Environmental Research - Game Management Authority

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href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us"> <span>About Us</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="nav-menu-large-container"> <div id="nav-menu-large-background-container"> <div id="nav-menu-large"> <div class="row">  <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477079"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Hunting</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer" >Deer</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck" >Duck</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/hunting-maps" >Hunting Maps</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/quail" >Stubble Quail </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/hunting-introduced-game-birds" >Introduced game birds</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/pest-animals" >Pest animals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/caring-for-the-environment" >Caring for the environment</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/respect-hunt-responsibly" >RESPECT - Hunt Responsibly</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/sustainable-hunting-action-plan-2021-2024" >Sustainable Hunting Action Plan 2021-2024</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/traditional-owners" >Traditional Owners</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477083"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Licensing</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl" >Accessing MyGL</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/apply-for-a-game-licence" >Licensing and renewals</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/authorisations" >Authorisations and permits</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/waterfowl-identification-test" >Waterfowl Identification Test</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/hound-hunting-test" >Hound hunting test and hound registration </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/licensing-statistics" >Licensing statistics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-482174"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Enforcement </h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/report-illegal-hunting-online" >Report illegal hunting or illegal protester activity</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/authorised-officers" >Our Game Officers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/compliance-statistics" >Enforcement statistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/enforcement-actions" >Enforcement actions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/authorised-officer-feedback" >Feedback on GMA Authorised Officers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477087"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Education</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/deer-hunting-education" >Deer hunting education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/duck-hunting-education" >Duck hunting education</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/online-learning-materials" >Online education modules </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/firearms-safety" >Firearms safety</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/practical-gamebird-hunting-training-trial" >Practical gamebird hunting training trial</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477091"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Research</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/deer-research" >Deer Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/duck-research" >Duck Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/quail-research" >Quail Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/hunting-research" >Hunting Research</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/environmental-research" >Environmental Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/stakeholder-and-community-research" >Stakeholder and community research</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477095"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>Laws</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/Laws,-Policies-and-Strategies/what-is-illegal-hunting" >What is illegal hunting?</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/Laws,-Policies-and-Strategies/spotlighting-laws" >Spotlighting laws</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/Laws,-Policies-and-Strategies/public-safety-on-wetlands" >Public safety on wetlands </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/Laws,-Policies-and-Strategies/changes-to-game-hunting-regulations" >Changes to Game Hunting Regulations</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-9 dynamic-menus" id="dynamic-menu-477109"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"><h2>About Us</h2></div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="first-item"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-purpose-and-vision" >Purpose and vision</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/our-board" >Our people</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/gma-reporting-and-governance" >Reporting and governance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/contact-us" >Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/general-complaint-form" >General complaint / feedback form </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/responsibilities-for-game-management-and-hunting-in-victoria" >Responsibilities for game management and hunting in Victoria</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <nav id="hamburger-menu"> <ul> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting">Hunting</a> <ul> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer">Deer</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/where-to-hunt">Where to hunt</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/hog-deer-hunting">Hog Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/when-to-hunt">When