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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="हिंदू स्वयंसेवक संघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदू स्वयंसेवक संघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்து சுயம்சேவாக் சங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்து சுயம்சேவாக் சங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu.Swayamsevak_sangh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hindu.Swayamsevak_sangh.png/150px-Hindu.Swayamsevak_sangh.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Hindu.Swayamsevak_sangh.png 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><b>HSS</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Outside <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organisation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hssus.org">Official website</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">हिन्दू स्वयंसेवक संघ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Volunteer Organization'; <span style="font-size: 85%;">abbr</span>: <abbr title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">HSS</abbr>) is a non-profit, social, educational, and cultural organization of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> living outside India. It was founded in 1940s in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, it is currently active in 156 countries and estimates 3289 branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two volunteer members of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (S<i>wayamsevaks</i>) that had settled in Kenya in the 1940s and started a <i>shakha</i> (branch). Since such shakhas were not on 'national' (<i>rashtriya</i>) soil, they were renamed as the branches of <i>Bharatiya</i> Swayamsevak Sangh, later <i>Hindu</i> Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS). <a href="/wiki/RSS_Pracharak" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Pracharak">RSS Pracharaks</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Bhaurao Deoras</a> and others spent several years abroad to develop the organisation. During <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">the Emergency</a> RSS was banned in India and, consequently, sent its organisers abroad to seek support and carry out activism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HSS in the United Kingdom was established in 1966, and <i>shakhas</i> were established in cities like <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarrs200113_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrs200113-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, the HSS gave the lead to the sister organisation <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a> (VHP, World Hindu Council), which was founded in Canada in 1970 and in the United States in 1971. The HSS followed in its wake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011700–701_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011700–701-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HSS organisation in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, as elsewhere, says that its focus is on the country in which it is based and that it does not send money to India. It claims to be "ideologically inspired by the RSS vision of a progressive and dynamic Hindu society that can deal with its internal and external challenges, and contribute to the welfare of the whole world". Aside from providing links to the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), they also have links with organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Hindu_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Hindu Parishad">Vishwa Hindu Parishad</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Youth_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu Youth Network (page does not exist)">Hindu Youth Network</a>. The professed aim is to raise awareness in matters relating to Hindus but support no specific political party or candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kenya">Kenya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSS Kenya was started in Nairobi on 14 January 1947 by Jagadish Chandra Shastri and Maneklal Rughani. It was originally known as Bharatiya Swayamsevak Sangh. Since then it has spread throughout Kenya with Shakhas operational in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisumu" title="Kisumu">Kisumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meru,_Kenya" title="Meru, Kenya">Meru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HSS in Kenya also runs a socio-cultural-religious organisation of Hindus by the name of Hindu Religious Service Centre (HRSC). It was started in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberia">Liberia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>HSS Liberia</b> was started in <a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</a> on 29 October 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the COVID-19 pandemic on July 28, 2021, the HSS Liberia and the Red Cross provided food aid to Liberian people for the country's independence day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hss_Liberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hss_Liberia.jpg/220px-Hss_Liberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hss_Liberia.jpg/330px-Hss_Liberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hss_Liberia.jpg/440px-Hss_Liberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>HSS Liberia, Starter 14 October 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg/220px-Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg/330px-Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg/440px-Hss_womens_shakha_Liberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>HSS Liberia Sevika Shakha started separately on 16 December 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nepal">Nepal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HSS was established in Nepal around 1992 by a group of Nepali students who were influenced by leaders of the Hindu nationalist RSS while studying in India. The two bodies share a similar <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology. Their presence is particularly prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region and they have regimented programs of education, dissemination of ideology and exercise as elsewhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-mulmi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulmi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nepali HSS has been among several groups campaigning for a reversal of Nepal's 2006 decision to become a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> after years of being ruled by a Hindu royal family. They say that the king had not favoured Hindus, that the decision was engineered by anti-Hindu groups, included communists and missionaries, and that in any event, it was unnecessary because there had been no persecution of religious minorities under the previous system. Among their demands has been that only Hindus should be appointed to high official posts.