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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about all medieval wars between England and Wales. For an overview of 13th–15th-century anti-English revolts in Wales, see <a href="/wiki/Welsh_rebellions_against_English_rule" title="Welsh rebellions against English rule">Welsh rebellions against English rule</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is an incomplete list of the wars and battles between the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> who later formed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the Britons (the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brythonic</a> population of Britain south of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> who came to be known later by the English as the Welsh), as well as the conflicts between the English and Welsh in subsequent centuries. The list begins after the <i><a href="/wiki/Adventus_Saxonum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventus Saxonum">Adventus Saxonum</a></i> in c. AD 446 (when the Anglo-Saxons are said to have arrived in Britain) to the late Middle Ages when England annexed the whole of Wales in 1535. The list is not exhaustive but seeks to note the significant campaigns and the major battles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="5th_century">5th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 5th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Paganism">Pagan</a> Germanic tribes who have colonized parts of the eastern and southern coasts of Britannia attack the Britons, whom the Anglo-Saxons dub <i>Wīelisċ</i> (“Welsh; Briton; Roman; Celt”), in a series of immigrations and coordinated uprisings. Additional reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Angeln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> make landings and mostly through treaty occupy large areas of eastern and south eastern Britain. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg/241px-Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg/362px-Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg/482px-Public_Schools_Historical_Atlas_-_Roman_Britain_400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Germanic people settled on the eastern "<a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a>" of Britain rise in a revolt led by <a href="/wiki/Hengest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengest">Hengest</a> and his sons against their Romano British masters.</li> <li><i>Battle of Aylesford</i> – <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxons</a> (particularly a group called <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a>) led by <a href="/wiki/Hengest" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengest">Hengest</a> defeat the Britons (Welsh) led by <a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford" title="Battle of Aylesford">Battle of Aylesford</a>, Kent.</li> <li><i>Battle of Crayford</i> – Anglo-Saxons (<a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jutes</a>) led again by Hengest perhaps defeat the Britons (Welsh) led by <a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a> in battle. The Britons are allegedly driven from (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>) which is afterwards ruled by Hengist and his son <a href="/wiki/Oisc_of_Kent" title="Oisc of Kent">Æsc</a> and their descendants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot" title="Battle of Wippedesfleot">Battle of Wippedesfleot</a> – Britons (Welsh) defeat the Anglo-Saxons (Jutes) in battle in Kent and confine them to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Isle of Thanet</a>.</li> <li>The Anglo-Saxons (Jutes) move westwards and regain their ground in Kent.</li> <li><i>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Cymenshore" title="Cymenshore">Cymensora</a></i> – Anglo-Saxons (<a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxons</a>) led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lle_of_Sussex" title="Ælle of Sussex">Ælle</a> defeat the Cantii close to <a href="/wiki/Selsey" title="Selsey">Selsey</a>.</li> <li><i>Siege of <a href="/wiki/Anderida" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderida">Anderida</a></i> – Anglo-Saxons (Saxons) led by Ælle capture the Castle of Anderida from the Britons and slaughter all men, women and children therein. Ælle establishes the Kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/South_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="South Saxons">South Saxons</a> (Sussex).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdic">Cerdic</a> reputedly defeats the Britons (Welsh) in battle close to modern day <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> and establishes kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxons">West Saxons</a> (Wessex).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthurian_Battles_listed_in_the_Historia_Brittonum.">Arthurian Battles listed in the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a>.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arthurian Battles listed in the Historia Brittonum."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Battle on the River Glein</i> – <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthur</a>, general of the British forces, and the British kings defeat the Anglo-Saxons.</li> <li>Second, third and fourth battles of Arthur at the river <i>Dubglas</i> in <i>Linnuis</i> - thought to be the old <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey" title="Kingdom of Lindsey">Kingdom of Lindsey</a>, where he led the Britons to victory over the Anglo-Saxons at each battle.</li> <li><i>Battle at the river Bassas</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons.</li> <li><i>Battle in the Caledonian forest</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons(?) somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonian forest">Caledonian forest</a> in Scotland.</li> <li><i>Battle of the fort (</i>castellum<i>) of Guinnion</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons.</li> <li><i>Battle of "City of the Legion(s)" (</i>urbs Legionis<i>)</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons, which is thought to probably be <a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>, both known anciently as "city of the legion(s)".</li> <li><i>Battle of the river shore of Tribruit</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons.</li> <li><i>Battle of the hill of Breguoin</i> – Arthur defeats the Anglo-Saxons at what is believed to be the old Roman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Bremenium" title="Bremenium">Bremenium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Northumberland" title="Rochester, Northumberland">Rochester, Northumberland</a>.</li> <li><i>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Mons_Badonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mons Badonicus">Mons Badonicus</a></i> – The Anglo-Saxons are soundly defeated by the Britons (possibly led by <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>). This defeat allegedly ends the Saxon attacks for decades.