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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Scope of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_with_normal_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_with_normal_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Confusion with normal goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_with_normal_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Art history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Socioeconomic significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Luxury brands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_boutiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_boutiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Luxury boutiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Luxury_boutiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Luxury boutiques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Luxury_boutiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flagship_boutiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flagship_boutiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Flagship boutiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flagship_boutiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_boutiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_boutiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Secondary boutiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_boutiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_boutiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_boutiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Seasonal boutiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_boutiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_department_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_department_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Luxury department stores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_department_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_shopping_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_shopping_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Luxury shopping districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_shopping_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity_influence_on_luxury_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity_influence_on_luxury_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Celebrity influence on luxury goods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Celebrity_influence_on_luxury_goods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Celebrity influence on luxury goods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Celebrity_influence_on_luxury_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewelry_and_accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry_and_accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Jewelry and accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry_and_accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designer_apparel_and_accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designer_apparel_and_accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Designer apparel and accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designer_apparel_and_accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_perfumes_and_watches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_perfumes_and_watches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Luxury perfumes and watches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_perfumes_and_watches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luxury goods</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="السلع الفاخرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلع الفاخرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луксозна стока – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луксозна стока" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxusn%C3%AD_statek" title="Luxusní statek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Luxusní statek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksusgode" title="Luksusgode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luksusgode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxus" title="Luxus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luxus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Είδη πολυτελείας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Είδη πολυτελείας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bien_suntuario" title="Bien suntuario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bien suntuario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksa_varo" title="Luksa varo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luksa varo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کالای لوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالای لوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut_de_gamme" title="Haut de gamme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haut de gamme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%98%ED%92%88" title="사치품 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사치품" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B2_%D5%A1%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շքեղ ապրանքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շքեղ ապրանքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="विलासिता की वस्तुएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलासिता की वस्तुएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barang-barang_mewah" title="Barang-barang mewah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barang-barang mewah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bene_di_lusso" title="Bene di lusso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bene di lusso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מוצר יוקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוצר יוקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasa" title="Anasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabangos_prek%C4%97s" title="Prabangos prekės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prabangos prekės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxusjavak" title="Luxusjavak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luxusjavak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxegoederen" title="Luxegoederen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luxegoederen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobra_luksusowe" title="Dobra luksusowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dobra luksusowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9" title="සුඛෝපභෝගී භාණ්ඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුඛෝපභෝගී භාණ්ඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxusn%C3%BD_statok" title="Luxusný statok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luxusný statok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksuz" title="Luksuz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luksuz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoob" title="Shoob – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shoob" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyxvara" title="Lyxvara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lyxvara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produktong_pangkarangyaan" title="Produktong pangkarangyaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Produktong pangkarangyaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆடம்பரப் பண்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆடம்பரப் பண்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="สินค้าฟุ่มเฟือย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สินค้าฟุ่มเฟือย" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Good for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"High end" redirects here. For the Chris Brown song, see <a href="/wiki/High_End" title="High End">High End</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/220px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/330px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg/440px-Foie_gras_with_sauternes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="3234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, a <b>luxury good</b> (or <b>upmarket good</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">good</a> for which <a href="/wiki/Demand_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand (economics)">demand</a> increases more than what is proportional as <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> rises, so that expenditures on the good become a more significant proportion of overall spending. Luxury goods are in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Necessity_good" title="Necessity good">necessity goods</a>, where demand increases proportionally less than income.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Luxury goods</i> is often used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Superior_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior good">superior goods</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "luxury" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>luxor</i> meaning to overextend or strain. From this, the noun <i>luxuria</i> and verb <i>luxurio</i> developed, "indicating immoderate growth, swelling, ... in persons and animals, willful or unruly behavior, disregard for moral restraints, and licensciousness", and the term has had negative connotations for most of its long history.