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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appliqué"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Appliqué</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appliqué-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_appliqué" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_appliqué"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reverse appliqué</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_appliqué-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quilting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quilting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Quilting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quilting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trapunto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trapunto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Trapunto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trapunto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embellishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embellishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Embellishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embellishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_paper_piecing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_paper_piecing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>English paper piecing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_paper_piecing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_piecing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_piecing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Foundation piecing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_piecing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intarsia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intarsia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Intarsia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intarsia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quilting_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quilting_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quilting styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quilting_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quilting styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quilting_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Amish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltimore_album" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltimore_album"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Baltimore album</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltimore_album-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crazy_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crazy_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Crazy quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crazy_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African-American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>African-American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Story_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Story_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Story quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Story_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pictorial_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pictorial_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Pictorial quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pictorial_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barn_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barn_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Barn quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barn_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>Hawaiian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_star_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_star_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.9</span> <span>Native American star quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_star_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminole_patchwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminole_patchwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.10</span> <span>Seminole patchwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminole_patchwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>British quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Italian quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provençal_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provençal_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Provençal quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provençal_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan:_Sashiko" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan:_Sashiko"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Japan: Sashiko</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan:_Sashiko-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladeshi_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladeshi_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Bangladeshi quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladeshi_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India:_Kantha,_Ralli,_and_Balaposh_—_the_unquilted_scented_quilt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India:_Kantha,_Ralli,_and_Balaposh_—_the_unquilted_scented_quilt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>India: Kantha, Ralli, and Balaposh — the unquilted scented quilt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India:_Kantha,_Ralli,_and_Balaposh_—_the_unquilted_scented_quilt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa,_Oceania_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa,_Oceania_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Africa, Oceania and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa,_Oceania_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cook_Islands:_Tivaevae_quilts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cook_Islands:_Tivaevae_quilts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Cook Islands: Tivaevae quilts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cook_Islands:_Tivaevae_quilts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_khayamiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_khayamiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Egyptian khayamiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_khayamiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuna:_Mola_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuna:_Mola_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Kuna: Mola textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuna:_Mola_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Block designs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quilting_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quilting_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Quilting technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quilting_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quilts_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quilts_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Quilts on display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quilts_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quilt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81_(%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85)" title="لحاف (نوم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لحاف (نوم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yor%C4%9Fan" title="Yorğan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yorğan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimput" title="Salimput – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Salimput" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobrellit" title="Cobrellit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cobrellit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Quilt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwilt" title="Cwilt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwilt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quilt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quilt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stebkovrilo" title="Stebkovrilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stebkovrilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohazal" title="Ohazal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ohazal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81" title="لحاف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لحاف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtepointe" title="Courtepointe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courtepointe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84" title="누비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="रज़ाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रज़ाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ವಿಲ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವಿಲ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="دوئاج – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دوئاج" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt" title="Quilt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quilt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bedcover made of multiple layers of fabric</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quilt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quilt (disambiguation)">Quilt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the sewing technique, see <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a>. For the fine art form, see <a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">Quilt art</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russellquilter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russellquilter.jpg/220px-Russellquilter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russellquilter.jpg/330px-Russellquilter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Russellquilter.jpg/440px-Russellquilter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>1940 photograph by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a> of Mrs. Bill Stagg of <a href="/wiki/Pie_Town,_New_Mexico" title="Pie Town, New Mexico">Pie Town</a>, New Mexico, with state quilt<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>quilt</b> is a multi-layered textile, traditionally composed of two or more layers of fabric or <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>. Commonly three layers are used with a filler material. These layers traditionally include a woven cloth top, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Padding" title="Padding">batting</a> or wadding, and a woven back combined using the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">quilting</a>. This is the process of <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a> on the face of the fabric, and not just the edges, to combine the three layers together to reinforce the material. Stitching patterns can be a decorative element. A single piece of fabric can be used for the top of a quilt (a "whole-cloth quilt"), but in many cases the top is created from smaller fabric pieces joined, or <a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">patchwork</a>. The pattern and color of these pieces creates the design. Quilts may contain valuable historical information about their creators, "visualizing particular segments of history in tangible, textured ways".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty-first century, quilts are frequently displayed as non-utilitarian works of art<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but historically quilts were often used as bedcovers; and this use persists today. </p><p>(In modern English, the word "quilt" can also be used to refer to an unquilted <a href="/wiki/Duvet" title="Duvet">duvet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comforter" title="Comforter">comforter</a>.) </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg/250px-%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg/330px-%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg/500px-%22New_York_Beauty%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>Pieced quilt, cottons, c. 1865, unknown maker, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, dimensions: 80×85 inches. The design had numerous names such as Rocky Road and Crown of Thorns until it was renamed and marketed as "New York Beauty" in the 1930s by the Mountain Mist company. Included in the book "New York Beauty, Quilts from the Volckening Collection" (Quiltmania, France). Collection of Bill Volckening, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, Oregon.