<sup id="cite_ref-mulmi_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mulmi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawoti_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawoti-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSS in the United Kingdom was established in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 February 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales" title="Charity Commission for England and Wales">Charity Commission for England and Wales</a> announced that it was opening an investigation into HSS and two other organisations that were featured in <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure (UK TV series)">Exposure</a></i> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broadcast showed a teacher at a HSS summer camp telling children that "the number of good Muslims 'can be counted on one finger'" and that "to destroy Hindu history is the secret conspiracy of the Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Charity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Commission">Charity Commission</a> conducted an inquiry into the allegations and published a report on 2 September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquiry found that there was mismanagement by the trustees who had failed to comply with their duties under charity law (page 4).<sup id="cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accepted the trustees' testimony that the teacher was a 'volunteer' and did not find evidence that the views expressed the teacher were "endemic or systematic in the charity and its activities" (page 6).<sup id="cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission also found that there was no evidence of any formal links between the RSS and HSS (page 7).<sup id="cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_USA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh USA (page does not exist)">HSS USA</a> registered as a tax-exempt <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> non-profit organization in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presence_elsewhere">Presence elsewhere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Presence elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RSS announced in 2014 that there were plans to establish HSS chapters in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. It claimed that the two organizations worked closely together and shared a similar ideology but were not as one.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2009362_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot2009">Jaffrelot 2009</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrs200113-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarrs200113_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarrs2001">Starrs 2001</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011700–701-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelot2011700–701_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelot2011">Jaffrelot 2011</a>, pp. 700–701.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hssaus.org/faqs/">"FAQs"</a>. HSS Australia. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs&rft.pub=HSS+Australia&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hssaus.org%2Ffaqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506235926/http://hsskenya.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>hsskenya.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsskenya.org/">the original</a> on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hsskenya.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsskenya.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523201038/https://samvada.org/2016/news/hss-vssv/">"Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (HSS) organised 21-day 'Vishwa Sangh Shiksha Varg-2016' begins at Nairobi, Kenya"</a>. <i>Vishwa Samvada Kendra</i>. 13 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samvada.org/2016/news/hss-vssv/">the original</a> on 23 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vishwa+Samvada+Kendra&rft.atitle=Hindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh+%28HSS%29+organised+21-day+%27Vishwa+Sangh+Shiksha+Varg-2016%27+begins+at+Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamvada.org%2F2016%2Fnews%2Fhss-vssv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewdawnliberia.com/red-cross-hss-liberia-provide-july-26-food-ration-for-vulnerable-people/">"Red Cross, HSS Liberia provide July 26 food ration for vulnerable people"</a>. <i>The New Dawn Liberia</i>. 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Dawn+Liberia&rft.atitle=Red+Cross%2C+HSS+Liberia+provide+July+26+food+ration+for+vulnerable+people&rft.date=2021-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenewdawnliberia.com%2Fred-cross-hss-liberia-provide-july-26-food-ration-for-vulnerable-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mulmi-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mulmi_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mulmi_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulmi2013" class="citation book cs1">Mulmi, Amish Raj (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=164107"><i>The Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindutva in Nepal</i></a>. Centre for South Asian Studies (CSAS) and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh+and+Hindutva+in+Nepal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Centre+for+South+Asian+Studies+%28CSAS%29+and+the+Konrad+Adenauer+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mulmi&rft.aufirst=Amish+Raj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isn.ethz.ch%2FDigital-Library%2FPublications%2FDetail%2F%3Fots591%3D0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233%26lng%3Den%26id%3D164107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawoti-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawoti_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawotiHangen2013" class="citation cs2">Lawoti, Mahendra; Hangen, Susan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7Oga-GvExMC&pg=PA234"><i>Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nepal: Identities and Mobilization After 1990</i></a>, Routledge, pp. 234–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78097-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78097-1"><bdi>978-0-415-78097-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+Nepal%3A+Identities+and+Mobilization+After+1990&rft.pages=234-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78097-1&rft.aulast=Lawoti&rft.aufirst=Mahendra&rft.au=Hangen%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7Oga-GvExMC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hssuk.org/">"HSS UK"</a>. HSS UK. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HSS+UK&rft.pub=HSS+UK&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhssuk.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-charity-investigations-global-aid-trust-and-hindu-swayamsevak-sangh-uk">"New charity investigations: Global Aid Trust and Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (UK)"</a>. The Charities Commission. 