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="6th_century">6th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 6th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain.circa.540.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Britain.circa.540.jpg/241px-Britain.circa.540.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Britain.circa.540.jpg/362px-Britain.circa.540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Britain.circa.540.jpg/482px-Britain.circa.540.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2814" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Pagan Anglo-Saxon tribes conquer southern Britain capturing <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silchester" title="Silchester">Silchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grantchester" title="Grantchester">Grantchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> among other places. Later in the century <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> defeat the northern Britons and colonize the north eastern coast. </p> <ul><li>c.509 <i>Battle of Natanleod</i> – the <a href="/wiki/West_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxons">West Saxons</a> allegedly led by <a href="/wiki/Cerdic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerdic">Cerdic</a> defeat the Britons at <a href="/wiki/Netley" title="Netley">Netley</a>, Hampshire.</li> <li>519 Another supposed battle in which Cerdic is victorious. He establishes the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Kingdom of Wessex</a> at this point.</li> <li>527 <i>Battle of Cerdicesleag</i> – the West Saxons led by Cerdic and his son <a href="/wiki/Cynric" title="Cynric">Cynric</a> defeat the Britons.</li> <li>530 The Britons of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> are overrun by the Anglo-Saxons (Jutes).</li> <li>547 the Northern Angles led by <a href="/wiki/Ida_of_Bernicia" title="Ida of Bernicia">Ida the Flamebearer</a> capture the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Din Guyaroi</a> from the Britons of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bryneich</a>.</li> <li>c.550 Presumed date for the fall of <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> (London) and <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (Colchester) to the <a href="/wiki/East_Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Saxons">East Saxons</a>.</li> <li>575 a northern alliance of the Britons led by <a href="/wiki/Urien_Rheged" class="mw-redirect" title="Urien Rheged">King Urien</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rheged" title="Rheged">Rheged</a> defeat the Angles of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> and besiege them on <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Ynys Metcaut</a> for three days.</li> <li>577 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Deorham</a></i> where the West Saxons and their allies captured the British fortress at Hinton Hill near <a href="/wiki/Dyrham" title="Dyrham">Dyrham</a> in modern Gloucestershire. The British of the Severn Valley attempted to retake this strategic location but were defeated with three of their kings killed in the fighting, according to Later accounts by Saxon monks. The West Saxons went on to capture <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> thus separating the Britons of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula" title="South West Peninsula">South West Peninsula</a> from the Britons of modern Wales.</li> <li>580 <i>Battle of Ebrauc</i> where the Angles of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Ebrauc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebrauc">Ebrauc</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>).</li> <li>584 <i>Battle of Tintern</i> where the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tewdrig" title="Tewdrig">Tewdrig</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Meurig" title="Meurig">Meurig</a> defeated the English and forced them to retreat from the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> area. Tewdrig was mortally wounded and died three days after the battle.</li> <li>590 the northern alliance of the Britons is defeated following the assassination of their leader and divisions between the former allies.</li> <li>598 <i>Battle of <a href="/wiki/Catterick,_North_Yorkshire" title="Catterick, North Yorkshire">Catraeth</a></i> – the northern Angles led by <a href="/wiki/Aethelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith</a> defeat the forces of the Britons of Gododdin and Bryneich (Bernicia).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="7th_century">7th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/241px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/362px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg/482px-Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Anglo-Saxons consolidate their hold on southern and eastern Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercian</a> Angles made substantial gains in central Britain (today known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cambria" title="Cambria">Cambria</a> is cut off from the Britons of the north west and the south west. The Anglo-Saxons convert to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> by the middle of the century. The last serious attempts by the Britons to reclaim Britain fail. </p> <ul><li>614 <i>Battle of Beandun</i> – The West Saxons led by <a href="/wiki/Cynegils" title="Cynegils">Cynegils</a> defeat the West Britons, possibly led by Tewdwr ap Peredur, at <a href="/wiki/Badbury_Rings" title="Badbury Rings">Badbury Rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. In what is speculated to have been a siege over two thousand British warriors died following the capture of the fort, according to later Saxon accounts. After this battle it is possible Dorset was annexed by Wessex.</li> <li>616 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chester" title="Battle of Chester">Battle of Chester</a></i> – the Northern Angles of Northumbria led by <a href="/wiki/Aethelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethelfrith of Northumbria">Aethelfrith of Northumbria</a> defeat an alliance of Powys and Gwynedd and capture the city of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>.</li> <li>619 The united <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> Angles led by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> invade and conquer <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a>, a British territory close to modern <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. The Kingdom of Elmet is occupied and its last ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ceretic_of_Elmet" title="Ceretic of Elmet">Ceretic</a>, is driven into exile in Powys where soon after he dies.</li> <li>629 The Northumbrians invade Gwynedd and drive <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a> into exile.