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many traditions regarding the uses of quilts. Quilts may be made or given to mark important life events such as marriage, the birth of a child, a family member leaving home, or graduations. Modern quilts are not always intended for use as bedding, and may be used as wall hangings, table runners, or <a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">tablecloths</a>. Quilting techniques are often incorporated into garment design as well. Quilt shows and competitions are held locally, regionally, and nationally. There are international competitions as well, particularly in the United States, Japan, and Europe. </p><p>The following list summarizes most of the reasons a person might decide to make a quilt: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">Bedding</a></li> <li>Decoration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">Armor</a> (e.g., the garment called a <a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">gambeson</a>)</li> <li>Commemoration (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a>)</li> <li>Education (e.g., a "Science" quilt or a "Gardening" quilt)</li> <li>Campaigning</li> <li>Documenting events / social history, etc.</li> <li>Artistic expression (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">Quilt art</a>)</li> <li>Gift</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">Fundraiser</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Quilt" title="Special:EditPage/Quilt">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Quilting traditions are particularly prominent in the United States, where the necessity of creating warm bedding met the paucity of local fabrics in the early days of the colonies. Imported fabric was very expensive, and local homespun fabric was labor-intensive to create and tended to wear out sooner than commercial fabric. It was essential for most families to use and preserve textiles efficiently. Saving or salvaging small scraps of fabric was a part of life for all households. Small pieces of fabric were joined to make larger pieces, in units called "blocks". Creativity could be expressed in the block designs, or simple "utility quilts", with minimal decorative value, could be produced. Crib quilts for infants were needed in the cold of winter, but even early examples of baby quilts indicate the efforts that women made to welcome a new baby. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK,_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg/220px-MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg/330px-MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg/440px-MIDSUMMER_EVENING_QUILTING_BEE_IN_CENTRAL_PARK%2C_SPONSORED_BY_THE_NEW_YORK_PARKS_ADMINISTRATION_DEPARTMENT_OF_CULTURAL..._-_NARA_-_551676.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quilting_bee" title="Quilting bee">Quilting bee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Quilting_bee" title="Quilting bee">Quilting bees</a> were common communal activities involving all the women and girls in a family or in a larger community. There are also many historical examples of men participating in these quilting traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Man_Made_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_Made-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tops were prepared in advance, and a quilting bee was arranged, during which the actual quilting was completed by multiple people. Quilting frames were often used to stretch the quilt layers and maintain even tension to produce high-quality quilting stitches and to allow many individual quilters to work on a single quilt at one time. Quilting bees were important social events in many communities, and were typically held between periods of high demand for farm labor. Quilts were frequently made to commemorate major life events, such as marriages. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White cotton quilt with red stitching" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg/250px-Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg/500px-Fundraising_quilt_-_DPLA_-_724e56f4db5a893430212c67b1c2bd1e_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2841" /></a><figcaption>Fundraising quilt</figcaption></figure> <p>Quilts were often made for other events as well, such as graduations, or when individuals left their homes for other communities. One example of this is the quilts made as farewell gifts for pastors; some of these gifts were subscription quilts. For a subscription quilt, community members would pay to have their names embroidered on the quilt top, and the proceeds would be given to the departing minister. Sometimes the quilts were auctioned off to raise additional money, and the quilt might be donated back to the minister by the winner. A logical extension of this tradition led to quilts being made to raise money for other community projects, such as recovery from a flood or natural disaster, and later, for fundraising for war. Subscription quilts were made for all of <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">America's wars</a>. In a new tradition, quilt makers across the United States have been making quilts for wounded veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq conflicts. </p><p>There are many American traditions regarding the number of quilts a young woman (and her family) was expected to have made prior to her wedding for the establishment of her new home. Given the demands on a new wife, and the learning curve in her new role, it was prudent to provide her some reserve time with quilts already completed. Specific wedding quilts continue to be made today. Wedding ring quilts, which have a <a href="/wiki/Patchwork_quilt" title="Patchwork quilt">patchwork design</a> of interlocking rings, have been made since the 1930s. White wholecloth quilts with high-quality, elaborate quilting, and often trapunto decorations as well, are also traditional for weddings. A superstition existed that it was bad luck to incorporate heart motifs in a wedding quilt (the couples’ hearts might be broken if such a design were included), so tulip motifs were often used to symbolize love in wedding quilts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Southern_Jewish_Experience" title="Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience">Museum of the Southern Jewish Experience</a> in New Orleans holds a 19th-century exemplar of a "crazy quilt" (one without a pattern) "that was made by the Jewish Ladies’ Sewing Club of Canton, Miss., in 1885 to be raffled off to help fund the building of a synagogue there".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A photo of this quilt accompanies this citation.) The Museum's director, Kenneth Hoffman, says that this quilt involves "lots of little pieces that come together to make something greater than the sum of its parts, it’s crazy but it’s beautiful, it has a social aspect of ladies sitting together sewing, it has a religious aspect."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Rush_Dunton" title="William Rush Dunton">William Rush Dunton</a> (1868–1966), psychiatrist, collector, and scholar of American quilts incorporated quilting as part of his occupational therapy treatment. "Dr Dunton, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Occupational_Therapy_Association" title="American Occupational Therapy Association">American Occupational Therapy Association</a>, encouraged his patients to pursue quilting as a curative activity/therapeutic diversion...."<sup id="cite_ref-Man_Made_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Man_Made-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Quilt_Museum" title="National Quilt Museum">National Quilt Museum</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>, in the Southern United States. It hosts QuiltWeek, an annual competition and celebration of that attracts artists and hobbyists from the world of quilting.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QuiltWeek has been celebrated in a short documentary by Olivia Loomis Merrion called <i>Quilt Fever</i>. It explores what quilting means to its practitioners along with what it means to Paducah, which has earned the nickname "Quilt City, USA".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the many television programs as well as YouTube channels devoted to quilting, <i>Love of Quilting</i>, which originates in a magazine of the same name, stands out for being aired on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patchwork_and_piecing">Patchwork and piecing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patchwork and piecing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></div> <p>One of the primary techniques involved in quilt making is <a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">patchwork</a>, sewing together geometric pieces of fabric often to form a design or "block". Also called piecing, this technique can be achieved with hand stitching or with a <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appliqué"><span id="Appliqu.C3.A9"></span>Appliqué</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Appliqué"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg/220px-Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg/330px-Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg/440px-Quilt_block_applique_flower_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Quilt block in appliqué and reverse appliqué</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></div> <p>Appliqué is a sewing technique where an upper layer of fabric is sewn onto a ground fabric. The upper, applied fabric shape can be of any shape or contour. There are several different appliqué techniques and styles. In needle-turn appliqué, the raw edges of the appliquéd fabric are tucked beneath the design to minimize raveling or damage, and small hand stitches are made to secure down the design. The stitches are made with a hem stitch, so that the thread securing the fabric is minimally visible from the front of the work. There are other methods to secure the raw edge of the appliquéd fabric, and some people use basting stitches, fabric-safe glue, freezer paper, paper forms, or starching techniques to prepare the fabric that will be applied, prior to sewing it on. Supporting paper or other materials are typically removed after the sewing is complete. The ground fabric is often cut away from behind, after the sewing is complete, to minimize the bulk of the fabric in that region. A special form of appliqué is <a href="/wiki/Broderie_perse" title="Broderie perse">Broderie perse</a>, which involves the appliqué of specific motifs that have been selected from a printed fabric. For example, a series of flower designs might be cut out of one fabric with a vine design, rearranged, and sewn down on a new fabric to create the image of a rose bush. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dessert_Quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dessert_Quilt.jpg/250px-Dessert_Quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dessert_Quilt.jpg/330px-Dessert_Quilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dessert_Quilt.jpg/500px-Dessert_Quilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Dessert quilt</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_appliqué"><span id="Reverse_appliqu.C3.A9"></span>Reverse appliqué</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reverse appliqué"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reverse appliqué is a sewing technique where a ground fabric is cut, another piece of fabric is placed under the ground fabric, the raw edges of the ground fabric are tucked under, and the newly folded edge is sewn down to the lower fabric. Stitches are made as inconspicuous as possible. Reverse appliqué techniques are often used in combination with traditional appliqué techniques, to give a variety of visual effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quilting">Quilting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quilting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></div> <p>A key component that defines a quilt is the stitches holding the three layers together—the quilting. Quilting, typically a running stitch, can be achieved by hand or by sewing machine. Hand quilting has often been a communally productive act with quilters sitting around a large quilting frame. One can also hand quilt with a hoop or other method. With the development of the <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machine</a>, some quilters began to use the sewing machine, and in more recent decades machine quilting has become quite commonplace, including with <a href="/wiki/Longarm_quilting" title="Longarm quilting">longarm quilting</a> machines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trapunto">Trapunto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trapunto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trapunto_quilting" title="Trapunto quilting">Trapunto quilting</a></div> <p>Trapunto is a sewing technique where two layers of fabric surrounding a layer of batting are quilted together, and then additional material is added to a portion of the design to increase the profile of relief as compared to the rest of the work. The effect of the elevation of one portion is often heightened by closely quilting the surrounding region, to compress the batting layer in that part of the quilt, thus receding the background even further. Cording techniques may also be used, where a channel is created by quilting, and a cord or yarn is pulled through the batting layer, causing a sharp change in the texture of the quilt. For example, several pockets may be quilted in the pattern of a flower, and then extra batting pushed through a slit in the backing fabric (which will later be sewn shut). The stem of the rose might be corded, creating