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One definition in the <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> is a "thing desirable but not necessary". A luxury good can be identified by comparing the demand for the good at one point in time against the demand for the good at a different time, at a different income level. When personal income increases, demand for luxury goods increases even more than income does. </p><p>Conversely, when personal income decreases, demand for luxury goods drops even more than income does.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if income rises 1%, and the demand for a product rises 2%, then the product is a luxury good. This contrasts with <i>necessity goods</i>, or <i>basic goods</i>, for which demand stays the same or decreases only slightly as income decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_of_the_term">Scope of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With increasing accessibility to luxury goods,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new product categories have been created within the luxury market, called "accessible luxury" or "mass luxury". These are meant specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, sometimes called the "aspiring class" in this context. Because luxury has diffused into the masses, defining the word has become more difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas luxury often refers to certain types of products, luxury is not restricted to physical goods; services can also be luxury. Likewise, from the consumer perspective, luxury is an experience defined as "hedonic escapism".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_with_normal_goods">Confusion with normal goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Confusion with normal goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Superior goods" is the <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)#Gradable_antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite (semantics)">gradable antonym</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">inferior good</a>". If the quantity of an item <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demanded</a> increases with income, but not by enough to increase the share of the <a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">budget</a> spent on it, then it is only a <a href="/wiki/Normal_good" title="Normal good">normal good</a> and is not a superior good. Consumption of all normal goods increases as income increases. For example, if income increases by 50%, then consumption will increase (maybe by only 1%, maybe by 40%, maybe by 70%). A superior good is a normal good for which the proportional consumption increase exceeds the <a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity_of_demand#Mathematical_definition" title="Income elasticity of demand">proportional income increase</a>. So, if income increases by 50%, then consumption of a superior good will increase by more than 50% (maybe 51%, maybe 70%). </p><p>In economics terminology, all goods with an <a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity_of_demand" title="Income elasticity of demand">income elasticity of demand</a> greater than zero are "normal", but only the subset having income elasticity of demand > 1 are "superior".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some articles in the <a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a> discipline use the term <i>superior good</i> as an alternative to an <i>inferior good</i>, thus making "superior goods" and "normal goods" synonymous. Where this is done, a product making up an increasing share of spending under income increases is often called an <i>ultra-superior good</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Had an inline self-published blog comment citation (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_history">Art history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Art history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg/220px-Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg/330px-Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg/440px-Ballb%C3%BCchlein_Griot_KGM_66-142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Secular <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> luxury or <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure binding</a> for a book, using techniques from the making of gold boxes, in gold, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardstone" title="Hardstone">hardstone</a>, Berlin, 1750–1760. By this time, such lavish bindings were unusual.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though often verging on the meaningless in modern marketing, "luxury" remains a legitimate and current technical term in <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a> for objects that are especially highly decorated to very high standards and use expensive materials. The term is especially used for <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> to distinguish between practical working books for normal use, and fully <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, that were often bound in <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure bindings</a> with metalwork and jewels. These are often much larger, with less text on each page and many illustrations, and if <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical text">liturgical texts</a> were originally usually kept on the <a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">altar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> rather any library that the church or <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> who owned them may have had. Secular luxury manuscripts were commissioned by the very wealthy and differed in the same ways from cheaper books.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Luxury" and "luxury arts" may be used for other <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a> where both utilitarian and luxury versions of the same types of objects were made. This might cover metalwork, ceramics, glass, arms and armor, and various objects.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is much less used for objects from the <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a>, with no function beyond being an artwork: paintings, drawings, and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, even though the disparity in cost between an expensive and cheap work may have been as large.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An awareness of a concept of luxury dates back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market">Market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/220px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/330px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg/440px-Patek-Philippe_MG_2583.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The invention of affordable <a href="/wiki/Quartz_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz watch">quartz watches</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical watches</a> to become primarily luxury goods.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_(5)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rolls_Royce_Phantom_-_Flickr_-_Alexandre_Pr%C3%A9vot_%285%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury car</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/220px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/330px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg/440px-Seven_types_of_caviar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Seven different types of <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kelly_Bag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/220px-Kelly_Bag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/330px-Kelly_Bag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kelly_Bag.jpg/440px-Kelly_Bag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A luxury <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbag</a>. While many handbags are valued on their ability to carry objects, designer handbags are valued based on <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxury goods have high <a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity_of_demand" title="Income elasticity of demand">income elasticity of demand</a>: as people become wealthier, they will buy proportionately more luxury goods. This also means that should there be a decline in income, its demand will drop more than proportionately. The income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income and may change signs at different income levels. That is to say, a luxury good may become a <a href="/wiki/Necessity_good" title="Necessity good">necessity good</a> or even an <a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">inferior good</a> at different income levels. </p><p>Some luxury products have been claimed to be examples of <a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a>, with a positive <a href="/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand" title="Price elasticity of demand">price elasticity