</li> <li>630 The Battle of Pont y Saeson Tewdrig King of Gwent together with Meurig, slaughtered the invading Saxons</li> <li>630 "The Battle of Cefn Digoll, also known as the Battle of the Long Mynd was a battle fought in 630 at Long Mountain near Welshpool, won by the British .</li> <li>633 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase" title="Battle of Hatfield Chase">Battle of Hatfield Chase</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>. The battle was fought between the Northumbrian army of King Edwin and an alliance between King Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia. The battle ended in the death of Edwin and drove the Northumbrian invaders out of Gwynedd, and preceded a British campaign into Northumbria. Cadwallon occupies Northumbria, capturing York and killing many members of the Northumbrian dynasty that invaded Gwynedd.</li> <li>634 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heavenfield" title="Battle of Heavenfield">Battle of Heavenfield</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> where Cadwallon is defeated and killed by the Northumbrians led by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a>. The British are driven from Northumbria ending the campaign to reclaim the North.</li> <li>638 The Britons of <a href="/wiki/Gododdin" title="Gododdin">Gododdin</a> modern day Edinburgh area are defeated at Catterick, North Yorkshire|(Catraeth).</li> <li>642 <i>Battle of Maes Cogwy</i> near <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a> where the British alongside their Mercian allies were defeated by the Northumbrians.</li> <li>650 <i>Battle of Bradford on Avon</i>, a West Saxon victory against the West British.</li> <li>655 Battle of the Winwaed in which King Oswiu of Bernicia defeated and killed King Penda of Mercia. King Cadafael ap Cynfeddw of Gwynedd was allied with Penda but stayed out of the battle.</li> <li>658 The small British kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Pengwern" title="Pengwern">Pengwern</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> was overrun and annexed by Mercia.</li> <li>658 <i>Battle of Peonnum</i> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> where an allied force of the West British and <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a> of Gwynedd are defeated. The West Saxons move to occupy western Somerset.</li> <li>665 The alleged <i>Second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></i> which was allegedly a West Saxon victory against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a> and her allies.</li> <li>670 The West Saxons led by <a href="/wiki/Cenwealh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenwealh">Cenwealh</a> capture central Somerset and establish the religious centre at <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>.</li> <li>682 the West Saxons led by <a href="/wiki/Centwine" class="mw-redirect" title="Centwine">Centwine</a> move westwards and defeat the West British somewhere near the <a href="/wiki/River_Parrett" title="River Parrett">River Parrett</a>, allegedly driving them "to the sea".</li> <li>c.685 The <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></i> records a British victory in the south west with naval support, including allies from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Kingdom of Brittany</a> that forces the West Saxons back from some of their gains.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="8th_century">8th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 8th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif/241px-Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif" decoding="async" width="241" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif/362px-Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif/482px-Wiglaf_locations_incl._Offa%27s_Dyke.gif 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The British territories in the south west (now Cornwall and much of Devon) defend themselves and push the English back. The borders of modern Wales are broadly defined as Mercian expansion grinds to a halt. </p> <ul><li>710 after defeating the West British of <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Geraint_of_Dumnonia" title="Geraint of Dumnonia">Geraint of Dumnonia</a>, and capturing the stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Norton_Fitzwarren" title="Norton Fitzwarren">Norton Fitzwarren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine of Wessex</a> builds a fortress at <a href="/wiki/Taunton" title="Taunton">Taunton</a> to defend "his" lands. In the course of the battle King Geraint is slain.</li> <li>c.720 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hehil" title="Battle of Hehil">Battle of Hehil</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> where the Cornish British with support from <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Molwynog" title="Rhodri Molwynog">Rhodri Molwynog</a> are victorious against Wessex bringing freedom from attack to the Cornish for almost a century. The <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut</a></i> records another battle won honorably in the same war between Rhodri and the Saxons.</li> <li>c.720 The <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pencoed" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pencoed">Battle of Pencoed</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a>, the <i>Battle of Garth Maelog</i>, and "another battle in Gwynedd" are cited by the <i><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut</a></i> as British victories, although explicitly separated from the war against the Saxons the same year.</li> <li>722 Ine of Wessex advances as far as the <a href="/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a> but is defeated and withdraws. The West Saxon fortress at Taunton is destroyed.</li> <li>728 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carno_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carno Mountain (page does not exist)">Battle of Carno Mountain</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> where the British drove the Anglo-Saxons back to the <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">River Usk</a> where many were drowned.</li> <li>733 <i>Battle of Devawdan</i>, another British victory.</li> <li>735 <i>First Battle of Hereford</i> where the British are victorious after a long and bloody fight.</li> <li>743 an allied army of Mercians and West Saxons fight the British. Possible construction of <a href="/wiki/Wat%27s_Dyke" title="Wat's Dyke">Wat's Dyke</a>.</li> <li>752 where <a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Northumbria" title="Eadberht of Northumbria">Eadberht of Northumbria</a> invades the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Strathclyde" title="Kingdom of Strathclyde">Kingdom of Strathclyde</a> and conquered the territory of <a href="/wiki/Kyle,_Ayrshire" title="Kyle, Ayrshire">Kyle</a>.