a dimensional effect. The background could be quilted densely in a <a href="/wiki/Stippling" title="Stippling">stipple</a> pattern, causing the space around the rose bush to become less prominent. These techniques are typically executed with wholecloth quilts, and with batting and thread that matches the top fabric. Some artists have used contrasting colored thread, to create an outline effect. Colored batting behind the surface layer can create a shadowed effect. Brightly colored yarn cording behind white cloth can give a pastel effect on the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embellishment">Embellishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Embellishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additional decorative elements may be added to the surface of a quilt to create a three-dimensional or whimsical effect. The most common objects sewn on are beads or buttons. Decorative trim, <a href="/wiki/Piping_(sewing)" title="Piping (sewing)">piping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">sequins</a>, found objects, or other items can also be secured to the surface. The topic of <a href="/wiki/Embellishment" title="Embellishment">embellishment</a> is explored further on another page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_paper_piecing">English paper piecing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English paper piecing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg/170px-Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg/255px-Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg/340px-Starting_to_sew_a_quilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>English paper piecing</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_paper_piecing" title="English paper piecing">English paper piecing</a></div> <p>English paper piecing is a hand-sewing technique used to maximize accuracy when piecing complex angles together. A paper shape is cut with the exact dimensions of the desired piece. Fabric is then basted to the paper shape. Adjacent units are then placed face to face, and the seam is <a href="/wiki/Blanket_stitch" title="Blanket stitch">whipstitched</a> together. When a given piece is completely surrounded by all the adjacent shapes, the <a href="/wiki/Tack_(sewing)" title="Tack (sewing)">basting</a> thread is cut, and the basting and the paper shape are removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_piecing">Foundation piecing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foundation piecing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foundation_piecing" title="Foundation piecing">Foundation piecing</a></div> <p>Foundation piecing is a sewing technique that allows maximum stability of the work as the piecing is created, minimizing the distorting effect of working with slender pieces or bias-cut pieces. In the most basic form of foundation piecing, a piece of paper is cut to the size of the desired block. For utility quilts, a sheet of newspaper was used. In modern foundation piecing, there are many commercially available foundation papers. A strip of fabric or a fabric scrap is sewn by machine to the foundation. The fabric is flipped back and pressed. The next piece of fabric is sewn through the initial piece and its foundation paper. Subsequent pieces are added sequentially. The block may be trimmed flush with the border of the foundation. After the blocks are sewn together, the paper is removed, unless the foundation is an acid-free material that will not damage the quilt over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intarsia">Intarsia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intarsia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rarer and less well-known are quilts made by men in a military setting. They are made of <a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">broadcloth</a> which is cut into elements abutting each other as <a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">intarsia</a> and then over-sewn. Front and back of the work are in principle identical and the quilts reversible, except in cases where elements of appliqué, embroidery or trapunto have been added on the front, which is quite common in more elaborate or illustrative pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quilting_styles">Quilting styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quilting styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amish">Amish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Amish crazy quilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg/250px-Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg/330px-Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg/500px-Amish_Crazy_Quilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Beachy" title="Lydia Beachy">Lydia Beachy</a>, Amish Crazy Quilt, 1910–1920, cotton, 80 7/8 in. by 62 1/4 in. (Smithsonian American Art Museum)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> quilts are reflections of the Amish way of life. As a part of their religious commitment, Amish people have chosen to reject "worldly" elements in their dress and lifestyle, and their quilts historically reflected this, although today Amish make and use quilts in a variety of styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the Amish use only solid colors in their clothing and the quilts they intend for their own use, in community-sanctioned colors and styles. In <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster, Pennsylvania</a>, early Amish quilts were typically made of solid-colored, lightweight wool fabric, off the same bolts of fabric used for family clothing items, while in many Midwestern communities, cotton predominated. Classic Amish quilts often feature quilting patterns that contrast with the plain background. Antique Amish quilts are among the most highly prized by collectors and quilting enthusiasts. The color combinations used in a quilt can help experts determine the community in which the quilt was produced. Since the 1970s, Amish quiltmakers have made quilts for the consumer market, with quilt cottage industries and retail shops appearing in Amish settlements across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baltimore_album">Baltimore album</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Baltimore album"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_album_quilts" title="Baltimore album quilts">Baltimore album quilts</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_album_quilts" title="Baltimore album quilts">Baltimore album quilts</a> originated in the region around <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, in the 1840s, where a unique and highly developed style of appliqué quilting briefly flourished. Baltimore album quilts are variations on album quilts, which are collections of appliquéd blocks, each with a different design. These designs often feature floral patterns, but many other motifs are used as well. Baskets of flowers, wreaths, buildings, books, and birds are common motifs. Designs are often highly detailed, and display the quiltmaker's skill. New dyeing techniques became available in this period, allowing the creation of new, bold colors, which the quilters used enthusiastically. New techniques for printing on the fabrics also allowed portions of fabric to be shaded, which heightens the three-dimensional effect of the designs. The background fabric is typically white or off-white, allowing maximal contrast to the delicate designs. <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> allowed handwritten accents and also allowed the blocks to be signed. Some of these quilts were created by professional quilters, and patrons could commission quilts made of new blocks, or select blocks that were already available for sale. There has been a resurgence of quilting in the Baltimore style, with many of the modern quilts experimenting with bending some of the old rules. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crazy quilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg/250px-Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg/500px-Crazy_quilt_-_DPLA_-_7bea659942383fbec9c8830e09f8030b_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>Crazy quilt</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crazy_quilts">Crazy quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crazy quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crazy_quilting" title="Crazy quilting">Crazy quilting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crazy_quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crazy quilt">Crazy quilts</a> are so named because their pieces are not regular, and they are scattered across the top of the quilt like "crazed" (cracked or crackled) pottery <a href="/wiki/Glazing_(ceramics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazing (ceramics)">glazing</a>. They were originally very refined, luxury items. Geometric pieces of rich fabrics were sewn together, and highly decorative embroidery was added. Such quilts were often effectively samplers of embroidery stitches and techniques, displaying the development of needle skills of those in the well-to-do late 19th-century home. They were show pieces, not used for warmth, but for display. The luxury fabrics used precluded frequent washing. They often took years to complete. Fabrics used included silks, wools, velvet, linen, and cotton. The mixture of fabric textures, such as a smooth silk next to a textured brocade or velvet, was embraced. Designs were applied to the surface, and other elements such as ribbons, lace, and decorative cording were used exuberantly. Names and dates were often part of the design, added to commemorate important events or associations of the maker. Politics were included in some, with printed campaign handkerchiefs and other preprinted textiles (such as advertising silks) included to declare the maker's sentiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African-American">African-American</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: African-American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg/220px-PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg/330px-PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg/440px-PowersBibleQuilt_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Powers" title="Harriet Powers">Harriet Powers</a>' 1898 bible quilt</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time that early <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African-American</a> quilting became a tradition in and of itself, it was already a combination of textile traditions from four civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and West Africa: the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande-speaking peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> peoples, the <a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ejagham peoples</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As textiles were traded heavily throughout the Caribbean, Central America, and the Southern United States, the traditions of each distinct region became intermixed. Originally, most of the textiles were made by men. Yet when <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> were brought to the United States, their work was divided according to traditional Western gender roles and women took over the tradition. However, this strong tradition of weaving left a visible mark on African-American quilting. The use of strips, reminiscent of the strips of reed and fabric used in men's traditional weaving, are used in fabric quilting. A break in a pattern symbolized a rebirth in the ancestral power of the creator or wearer. It also helped keep evil spirits away; evil is believed to travel in straight lines and a break in a pattern or line confuses the spirits and slows them down. This tradition is highly recognizable in African-American improvisations on European-American patterns. The traditions of improvisation and multiple patterning also protect the quilter from anyone copying their quilts. These traditions allow for a strong sense of ownership and creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gee%27s_Bend,_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Gee%27s_Bend%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010639063.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Quilters of <a href="/wiki/Boykin,_Alabama" title="Boykin, Alabama">Gee's Bend</a>, Alabama, 2010. Gee's Bend is well known for its quilts and quilt makers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Williams_Quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Anna_Williams_Quilt.jpg/250px-Anna_Williams_Quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Anna_Williams_Quilt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Anna Williams (American, born 1927). <i>Quilt</i>, 1995. Cotton, synthetics <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1980s, concurrent with the boom in art quilting in America, new attention was brought to African-American traditions and innovations. This attention came from two opposing points of view, one validating the practices of rural Southern African-American quilters and another asserting that there was no one style but rather the same individualization found among white quilters.