of demand</a>: for example, making a perfume more expensive can increase its perceived value as a luxury good to such an extent that sales can go up, rather than down. However, <a href="/wiki/Veblen_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Veblen goods">Veblen goods</a> are not synonymous with luxury goods. </p><p>Although the technical term luxury good is independent of the goods' quality, they are generally considered to be goods at the highest end of the market in terms of quality and price. Many markets have a luxury segment including, for example, luxury versions of <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yachts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothes">clothes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">high fidelity</a> sound equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxuries may be services. Hiring full-time or live-in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic servants</a> is a luxury reflecting income disparities. Some financial services, especially in some brokerage houses, can be considered luxury services by default because persons in lower-income brackets generally do not use them. </p><p>Luxury goods often have special <a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">luxury packaging</a> to differentiate the products from mainstream competitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends">Trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, luxury goods were available only to the very wealthy and "aristocratic world of old money" that offered them a history of tradition, superior quality, and a pampered buying experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxury goods have been transformed by a shift from custom-made (<a href="/wiki/Bespoke" title="Bespoke">bespoke</a>) works with <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">exclusive distribution</a> practices by specialized, quality-minded family-run and small businesses to a <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of specialty <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branded</a> goods by profit-focused large corporations and marketers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend in modern luxury is simply a product or service that is marketed, packaged, and sold by global corporations that are focused "on growth, visibility, brand awareness, advertising, and, above all, profits."<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, luxury logos are now available to all consumers at a premium price across the world, including online.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global consumer companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>, are also attracted to the industry due to the difficulty of making a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a> in the mass consumer goods market.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The customer base for various luxury goods continue to be more culturally diversified, and this presents more unseen challenges and new opportunities to companies in this industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several trends in luxury:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Democratization of luxury.</i> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Masstige" title="Masstige">masstige</a> (from mass-prestige), is a marketing strategy that aims to make brands prestigious while retaining their affordability.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a>:</i> Consumers in some countries are becoming wealthier; thus, new markets are opening for luxury marketers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports by consulting agencies like <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey</a> predicted that East Asia would become the world's largest personal luxury goods market. China will consume half the global market value of luxury goods.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">Consolidation</a>:</i> Consolidation involves the growth of big companies and ownership of brands across many segments of luxury products. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Kering" title="Kering">Kering</a>, <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richemont" title="Richemont">Richemont</a>, which dominate the market in areas ranging from luxury drinks to fashion and cosmetics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Luxury brand collaborations.</i> This <a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">marketing strategy</a> demonstrates the potential of unexpected partnerships and <a href="/wiki/Co-branding" title="Co-branding">co-branding</a> opportunities between luxury brands and an unconventional partner seemingly at the opposite end of the design spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborations include pairings of luxury brands like <i><a href="/wiki/Fendi" title="Fendi">Fendi</a> x <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a></i> but also pairings with streetwear brands including skateboarding brand <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_(brand)" title="Supreme (brand)">Supreme</a> x <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a></i>, with celebrities such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Bunny" title="Bad Bunny">Bad Bunny</a> x <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a></i>, anime characters like <i><a href="/wiki/Doraemon" title="Doraemon">Doraemon</a> x <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a></i>, and now video game franchises like <i><a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a> x <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collaborations are often <a href="/wiki/Limited_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited edition">limited edition</a> collections.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The luxury goods market has been on an upward climb for many years. Apart from the setback caused by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Asian Financial Crisis">1997 Asian Financial Crisis</a>, the industry has performed well, particularly in 2000. That year, the world luxury goods market was worth nearly $170 billion and grew 7.9 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States has been the largest regional market for luxury goods. The largest sector in this category was luxury drinks, including premium <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">cognac</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The watches and jewelry section showed the strongest performance, growing in value by 23.3 percent, while the clothing and accessories section grew 11.6 percent between 1996 and 2000, to $32.8 billion. The largest ten markets for luxury goods account for 83 percent of overall sales and include Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom, and United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a> surpassed <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a> as the world's largest luxury market.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's luxury consumption accounts for over 25% of the global market.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report 2020, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> were four of the five most expensive cities for luxury goods in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the luxury sector was expected to grow over the following ten years because of 440 million consumers spending a total of 880 billion euros, or $1.2 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-Luxe_Spending_to_Grow_to_$1.2_Trillion_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxe_Spending_to_Grow_to_$1.2_Trillion-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advertising expenditure for the average luxury brand is 5-15% of sales <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a>, or about 25% with the inclusion of other communications such as <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, events, and sponsorships.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rather small group in comparison, the wealthy tend to be extremely influential.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a brand gets an "endorsement" from members of this group, then the brand can be defined as a true "luxury" brand. An example of different product lines in the same brand is found in the automotive industry, with "entry-level" cars marketed to younger, less wealthy consumers, and higher-cost models for older and more wealthy consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg/170px-Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg/255px-Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg/340px-Income_elasticity_of_demand_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engels_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels curve">Engels curves</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity_of_demand" title="Income elasticity of demand">income elasticity of demand</a> (YED) of <a href="/wiki/Normal_good" title="Normal good">normal goods</a> (comprising <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">luxury</a> (red)</span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Necessity_good" title="Necessity good">necessity goods</a> (yellow)),</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)" title="Elasticity (economics)">perfectly inelastic</a> (green)</span> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">inferior goods</a> (blue)</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In economics, <b>superior goods</b> or <b>luxury goods</b> make up a larger <i>proportion</i> of <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> as <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> rises, and therefore are a type of <a href="/wiki/Normal_good" title="Normal good">normal goods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer theory">consumer theory</a>. Such a good must possess two economic characteristics: it must be <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarce</a>, and, along with that, it must have a high price.