</li> <li>753 the West Saxons led by <a href="/wiki/Cuthred" title="Cuthred">Cuthred</a> fight the British of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. The result is not known but the Cornish preserve their independence, so a Cornish British victory seems likely.</li> <li>755 the westward expansion of Wessex resumes. Over the next thirty or so years eastern and northern Devon is controlled by Wessex.</li> <li>756 the Northumbrians led by Eadbert in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a> invade the northern British Kingdom of Strathclyde and defeat their king Dumnagual who is forced to submit thus becoming, for a while, a vassal of Northumbria. A second battle at Hereford is recorded as another British victory in the <i>Brut y Tywysogion</i>.</li> <li>765 where the British invade Mercia and cause much devastation.</li> <li>769 Mercians campaign in Wales.</li> <li>760 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hereford" title="Battle of Hereford">Battle of Hereford</a></i> is recorded as a British victory against the Mercians led by <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a>. The British were probably led by <a href="/wiki/Elisedd_ap_Gwylog" title="Elisedd ap Gwylog">Elisedd ap Gwylog</a> of Powys and his son <a href="/wiki/Brochfael_ap_Elisedd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brochfael ap Elisedd">Brochfael ap Elisedd</a>.</li> <li>780 the construction of <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">Offa's Dyke</a> begins. It appears this frontier ditch delineated an agreed frontier between Powys and Mercia.</li> <li>784 it is presumed that <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> was captured by <a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf of Wessex</a> following a siege. The British invade Mercia again causing havoc.</li> <li>798 the Mercians led by <a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a> invade Wales but later retreated, even though his forces killed the Welsh King <a href="/wiki/Caradog_ap_Meirion" title="Caradog ap Meirion">Caradog ap Meirion</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="9th_century">9th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 9th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the century a reinvigorated Mercia almost conquers the rest of Wales. At the end of the century Viking raids on England divert some attention from the British. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_900-950_(Hywel_the_Good).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg/220px-Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg/330px-Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg/440px-Wales_900-950_%28Hywel_the_Good%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Map of the extent of Hywel Dda's power <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aaeeff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Deheubarth, Hywel Dda's principality</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb380; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Combine to form Morgannwg</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>815 where <a href="/wiki/Egbert_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Egbert of Wessex">Egbert of Wessex</a> invades Cornwall and subdues the kingdom. 820 has also been suggested as a possible date for this "invasion"</li> <li>816 Mercians invade Powys.</li> <li>822 where <a href="/wiki/Coelwulf_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelwulf of Mercia">Coelwulf of Mercia</a> invades north Wales and captures <a href="/wiki/Deganwy" title="Deganwy">Deganwy</a> from Gwynedd and occupies the whole of Powys.</li> <li>825 <i>Battle of Camelford</i> between Wessex and the Cornish British resulting in a West Saxon victory.</li> <li>828 the lands of Powys are liberated from Mercian occupation by <a href="/wiki/Cyngen_ap_Cadell" title="Cyngen ap Cadell">Cyngen ap Cadell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Eliseg" title="Pillar of Eliseg">Pillar of Eliseg</a> was probably commissioned at this time.</li> <li>830 where Egbert of Wessex invades Powys and moves Cyngen ap Cadell to treaty. Egbert then withdraws his forces.</li> <li>838 <i>Battle of Hingston Down</i> in Cornwall where a combined force of Cornish and Danes were defeated by the superior numbers of Wessex.</li> <li>853 where <a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> overruns Powys. Cyngan ap Cadell abdicates and retires to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and his kingdom is annexed by <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_Mawr" title="Rhodri Mawr">Rhodri Mawr</a> of Gwynedd.</li> <li>865 where Burgred of Mercia leads his forces against Rhodri Mawr and captures <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, briefly, from Gwynedd. Burgred is later driven out and his undefended realm is invaded by the Vikings.</li> <li>878 the British of Strathclyde in alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth MacAlpin</a> invade northern Northumbria, currently at war with the Vikings, and liberate the <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> region.</li> <li>881 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Conwy" title="Battle of the Conwy">Battle of the Conwy</a>, a Welsh victory fighting against the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>890 at least some of the "men of Strathclyde" are forced to relocate to Gwynedd after their kingdom, much weakened by the Vikings, is overrun by Angles and Scots.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="10th_century">10th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A period of relative peace as <a href="/wiki/Hywel_Dda" title="Hywel Dda">Hywel Dda</a> comes to dominate most of Wales and forms an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> against the Vikings who have destroyed the power of Mercia. </p> <ul><li>925 the Cornish were evicted from Exeter by King <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> of England who subdues Cornwall and defines the border of Cornwall with England at the River Tamar.</li> <li>937 The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a> AKA "the Great War" reputedly the bloodiest battle ever fought on British soil and where 5 kings died according to the Anglo-Saxon chroncles. The Anglo-Saxon King Ethelstan, brother Edmund and many allies, allegedly beat the armies of Olaf III Guthfrithson, the Norse–Gael King of Dublin; Constantine II, King of Alba; and Owen I, King of British Strathclyde. Though relatively little known today, it was called "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before the Battle of Hastings. Michael Livingston claimed that Brunanburh marks "the moment when Englishness came of age." Modern scholarship suggests <a href="/wiki/Bromborough" title="Bromborough">Bromborough</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> is the site of the battle.</li> <li>940 when <a href="/wiki/Idwal_Foel" title="Idwal Foel">Idwal Foel</a> of Gwynedd invaded <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and was driven back and later deprived of his lands.