18 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+charity+investigations%3A+Global+Aid+Trust+and+Hindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh+%28UK%29&rft.pub=The+Charities+Commission&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fnew-charity-investigations-global-aid-trust-and-hindu-swayamsevak-sangh-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/world/europe/rss-inspired-charity-hindu-swayamsevak-sangh-under-probe-in-uk-over-extremist-views/">"RSS-inspired charity, Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh, under probe in the UK over "extremist" views"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. PTI. 20 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=RSS-inspired+charity%2C+Hindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh%2C+under+probe+in+the+UK+over+%22extremist%22+views&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frss-inspired-charity-hindu-swayamsevak-sangh-under-probe-in-uk-over-extremist-views%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hindu-swayamsevak-sangh-uk-inquiry-report">Charity Commission report landing page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inquiry_Report_Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh_(UK)_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/549675/hindu_swayamsevak_sangh_uk.pdf">Inquiry Report Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh (UK)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUSA" class="citation web cs1">USA, HSS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hssus.org/faqs/">"FAQs"</a>. <i>HSSUS</i>. HSSUS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HSSUS&rft.atitle=FAQs&rft.aulast=USA&rft.aufirst=HSS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hssus.org%2Ffaqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUttam2014" class="citation news cs1">Uttam, Kumar (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425124758/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rss-plans-to-expand-in-the-west-teams-up-with-other-hindu-groups/article1-1272833.aspx">"RSS plans to join Hindu groups, expand in the West"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rss-plans-to-expand-in-the-west-teams-up-with-other-hindu-groups/article1-1272833.aspx">the original</a> on 25 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=RSS+plans+to+join+Hindu+groups%2C+expand+in+the+West&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Uttam&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Frss-plans-to-expand-in-the-west-teams-up-with-other-hindu-groups%2Farticle1-1272833.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumannGingrich2004" class="citation cs2">Baumann, Gerd; Gingrich, André (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqEGulGWVdgC&pg=PA158"><i>Grammars of Identity/Alterity: A Structural Approach</i></a>, Berghahn Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-108-0"><bdi>978-1-84545-108-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammars+of+Identity%2FAlterity%3A+A+Structural+Approach&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-108-0&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Gingrich%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqEGulGWVdgC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEisenstadt2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Eisenstadt" title="Shmuel Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvaXiIcGLNAC&pg=PA177"><i>Multiple Modernities</i></a>, Transaction Publishers, pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0926-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0926-1"><bdi>978-0-7658-0926-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiple+Modernities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0926-1&rft.aulast=Eisenstadt&rft.aufirst=Shmuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvaXiIcGLNAC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOXWgr53A5kC"><i>Hindu Nationalism: A Reader</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13097-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13097-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13097-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13097-2&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOXWgr53A5kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC"><i>Religion, Caste, and Politics in India</i></a>, C Hurst & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849041386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849041386"><bdi>978-1849041386</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Caste%2C+and+Politics+in+India&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849041386&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAO3i_gS61wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhandelwal2002" class="citation cs2">Khandelwal, Madhulika Shankar (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbs=bks:1"><i>Becoming American, Being Indian</i></a>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801488079" title="Special:BookSources/0801488079"><bdi>0801488079</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+American%2C+Being+Indian&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0801488079&rft.aulast=Khandelwal&rft.aufirst=Madhulika+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Ftbs%3Dbks%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarrs2001" class="citation cs2">Starrs, Roy (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?tbs=bks:1"><i>Asian Nationalism in an Age of Globalization</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903350034" title="Special:BookSources/1903350034"><bdi>1903350034</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Nationalism+in+an+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1903350034&rft.aulast=Starrs&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Ftbs%3Dbks%3A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+Swayamsevak+Sangh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hssus.org/">Official 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Parivar (RSS Family of Organisations)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Foundation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Political party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (1980-present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (1951-1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Ram_Rajya_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad</a> (1948-1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Religion-specific wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jagarana_Vedike" title="Hindu Jagarana Vedike">Hindu Jagarana Vedike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharm_Jagaran_Samiti" title="Dharm Jagaran Samiti">Dharm Jagaran Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra_Sena" title="Hindu Rashtra Sena">Hindu Rashtra Sena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Strata and trade-based wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Farmers wing: <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hindu_Students%27_Forum" title="National Hindu Students' Forum">National Hindu Students' Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">NGOs and social welfare:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra" title="Vivekananda Kendra">Vivekananda Kendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Tribals_Society" title="Friends