<sup id="cite_ref-FOA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scarcity of the good can be natural or artificial; however, the general population (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a>) must recognize the good as distinguishably <i>better</i>. Possession of such a good usually signifies "<a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">superiority</a>" in resources and is usually accompanied by prestige. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a> is a superior good with a prestige value so high that a price decline might <i>lower</i> demand. Veblen's contribution is demonstrated by the significance of the Veblen effect, which refers to the phenomenon of people purchasing costly items even when more affordable options that provide similar levels of satisfaction are available.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Income elasticity">income elasticity</a> of a superior good is above one by definition because it raises the expenditure share as income rises. A superior good may also be a luxury good that is not purchased below a certain income level. Examples would include <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOA_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most other <a href="/wiki/Delicacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Delicacies">delicacies</a>. On the other hand, superior goods may have a wide quality distribution, such as <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a>. However, though the <i>number</i> of such goods consumed may stay constant even with rising wealth, the level of spending will go up to secure a better experience. </p><p>A higher <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a> leads to higher consumption of luxury goods because of status anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socioeconomic_significance">Socioeconomic significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Positional_good" title="Positional good">Positional good</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG/220px-V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG/330px-V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG/440px-V%C3%BDstava_valtice6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption>Crown of Empress <a href="/wiki/Farah_Pahlavi" title="Farah Pahlavi">Farah Pahlavi</a> of Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Several manufactured products attain the status of "luxury goods" due to their design, quality, durability, or performance, which are superior to comparable substitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some goods are perceived as luxurious by the public simply because they play the role of <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbols</a>, as such goods tend to signify the purchasing power of those who acquire them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These items, while not necessarily being better (in quality, performance, or appearance) than their less expensive substitutes, are purchased with the main purpose of displaying <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> of their owners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These kinds of goods are the objects of a socio-economic phenomenon called <i><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a></i> and commonly include <a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">luxury cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">designer clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yachts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">private jets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">corporate helicopters</a> as well as large residences, urban <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">country houses</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxury_brands">Luxury brands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Luxury brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a luxury <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> is not necessarily a product or a price point, but a <a href="/wiki/Mindset" title="Mindset">mindset</a> where core values that are expressed by a brand are directly connected to the producer's dedication and alignment to perceptions of quality with its customers' values and aspirations.<sup id="cite_ref-Danziger2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danziger2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is these target customers, not the product, that make a luxury brand.<sup id="cite_ref-Danziger2017_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danziger2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brands considered luxury connect with their customers by communicating that they are at the top of their class or considered the best in their field.<sup id="cite_ref-Danziger2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danziger2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, these brands must deliver – in some meaningful way – measurably better performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Danziger2016_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Danziger2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What consumers perceive as luxurious brands and products change over the years, but there appear to be three main drivers: (1) a high price, especially when compared to other brands within its segment; (2) limited supply, in that a brand may not need to be expensive, but it arguably should not be easily obtainable and contributing to the customers' feeling that they have something special; and (3) endorsement by celebrities, which can make a brand or particular products more appealing for consumers and thus more "luxurious" in their minds.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckloff_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckloff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two additional elements of luxury brands include special packaging and personalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckloff_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckloff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differentiating elements distance the brands from the mass market and thus provide them with a unique feeling and user experience as well as a special and memorable "luxury feel" for customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckloff_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckloff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples include <a href="/wiki/LVMH" title="LVMH">LVMH</a>, the largest luxury goods producer in the world with over fifty brands (including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sales of €42.6 billion in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kering" title="Kering">Kering</a>, which made €15.9 billion in revenue for a net income of €2.3 billion in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richemont" title="Richemont">Richemont</a>. </p><p>The luxury brand concept is now so popular that it is used in almost every retail, manufacturing, and service sector.<sup id="cite_ref-KapfererBastien_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KapfererBastien-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New marketing concepts such as "mass-luxury" or "hyper luxury" further blur the definition of what is a luxury product, a luxury brand, or a luxury company.<sup id="cite_ref-KapfererBastien_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KapfererBastien-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lately, luxury brands have extended their reach to young consumers through <i>unconventional luxury brand collaborations</i> in which luxury brands partner with non-luxury brands seemingly at the opposite spectrum of design, image, and value.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, luxury fashion houses partner with streetwear brands and video games.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxury_boutiques">Luxury boutiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Luxury boutiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sale of luxury goods requires a high level of client service, human touch, and brand consistency. Since the early 2010s, many luxury brands have invested in their own boutiques rather than wholesalers like department stores. Three of the world’s biggest luxury conglomerates— LVMH, Kering, and Richemont — significantly increased the share of annual sales captured from their directly operated stores and e-commerce over the past decade.