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Vlach, in a 1976 exhibition, and Maude Wahlman, co-organizing a 1979 exhibition, both cited the use of strips, high-contrast colors, large design elements, and multiple patterns as characteristic and compared them to rhythms in black music.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on the relationship between quilting and musical performance, African-American quilter <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Ann_Magee" title="Gwendolyn Ann Magee">Gwendolyn Ann Magee</a> created a twelve-piece exhibition based on the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>", commonly known as the "Negro National Anthem".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuesta Benberry, a quilt historian with a special interest in African-American works, published <i>Always There: The African-American Presence in American Quilts</i> in 1992 and organized an exhibition documenting the contributions of black quilters to mainstream American quilting.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eli Leon, a collector of African-American quilts, organized a traveling exhibition in 1987 that introduced both historic and current quilters, some loosely following patterns and others improvising, such as <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Lee_Tompkins" title="Rosie Lee Tompkins">Rosie Lee Tompkins</a>. He argued for the creativity of the irregular quilt, saying that these quilters saw the quilt block as "an invitation to variation" and felt that measuring "takes the heart outa things".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Williams_College_Museum_of_Art" title="Williams College Museum of Art">Williams College Museum of Art</a> was circulating <i>Stitching Memories: African-American Story Quilts</i>, an exhibition featuring a different approach to quilts, including most prominently the quilts of <a href="/wiki/Faith_Ringgold" title="Faith Ringgold">Faith Ringgold</a>. However, it was not until 2002, when the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts, Houston</a>, organized <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quilts_of_Gee%27s_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quilts of Gee's Bend">The Quilts of Gee's Bend</a></i>, an exhibition that appeared in major museums around the country, including the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a> in New York, that art critics unknowingly adopted Leon's assertions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Story_quilts">Story quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Story quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Narrative_quilting" title="Narrative quilting">Narrative quilting</a></div> <p>Story quilts have much in common with pictorial quilts and the tradition of African-American quiltmakers and are often made as a form of <a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">quilt art</a>. Usually adorned with extensive text and accompanying imagery, story quilts can contain short stories, poems, or extended essays and can be used as an alternative form of a <a href="/wiki/Picture_book" title="Picture book">picture book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist <a href="/wiki/Faith_Ringgold" title="Faith Ringgold">Faith Ringgold</a>, known for her large portfolio of story quilts, has said she began making these narrative quilts with extensive text after being unable to find a publisher that would accept her autobiography. She began quilting so that "when my quilts were hung up to look at, or photographed for a book, people could still read my stories".<sup id="cite_ref-Crocker_interview_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocker_interview-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg/250px-Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg/330px-Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg/500px-Pictorial_Quilt_with_American_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption>Pictorial Quilt with American Flag, unknown maker, Ohio, cottons, c. 1930, dimensions: 64×75 inches. Collection of Bill Volckening, Portland, Oregon.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pictorial_quilts">Pictorial quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pictorial quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pictorial quilts often contain one-of-a-kind patterns and imagery. Instead of bringing together fabric in an abstract or patterned design, they use pieces of fabric to create objects on the quilt, resulting in a picture-based quilt. They were often made collaboratively as a fundraising effort. However, some pictorial quilts were individually created and tell a narrative through the images on the quilt. Some pictorial quilts consist of many squares, sometimes made by multiple people, while others have imagery that uses the entirety of quilt. Pictorial quilts were created in the United States, as well as in England and Ireland, beginning as early as 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_Quilt,_1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pictorial Quilt, 1795. Linen, multicolored thread. Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="Pictorial Quilt, 1795. Linen, multicolored thread. Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Pictorial_Quilt%2C_1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pictorial Quilt, 1795. Linen, multicolored thread. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictorial_Quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American. Pictorial Quilt, ca. 1840. Cotton, cotton thread. Brooklyn Museum"><img alt="American. Pictorial Quilt, ca. 1840. Cotton, cotton thread. Brooklyn Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pictorial_Quilt.jpg/318px-Pictorial_Quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Pictorial_Quilt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">American. Pictorial Quilt, ca. 1840. Cotton, cotton thread. Brooklyn Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barn_quilts">Barn quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Barn quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barn quilts are a type of folk art found in the United States (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>) and Canada. They take the patterns of traditional quilt squares, and recreate them either directly on the side of a barn or on a piece of wood or aluminum which is then attached to the side of a barn.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterns are sometimes modeled off of family quilts, loved ones, patriotic themes, or important crops to the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of the barn quilt are contested- some claim they date back almost 300 years, but some claim they were invented by Donna Sue Groves of <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams County, Ohio</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their origin is likely connected to <a href="/wiki/Barn_advertisement" title="Barn advertisement">barn advertisements</a>. Many rural counties will display their barn quilts as part of a <a href="/wiki/Quilt_trail" title="Quilt trail">quilt trail</a>, creating a route that connects barns with barn quilts to sponsor local tourism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaiian">Hawaiian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hawaiian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_quilt" title="Hawaiian quilt">Hawaiian quilt</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_quilt" title="Hawaiian quilt">Hawaiian quilts</a> are wholecloth (not pieced) quilts, featuring large-scale symmetrical appliqué in solid colors on a solid color (usually white) background fabric. Traditionally, the quilter would fold a square piece of fabric into quarters or eighths and then cut out a border design, followed by a center design. The cutouts would then be appliquéd onto a contrasting background fabric. The center and border designs were typically inspired by local flora and often had rich personal associations for the creator, with deep cultural resonances. The most common color for the appliquéd design was red, due to the wide availability of <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">Turkey-red</a> fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these textiles were not in fact quilted but were used as decorative coverings without the heavier batting, which was not needed in a tropical climate. Multiple colors were added over time as the tradition developed. Echo quilting, where a quilted outline of the appliqué pattern is repeated like ripples out to the edge of the quilt, is the most common quilting pattern employed on Hawaiian-style quilts. Beautiful examples are held in the collection of the Bernice Pauahi <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a>, Honolulu, Hawaii. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 328.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 326.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niihauans_in_1885,_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of people from Niʻihau with their quilt, 1885"><img alt="Group of people from Niʻihau with their quilt, 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Niihauans_in_1885%2C_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg/490px-Niihauans_in_1885%2C_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg" decoding="async" width="327" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Niihauans_in_1885%2C_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg/735px-Niihauans_in_1885%2C_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Niihauans_in_1885%2C_taken_by_Francis_Sinclair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of people from <a href="/wiki/Ni%CA%BBihau" class="mw-redirect" title="Niʻihau">Niʻihau</a> with their quilt, 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku%27u_Hae_Aloha_(My_Beloved_Flag),_Hawaiian_cotton_quilt_from_Waimea,_before_1918,_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuʻu Hae Aloha (My Beloved Flag), from Waimea, before 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art"><img alt="Kuʻu Hae Aloha (My Beloved Flag), from Waimea, before 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ku%27u_Hae_Aloha_%28My_Beloved_Flag%29%2C_Hawaiian_cotton_quilt_from_Waimea%2C_before_1918%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/500px-Ku%27u_Hae_Aloha_%28My_Beloved_Flag%29%2C_Hawaiian_cotton_quilt_from_Waimea%2C_before_1918%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ku%27u_Hae_Aloha_%28My_Beloved_Flag%29%2C_Hawaiian_cotton_quilt_from_Waimea%2C_before_1918%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg/960px-Ku%27u_Hae_Aloha_%28My_Beloved_Flag%29%2C_Hawaiian_cotton_quilt_from_Waimea%2C_before_1918%2C_Honolulu_Academy_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kuʻu Hae Aloha (My Beloved Flag)</i>, from Waimea, before 1918, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Museum_of_Art" title="Honolulu Museum of Art">Honolulu Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 360.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 358.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapa_Kuiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapa Kuiki"><img alt="Kapa Kuiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kapa_Kuiki.jpg/960px-Kapa_Kuiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="359" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kapa_Kuiki.jpg/1077px-Kapa_Kuiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kapa Kuiki</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_American_star_quilts">Native American star quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Native American star quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Star Quilts are a <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native-American</a> form of quilting that arose among native women in the late 19th century as communities adjusted to the difficulties of reservation life and cultural disruption. They are made by many tribes, but came to be especially associated with Plains tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>. While star patterns existed in earlier European-American forms of quilting, they came to take on special significance for many native artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Star quilts are more than an art form—they express important cultural and spiritual values of the native women who make them and continue to be used in ceremonies and to mark important points in a person's life, including curing or <a href="/wiki/Yuwipi" title="Yuwipi">yuwipi</a> ceremonies and memorials. Anthropologists (such as <a href="/wiki/Bea_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bea Medicine">Bea Medicine</a>) have documented important social and cultural connections between quilting and earlier important pre-reservation crafting traditions, such as women's quill-working societies<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other crafts that were difficult to sustain after hunting and off-reservation travel was restricted by the US government. Star quilts have also become a source of income for many Native-American women, while retaining spiritual and cultural importance to their makers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seminole_patchwork">Seminole patchwork</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seminole patchwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seminole_patchwork" title="Seminole patchwork">Seminole patchwork</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg/220px-Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg/330px-Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg/440px-Seminole_patchwork_shawl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seminole_patchwork" title="Seminole patchwork">Seminole patchwork</a> shawl made by Susie Cypress from <a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Cypress Indian Reservation">Big Cypress Indian Reservation</a>, ca. 