to hunt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/game-deer-species">Game deer species</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/deer-hunting-laws">Deer hunting methods</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/deer/ethical-hunting">Ethical hunting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck">Duck </a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/duck-season-arrangements">Duck season arrangements</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/wetland-closures-duck-season">Wetland closures – 2024 duck season</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/reduce-wounding">Reduce Wounding </a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/where-to-hunt">Where to hunt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/when-to-hunt">When to hunt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/duck-season-considerations">Duck season considerations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/hunting-methods">Duck hunting methods and laws</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/game-duck-species">Game duck species</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/ethical-hunting">Ethical hunting</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/duck/wetland-closures">Wetland closure process</a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/hunting-maps">Hunting Maps</a></li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/quail">Stubble Quail </a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/quail/where-to-hunt">Where to hunt</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/quail/when-to-hunt-quail">When to hunt Quail</a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/hunting-introduced-game-birds">Introduced game birds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/pest-animals">Pest animals </a></li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/caring-for-the-environment">Caring for the environment </a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/caring-for-the-environment/environmental-and-health-risks-of-lead-bullets-for-deer-hunting">Environmental and health risks of lead bullets for deer hunting</a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/respect-hunt-responsibly">RESPECT - Hunt Responsibly </a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/sustainable-hunting-action-plan-2021-2024">Sustainable Hunting Action Plan 2021-2024</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/traditional-owners">Traditional Owners</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing">Licensing</a> <ul> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl">Accessing MyGL</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl/exisiting-game-licence-holders-how-to-register-for-mygl">Exisiting Game Licence holders - How to register for MyGL</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl/prospective-game-licence-holder-how-to-register-for-mygl">Prospective Game Licence holder - How to register for MyGL</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl/already-registed-on-mygl-how-to-sign-into-your-mygl-account">Already registerd on MyGL - how to sign into your MyGL account</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl/how-to-order-hog-deer-tags">How to order Hog Deer tags</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/my-game-licence-mygl/buttons">Buttons</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/apply-for-a-game-licence">Licensing and renewals</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/apply-for-a-game-licence/firearms-licence">Firearms licence</a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/authorisations">Authorisations and permits</a></li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/waterfowl-identification-test">Waterfowl Identification Test</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/waterfowl-identification-test/waterfowl-identification-practice-test">Waterfowl Identification practice test</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/waterfowl-identification-test/book-a-test">Book a Waterfowl Identification Test </a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/hound-hunting-test">Hound hunting test and hound registration </a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/hound-hunting-test/book-a-hound-hunting-test">Book a hound hunting test </a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/licencing/licensing-statistics">Licensing statistics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement">Enforcement </a> <ul> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/report-illegal-hunting-online">Report illegal hunting or illegal protester activity</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/report-illegal-hunting-online/report-illegal-hunting">Report illegal hunting</a></li> </ul> </li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/authorised-officers">Our Game Officers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/compliance-statistics">Enforcement statistics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/enforcement-actions">Enforcement actions </a></li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/authorised-officer-feedback">Feedback on GMA Authorised Officers</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/enforcement/authorised-officer-feedback/authorised-officer-feedback-form">Authorised Officer feedback Form</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education">Education</a> <ul> <li class="navHasChildren"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/education/deer-hunting-education">Deer hunting education</a> <ul> 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Research </a> </h2> <ul> <li class="has-children "><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/deer-research" > Deer Research</a> </li> </li> </li> <li class="has-children "><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/duck-research" > Duck Research</a> </li> </li> </li> <li class="has-children "><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/quail-research" > Quail Research</a> </li> </li> </li> <li class="has-children "><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/hunting-research" > Hunting Research</a> </li> </li> </li> <li class="has-children currentpage"><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/environmental-research" > Environmental Research</a> </li> </li> </li> <li class="has-children "><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/research/stakeholder-and-community-research" > Stakeholder and community research</a> </li> </li> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-lg-8 " id="main-content">  <h1>Environmental Research </h1>  <div id="content_container_599532"> <p>The Game Management Authority conducts the following environmental research.