Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law Review

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type='text/javascript' src='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/yui/3.6.0/yui/yui-min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='https://assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/d0e96722185b/launch-d525bb0064d8.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src=/assets/nr_browser_production.js></script>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title> Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law School </title>    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-style.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-custom.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-local.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.css"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Notre Dame Law Review Newsfeed" href="/ndlr/recent.rss"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/jsUtilities.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/footnoteLinks.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-print.css" type="text/css" media="print">   <script type="text/javascript">var pageData = {"page":{"environment":"prod","productName":"bpdg","language":"en","name":"ir_journal","businessUnit":"els:rp:st"},"visitor":{}};</script> </head> <body >   <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-responsive-nav.js"></script> <header id="mobile-nav" class="nav-down device-fixed-height" style="visibility: hidden;"> <nav class="nav-collapse"> <ul> <li class="menu-item active device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu" title="Home" data-scroll >Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/do/search/advanced/" title="Search" data-scroll ><i class="icon-search"></i> Search</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/communities.html" title="Browse" data-scroll >Browse Collections</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=ndlr" title="My Account" data-scroll >My Account</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/about.html" title="About" data-scroll >About</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://network.bepress.com" title="Digital Commons Network" data-scroll ><img width="16" height="16" alt="DC Network" style="vertical-align:top;" src="/assets/md5images/8e240588cf8cd3a028768d4294acd7d3.png"> Digital Commons Network™</a></li> </ul> </nav> </header> <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-mobile-nav.js"></script>   <div id="ndlr"> <div id="container"><a href="#main" class="skiplink" accesskey="2" >Skip to main content</a> <div id="header">   <div id="school"><a href="http://www.nd.edu/" title="University of Notre Dame" >University of Notre Dame</a></div> <div id="pagetitle"> <h1><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr" title="Notre Dame Law Review" >Notre Dame Law Review</a></h1> </div> </div><div id="navigation"><div id="tabs"><ul><li id="tabone"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=ndlr" title="My Account" accesskey="3" ><span>My Account</span></a></li><li id="tabtwo"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/faq.html" title="FAQ" ><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="tabthree"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/about.html" title="About" ><span>About</span></a></li><li id="tabfour"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu " title="Home" ><span>Home</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="wrapper-top"></div> <div id="content"> <div id="main" class="text">  <ul id="pager"> <li> </li> <li> </li> </ul> <div class="crumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu" class="ignore" >Home</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/journals_list" class="ignore" >Journals</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr_all" class="ignore" >NDLR_ALL</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr" class="ignore" >NDLR</a> </p> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.js"></script>    <p class="journal-follow"> <span class="pull-right">  <a rel="nofollow" href="https://network.bepress.com/api/follow/subscribe?publication=N2Q1ODM4YWVkNjQ1ZjBhOQ%3D%3D&format=html" data-follow-set="publication:N2Q1ODM4YWVkNjQ1ZjBhOQ==" title="Follow Notre Dame Law Review" class="btn followable" >Follow</a>  </span> </p> <div class="clear"> </div> <p>The Notre Dame Law Review was founded in 1925 and was known as the Notre Dame Lawyer until the name was changed in 1982. It is published five times a year by our students. It affords qualified students an invaluable opportunity for training in precise analysis of legal problems and in clear and cogent presentation of legal issues. The Law Review contains articles and lectures by eminent members of the legal profession and comments and notes by members of the staff. Entirely student edited, the Law Review has maintained a tradition of excellence, and its membership has included some of the most able judges, professors and practitioners in the country. Staff selection is based on either academic standing or demonstrated writing ability.</p> <div class="article-list">  <h1>Current Issue: Volume 100, Issue 1 (2024) </h1>  <h2 id="article">Articles</h2>   <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5131&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of The Trouble with Classifications (653 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of The Trouble with Classifications (653 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/1" >The Trouble with Classifications</a><br><span class="auth">Aziz Z. Huq</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5132&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Ad Hoc Constructions of Penal Statutes (764 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Ad Hoc Constructions of Penal Statutes (764 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/2" >Ad Hoc Constructions of Penal Statutes</a><br><span class="auth">Joel S. Johnson</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5133&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of A Remedy-Centered Approach to Antitrust (566 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of A Remedy-Centered Approach to Antitrust (566 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/3" >A Remedy-Centered Approach to Antitrust</a><br><span class="auth">John O. McGinnis and Grace Stippich</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5134&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Venality: A Strangely Practical History of Unremovable Offices and Limited Executive Power (675 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Venality: A Strangely Practical History of Unremovable Offices and Limited Executive Power (675 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/4" >Venality: A Strangely Practical History of Unremovable Offices and Limited Executive Power</a><br><span class="auth">Jed Handelsman Shugerman</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5135&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of The Lost History of Judicial Restraint (1.7 MB)" aria-label="Download PDF of The Lost History of Judicial Restraint (1.7 MB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/5" >The Lost History of Judicial Restraint</a><br><span class="auth">Derek A. Webb</span></p> </div>  <h2 id="note">Notes</h2>   <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5136&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of A Uniform Choice? ESAs and the State Right to Education (362 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of A Uniform Choice? ESAs and the State Right to Education (362 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/6" >A Uniform Choice? ESAs and the State Right to Education</a><br><span class="auth">Hadiah C. Mabry</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5137&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Roving Extraterritoriality: The Murky Doctrine on State Laws Regulating Absent Citizens (344 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Roving Extraterritoriality: The Murky Doctrine on State Laws Regulating Absent Citizens (344 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol100/iss1/7" >Roving Extraterritoriality: The Murky Doctrine on State Laws Regulating Absent Citizens</a><br><span class="auth">Leo Schlueter</span></p> </div>    </div>  <div id="rdr-embed" data-width="640" data-height="380" scrolling="no" style="margin-top: 20px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; max-width: 640px;"></div> <script> (function () { var og = window.location.origin; window.rdrAsync = function() { RDR.init({ mapContext: '4566686', datastreamHost: 'datastream.bepress.com', datastreamPort: '443', 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value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol39/iss3"> Vol. 39, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol39/iss2"> Vol. 39, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol39/iss1"> Vol. 39, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss6"> Vol. 38, Iss. 6 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss5"> Vol. 38, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss4"> Vol. 38, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss3"> Vol. 38, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss2"> Vol. 38, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss1"> Vol. 38, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss5"> Vol. 37, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss4"> Vol. 37, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss3"> Vol. 37, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss2"> Vol. 37, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss1"> Vol. 37, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss4"> Vol. 36, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss3"> Vol. 36, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss2"> Vol. 36, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss1"> Vol. 36, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss5"> Vol. 35, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss4"> Vol. 35, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss3"> Vol. 35, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss2"> Vol. 35, Iss. 2 </option> <option 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