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>Created by the Native Americans of southern Florida, Seminole strip piecing is based on a simple form of decorative patchwork. Seminole strip piecing has uses in quilts, wall hangings, and traditional clothing. Seminole patchwork is created by joining a series of horizontal strips to produce repetitive geometric designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">history of quilting</a> in Europe goes back at least to Medieval times. Quilting was used not only for traditional bedding but also for warm clothing. Clothing quilted with fancy fabrics and threads was often a sign of nobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_quilts">British quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: British quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory of Henry VIII of England">household inventories</a> record dozens of "quyltes" and "coverpointes" among the bed linen, including a green silk one for his first wedding to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, quilted with metal threads, linen-backed, and worked with <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lisa_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lisa-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An embroidered yellow silk quilt from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> dating from the 1620s, an early example of such fabric use in Britain, now held by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a> museum, has an ownership label of Catherine Colepeper, connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Castle" title="Leeds Castle">Leeds Castle</a> and the Smythe and Colepeper families. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smythe" title="Thomas Smythe">Thomas Smythe</a>, a brother of the owner of Leeds Castle, was a founder and governor of the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> quilts, North Country quilts have a long history in northeastern England, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and beyond. North Country quilts are often wholecloth quilts, featuring dense quilting. Some are made of sateen fabrics, which further heightens the effect of the quilting. </p><p>From the late 18th to the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> cotton industry produced quilts using a mechanized technique of weaving <a href="/wiki/Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">double cloth</a> with an enclosed heavy cording weft, imitating the corded <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_quilts" title="Provençal quilts">Provençal quilts</a> made in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_quilts">Italian quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italian quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quilting was particularly common in Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. One particularly famous surviving example, now in two parts, is the 1360–1400 <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Quilt" title="Tristan Quilt">Tristan Quilt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a>-quilted linen textile representing scenes from the story of <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Isolde" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristan and Isolde">Tristan and Isolde</a></i> and housed in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a> in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-tristan_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tristan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provençal_quilts"><span id="Proven.C3.A7al_quilts"></span>Provençal quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Provençal quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boutis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Boutis.jpg/220px-Boutis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Boutis.jpg/330px-Boutis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Boutis.jpg/440px-Boutis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a white cotton Provençal, or <i>boutis</i>, quilting</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_quilts" title="Provençal quilts">Provençal quilts</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_quilts" title="Provençal quilts">Provençal quilts</a>, now often referred to as "boutis" (the <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> word meaning "stuffing"), are wholecloth quilts traditionally made in the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="South of France">South of France</a> since the 17th century. Two layers of fabric are quilted together with stuffing sandwiched between sections of the design, creating a raised effect.<sup id="cite_ref-isa_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three main forms of the Provençal quilt are <i>matelassage</i> (a double-layered wholecloth quilt with batting sandwiched between), corded quilting or <i>piqûre de Marseille</i> (also known as Marseille work or <i>piqué marseillais</i>), and <i>boutis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-isa_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are often debated and confused, but are all forms of stuffed quilting associated with the region.<sup id="cite_ref-isa_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isa-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilt_making_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quilt_making_13.JPG/220px-Quilt_making_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quilt_making_13.JPG/330px-Quilt_making_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quilt_making_13.JPG/440px-Quilt_making_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A lattice of thread is being created atop a layer of batting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout China, a simple method of producing quilts is employed. It involves setting up a temporary site. At the site, a frame is assembled within which a lattice work of cotton thread is made. Cotton batting, either new or retrieved from discarded quilts, is prepared in a mobile carding machine. The mechanism of the carding machine is powered by a small, petrol motor. The batting is then added, layer by layer, to the area within the frame. Between adjacent layers, a new lattice of thread is created with a wooden disk used to tamp down the layer. (See: Image series showing production method) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan:_Sashiko">Japan: Sashiko</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Japan: Sashiko"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sashiko_stitching" class="mw-redirect" title="Sashiko stitching">Sashiko</a> (刺し子, literally "little stabs") is a Japanese tradition that evolved over time from a simple technique for reinforcing fabric made for heavy use in fishing villages. It is a form of decorative stitching, with no overlap of any two stitches. Piecing is not part of the tradition; instead, the focus is on heavy cotton thread work with large, even stitches on the base fabric. Deep blue indigo-dyed fabric with white stitches is the most traditional form, but inverse work with blue on white is also seen. Traditional medallion, <a href="/wiki/Tessellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Tessellated">tessellated</a>, and geometric designs are the most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladeshi_quilts">Bangladeshi quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bangladeshi quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakshi_kantha_(Flower_motif).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG/250px-Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG/330px-Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG/500px-Nakshi_kantha_%28Flower_motif%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary Bangladeshi Quilt (Kantha)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embroidery_bangla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery_bangla.jpg/220px-Embroidery_bangla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery_bangla.jpg/330px-Embroidery_bangla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery_bangla.jpg/440px-Embroidery_bangla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4011" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>Patterns</figcaption></figure> <p>Bangladeshi quilts, known as <a href="/wiki/Kantha" title="Kantha">Kantha</a>, are not pieced together. Rather, they consist of two to three pieces of cloth sewn together with decorative embroidery stitches. They are made out of worn-out clothes (saris) and are mainly used for bedding, although they may be used as a decorative piece as well. They are made by women mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> season before winter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India:_Kantha,_Ralli,_and_Balaposh_—_the_unquilted_scented_quilt"><span id="India:_Kantha.2C_Ralli.2C_and_Balaposh_.E2.80.94_the_unquilted_scented_quilt"></span>India: Kantha, Ralli, and Balaposh — the unquilted scented quilt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: India: Kantha, Ralli, and Balaposh — the unquilted scented quilt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg/250px-Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg/330px-Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg/500px-Sindhi_appliqued_quilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi appliqued quilt</figcaption></figure> <p>Women in the Indus Region of the Indian subcontinent make beautiful quilts with bright colors and bold patterns. The quilts are called "<a href="/wiki/Ralli_quilt" title="Ralli quilt">Ralli</a>" (or rilli, rilly, rallee, or rehli) derived from the local word "ralanna" meaning to mix or connect. Rallis are made in the southern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> including <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Baluchistan</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan Desert</a> on the southern border of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, as well as in the adjoining states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> in India. In India <a href="/wiki/Kantha" title="Kantha">Kantha</a> originated from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>kontha</i>, which means rags, as the blankets are made out of rags<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using different scrap pieces of cloth. <a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a> consisting of a running (embroidery) stitch, similar to the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sashiko" title="Sashiko">Sashiko</a> is used for decorating and reinforcing the cloth and sewing patterns. Katab work called in <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a>. It is popularly known as Koudhi in Karnataka. Such blankets are given as gifts to newborn babies in many parts of India. <a href="/wiki/Lambani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambani">Lambani</a> tribes wear skirts with such art. Muslim and Hindu women from a variety of tribes and castes in towns, villages, and also nomadic settings make rallis. Quiltmaking is an old tradition in the region perhaps dating back to the fourth millennium BC, judging by similar patterns found on ancient pottery. Jaipuri <a href="/wiki/Razai" title="Razai">razai</a> (quilt) is one of the most famous things in Jaipur because of the traditional art and process of making it. Jaipuri razai is printed by the process of Screen printing or block printing which are both handmade processes carried out by the local artisans of Jaipur, Sanganer, and Bagru. Jaipuri quilts are designed to keep you warm during winters without irritating your skin. By including elements of traditional art in your modern living spaces, you can preserve the essence of Indian culture wherever you live. </p><p>Rallis are commonly used as a covering for wooden sleeping cots, as a floor covering, storage bag, or padding for workers or animals. In the villages, ralli quilts are an important part of a girl's dowry. Owning many ralli quilts is a measure of wealth. Parents present rallis to their daughters on their wedding day as a dowry. </p><p>Rallis are made from scraps of cotton fabric dyed to the desired color. The most common colors are white, black, red, and yellow or orange with green, dark blue, or purple. For the bottoms of the rallis, the women use old pieces of <a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">tie-dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">ajrak</a>, or other shawl fabric. Ralli quilts have a few layers of worn fabric or cotton fibers between the top and bottom layers. The layers are held