</p> </div> <div class="accordion"> <div class="expand-collapse-container"><span><span class="expand-all" tabindex="0">+ Expand all</span><span class="collapse-all" tabindex="0">- Collapse all</span> </span></div> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header" id="headingOne"> <h3 class="mb-0"> <button class="btn btn-link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseOne"> Expanding the use of portable XRF to monitor lead exposure in an Australian duck species two decades after a ban on lead shot </button> </h3> <span class="accordion-closed"></span> </div> <div class="card-body" style="height: 0px;"> <p><p>The University of Melbourne, RMIT, Murdoch University and the GMA have collaborated on research into the prevalence of lead concentrations in Victorian waterbirds. This study estimated lead exposure via measuring bone lead concentrations in the Pacific black duck (<em>Anas superciliosa</em>).</p><p>Lead shot has been banned for all waterfowl hunting in Victoria since 2002. This research is the first assessment of lead exposure in Australian waterfowl to be published since the 1990s.</p><p>The humerus bone from wings of 77 Pacific black ducks harvested by hunters in 2018 and 2021, from nine waterfowl hunting sites, were analysed using portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF). This method was then validated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).</p><p>Greater than 92% of ducks sampled had only background lead exposure (<10 mg/kg). When compared to historical studies in the same species at similar field sites from the 1990s, lead exposure levels were considerably lower, with mean lead concentrations approximately two-fold lower (3.7 c.f. 7.7 mg/kg), and the frequency of birds with severe lead exposure (>20 mg/kg) approximately three-fold lower (2.6 c.f. 7.5 %).</p><p>The results confirm that portable XRF is a useful option for measurement of bone lead in Australasian waterbird species. The findings also show that the ban on the use of lead shot in Victoria (approx. 20 years ago) has substantially reduced lead exposure in the Pacific black duck.</p><p>See <a href="https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0048-9697(23)00418-7">Expanding the use of portable XRF to monitor lead exposure in an Australian duck species two decades after a ban on lead shot</a> for a copy of the research paper.</p></p> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header" id="headingOne"> <h3 class="mb-0"> <button class="btn btn-link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseOne"> Measuring bone lead levels in Wedge-tailed Eagles </button> </h3> <span class="accordion-closed"></span> </div> <div class="card-body" style="height: 0px;"> <p><p><img src="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0009/886887/x-ray.png" alt="" width="210" height="203" style="float: right; margin: 1em 0px 1em 1em;" />Researchers from the University of Melbourne with financial support from the GMA studied two different methods of lead detection in animals to determine if one method was more accurate than the other. The more commonly used plasma mass spectrometry scanning machine was compared with the new portable handheld X-ray device. The study also provided the opportunity to examine bone lead levels in wedge-tailed eagles (<em>Aquila audax</em>) from east Gippsland and Tasmania.</p><p>Results showed that both methods of lead detection produced similar results, suggesting that the new portable X-ray device could be a useful and inexpensive option that is less destructive to the analysed specimens.</p><p>The study also found that over 50 per cent of the eagles examined had elevated lead levels (>10 mg/kg) and 13 per cent had severe lead exposure (>20 mg/kg).</p><p>The severe level of exposure to lead found in 13 percent of Victorian wedge-tailed eagles was found in just one per cent of Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagles. This difference may be explained by the hunting and animal management practices that occur in the area.</p><p>South-eastern mainland Australia is likely to be one of the highest risk places in Australia for exposure to lead from ammunition, with year-round recreational deer hunting, culling of kangaroos and unregulated culling of pest species. Aerial shooting has been increasingly used to control deer in south-eastern Australia and may represent a significant source of ingestible lead to scavenging wildlife. This study suggests that continued research into the impacts of lead-based ammunition on native wildlife should be a high conservation priority.</p><p>The negative effects of exposure to lead from bullets have been reported from numerous scavenging bird species around the world. The symptoms of lead exposure in birds reportedly range from impaired movement, including the inability to fly, to immobility and death. Until recently, there has been little investigation of the impacts that lead may have on native Australian wildlife, particularly raptors.