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luxury brands use distinct boutique types to tailor the experiences of different client groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flagship_boutiques">Flagship boutiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flagship boutiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flagship boutiques are grand, multi-story boutiques in major cities that are merchandised with a wide range of collections and staffed by a large team of sales associates. They also offer supplemental services, like jewelry cleaning, hot stamping, on-site service.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many luxury brands use flagship boutiques to illustrate their unique vision or heritage,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often through distinctive architecture<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that transforms them from storefronts to tourist attractions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_boutiques">Secondary boutiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secondary boutiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large cities often have secondary boutiques in addition to their flagship boutique. Multiple boutiques allow luxury brands to cater to different types of clients, which can differ even within small geographic areas. Secondary boutiques often offer different merchandise than flagship boutiques, and establish different types of relationships with clients.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luxury boutiques in smaller cities are often secondary boutiques as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising popularity of secondary and tertiary cities around the world has pushed luxury brands to open secondary boutiques in smaller cities than those that can support a flagship boutique.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_boutiques">Seasonal boutiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seasonal boutiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxury brands use seasonal boutiques to follow their well-heeled clientele as they leave major cities for smaller resort towns in the summer and winter.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common throughout Europe, seasonal boutiques have short-term leases, like a pop-up shop, which are open only during the resort's high season.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These boutiques offer merchandise relevant to the resort where they are located, like a cruise collection in a beach resort<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or skiwear in a mountain resort.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxury_department_stores">Luxury department stores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Luxury department stores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luxury_goods" title="Special:EditPage/Luxury goods">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brioniboutique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brioniboutique.jpg/220px-Brioniboutique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brioniboutique.jpg/330px-Brioniboutique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Brioniboutique.jpg/440px-Brioniboutique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Most clothing in the world is sold in <a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">finished condition in standardized sizes</a>. Luxury stores such as this one produce <a href="/wiki/Bespoke_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bespoke clothing">bespoke clothing</a>—clothing specifically designed for the person buying them.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the development of <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass-market</a> "luxury" brands in the 1800s. Extraordinary places will be the factor of development that can be achieved by enabling the conversion of items from the <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass-market</a> to the luxury market. </p><p>Many innovative technologies are being added to <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass-market</a> products and then transformed into luxury items to be placed in department stores.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Department stores that sell major luxury brands have opened up in most major cities worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Le_Bon_March%C3%A9" title="Le Bon Marché">Le Bon Marché</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is credited as one of the first of its kind. </p><p>In the United States, the development of luxury-oriented department stores not only changed the retail industry, but also ushered the idea of freedom through <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, and a new opportunity for middle- and upper-class women.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxury_shopping_districts">Luxury shopping districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Luxury shopping districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luxury_goods" title="Special:EditPage/Luxury goods">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fashion brands within the luxury goods market tend to be concentrated in exclusive or affluent districts of cities worldwide. These include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/P.C._Hooftstraat" title="P.C. Hooftstraat">P.C. Hooftstraat</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saadiyat_Island" title="Saadiyat Island">Saadiyat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> <a href="/wiki/Voukourestiou_Street" title="Voukourestiou Street">Voukourestiou Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolonaki" title="Kolonaki">Kolonaki</a> district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Buckhead" title="Buckhead">Buckhead</a> district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cr%C4%81kei_(local_board_area)" title="Ōrākei (local board area)">Orakei Local Board area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/UB_City" title="UB City">UB City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pathumwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathumwan">Pathumwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Passeig_de_Gr%C3%A0cia,_Barcelona" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona">Passeig de Gràcia</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yabaolu" title="Yabaolu">Yabaolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kurf%C3%BCrstendamm" title="Kurfürstendamm">Kurfürstendamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Centro_Andino" title="Centro Andino">Zona T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newbury_Street" title="Newbury Street">Newbury Street</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Teneriffe,_Queensland" title="Teneriffe, Queensland">Teneriffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> <a href="/wiki/Louizalaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Louizalaan">Louizalaan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Avenue_Louise" title="Avenue Louise">Avenue Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3zsadomb" title="Rózsadomb">Rózsadomb</a> district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Recoleta,_Buenos_Aires" title="Recoleta, Buenos Aires">Recoleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zamalek" title="Zamalek">Zamalek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bocagrande" title="Bocagrande">Bocagrande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oak_Street_(Chicago)" title="Oak Street (Chicago)">Oak Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Mile" title="Magnificent Mile">Magnificent Mile</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al_Barsha" title="Al Barsha">Al Barsha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jumeirah" title="Jumeirah">Jumeirah</a> districts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dublin_4" title="Dublin 4">Dublin 4</a> district</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>'s <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsallee">Königsallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goethestra%C3%9Fe" title="Goethestraße">Goethestraße</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Haizhu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Haizhu District">Haizhu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neuer_Wall" title="Neuer Wall">Neuer Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_Bac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hang Bac (page does not exist)">Hang Bac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0n_Ki%E1%BA%BFm_district" title="Hoàn Kiếm district">Hoàn Kiếm district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui" title="Tsim Sha Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Abdi_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i_Street" title="Abdi İpekçi Street">Abdi İpekçi Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stinye_Park" title="İstinye Park">İstinye Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebayoran_Baru" title="Kebayoran Baru">Kebayoran Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sandton" title="Sandton">Sandton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela_Square" title="Nelson Mandela Square">Nelson