</li> <li>945 following an English invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Cumbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Cumbrians">Kingdom of the Cumbrians</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Dyfnwal_ab_Owain" title="Dyfnwal ab Owain">Dyfnwal ab Owain</a>, the English king is recorded to have granted or given it or a portion of it to the Scottish king. How much authority the Scots had over the Cumbrians is uncertain.</li> <li>962 King <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar the Peaceful</a> invades Gwynedd.</li> <li>985 <a href="/wiki/Hywel_ap_Ieuaf" title="Hywel ap Ieuaf">Hywel ap Ieuaf</a> of Gwynedd is killed fighting <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Mercia" title="Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia">Ælfhere, Ealdorman of Mercia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="11th_century">11th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A united kingdom of England is formed. The Welsh are united for a while under <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Llywelyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffudd ap Llywelyn">Gruffudd ap Llywelyn</a> but he is killed in renewed infighting before the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a>. The new Norman masters of England launch the Norman invasion of Wales and ravage some parts of the Welsh kingdoms. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales.post-Roman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wales.post-Roman.jpg/250px-Wales.post-Roman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wales.post-Roman.jpg/375px-Wales.post-Roman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wales.post-Roman.jpg/500px-Wales.post-Roman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1039 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Rhyd_Y_Groes" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Rhyd Y Groes">Battle of Rhyd y Groes</a></i> where <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Llywelyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffudd ap Llywelyn">Gruffudd ap Llywelyn</a> – the recently crowned King of Gwynedd – ambushes a Mercian army led by <a href="/wiki/Leofric_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leofric of Mercia">Leofric of Mercia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a>, destroying them.</li> <li>1052 <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Llywelyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffudd ap Llywelyn">Gruffudd ap Llywelyn</a> invades Herefordshire and sacks <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>.</li> <li>1055 <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Llywelyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffudd ap Llywelyn">Gruffudd ap Llywelyn</a> allies with the exiled <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgar,_Earl_of_Mercia" title="Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia">Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia</a> and ravages <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>.</li> <li>1062 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Wessex" title="Earl of Wessex">Earl of Wessex</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig</a> start a series of campaigns on behalf of the English crown against <a href="/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Llywelyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffudd ap Llywelyn">Gruffudd ap Llywelyn</a> in retaliation for years of border raids. Gruffudd is killed.</li> <li>1067 Bleddyn and Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn, co rulers of Gwynedd, invade <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Eadric_the_Wild" title="Eadric the Wild">Eadric the Wild</a>, an English rebel resisting the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England.</li> <li>1067 Having utterly conquered to whole of England in under two months, The Normans rulers of England invade the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Kingdom of Gwent</a> and drive king <a href="/wiki/Caradog_ap_Gruffudd" class="mw-redirect" title="Caradog ap Gruffudd">Caradog ap Gruffudd</a> into exile.</li> <li>1073 The Normans invade Gwynedd and occupy <a href="/wiki/Cantref_Arfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantref Arfon">Arfon</a>.</li> <li>1085 The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> launch a wholesale invasion of Gwynedd and Powys.</li> <li>1091 The Normans seize some of the lowlands of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Glywysing" title="Glywysing">Glywysing</a>) driving <a href="/wiki/Iestyn_ap_Gwrgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iestyn ap Gwrgan">Iestyn ap Gwrgan</a> into exile.</li> <li>1093 The Normans and their English subjects advance into <a href="/wiki/Brycheiniog" title="Brycheiniog">Brycheiniog</a> and kill <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Tewdwr" title="Rhys ap Tewdwr">Rhys ap Tewdwr</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a>.</li> <li>1094 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aber_Llech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aber Llech (page does not exist)">Aber Llech</a></i> is the culmination of a national uprising across Wales that drives the Normans back into England with the exception of a few castles. Deheubarth makes territorial gains at the expense of other southern realms.</li> <li>1095 The Normans return but fail to draw the Welsh into battle.</li> <li>1098 The Normans occupy Gwynedd and Anglesey. They withdraw within the year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="12th_century">12th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civil wars amongst the Norman overlords of England allow the Welsh kingdoms space to consolidate their positions. The end of the century sees a resurgent Gwynedd expand at the expense of her neighbours. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales.medieval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wales.medieval.jpg/241px-Wales.medieval.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wales.medieval.jpg/362px-Wales.medieval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Wales.medieval.jpg/482px-Wales.medieval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1116 The Welsh of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> revolt against the Norman invaders.</li> <li>1134 Welsh raids into <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> destroying <a href="/wiki/Caus_Castle" title="Caus Castle">Caus Castle</a>.</li> <li>1136 Welsh Rise up against the Norman occupying force driving them from all Wales except the Lordship of <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>. Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Llwchwr" title="Battle of Llwchwr">Llwchwr</a> (January) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crug_Mawr" title="Battle of Crug Mawr">Crug Mawr</a> (October).</li> <li>1137 An army from Gwynedd captures Carmarthen from the Norman invaders.