</p><p>See the full study: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721030692">Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles</a></p></p> </div> </div> <div class="card"> <div class="card-header" id="headingOne"> <h3 class="mb-0"> <button class="btn btn-link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseOne"> Elevated lead exposure in Australian hunting dogs </button> </h3> <span class="accordion-closed"></span> </div> <div class="card-body" style="height: 0px;"> <p><p style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0005/926015/hound-and-lead.PNG" alt="" width="351" height="258" style="float: right; margin: 1em 0px 1em 1em;" />The GMA recently co-funded research into lead blood levels in hounds that are fed on venison from recreationally harvested Sambar Deer in Victoria.</p><p>There is growing worldwide recognition of the dangers of lead-based ammunition for wildlife and humans, however little research has been conducting into its effects on domestic animals.</p><p>Researchers from Melbourne University collected blood from 27 hounds owned by four different deer hunters. Blood samples were collected prior to the start of hound season (March 2022) and in the middle of the season (August 2022). The samples were then analysed using plasma mass spectrometry technology to determine the levels of lead in the blood.</p><p>The results showed that blood lead levels were lower across all breeds when the dogs were tested before the season and more than doubled when the dogs were tested during the season. The increase in blood lead levels in beagles was significant when compared with harriers and bloodhounds. This may be due to the lower bodyweight of beagles.</p><p>While the lead levels detected from samples taken during hound season were not considered clinically harmful, they more than doubled during the season, indicating that lead exposure over time is a risk.</p><p>These results increase our knowledge of the impacts of lead ammunition on hunting dogs fed the meat of deer harvested with lead ammunition. The GMA encourages all deer hunters to use alternatives to lead-based ammunition, such as copper.</p><p>For a copy of the full research paper, visit: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749123003196">Elevated lead exposure in Australian hunting dogs during a deer hunting season</a></p></p> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="page-last-updated"> <p>Page last updated: 22 Aug 2023</p> </div>   </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-6 col-md-3 footer-column"> <ul class="footer-links"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/disclaimer">Disclaimer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/privacy">Privacy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-6 col-md-3 footer-column"> <span class="divider"></span> <ul class="footer-links"> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/about-us/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-3 footer-column"> <p>Follow Us</p>  <script> gtag('event', 'conversion', { 'allow_custom_scripts': true, 'u1': '[PageURL]', 'send_to': 'DC-10871674/remar0/au_dj0+standard' }); </script> <noscript> <img src="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=10871674;type=remar0;cat=au_dj0;u1=[PageURL];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;npa=;gdpr=${GDPR};gdpr_consent=${GDPR_CONSENT_755};ord=1?" width="1" height="1" alt=""/> </noscript>  <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3XetW7O2Vrbibg4NjTdFKw?view_as=subscriber" class="social-link" aria-label="YouTube"> <svg width="31px" height="23px" viewBox="0 0 31 23" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g id="youtube" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M12,17 L12,7 L20,12.0001911 L12,17 Z M30.3521705,3.59152419 C29.9956705,2.17776613 28.9451932,1.06449194 27.6114886,0.68666129 C25.194017,0 15.5,0 15.5,0 C15.5,0 5.80598295,0 3.38851136,0.68666129 C2.05480682,1.06449194 1.00432955,2.17776613 0.647829545,3.59152419 C0,6.15379839 0,11.5 0,11.5 C0,11.5 0,16.8462016 0.647829545,19.4084758 C1.00432955,20.8222339 2.05480682,21.9355081 3.38851136,22.3135242 C5.80598295,23 15.5,23 15.5,23 C15.5,23 25.194017,23 27.6114886,22.3135242 C28.9451932,21.9355081 29.9956705,20.8222339 30.3521705,19.4084758 C31,16.8462016 31,11.5 31,11.5 C31,11.5 31,6.15379839 30.3521705,3.59152419 Z" id="YouTube" fill="#FFFFFF"></path> </g> </svg> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GameManagementAuthority" class="social-link" aria-label="Facebook"> <svg width="10px" height="17px" viewBox="0 0 10 17" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>icon-facebook</title> <desc>Created with Sketch.</desc> <defs></defs> <g id="icon-facebook" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M6.5045992,17 L6.5045992,9.25697741 L9.1076324,9.25697741 L9.50809904,6.22544491 L6.5045992,6.22544491 L6.5045992,4.29519568 C6.5045992,3.42017606 6.74888386,2.82348076 8.00434679,2.82348076 L9.59419937,2.82348076 L9.59419937,0.120330903 C8.8201188,0.0369837821 8.04203356,-0.00313439432 7.2634835,0.000190909075 C4.95679562,0.000190909075 3.3769547,1.40182417 3.3769547,3.9948457 L3.3769547,6.22544491 L0.773921509,6.22544491 L0.773921509,9.25697741 L3.3769547,9.25697741 L3.3769547,17 L6.5045992,17 Z" id="Facebook" fill="#FFFFFF"></path> </g> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-3 footer-column"> <a class="respect-logo" href="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/hunting/respect-hunt-responsibly"><img src="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0007/482092/Respect-logo.png" alt="Responsible Hunting"></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="back-to-top-wrapper print-hidden"> <a href="#" class="back-to-top" style="display: none;"><span class="visually-hidden">Back to top</span></a> </div> </footer>  <script src="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/git_bridge/0020/471071/dist/bundle.js?h=dfc2704"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gma.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/js_file/0008/473525/jquery-ui-1.10.3.custom.min.js"></script>  <script src="https://web5.economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/alert-banner.js" defer="true"></script>  <style> .facetLabel { display: none; } </style> </body> </html>

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