class="rh-front-matter-share" role="button" tabindex="0"><span slot="text">Copy URL</span></pfe-clipboard></div></div></div> </div> <div class="lg:dx-col-3"> </div> </div> </section> <section class="dx-band dx-pt-0 rhdc-article-body" id="rhdc-aside-promo"> <div class="dx-container dx-flex-col lg:dx-flex lg:dx-flex-row xl:dx-gap-3 lg:dx-justify-between"> <div class="lg:dx-col-1 lg:dx-col-2 dx-mb-6 lg:dx-mb-0"> <pfe-jump-links-nav id="article-nav" autobuild offset="120" sr-text="Jump to section" ></pfe-jump-links-nav> </div> <div class="rhdc-article-body--content lg:dx-col-6"> <pfe-jump-links-panel scrolltarget="article-nav" data-rh-layout="tall-stacked" pfelement="" class="PFElement" type="content">  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="overview" nav-label="Overview" >Overview</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p>A virtual machine (VM) is a computing environment that functions as an isolated system with its own CPU, memory, network interface, and storage, created from a pool of hardware resources. Software called a <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-a-hypervisor-1">hypervisor</a> isolates the necessary computing resources and enables the creation and management of VMs.</p><p dir="ltr">The physical machine that runs the VMs is called the host machine, host computer, host operating system, or simply host. The many VMs that use its resources are guest machines, guest computers, guest operating systems, or simply guests. The hypervisor treats compute resources—like CPU, memory, and storage—as a pool of resources that can easily be relocated between existing guests or to new virtual machines.</p><p dir="ltr">VMs allow multiple different operating systems to run simultaneously on a single computer—like running a  <a href="/en/topics/linux/whats-the-best-linux-distro-for-you-1">Linux® distribution</a> on a MacOS or Windows system. Each operating system runs in the same way an operating system or application normally would on the host hardware, so the end user experience emulated within the VM is nearly identical to a real-time operating system experience running on a physical machine. </p><rh-cta variant="primary"><a href="/en/products/virtualization" target="_self" data-analytics-linktype="cta" data-analytics-text="Migrate your VMs with Red Hat">Migrate your VMs with Red Hat</a></rh-cta></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="what-is-virtualization" nav-label="What is virtualization?" >What is virtualization?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p><a href="/en/topics/virtualization">Virtualization </a>describes technology that makes use of resources that are traditionally bound to hardware. It allows you to use a physical machine’s full capacity by distributing its capabilities among many users or environments.</p><p dir="ltr">Types of virtualization include:</p><ul><li><p dir="ltr"><strong>Data virtualization</strong>, which allows organizations to consolidate data sources into a single dynamic supply.</p></li><li><p dir="ltr"><strong>Desktop virtualization</strong>, which allows multiple simulated desktop environments to be deployed and controlled through a central administrator.</p></li><li><p dir="ltr"><strong>Server virtualization</strong>, which allows administrators to partition servers into configurations meant to to serve specific functions.</p></li><li><p dir="ltr"><strong>Operating system virtualization</strong>, which makes it possible to run multiple operating systems on a single computer.</p></li><li><p dir="ltr"><strong>Network functions virtualization</strong>, which separates a network's functions (like directory services, file sharing, and IP configuration) so they can be distributed among environments.</p></li></ul><p><rh-cta><a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-virtualization-1" title="article | what is virtualization?" data-analytics-linktype="cta" data-analytics-text="Continue reading about virtualization">Continue reading about virtualization</a></rh-cta></p></div></div></div> <div class="rhdc--inline-promo" data-rh-mbox="inline-promo">  <div class="rh-card--layout rh-promo-article" data-rh-promo=inline data-rh-border-radius=none data-rh-background="gray" data-rh-theme="light" data-rh-bg-align="cover" data-rh-layout="fit-content-33" data-rh-border="top-bottom"><div class="rh-card-content" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><div class="rh-band-header--component" data-rh-align=left ><h2 class="rh-band-header-subsection-headline" id="rh-8xgcp">Red Hat Resources</h2></div></div></div></div><footer class="rh-card-footer" ><div class="rh-group--layout" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><span class="rh-cta--component" data-rh-cta-type="secondary" ><a class="rh-cta-link" href="/en/resources" title="Keep reading" data-analytics-linkType="cta" data-analytics-text="Keep