</li> <li>1144 The <a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lord</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Mortimer" title="Hugh de Mortimer">Hugh de Mortimer</a> re-takes <a href="/wiki/Maelienydd" title="Maelienydd">Maelienydd</a>.</li> <li>1145 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke">Gilbert de Clare</a> rebuilds <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_Castle" title="Carmarthen Castle">Carmarthen Castle</a>.</li> <li>1149 <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd" title="Madog ap Maredudd">Madog ap Maredudd</a> advances into <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> and annexes <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">kingdom of Powys</a>; it remains in his possession until 1157.</li> <li>1157 <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> leads a massive invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Perfeddwlad" title="Perfeddwlad">Perfeddwlad</a> to drive <a href="/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd" title="Owain Gwynedd">Owain ap Gruffudd</a>, the true king of Gwynedd, away from the border of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. Following a failed landing on Anglesey, Henry II and Owain come to terms with Owain agreeing to withdraw to the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Clwyd" title="River Clwyd">River Clwyd</a>.</li> <li>1159 <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffudd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhys ap Gruffudd">Rhys ap Gruffudd</a> of Deheubarth attacks Anglo-Norman castles and settlements in south Wales, capturing <a href="/wiki/Llandovery" title="Llandovery">Llandovery</a> in 1162.</li> <li>1163 <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> launches a military campaign in south Wales invading Deheubarth. He captures Rhys ap Gruffudd at <a href="/wiki/Pencader,_Carmarthenshire" title="Pencader, Carmarthenshire">Pencader</a> and takes him to England. Rhys is restored to his lands in 1164 after he agrees to make <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> to Henry.</li> <li>1165 Rhys ap Gruffudd leads attacks on Anglo-Norman strongholds in south and west Wales. Gwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth and the smaller realms form an alliance against England. Henry II declares war and leads an invasion force from Shrewsbury through Powys and into Gwynedd. Henry is forced to withdraw, allegedly after adverse weather conditions.</li> <li>1166 Rhys ap Gruffudd captures <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a> from the Norman crown.</li> <li>1167 Owain ap Gruffudd captures <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basingwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Basingwerk">Basingwerk</a> advancing as far east as the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (United Kingdom)">River Dee</a>.</li> <li>1185 Welsh raiders sack <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>.</li> <li>1196 Full-scale war breaks out again. <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Walter" title="Hubert Walter">Hubert Walter</a> invades Powys from Shrewsbury and places <a href="/wiki/Welshpool" title="Welshpool">Welshpool</a> under siege.</li> <li>1198 <a href="/wiki/Painscastle" title="Painscastle">Battle of Painscastle</a> where a Welsh army is defeated by the Normans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primacy of Gwynedd continues up to the middle of the century when a "Principality of Wales" is proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn Fawr">Llywelyn Fawr</a>. After a period of tumult following the death of Llywelyn's successor as prince, <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Dafydd ap Llywelyn">Dafydd ap Llywelyn</a>, Dafydd's nephew <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> emerges as a major force in Welsh politics, assuming the title of prince of Wales in 1258 and establishing his authority in <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a>. Llywelyn's death in 1282, and the subsequent capture and execution of his brother and successor, <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffudd" title="Dafydd ap Gruffudd">Dafydd ap Gruffudd</a>, in 1283 signify the end of Welsh independence. The end of the century sees the annexation of Wales and the Edwardian Settlement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_1234_(Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg/220px-Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg/330px-Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg/440px-Wales_1234_%28Marchia_Wallie_and_Pura_Wallia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Wales 1234 (Marchia Wallie and Pura Wallia)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#87de87; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Pura Wallia (independent Wales)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aaeeff; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lands gained by <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn the Great">Llywelyn the Great</a> in 1234</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb380; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Marchia Wallia (lands ruled by the Marcher barons)</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1211 The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_uprising_of_1211" title="Welsh uprising of 1211">Welsh uprising</a> erupts, <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> of England launches an invasion of Gwynedd from <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> but has to retreat without making gains. A second invasion later that year, this time from Shrewsbury, leaves the Welsh town of <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a> in ruins; John succeeds in securing the surrender of the prince of Gwynedd, <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_Fawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Llywelyn Fawr">Llywelyn Fawr</a>, who agrees to cede the <a href="/wiki/Perfeddwlad" title="Perfeddwlad">Perfeddwlad</a> to the English Crown as part of the peace terms.</li> <li>1215 Llywelyn Fawr in alliance with other princes attacks English holdings across Wales capturing <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen_Castle" title="Carmarthen Castle">Carmarthen Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidwelly_Castle" title="Kidwelly Castle">Kidwelly Castle</a> and many other places. At a Welsh assembly (1216) Llywelyn is, to all intents and purposes, acknowledged as prince of Wales by the noblemen of Powys and Deheubarth. In 1218 the fighting finishes following a peace deal with England.</li> <li>1223 Marcher lord <a href="/wiki/Hubert_de_Burgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert de Burgh">Hubert de Burgh</a> starts a series of campaigns during which he retakes Carmarthen, Cardigan and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Powys" title="Montgomery, Powys">Montgomery</a>.