of Tribals Society">Friends of Tribals Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Lok_Shiksha_Parishad" title="Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad">Bharat Lok Shiksha Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Development_and_Relief_Fund" title="India Development and Relief Fund">India Development and Relief Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Think tank affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India Foundation</li> <li>India Policy Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_Jagaran_Manch" class="mw-redirect" title="Swadeshi Jagaran Manch">Swadeshi Jagaran Manch</a></li> <li>Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_International_Foundation" title="Vivekananda International Foundation">Vivekananda International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Project specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarimala_Ayyappa_Seva_Samajam" title="Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam">Sabarimala Ayyappa Seva Samajam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Region specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Aikya_Vedi" title="Hindu Aikya Vedi">Hindu Aikya Vedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">News and communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Samvad_Kendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwa Samvad Kendra">Vishwa Samvad Kendra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samskrita_Bharati" title="Samskrita Bharati">Samskrita Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeda_Bharati" title="Kreeda Bharati">Kreeda Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_Military_Education_Society" title="Central Hindu Military Education Society">Central Hindu Military Education Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sarsanghchalaks_of_the_Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Sarsanghchalaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Bhagwat" title="Mohan Bhagwat">Mohan Bhagwat</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Sudarshan" title="K. S. Sudarshan">K. S. Sudarshan</a> (2000–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Singh_(RSS)" title="Rajendra Singh (RSS)">Rajendra Singh</a> (1994–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Dattatraya_Deoras" title="Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras">Madhukar Dattatraya Deoras</a> (1973–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">M. S. Golwalkar</a> (1940–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Vasudev_Paranjape" title="Laxman Vasudev Paranjape">Laxman Vasudev Paranjape</a> (1930–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">K. B. Hedgewar</a> (1925–1930 and 1931–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Other major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Head of state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a> (Deputy Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (Prime Minister of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> (President of India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a> (Vice President of India)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Freedom fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Moonje" title="B. S. Moonje">Balkrishna Shivram Moonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Senior affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Singhal" title="Ashok Singhal">Ashok Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babasaheb_Apte" title="Babasaheb Apte">Babasaheb Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Thackeray" title="Bal Thackeray">Bal Thackeray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Ranade" title="Eknath Ranade">Eknath Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhakar_Balwant_Dani" title="Prabhakar Balwant Dani">Prabhakar Balwant Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praveen_Togadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Praveen Togadia">Praveen Togadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Madhav" title="Ram Madhav">Ram Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Das_Paramhans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramchandra Das Paramhans">Ramchandra Das Paramhans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._S._Apte" title="S. S. Apte">S. S. Apte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Joshi_(RSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresh Joshi (RSS)">Suresh Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhaji_Bhide" title="Sambhaji Bhide">Sambhaji Bhide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore" title="Giriraj Kishore">Giriraj Kishore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Govindacharya" title="K. N. Govindacharya">K. N. Govindacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Rao_Bhagwat" title="Madhukar Rao Bhagwat">Madhukar Rao Bhagwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Karpatri" title="Swami Karpatri">Swami Karpatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Sangh_Parivar" title="Bibliography of the Sangh Parivar">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frawley" title="David Frawley">David Frawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._P._Agrawal" title="D. P. Agrawal">D. P. Agrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilip_Kumar_Chakrabarti" title="Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti">Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Koenraad Elst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Kak" title="Subhash Kak">Subhash Kak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Chavhanke" title="Suresh Chavhanke">Suresh Chavhanke</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Madhok" title="Balraj Madhok">Balraj Madhok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girilal_Jain" title="Girilal Jain">Girilal Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">K. S. Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._S._Rajaram" title="N. S. Rajaram">N. S. Rajaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Krishna" title="Raj Krishna">Raj Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Dixit" title="Rajiv Dixit">Rajiv Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Prakash_Gupta" title="Swaraj Prakash Gupta">Swaraj Prakash Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FF9933;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Cultural Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Equality without appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoritarianism" title="Minoritarianism">Anti-minoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva_Dharma_Sama_Bhava" title="Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava">Sarva Dharma Sama Bhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudhaiva_Kutumbakam" title="Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam">Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma-Dhamma unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Unity of Indian-origin religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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