Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law Review

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head><script type='text/javascript' src='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/yui/3.6.0/yui/yui-min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src='https://assets.adobedtm.com/4a848ae9611a/d0e96722185b/launch-d525bb0064d8.min.js'></script><script type='text/javascript' src=/assets/nr_browser_production.js></script>  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <title> Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law Review | Notre Dame Law School </title>    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-style.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-custom.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ndlr/ir-local.css" type="text/css" media="screen"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.css"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Notre Dame Law Review Newsfeed" href="/ndlr/recent.rss"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/jsUtilities.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/footnoteLinks.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/ir-print.css" type="text/css" media="print">   <script type="text/javascript">var pageData = {"page":{"environment":"prod","productName":"bpdg","language":"en","name":"ir_journal","businessUnit":"els:rp:st"},"visitor":{}};</script> </head> <body >   <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-responsive-nav.js"></script> <header id="mobile-nav" class="nav-down device-fixed-height" style="visibility: hidden;"> <nav class="nav-collapse"> <ul> <li class="menu-item active device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu" title="Home" data-scroll >Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/do/search/advanced/" title="Search" data-scroll ><i class="icon-search"></i> Search</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/communities.html" title="Browse" data-scroll >Browse Collections</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=ndlr" title="My Account" data-scroll >My Account</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/about.html" title="About" data-scroll >About</a></li> <li class="menu-item device-fixed-width"><a href="https://network.bepress.com" title="Digital Commons Network" data-scroll ><img width="16" height="16" alt="DC Network" style="vertical-align:top;" src="/assets/md5images/8e240588cf8cd3a028768d4294acd7d3.png"> Digital Commons Network™</a></li> </ul> </nav> </header> <script src="/assets/scripts/dc-mobile/dc-mobile-nav.js"></script>   <div id="ndlr"> <div id="container"><a href="#main" class="skiplink" accesskey="2" >Skip to main content</a> <div id="header">   <div id="school"><a href="http://www.nd.edu/" title="University of Notre Dame" >University of Notre Dame</a></div> <div id="pagetitle"> <h1><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr" title="Notre Dame Law Review" >Notre Dame Law Review</a></h1> </div> </div><div id="navigation"><div id="tabs"><ul><li id="tabone"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/myaccount.cgi?context=ndlr" title="My Account" accesskey="3" ><span>My Account</span></a></li><li id="tabtwo"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/faq.html" title="FAQ" ><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="tabthree"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/about.html" title="About" ><span>About</span></a></li><li id="tabfour"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu " title="Home" ><span>Home</span></a></li></ul></div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="wrapper-top"></div> <div id="content"> <div id="main" class="text">  <ul id="pager"> <li> </li> <li> </li> </ul> <div class="crumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <p> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu" class="ignore" >Home</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/journals_list" class="ignore" >Journals</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr_all" class="ignore" >NDLR_ALL</a> <span aria-hidden="true">></span> <a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr" class="ignore" >NDLR</a> </p> </div> <div class="clear"> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/assets/floatbox/floatbox.js"></script>    <p class="journal-follow"> <span class="pull-right">  <a rel="nofollow" href="https://network.bepress.com/api/follow/subscribe?publication=N2Q1ODM4YWVkNjQ1ZjBhOQ%3D%3D&format=html" data-follow-set="publication:N2Q1ODM4YWVkNjQ1ZjBhOQ==" title="Follow Notre Dame Law Review" class="btn followable" >Follow</a>  </span> </p> <div class="clear"> </div> <p>The Notre Dame Law Review was founded in 1925 and was known as the Notre Dame Lawyer until the name was changed in 1982. It is published five times a year by our students. It affords qualified students an invaluable opportunity for training in precise analysis of legal problems and in clear and cogent presentation of legal issues. The Law Review contains articles and lectures by eminent members of the legal profession and comments and notes by members of the staff. Entirely student edited, the Law Review has maintained a tradition of excellence, and its membership has included some of the most able judges, professors and practitioners in the country. Staff selection is based on either academic standing or demonstrated writing ability.</p> <div class="article-list">  <h1>Current Issue: Volume 99, Issue 5 (2024) </h1>  <h2 id="article">Articles</h2>   <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5126&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Non–Article III Federal Tribunals: An Essay on the Relation Between Theory and Practice (726 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Non–Article III Federal Tribunals: An Essay on the Relation Between Theory and Practice (726 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol99/iss5/1" >Non–Article III Federal Tribunals: An Essay on the Relation Between Theory and Practice</a><br><span class="auth">Richard H. Fallon Jr.</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5127&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of The Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial in the Administrative State: Recognizing the Dangers of the Constitutional Moment (528 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of The Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial in the Administrative State: Recognizing the Dangers of the Constitutional Moment (528 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol99/iss5/2" >The Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial in the Administrative State: Recognizing the Dangers of the Constitutional Moment</a><br><span class="auth">Martin H. Redish and Samy Abdelsalam</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5128&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of The Public/Private Rights Critics (307 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of The Public/Private Rights Critics (307 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol99/iss5/3" >The Public/Private Rights Critics</a><br><span class="auth">Ann Woolhandler and Michael G. Collins</span></p> </div>  <h2 id="note">Notes</h2>   <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5129&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Whose Equity? Interpreting Statutes Authorizing Equitable Remedies (481 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Whose Equity? Interpreting Statutes Authorizing Equitable Remedies (481 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol99/iss5/4" >Whose Equity? Interpreting Statutes Authorizing Equitable Remedies</a><br><span class="auth">Drew Garden</span></p> </div>    <div class="doc"> <p class="pdf"><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5130&context=ndlr" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of Proper Parents, Proper Relief (301 KB)" aria-label="Download PDF of Proper Parents, Proper Relief (301 KB)" >PDF</a></p> <p><a href="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol99/iss5/5" >Proper Parents, Proper Relief</a><br><span class="auth">Katie Grace Graziano</span></p> </div>    </div>  <div id="rdr-embed" data-width="640" data-height="380" scrolling="no" style="margin-top: 20px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; max-width: 640px;"></div> <script> (function () { var og = window.location.origin; window.rdrAsync = function() { RDR.init({ mapContext: '4566686', datastreamHost: 'datastream.bepress.com', datastreamPort: '443', datastreamStaticRoot: '//assets.bepress.com/20200205/', colorCode: 'custom', customColor: '', 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value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol56/iss1"> Vol. 56, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol55/iss5"> Vol. 55, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol55/iss4"> Vol. 55, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol55/iss3"> Vol. 55, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol55/iss2"> Vol. 55, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol55/iss1"> Vol. 55, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol54/iss5"> Vol. 54, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol54/iss4"> Vol. 54, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol54/iss3"> Vol. 54, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol54/iss2"> Vol. 54, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol54/iss1"> Vol. 54, Iss. 1 </option> <option 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value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol39/iss1"> Vol. 39, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss6"> Vol. 38, Iss. 6 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss5"> Vol. 38, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss4"> Vol. 38, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss3"> Vol. 38, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss2"> Vol. 38, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol38/iss1"> Vol. 38, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss5"> Vol. 37, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss4"> Vol. 37, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss3"> Vol. 37, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss2"> Vol. 37, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol37/iss1"> Vol. 37, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss4"> Vol. 36, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss3"> Vol. 36, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss2"> Vol. 36, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol36/iss1"> Vol. 36, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss5"> Vol. 35, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss4"> Vol. 35, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss3"> Vol. 35, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss2"> Vol. 35, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol35/iss1"> Vol. 35, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss5"> Vol. 34, Iss. 5 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss4"> Vol. 34, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss3"> Vol. 34, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss2"> Vol. 34, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol34/iss1"> Vol. 34, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol33/iss4"> Vol. 33, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol33/iss3"> Vol. 33, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol33/iss2"> Vol. 33, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol33/iss1"> Vol. 33, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol32/iss4"> Vol. 32, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol32/iss3"> Vol. 32, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol32/iss2"> Vol. 32, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol32/iss1"> Vol. 32, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol31/iss4"> Vol. 31, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol31/iss3"> Vol. 31, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol31/iss2"> Vol. 31, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol31/iss1"> Vol. 31, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol30/iss4"> Vol. 30, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol30/iss3"> Vol. 30, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol30/iss2"> Vol. 30, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol30/iss1"> Vol. 30, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol29/iss4"> Vol. 29, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol29/iss3"> Vol. 29, Iss. 3 </option> <option 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value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol21/iss1"> Vol. 21, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol20/iss4"> Vol. 20, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol20/iss3"> Vol. 20, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol20/iss2"> Vol. 20, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol20/iss1"> Vol. 20, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol19/iss4"> Vol. 19, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol19/iss3"> Vol. 19, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol19/iss2"> Vol. 19, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol19/iss1"> Vol. 19, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol18/iss4"> Vol. 18, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol18/iss3"> Vol. 18, Iss. 3 </option> <option 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value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol15/iss3"> Vol. 15, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol15/iss2"> Vol. 15, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol15/iss1"> Vol. 15, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol14/iss4"> Vol. 14, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol14/iss3"> Vol. 14, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol14/iss2"> Vol. 14, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol14/iss1"> Vol. 14, Iss. 1 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol13/iss4"> Vol. 13, Iss. 4 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol13/iss3"> Vol. 13, Iss. 3 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol13/iss2"> Vol. 13, Iss. 2 </option> <option value="https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol13/iss1"> Vol. 13, Iss. 1 </option> <option 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