together by thick colored thread stitched in straight lines. The women sit on the ground and do not use a quilting frame. Another kind of ralli quilt is the <i>sami ralli</i>, used by the <a href="/wiki/Samis" class="mw-redirect" title="Samis">samis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">jogis</a>. This type of ralli quilt is popular due to the many colors and the extensive hand-stitching employed in its construction. </p><p>The number of patterns used on ralli quilts seems to be almost endless, as there is much individual expression and spontaneity in color within the traditional patterns. The three basic styles of rallis are: 1) <a href="/wiki/Patchwork_quilt" title="Patchwork quilt">patchwork quilts</a> made from pieces of cloth torn into squares and triangles and then stitched together, 2) <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliqué</a> quilts made from intricate cut-out patterns in a variety of shapes, and 3) <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidered</a> quilts where the embroidery stitches form patterns on solid colored fabric. </p><p>A distinguishing feature of ralli patterning in patchwork and appliqué quilts is the diagonal placement of similar blocks as well as a variety of embellishments including mirrors, tassels, shells, and embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rural women in the Uttara Kannada region of India carry out traditional quilting practices that are interwoven with rituals around food availability and access. Primarily made in Yadgir, Bagalkot, Gulbarga, Angadibail and Haliyal, <i>Kavudi</i>s are handmade patchwork quilts with around multiple layers including the batting or insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa,_Oceania_and_South_America"><span id="Africa.2C_Oceania_and_South_America"></span>Africa, Oceania and South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Africa, Oceania and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cook_Islands:_Tivaevae_quilts">Cook Islands: Tivaevae quilts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cook Islands: Tivaevae quilts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">Tivaevae</a> are quilts made by <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Island</a> women for ceremonial occasions. Quilting is thought to have been imported to the Islands by missionaries. The quilts are highly prized and are given as gifts with other finely made works on important occasions such as weddings and christenings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egyptian_khayamiya">Egyptian khayamiya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Egyptian khayamiya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khayamiya" title="Khayamiya">Khayamiya</a> is a form of suspended tent decoration or portable textile screen used across North Africa and the Middle East. It is an art form distinctive to Egypt, where they are still sewn by hand in the Street of the Tentmakers (Sharia Khayamiya) in Cairo. Whilst Khayamiya resemble quilts, they typically possess a heavy back layer and fine top layer of appliqué, without a central insulating layer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuna:_Mola_textiles">Kuna: Mola textiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Kuna: Mola textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg/220px-KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg/330px-KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg/440px-KunaWomanSellingMolas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3902" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Mola textiles</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mola_(art_form)" title="Mola (art form)">Mola (art form)</a></div> <p>Mola textiles are a distinct tradition created by the Kuna people of Panama and Colombia. They are famous for their bright colors and reverse appliqué techniques, which create designs with strong cultural and spiritual importance within the indigenous culture. Forms of animals, humans, or mythological figures are featured, with strong geometric designs in the voids around the main image. These textiles are not traditionally used as bedding, but use techniques common to the larger international quilting tradition. Molas have been very influential on modern quilting design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Block_designs">Block designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Block designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">Motif (textile arts)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_North_American_quilt-block_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable North American quilt-block patterns">List of notable North American quilt-block patterns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Square-in-a-square quilt block pattern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png/110px-Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png/165px-Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Square-in-a-square_quilt_block.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Square-in-a-square quilt block pattern</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Log cabin quilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg/250px-Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg/330px-Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg/500px-Log_cabin_quilt_-_DPLA_-_662dcba8514470e08602932811269791_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2286" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Log cabin quilt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_kaleid.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Kitchen_kaleid.PNG" decoding="async" width="121" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption>Kitchen kaleidoscope quilt block example</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many traditional block designs and techniques that have been named. </p> <ul><li>Log cabin quilts are pieced quilts featuring blocks made of strips of fabric, typically encircling a small centered square (traditionally a red square, symbolizing the hearth of the home), with light strips forming half the square and dark strips the other half. Dramatic contrast effects with light and dark fabrics are created by various layouts of the blocks when joined to form a quilt top. These different layout variations are often named; some layouts include Sunshine and Shadow, Straight Furrows, Streak of Lightning, and Barn Raising.</li> <li>Nine-patch blocks are often the first blocks a child is taught to make. The block consists of three rows of three squares. A checkerboard effect with alternating dark and light squares is most commonly used.</li> <li>The double wedding ring pattern first came to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. The design consists of interlocking circles pieced with small arcs of fabric. The finished quilts are often given to commemorate marriages.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg/220px-Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg/330px-Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Double_Wedding_Ring_Quilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>American. Double Wedding Ring Quilt, ca. 1930. Cotton. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Cathedral windows is a type of block that features reverse appliqué using large amounts of folded muslin, and consists of modular blocks in an interlocking circular design that frame small squares or diamonds of colorful lightweight cotton. The volume of fabric is high, and the tops are heavy. Because of the weight and the insulating value of the base fabric, these tops often are assembled without batting (and thus need no quilting stitches), and sometimes have no backing. Such a quilt may be called a "counterpane" and may serve mainly as a decorative bedspread.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quilting_technique">Quilting technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Quilting technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quilts_on_display">Quilts on display</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Quilts on display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most famous quilts in history is the <a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a>, which was begun in San Francisco in 1987, and is cared for by <a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="NAMES Project">The NAMES Project Foundation</a>. Portions of it are periodically displayed in various arranged locations. Panels are made to memorialize a person lost to HIV, and each block is 3 feet by 6 feet. Many of the blocks are not made by traditional quilters, and the amateur creators may lack technical skill, but their blocks speak directly to the love and loss they have experienced. The blocks are not in fact quilted, as there is no stitching holding together batting and backing layers. Exuberant designs, with personal objects applied, are seen next to restrained and elegant designs. Each block is very personal, and they form a deeply moving sight when combined by the dozens and the hundreds. The quilt as a whole is still under construction, although the entire quilt is now so large that it cannot be assembled in complete form in any one location. </p><p>Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>'s 1971 exhibit, <i>Abstract Design in American Quilts</i>, quilts have frequently appeared on museum and gallery walls. The exhibit displayed quilts like paintings on its gallery walls, which has since become a standard way to exhibit quilts. The Whitney exhibit helped shift the perception of quilts from solely a domestic craft object to art objects, increasing art world interest in them.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Quilt_Museum" title="National Quilt Museum">National Quilt Museum</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>. The museum houses a large collection of contemporary quilts, and features approximately a dozen exhibitions each year showcasing the works of "today's quilters" from America and around the world. </p><p>In 2010, the world-renowned <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> put on a comprehensive display of quilts from 1700 to 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/American_Folk_Art_Museum" title="American Folk Art Museum">American Folk Art Museum</a> in New York put on an exhibition of the work of kaleidoscope quilt maker <a href="/wiki/Paula_Nadelstern" title="Paula Nadelstern">Paula Nadelstern</a>, marking the first time that museum has ever offered a solo show to a contemporary quilt artist.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG/250px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG/330px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG/500px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>"Collecting New York Beauty Quilts: Bill Volckening's Passion" was featured in 2013 at the San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many historic quilts can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="American Museum in Britain">American Museum in Britain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beamish_Museum" title="Beamish Museum">Beamish Museum</a> preserves examples of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> quiltmaking tradition. </p><p>The largest known public collection of quilts is housed at the <a href="/wiki/International_Quilt_Study_Center_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Quilt Study Center & Museum">International Quilt Study Center & Museum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a> in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary filmmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a>' personal collection of quilts was exhibited there.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">Tivaevae</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other quilts can be found in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles" title="San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles">San Jose Museum of Quilts and Textiles</a> in California also displays traditional and modern quilts. There is free admission to the museum on the first Friday of every month, as part of the San Jose Art Walk. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_England_Quilt_Museum" title="New England Quilt Museum">New England Quilt Museum</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>. </p><p>The Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum is located in <a href="/wiki/Golden,_Colorado" title="Golden, Colorado">Golden, Colorado</a>. </p><p>Numerous Hawaiian-style quilts can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Museum" title="Bishop Museum">Bishop Museum</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a> wrote an <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>-language story entitled "Lihaf" ("The Quilt", 1941) that led to scandal and an unsuccessful attempt at legal prosecution of the author because it was about a Lesbian relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>The Quilter's Apprentice</i> and many others by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Chiaverini" title="Jennifer Chiaverini">Jennifer Chiaverini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alias_Grace" title="Alias Grace">Alias Grace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Make_an_American_Quilt" title="How to Make an American Quilt">How to Make an American Quilt</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Otto" title="Whitney Otto">Whitney Otto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fine_Balance" title="A Fine Balance">A Fine Balance</a></i> by Rohinton Mistry</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Use" title="Everyday Use">Everyday Use</a></i> by Alice Walker</li> <li><i>The Keeping Quilt</i> by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Polacco" title="Patricia Polacco">Patricia Polacco</a></li> <li><i>The Last Runaway</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Chevalier" title="Tracy Chevalier">Tracy Chevalier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_quilts" title="Conservation and restoration of quilts">Conservation and restoration of quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quilters" title="List of quilters">List of quilters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_AIDS_Living_Quilt" title="Southern AIDS Living Quilt">Southern AIDS Living Quilt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliohistory.org/visualizingamerica/quilts/visualhistory">"Quilts as Visual History: Introduction"</a>. <i>Clio</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clio&rft.atitle=Quilts+as+Visual+History%3A+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliohistory.org%2Fvisualizingamerica%2Fquilts%2Fvisualhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Reeder" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Reeder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliohistory.org/visualizingamerica/quilts">"Quilts as Visual History: 'Send out an old quilt': Quilts as Homespun War Memorials"</a>. <i>Clio Visualizing History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clio+Visualizing+History&rft.atitle=Quilts+as+Visual+History%3A+%27Send+out+an+old+quilt%27%3A+Quilts+as+Homespun+War+Memorials&rft.au=Jennifer+Reeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliohistory.org%2Fvisualizingamerica%2Fquilts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quilt_Study_Center_and_Museum" class="citation web cs1">International Quilt Study Center and Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/creativity/quiltsasart">"Quilts as Art"</a>. <i>World Quilts: The American Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Quilts%3A+The+American+Story&rft.atitle=Quilts+as+Art&rft.au=International+Quilt+Study+Center+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldquilts.quiltstudy.org%2Famericanstory%2Fcreativity%2Fquiltsasart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man_Made-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Man_Made_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Man_Made_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurksCunningham2012" class="citation book cs1">Burks, Jean; Cunningham, Joe (2012). <i>Man Made Quilts: Civil War to the Present</i>. Shelburne Museum Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939384-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939384-37-2"><bdi>978-0-939384-37-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+Made+Quilts%3A+Civil+War+to+the+Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Shelburne+Museum+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-939384-37-2&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrisar2020" class="citation web cs1">Grisar, PJ (February 14, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/439930/a-museum-devoted-to-southern-jewish-culture-to-open-in-fall-of-2020/">"A museum devoted to Southern Jewish culture to open in fall of 2020"</a>. <i>Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=A+museum+devoted+to+Southern+Jewish+culture+to+open+in+fall+of+2020&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.aulast=Grisar&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F439930%2Fa-museum-devoted-to-southern-jewish-culture-to-open-in-fall-of-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Elisabeth LaPinta, <i>Kentucky Quilts and Quiltmakers: Three Centuries of Creativity, Community, and Commerce</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=60243">online review of this book</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoustan2020" class="citation web cs1">Roustan, Céline (March 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shortoftheweek.com/2020/03/21/quilt-fever/">"Quilt Fever"</a>. <i>SXSW Shorts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SXSW+Shorts&rft.atitle=Quilt+Fever&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft.aulast=Roustan&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9line&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shortoftheweek.com%2F2020%2F03%2F21%2Fquilt-fever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quiltingdaily.com/about-us-fons-and-porter/">"Fons & Porter's Love of Quilting"</a>. <i>Quilting Daily</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quilting+Daily&rft.atitle=Fons+%26+Porter%27s+Love+of+Quilting&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quiltingdaily.com%2Fabout-us-fons-and-porter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quilt_Study_Center_&_Museum2013" class="citation web cs1">International Quilt Study Center & Museum (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/quiltsare/patchwork">"Patchwork"</a>. <i>World Quilts: The American Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Quilts%3A+The+American+Story&rft.atitle=Patchwork&rft.date=2013&rft.au=International+Quilt+Study+Center+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldquilts.quiltstudy.org%2Famericanstory%2Fquiltsare%2Fpatchwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quilt_Study_Center_&_Museum2013" class="citation web cs1">International Quilt Study Center & Museum (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/quiltsare/quilting">"Quilting"</a>. <i>World Quilts: The American Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Quilts%3A+The+American+Story&rft.atitle=Quilting&rft.date=2013&rft.au=International+Quilt+Study+Center+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldquilts.quiltstudy.org%2Famericanstory%2Fquiltsare%2Fquilting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Allen2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allen_(critic)" title="Christopher Allen (critic)">Christopher Allen</a> (April 27, 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/soldiers-and-sailors-quilts-attest-to-long-adventurous-careers/news-story/599ff4293138280983c620da472450e6">"Soldiers and sailors quilts attest to long, adventurous careers"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Soldiers+and+sailors+quilts+attest+to+long%2C+adventurous+careers&rft.date=2024-04-27&rft.au=Christopher+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Freview%2Fsoldiers-and-sailors-quilts-attest-to-long-adventurous-careers%2Fnews-story%2F599ff4293138280983c620da472450e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGero2024" class="citation book cs1">Gero, Annette (2024). <i>Quilts: The Fabric of War 1760–1900</i>. The Beagle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0947349721" title="Special:BookSources/978-0947349721"><bdi>978-0947349721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quilts%3A+The+Fabric+of+War+1760%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=The+Beagle+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0947349721&rft.aulast=Gero&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Smucker, Janneken (2013). <i>Amish Quilts: Crafting an American Icon</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421410531" title="Special:BookSources/9781421410531"><bdi>9781421410531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amish+Quilts%3A+Crafting+an+American+Icon&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781421410531&rft.aulast=Smucker&rft.aufirst=Janneken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrington2005" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Lisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7TS6bFWCbUC&q=Mojo"><i>Creating Their Own Image The History of African-American Women Artists</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195167214" title="Special:BookSources/9780195167214"><bdi>9780195167214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Their+Own+Image+The+History+of+African-American+Women+Artists&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780195167214&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7TS6bFWCbUC%26q%3DMojo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWahlman1986" class="citation journal cs1">Wahlman, Maude (1986). "African Symbolism in Afro-American Quilts". <i><a href="/wiki/African_Arts_(journal)" title="African Arts (journal)">African Arts</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3336568">10.2307/3336568</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3336568">3336568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=African+Symbolism+in+Afro-American+Quilts&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3336568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3336568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wahlman&rft.aufirst=Maude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maude Southwell Wahlman. <i>Signs and Symbols: African Images in African-American Quilts</i>, Penguin: 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0525936886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0525936886">978-0525936886</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quilt_Study_Center_&_Museum" class="citation web cs1">International Quilt Study Center & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/identity/race">"Race"</a>. <i>World Quilts: The American Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Quilts%3A+The+American+Story&rft.atitle=Race&rft.au=International+Quilt+Study+Center+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldquilts.quiltstudy.org%2Famericanstory%2Fidentity%2Frace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Catherine Berlo and Patricia Cox Crews, <i>Wild by Design: Two Hundred Years of Innovation and Artistry in American Quilts</i>, Lincoln, Nebraska, International Quilt Study Center at the University of Nebraska in association with University of Washington Press, 2003, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoye2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Moye, Dorothy (September 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115064845/http://www.southernspaces.org/2014/lift-every-voice-magee">"Lift Every Voice and Sing: The Quilts of Gwendolyn Ann Magee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Spaces" title="Southern Spaces">Southern Spaces</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southernspaces.org/2014/lift-every-voice-magee">the original</a> on November 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Spaces&rft.atitle=Lift+Every+Voice+and+Sing%3A+The+Quilts+of+Gwendolyn+Ann+Magee&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.aulast=Moye&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthernspaces.org%2F2014%2Flift-every-voice-magee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Hevesi, "Cuesta Benberry, 83, Historian of Quilting", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, September 10, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eli Leon, <i>Who'd A Thought It: Improvisation in African-American Quiltmaking</i>, San Francisco: San Francisco Craft and Folk Art Museum, 1987, pp. 25, 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmelman" title="Michael Kimmelman">Michael Kimmelman</a>, "Jazzy Geometry, Cool Quilters", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 29, 2002; and Richard Kalina, "Gee's Bend Modern", <i><a href="/wiki/Art_in_America" title="Art in America">Art in America</a></i>, October 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunnMorris1992" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Margaret M.; Morris, Ann R. (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1444&context=ees">"Narrative Quilts and Quilted Narratives: The Art of Faith Ringgold and Alice Walker"</a>. <i>Explorations in Ethnic Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fees.1992.15.1.27">10.1525/ees.1992.15.1.27</a></span> (inactive November 1, 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49555326">49555326</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Ethnic+Studies&rft.atitle=Narrative+Quilts+and+Quilted+Narratives%3A+The+Art+of+Faith+Ringgold+and+Alice+Walker&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fees.1992.15.1.27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49555326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ann+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarscompass.vcu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1444%26context%3Dees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crocker_interview-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crocker_interview_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crockerart.org/press/february-opening-announced-faith-ringgold-an-american-artist">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Faith Ringgold: An American Artist" to Open February 2018"</a>. <i>Crocker Art Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crocker+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=%22Faith+Ringgold%3A+An+American+Artist%22+to+Open+February+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crockerart.org%2Fpress%2Ffebruary-opening-announced-faith-ringgold-an-american-artist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/51526/Pictorial_Quilt/set/?referring-q=quilt#">"Collections: Browse Objects: Pictorial Quilt"</a>. Brooklyn Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collections%3A+Browse+Objects%3A+Pictorial+Quilt&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F51526%2FPictorial_Quilt%2Fset%2F%3Freferring-q%3Dquilt%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523005154/http://shop.brooklynmuseum.org/worktbyhand.html">"Brooklyn Museum: Shop"</a>. Brooklyn Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.brooklynmuseum.org/worktbyhand.html">the original</a> on May 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brooklyn+Museum%3A+Shop&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fworktbyhand.