Mandela Square</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Bintang" title="Bukit Bintang">Bukit Bintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_City_Centre" title="Kuala Lumpur City Centre">KLCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Quarter">Victoria Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avenida_da_Liberdade_(Lisbon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenida da Liberdade (Lisbon)">Avenida da Liberdade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rodeo_Drive" title="Rodeo Drive">Rodeo Drive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calle_de_Serrano" title="Calle de Serrano">Calle de Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Avenue" title="Ayala Avenue">Ayala Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn" title="Medellín">Medellín</a>'s <a href="/wiki/El_Poblado" title="El Poblado">El Poblado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Collins_Street,_Melbourne" title="Collins Street, Melbourne">Collins Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catherine Street">Rue Sainte-Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Presidente_Masaryk" title="Avenida Presidente Masaryk">Avenida Presidente Masaryk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Island_(Miami_Beach)" title="Star Island (Miami Beach)">Star Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida" title="Coral Gables, Florida">Coral Gables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Via_Monte_Napoleone" title="Via Monte Napoleone">Via Monte Napoleone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Street" title="Tverskaya Street">Tverskaya Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stoleshnikov_Lane" title="Stoleshnikov Lane">Stoleshnikov Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maximilianstra%C3%9Fe_(Munich)" title="Maximilianstraße (Munich)">Maximilianstraße</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York's</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Montaigne" title="Avenue Montaigne">Avenue Montaigne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rue_du_Faubourg_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré">Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Worth_Avenue" title="Worth Avenue">Worth Avenue</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Multiplaza" title="Multiplaza">Multiplaza Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Desert">Palm Desert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/El_Paseo_(Palm_Desert,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paseo (Palm Desert, California)">El Paseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dalkeith,_Western_Australia" title="Dalkeith, Western Australia">Dalkeith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pařížská Street (page does not exist)">Pařížská Street</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Leblon" title="Leblon">Leblon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copacabana,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro">Copacabana</a> districts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Via_Condotti" title="Via Condotti">Via Condotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vesturb%C3%A6r" title="Vesturbær">Vesturbær</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ab%C3%A6r" title="Garðabær">Garðabær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_San_Francisco" title="Union Square, San Francisco">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Santana_Row" title="Santana Row">Santana Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mall_of_San_Juan" title="The Mall of San Juan">The Mall of San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Alonso de Córdoba">Alonso de Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jardins" title="Jardins">Jardins</a> district and <a href="/wiki/Rua_Oscar_Freire" title="Rua Oscar Freire">Rua Oscar Freire</a> Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)</a>'s <a href="/wiki/District_1,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="District 1, Ho Chi Minh City">District 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cheongdam-dong" title="Cheongdam-dong">Cheongdam-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_Road" title="Huaihai Road">Middle Huaihai Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Orchard_Road" title="Orchard Road">Orchard Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Biblioteksgatan" title="Biblioteksgatan">Biblioteksgatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_Street" title="Castlereagh Street">Castlereagh Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xinyi_District,_Taipei" title="Xinyi District, Taipei">Xinyi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kikar_Hamedina" title="Kikar Hamedina">Kikar Hamedina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ginza" title="Ginza">Ginza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aoyama,_Minato,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo">Aoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mink_Mile" title="Mink Mile">Mink Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alberni_Street_(Vancouver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberni Street (Vancouver)">Alberni Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Innere_Stadt" title="Innere Stadt">Innere Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nowy_%C5%9Awiat_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowy Świat Street">Nowy Świat Street</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mokotowska_Street,_Warsaw" title="Mokotowska Street, Warsaw">Mokotowska Street</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bahnhofstrasse" title="Bahnhofstrasse">Bahnhofstrasse</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrity_influence_on_luxury_goods">Celebrity influence on luxury goods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Celebrity influence on luxury goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celebrities have played a transformative role in elevating the appeal and desirability of luxury goods, acting as key drivers of consumer trends in the global market. With the advent of social media platforms like <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, their influence has grown exponentially, creating an immediate impact on consumer behavior. Posts and appearances featuring luxury items often lead to global trends, with high-end brands gaining significant visibility and desirability.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry_and_accessories">Jewelry and accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jewelry and accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxury jewelry, particularly diamond rings, has benefited immensely from celebrity influence. High-profile figures, including <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Beckham" title="Victoria Beckham">Victoria Beckham</a>, have popularized extravagant diamond rings, especially for engagements and anniversaries. Public appearances showcasing such pieces often inspire consumer interest in similar designs, driving demand for both custom and branded luxury jewelry.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designer_apparel_and_accessories">Designer apparel and accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Designer apparel and accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red carpet events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Met_Gala" title="Met Gala">Met Gala</a>, serve as platforms for celebrities to present the latest offerings from high-end fashion houses. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Zendaya" title="Zendaya">Zendaya</a>’s collaborations with Valentino and Bulgari have reinforced these brands’ status as symbols of opulence. Such visibility enhances brand recognition and boosts sales among consumers eager to emulate celebrity styles.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxury_perfumes_and_watches">Luxury perfumes and watches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Luxury perfumes and watches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxury perfumes and watches have long leveraged celebrity endorsements to solidify their market presence. For example, <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>'s association with <a href="/wiki/Omega_SA" title="Omega SA">Omega</a> watches and <a href="/wiki/Charlize_Theron" title="Charlize Theron">Charlize Theron</a>’s campaign for <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Dior SE">Dior</a>’s J'adore perfume exemplify how celebrity partnerships create a strong emotional connection with products. These endorsements often result in increased sales and further embed these items as essentials in the luxury sector.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_affluence" title="Affordable affluence">Affordable affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_label" title="Designer label">Designer label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">Inferior good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Lists of most expensive items by category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-luxury" title="Mid-luxury">Mid-luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_good" title="Necessity good">Necessity good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_good" title="Positional good">Positional good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_luxury" title="Quiet luxury">Quiet luxury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Sumptuary law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Wealth effect</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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New York: W.W. Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microeconomicana00vari_0/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95735-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95735-8"><bdi>978-0-393-95735-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] as the consumer gets more income, he consumes more of both goods but proportionally more of one good (the <i>luxury good</i>) than of the other (the <i>necessary good</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Choice&rft.btitle=Microeconomic+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-95735-8&rft.aulast=Varian&rft.aufirst=Hal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroeconomicana00vari_0%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapatin, 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2020" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, David (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2020/3/20/21184814/climate-change-energy-income-inequality">"Why rich people use so much more energy"</a>. <i>vox.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=See+Worth+Avenue+in+a+whole+new+way&rft.date=2012-03-31&rft.aulast=Eyeman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachpost.com%2Farticle%2F20101202%2FNEWS%2F812033143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2023" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Kristina (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/story/business/2023/11/16/palm-beach-worth-avenue-iconic-shopping-lilly-pulitzer-tiffany-florida/71523121007/">"Shop Local: Palm Beach's Worth Ave. offers an iconic restaurant and holiday shopping experience"</a>. <i>Palm Beach Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kogan Page Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-6492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-6492-9"><bdi>978-0-7494-6492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luxury+Strategy%3A+Break+the+Rules+of+Marketing+to+Build+Luxury+Brands&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Publishers&rft.date=2012-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7494-6492-9&rft.aulast=Kapferer&rft.aufirst=Jean-No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Bastien%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSC8SVYX9PEC%26q%3Dluxury%2Bstrategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForoudiTortora" class="citation web cs1">Foroudi, Pantea; Tortora, Debora. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337645820">"Celebrity Endorsement and the Attitude Towards Luxury Brands for Sustainable Consumption"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholar+Commons&rft.atitle=Celebrity+Impact+on+Fashion+Brand+Choice+Using+Social+Media&rft.aulast=Newbert&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.sc.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6848%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollection2023" class="citation web cs1">Collection, Celebs Watch (2023-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@carhonk.mail/style-and-substance-exploring-the-relationship-between-celebrities-and-watch-brands-b5c7cf788255">"Style and Substance: Exploring the Relationship Between Celebrities and Watch Brands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Style+and+Substance%3A+Exploring+the+Relationship+Between+Celebrities+and+Watch+Brands&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.aulast=Collection&rft.aufirst=Celebs+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40carhonk.mail%2Fstyle-and-substance-exploring-the-relationship-between-celebrities-and-watch-brands-b5c7cf788255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkets2022" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Markets, Research and (2022-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/12/14/2573389/28124/en/Insights-on-the-Luxury-Perfume-Global-Market-to-2027-Rising-Influence-of-Celebrity-Endorsements-Coupled-With-the-Wide-Product-Availability-on-E-Commerce-Platforms-Drives-Growth.html">"Insights on the Luxury Perfume Global Market to 2027 - Rising Influence of Celebrity Endorsements Coupled With the Wide Product Availability on E-Commerce Platforms Drives Growth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GlobeNewswire" title="GlobeNewswire">GlobeNewswire</a></i> (Press release)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insights+on+the+Luxury+Perfume+Global+Market+to+2027+-+Rising+Influence+of+Celebrity+Endorsements+Coupled+With+the+Wide+Product+Availability+on+E-Commerce+Platforms+Drives+Growth&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Markets&rft.aufirst=Research+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2022%2F12%2F14%2F2573389%2F28124%2Fen%2FInsights-on-the-Luxury-Perfume-Global-Market-to-2027-Rising-Influence-of-Celebrity-Endorsements-Coupled-With-the-Wide-Product-Availability-on-E-Commerce-Platforms-Drives-Growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luxury_goods" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxury_goods&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadhaHusband2007" class="citation book cs1">Chadha, Radha; Husband, Paul (2007). <i>The cult of the luxury brand: inside Asia's love affair with luxury</i>. Nicholas Brealey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904838050" title="Special:BookSources/9781904838050"><bdi>9781904838050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+the+luxury+brand%3A+inside+Asia%27s+love+affair+with+luxury&rft.pub=Nicholas+Brealey+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781904838050&rft.aulast=Chadha&rft.aufirst=Radha&rft.au=Husband%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapatin2015" class="citation book cs1">Lapatin, Kenneth (2015). <i>Luxus, The Sumptuous Arts of Greece and Rome</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606064221" title="Special:BookSources/9781606064221"><bdi>9781606064221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luxus%2C+The+Sumptuous+Arts+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781606064221&rft.aulast=Lapatin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesing2019" class="citation book cs1">Wiesing, Lambert (2019). <i>A Philosophy of Luxury</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367138417" title="Special:BookSources/9780367138417"><bdi>9780367138417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Philosophy+of+Luxury&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780367138417&rft.aulast=Wiesing&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxury+goods" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_goods18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_goods" title="Template:Types of goods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_goods" title="Template talk:Types of goods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_goods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of goods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_goods18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rival_good" title="Anti-rival good">Anti-rival goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">Capital goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_good" title="Club good">Club goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_good" title="Complementary good">Complementary goods</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">Substitute goods</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Independent_goods" title="Independent goods">Independent goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_good" title="Composite good">Composite goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credence_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Credence good">Credence goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">(Non-)durable goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience good">(Post-)experience goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">Final goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_good" title="Free good">Free goods</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Positional_good" title="Positional good">Positional goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giffen_good" title="Giffen good">Giffen goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_public_good" title="Global public good">Global public goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">Inferior goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_good" title="Information good">Information goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_good" title="Intangible good">Intangible goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">Intermediate goods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxury goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_good" title="Merit good">Merit goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demerit_good" title="Demerit good">demerit goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_good" title="Neutral good">Neutral goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_good" title="Normal good">Normal goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_good" title="Necessity good">Necessity goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_good" title="Ordinary good">Ordinary goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_good" title="Private good">Private goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_goods" title="Household goods">Household goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_public_goods" title="Digital public goods">Digital public goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">(Non-)rivalrous goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">(Non-)excludable goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Search good">Search goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior good">Superior goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">Used goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_most_expensive_items276" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_expensive" title="Template:Most expensive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_expensive" title="Template talk:Most expensive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_expensive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most expensive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_most_expensive_items276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Lists of most expensive items</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cars_sold_at_auction" title="List of most expensive cars sold at auction">Auctioned cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transport_megaprojects" title="List of transport megaprojects">Megaprojects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Purchase</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_books_and_manuscripts" title="List of most expensive books and manuscripts">Books and manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_non-fungible_tokens" title="List of most expensive non-fungible tokens">Non-fungible tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_celebrity_photographs" title="List of most expensive celebrity photographs">of celebrities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_films" title="List of most expensive films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_non-English-language_films" title="List of most expensive non-English-language films">non-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Czech_films" title="List of most expensive Czech films">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Finnish_films" title="List of most expensive Finnish films">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_French_films" title="List of most expensive French films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_films" title="List of most expensive Indian films">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_music_videos" title="List of most expensive music videos">Music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_television_series" title="List of most expensive television series">Television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_video_games_to_develop" title="List of most expensive video games to develop">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_buildings" title="List of most expensive buildings">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_stadiums" title="List of most expensive stadiums">stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Cities for expatriate employees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_domain_names" title="List of most expensive domain names">Domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_streets_by_city" title="List of most expensive streets by city">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_U.S._public_works_projects" title="List of most expensive U.S. public works projects">U.S. public works projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_sports_contracts" title="List of largest sports contracts">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_association_football_transfers" title="List of most expensive association football transfers">Association football transfers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_football_transfer_records" title="Albanian football transfer records">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_American_soccer_transfers" title="List of most expensive American soccer transfers">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_the_British_football_transfer_fee_record" title="Progression of the British football transfer fee record">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_football_transfer_records" title="Chinese football transfer records">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_football_transfer_record" title="Dutch football transfer record">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_payments_of_Iranian_football" title="List of highest payments of Iranian football">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_the_most_expensive_transfer_in_Serie_A" title="Progression of the most expensive transfer in Serie A">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Romanian_football_transfers" title="List of most expensive Romanian football transfers">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Serbian_football_transfers" title="List of most expensive Serbian football transfers">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Ukrainian_football_transfers" title="List of most expensive Ukrainian football transfers">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_women%27s_association_football_transfers" title="List of most expensive women's association football transfers">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-paid_Major_League_Baseball_players" title="List of highest-paid Major League Baseball players">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_basketball_transfers" title="List of most expensive basketball transfers">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred_valuation" title="Thoroughbred valuation">Thoroughbreds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_celebrity_memorabilia" title="List of most valuable celebrity memorabilia">Celebrity memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_divorces" title="List of most expensive divorces">Divorces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="List of largest mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_pharmaceutical_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="List of largest pharmaceutical mergers and acquisitions">pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_video_game_acquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most expensive video game acquisitions">video game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luxury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_watches_sold_at_auction" title="List of most expensive watches sold at auction">Auctioned watches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">Art by living artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_Indian_artists" title="List of most expensive Indian artists">Indian artists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">Sculptures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collectibles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_coins" title="List of most expensive coins">Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_philatelic_items" title="List of most expensive philatelic items">Philatelic items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sports_cards" title="List of most expensive sports cards">Sports cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_wealth113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wealth" title="Template:Wealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wealth" title="Template talk:Wealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_wealth113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr />(new money)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr />(old money)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxury goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury beliefs">Luxury beliefs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inherited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li> <li>Universities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">by category</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Superclass_List" title="The Superclass List">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth (film)"><i>Wealth</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth" title="Category:Wealth">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wealth_by_country" title="Category:Wealth by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949715#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Luxusgut"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4192138-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85079051">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119936917">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119936917">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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