reading" data-analytics-category="Inline promo | Red Hat Resources" >Keep reading<span aria-hidden="true"><svg data-name="Layer 1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><title>Icon-Red_Hat-Directional-A-Black-RGB</title><path d="M29.74 17.95v-.1a.9.9 0 0 0-.03-.086c-.01-.025-.016-.05-.027-.075a.72.72 0 0 0-.148-.223l-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5a.75.75 0 1 0-1.06 1.06l2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86H7a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h20.19l-2.22 2.223-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 1 0 1.06 1.06l3.5-3.5 3.5-3.5c.007-.007.01-.016.016-.023a.738.738 0 0 0 .147-.22l.005-.02a.76.76 0 0 0 .045-.236.23.23 0 0 0 .007-.03c0-.017-.008-.032-.01-.05z"/></svg></span></a></span></div></div></footer></div> </div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="how-does-a-hypervisor-work" nav-label="How does a hypervisor work?" >How does a hypervisor work?</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">A VM can be defined in a single data file, which can be moved from one computer to another, opened in either one, and be expected to work the same. A hypervisor manages the hardware and separates the physical resources from the virtual environments. Resources are partitioned as needed from the physical environment to the VMs. The physical hardware still does the execution, so the CPU is still executing CPU instructions as requested by the VMs, for example, while the hypervisor manages the schedule.</p><p dir="ltr">When the VM is running and a user or program issues an instruction that requires additional resources from the physical environment, the hypervisor schedules the request to the physical system’s resources so that the virtual machine’s operating system and applications can access the shared pool of physical resources.</p><p dir="ltr">In Linux® environments, the built-in hypervisor is called the <a href="/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-KVM" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="bb55d569-5275-4a71-ad6a-1ccf32b77ee5" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)</a>. Other options include Xen, which is open source, and Microsoft Hyper-V.</p><p dir="ltr">There are 2 different types of hypervisors that can be used for virtualization.</p><h4>Type 1</h4><p dir="ltr">A type 1 hypervisor is on bare metal. VM resources are scheduled directly to the hardware by the hypervisor. KVM is an example of a type 1 hypervisor.</p><h4>Type 2</h4><p dir="ltr">A type 2 hypervisor is hosted. VM resources are scheduled against a host operating system, which is then executed against the hardware. VMware Workstation and Oracle VirtualBox are examples of type 2 hypervisors. </p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="advantages-of-vms" nav-label="Advantages of VMs" >Advantages of VMs</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">With virtualization, multiple operating systems can run alongside each other and share the same virtualized hardware resources. Without virtualization, you can only run 1 operating system on the hardware.</p><p dir="ltr">Server consolidation is a top reason to use VMs. Most operating system and application deployments only use a small amount of the physical resources available when deployed to bare metal. By virtualizing your servers, you can place many virtual servers onto each physical server to improve hardware utilization.</p><p dir="ltr">This keeps you from needing to purchase additional physical resources, like hard drives or hard disks, as well as reducing the need for power, space, and cooling in the datacenter. VMs provide additional disaster recovery options by enabling failover and redundancy that could previously only be achieved through additional hardware.</p><p dir="ltr">A VM provides an environment that is isolated from the rest of a system, so whatever is running inside a VM won’t interfere with anything else running on the host hardware.</p><p dir="ltr">Because VMs are isolated, they are a good option for testing new applications or setting up a production environment. You can also run a single purpose VM to support a specific process.</p></div></div></div>  <div class="rh-group--layout" data-rh-layout="stacked" ><div class="rh-group-body" data-rh-layout="min-stacked" ><header class="rh-standard-header--component" ><div class="rh-standard-header-container"><h2 class="rh-standard-header-headline-medium pfe-jump-links-panel__section" id="how-vms-relate-to-the-cloud" nav-label="How VMs relate to the cloud" >How VMs relate to the cloud</h2></div></header><div class="rh-generic--component" ><p dir="ltr">Virtualization is one of the technologies that makes cloud computing possible. 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What is a virtual machine (VM)?