</li> <li>1240 With Llywelyn Fawr dead the English attack. Marcher lords retake the territorial gains made by Llywelyn.</li> <li>1241 Henry III invades Wales; <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Llywelyn" title="Dafydd ap Llywelyn">Dafydd ap Llywelyn</a> is forced to surrender (Aug). The subsequent peace agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gwerneigron" title="Treaty of Gwerneigron">Treaty of Gwerneigron</a>, sees the English occupy the Perfeddwlad.</li> <li>1244 Dafydd declares war; several Welsh raids are mounted on the Wales-England border.</li> <li>1245 Dafydd's war intensifies. Gwynedd and her allies in Deheubarth and <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a> make few gains in mid-Wales; however, <a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a> is recaptured by the Welsh (28 Mar). In August the English attack Gwynedd from <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>; defeated by Dafydd in battle, the invasion force advances as far as <a href="/wiki/Deganwy" title="Deganwy">Deganwy</a>, where Henry is halted after heavy fighting. In the autumn a truce is agreed, and the English army withdraws to England. Dafydd's death in 1246 precipitates a new attack on Gwynedd from the south by Marcher lord <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_de_Molis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas de Molis (page does not exist)">Nicholas de Molis</a> which compels Deheubarth and then Gwynedd to surrender. Under the terms of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Woodstock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Woodstock (page does not exist)">Treaty of Woodstock</a>, Gwynedd withdraws from Perfeddwlad.</li> <li>1256 Gwynedd, led by <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, grandson of Llywelyn Fawr, invades and annexes the Perfeddwlad. Gwynedd annexes Brycheiniog, Maelienydd, Gwrtheyrnion and Builth (late 1250s). In order to prevent further invasions by the English crown, Llywelyn agrees to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a> (1267) and is acknowledged the Prince of Wales. Deheubarth makes territorial gains in the south.</li> <li>1277 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> declares Llywelyn ap Gruffydd a rebel and invades Wales; the <b>First War of Welsh Independence</b> begins. English armies from Carmarthen defeat the princes of Deheubarth, armies from Chester overwhelm <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a> and armies from Shrewsbury retake Maelienydd, Builth, Brycheiniog and Gwrtheyrnion. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aberconwy" title="Treaty of Aberconwy">Treaty of Aberconwy</a> Edward forces Llywelyn to cede control of all of Wales but Gwynedd west of the River Conwy. Powys Fadog and Deheubarth are broken up. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1282 <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffudd" title="Dafydd ap Gruffudd">Dafydd ap Gruffudd</a>, Llywelyn's younger brother, who previously conspired with King Edward I, coordinates a rebellion against England. Llywelyn is eventually drawn into the conflict.</li> <li>1282 The English invade Wales under Edward I. 16 June – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Llandeilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Llandeilo (page does not exist)">Battle of Llandeilo</a>; the Welsh rout an English army in the south, but Edward's forces continue to make slow progress for the rest of the summer. 6 November – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moel-y-don" title="Battle of Moel-y-don">Battle of Moel-y-don</a>; the Welsh decisively defeat an English invasion across the <a href="/wiki/Menai_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Menai Straits">Menai Straits</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orewin_Bridge" title="Battle of Orewin Bridge">Battle of Orewin Bridge</a></i> (11 Dec); English forces kill and then behead Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in a chance ambush at <a href="/wiki/Cilmeri" title="Cilmeri">Cilmeri</a>. Dafydd ap Gruffudd succeeds him.</li> <li>1283 King Edward's forces capture the remaining castles in Gwynedd. The royal court of Wales withdraws to shelter in the mountains. English forces capture <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffudd" title="Dafydd ap Gruffudd">Dafydd ap Gruffudd</a> in June and King Edward hangs, draws, and quarters him in Shrewsbury in October, his conquest of Wales complete. Resulting accords leave no part of Wales other than <a href="/wiki/Powys_Wenwynwyn" title="Powys Wenwynwyn">Powys Wenwynwyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edeirnion" title="Edeirnion">Edeirnion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyndyfrdwy" title="Glyndyfrdwy">Glyndyfrdwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dryslwyn_Castle" title="Dryslwyn Castle">Dryslwyn Castle</a> under native rule as clients of the king.</li> <li>1287 <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a> of Dryslwyn, a prince of Deheubarth incensed at his treatment by Edward I, whom he previously supported, leads attacks on English holdings in the south taking back the Deheubarth royal centre at <a href="/wiki/Dinefwr_Castle" title="Dinefwr Castle">Dinefwr</a> and capturing the <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a>. By 1288 he has lost all his holdings but remains a guerilla leader until his capture and execution in 1292.</li> <li>1294 <a href="/wiki/Welsh_revolt_of_1294%E2%80%9395" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh revolt of 1294–95">a Welsh uprising</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">Madog ap Llywelyn</a>, a junior member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aberffraw" title="House of Aberffraw">House of Aberffraw</a> with estates in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> sweeps north and central Wales briefly capturing <a href="/wiki/Castell_y_Bere" title="Castell y Bere">Castell y Bere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnarvon_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnarvon Castle">Carnarvon Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Castle" title="Cardigan Castle">Cardigan Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinas_Bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinas Bran">Dinas Bran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Denbigh Castle">Denbigh Castle</a> among others. Madog proclaims himself prince of Wales.</li> <li>1295 <i>Battle of Maes Moydog</i> (5 Mar); Madog is defeated and the Welsh army destroyed. Madog is soon captured and imprisoned.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_century">14th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A period of relative stability under English rule, punctuated by two significant revolts. </p> <ul><li>1314 Revolt breaks out in Glamorgan.</li> <li>1316 uprising in Gwent and Morgannwg led by <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_Bren" title="Llywelyn Bren">Llywelyn Bren</a> the lord of <a href="/wiki/Senghennydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Senghennydd">Senghennydd</a> and a descendant of the kings of Morgannwg. Rebels put <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_Castle" title="Caerphilly Castle">Caerphilly Castle</a> under siege for six weeks and burn the town. Bren's forces are defeated, he is captured and executed.</li> <li>1326 <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">King Edward II</a> is captured by rebels at Pantybrad after fleeing to South Wales.</li> <li>1345 an uprising in Gwynedd known as the <i>Saint Valentine's Day Massacre</i> when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Shaldeforde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Shaldeforde (page does not exist)">Henry de Shaldeforde</a>, the king of England's <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">attorney</a> and his men were ambushed and slaughtered by Welsh rebels. Anti-English rioting had begun earlier in 1344 centred at <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a>.</li> <li>1369 <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> launches an unsuccessful invasion attempt on Wales.</li> <li>1372 <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> announces his intention of claiming the throne of Wales he and his forces arrive in Guernsey.</li> <li>1377 <a href="/wiki/Owain_Lawgoch" title="Owain Lawgoch">Owain Lawgoch</a> plans another invasion with the aid of Castile resulting in the English sending an assassin after Owain, Owain is assassinated in 1378.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century">15th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civil conflict in England and the deposition of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> are the background for the national uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a> who is successful in liberating all of Wales from the English. He is eventually defeated and English control of Wales is reimposed. </p> <ul><li>1400 The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Revolt">Welsh Revolt</a> erupts in <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>, a nobleman of the house of Powys. Owain proclaims himself prince of Wales (16 Sep) and raids towns in north-east Wales (late Sep); after a few months of inactivity; the revolt spreads across Gwynedd.</li> <li>1401 <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> is captured by Owain's men. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuthill" title="Battle of Tuthill">Battle of Tuthill</a> ends inconclusively during a siege of <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a>.</li> <li>1402 <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryn_Glas" title="Battle of Bryn Glas">Battle of Bryn Glas</a></i>; Owain defeats the English led by Marcher lord <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_son_of_the_3rd_Earl" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Mortimer, son of the 3rd Earl">Edmund Mortimer</a> who is captured and later allies with him. The English are driven from Wales.</li> <li>1405 The English launch multiple attacks on Wales retaking many captured castles. In August, Owain leads a combined Franco-Welsh army into England, and reaches as far as <a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Hill" title="Woodbury Hill">Woodbury Hill</a> before retreating.</li> <li>1409 <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a>, Owain's last stronghold, falls to the English. Edmund Mortimer is killed. Owain leads guerilla raids across Wales and is never captured; he is believed to have died around 1415. <a href="/wiki/Maredudd_ab_Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr">Maredudd ab Owain Glyndŵr</a> accepts a royal pardon in 1421.</li> <li>1485 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> of the Welsh <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor family</a> which had fought alongside Owain during the second war for independence, with the aid of Welsh, French and English Lancastrian troops and nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Thomas" title="Rhys ap Thomas">Rhys Ap Thomas</a> dethrones Richard III and Henry becomes King of England. Henry is a Welsh king who merges his Welsh and English kingdoms, using the title Prince of Wales for his heir, in order to try and bestow the loyalty of his Welsh countrymen on his heirs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History of Wales</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ashley, Mike <i>The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens</i>, Robinson History, 1998</li> <li>Albany Major, J. <i>Early Wars of Wessex</i>, Blandford Press, 1913</li> <li>Irvinson, Stuart <i>Anglo-Welsh Wars</i>, Bridge Books, 2001</li></ul> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1998" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1998). "King Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, M. A. S.; Dumville, D. N. (eds.). <i>Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century</i>. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 19, 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7"><bdi>0-85115-598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Alfred+and+the+Mercians&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Currency+and+Alliances%3A+History+and+Coinage+of+Southern+England+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.pages=19%2C+84&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-85115-598-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Anglo-Welsh+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarradoc_Of_Lhancarvan1697" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caradoc_of_Llancarfan" title="Caradoc of Llancarfan">Carradoc Of Lhancarvan</a> (1697). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz4PAAAAQAAJ&q=%22cymryt%22&pg=PA38"><i>The History of Wales</i></a>. Translated by David Powel and. Augmented by W. Wynne. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Wales&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1697&rft.au=Carradoc+Of+Lhancarvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHz4PAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522cymryt%2522%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Anglo-Welsh+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrexham.gov.uk/english/heritage/medieval_exhibition/struggles.htm">Wrexham County Borough Council: The Princes and the Marcher Lords</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J. Beverley, <i>Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales., 1998, p.437-45, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7083-1474-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7083-1474-0">0-7083-1474-0</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles356" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>1 language</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive 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