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southernliving.com/what-is-a-barn-quilt-7094251">"What Are Barn Quilts?"</a>. <i>Southern Living</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+Living&rft.atitle=What+Are+Barn+Quilts%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernliving.com%2Fwhat-is-a-barn-quilt-7094251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barnquiltinfo.com/barn-quilt-faqs-2/">"Barn Quilt FAQs"</a>. <i>Barn Quilt Info</i>. February 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barn+Quilt+Info&rft.atitle=Barn+Quilt+FAQs&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarnquiltinfo.com%2Fbarn-quilt-faqs-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbarnquilts.com/blogs/news/11478305-barn-quilts-the-story">"Barn Quilts – The story"</a>. <i>American Barn Quilts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Barn+Quilts&rft.atitle=Barn+Quilts+%E2%80%93+The+story.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbarnquilts.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F11478305-barn-quilts-the-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susanna Pfeffer (1990). <i>Quilt Masterpieces</i>, Outlet Book Company <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-03297-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-03297-X">0-517-03297-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofquilts.com/lonestar.html">"The Grandest Quilted Star of All"</a>. Judy Anne Breneman<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grandest+Quilted+Star+of+All&rft.pub=Judy+Anne+Breneman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofquilts.com%2Flonestar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Medicine1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Medicine" title="Beatrice Medicine">Beatrice Medicine</a> (1997). "Lakota Star Quilts: Commodity, Ceremony, and Economic Development". In Marsha L. MacDowell; <a href="/wiki/C._Kurt_Dewhurst" title="C. Kurt Dewhurst">C. Kurt Dewhurst</a> (eds.). <i>To Honor and Comfort: Native American Quilting Traditions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Mexico_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Mexico Press">Museum of New Mexico Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSU_Museum" title="MSU Museum">Michigan State University Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890133163" title="Special:BookSources/9780890133163"><bdi>9780890133163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lakota+Star+Quilts%3A+Commodity%2C+Ceremony%2C+and+Economic+Development&rft.btitle=To+Honor+and+Comfort%3A+Native+American+Quilting+Traditions&rft.pub=Museum+of+New+Mexico+Press+and+Michigan+State+University+Museum&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780890133163&rft.au=Beatrice+Medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lisa-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lisa_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation cs2">Evans, Lisa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofquilts.com/precolonial.html"><i>History of Medieval & Renaissance Quilting</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+%26+Renaissance+Quilting&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofquilts.com%2Fprecolonial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linda Baumgarten and Kimberly Smith Ivey, <i>Four Centuries of Quilts: The Colonial Williamsburg Collection</i>, (Yale, 2014), pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tristan-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tristan_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O98183/bed-cover-the-tristan-quilt/">The Tristan Quilt</a> in the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Retrieved February 5, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isa-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isa_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isa_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isa_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEtienne-Bugnot" class="citation cs2">Etienne-Bugnot, Isabelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofquilts.com/french_quilt_history.html"><i>Quilting in France: The French Traditions</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quilting+in+France%3A+The+French+Traditions&rft.aulast=Etienne-Bugnot&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofquilts.com%2Ffrench_quilt_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaman1993" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Niaz (1993). <i>The Art of Kantha Embroidery</i> (Second Revised ed.). Dhaka: University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1228-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-05-1228-7"><bdi>978-984-05-1228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Kantha+Embroidery&rft.place=Dhaka&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-984-05-1228-7&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Niaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishraqi.com/betav1/ralli-quilt-history/">"History of Ralli Quilt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Ralli+Quilt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ishraqi.com%2Fbetav1%2Fralli-quilt-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/an-entry-into-the-quilt-universe-1139134.html">"An entry into the quilt universe"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. August 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=An+entry+into+the+quilt+universe&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fspectrum%2Fan-entry-into-the-quilt-universe-1139134.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Quilt_Study_Center_&_Museum" class="citation web cs1">International Quilt Study Center & Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldquilts.quiltstudy.org/americanstory/creativity/abstractdesign">"Abstract Design in American Quilts"</a>. <i>World Quilts: The American Story</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Quilts%3A+The+American+Story&rft.atitle=Abstract+Design+in+American+Quilts&rft.au=International+Quilt+Study+Center+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldquilts.quiltstudy.org%2Famericanstory%2Fcreativity%2Fabstractdesign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/t/textiles/">"Victoria and Albert Museum The world's greatest museum of art and design"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum+The+world%27s+greatest+museum+of+art+and+design&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fpage%2Ft%2Ftextiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickmanHovey2009" class="citation web cs1">Hickman, Pat; Hovey, Gail (May 31, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://craftcouncil.org/post/kaleidoscopic-quilts-paula-nadelstern">"Kaleidoscopic Quilts: Paula Nadelstern"</a>. <i>American Craft Council</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Craft+Council&rft.atitle=Kaleidoscopic+Quilts%3A+Paula+Nadelstern&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Hovey%2C+Gail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcraftcouncil.org%2Fpost%2Fkaleidoscopic-quilts-paula-nadelstern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503153249/http://www.quiltstudy.org/exhibitions/nowshowing/kenburns/uncovered.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Uncovered: The Ken Burns Collection' Opens"</a>. International Quilt Study Center & Museum. January 8, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quiltstudy.org/exhibitions/nowshowing/kenburns/uncovered.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Uncovered%3A+The+Ken+Burns+Collection%27+Opens&rft.pub=International+Quilt+Study+Center+%26+Museum&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quiltstudy.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fnowshowing%2Fkenburns%2Funcovered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search?searchTerm=&scope=all">"Museum of New Zealand"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fsearch%3FsearchTerm%3D%26scope%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuilt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Carolyn Ducey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quiltstudy.org/includes/downloads/quilthistorytimeline.pdf">"Quilt History Timeline, Pre-History – 1800"</a>, International Quilt Study Center & Museum, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a></li> <li>Celia Eddy, <i>Quilted Planet: A Sourcebook of Quilts from Around the World</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-5457-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-5457-5">1-4000-5457-5</a></li></ul> <ul><li>LaPinta, Linda Elisabeth. <i>Kentucky Quilts and Quiltmakers: Three Centuries of Creativity, Community, and Commerce</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/group/reviews/20033510/bell-kite-lapinta-kentucky-quilts-and-quiltmakers-three-centuries-creativity">online review of this book</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>MacDowell, Marsha, Mary Worrall, Lynne Swanson, and Beth Donaldson. 2016. <i>Quilts and Human Rights</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 232 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4985-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4985-1">978-0-8032-4985-1</a> (soft cover). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfr.indiana.edu/review.php?id=2021">Online review of the book</a></li> <li>Patricia Ormsby Stoddard (2003). <i>Ralli Quilts: The Traditional Textiles from Pakistan and India</i>, Schiffer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764316975" title="Special:BookSources/9780764316975">9780764316975</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilt&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quilts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Quilts">Quilts</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/toledo-exhibition-shows-radical-history-quilting-180976613/">"The Surprisingly Radical History of Quilting"</a>, <i>Smithsonian</i> magazine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bedding" title="Template:Bedding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bedding" title="Template talk:Bedding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bedding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bedding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bedding366" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">Bedding</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adult <a href="/wiki/Bed" title="Bed">beds</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Bed_size" title="Bed size">bed sizes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banig" title="Banig">Banig</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box-bed" title="Box-bed">Box-bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunk_bed" title="Bunk bed">Bunk bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_bed" title="Cage bed">Cage bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_bed" title="Rope bed">Rope bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_bed" title="Camp bed">Camp bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_bed" title="Canopy bed">Canopy bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daybed" title="Daybed">Daybed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-poster_bed" title="Four-poster bed">Four-poster bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">Futon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammock" title="Hammock">Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">Hospital bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_bed-stove" title="Kang bed-stove"><i>Kang</i> bed-stove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lit_%C3%A0_la_Turque" title="Lit à la Turque">Lit à la Turque</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunk_bed" title="Bunk bed">Loft bed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charpai" title="Charpai">Charpai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_bed" title="Murphy bed">Murphy bed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petate" title="Petate">Petate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_base" title="Bed base">Platform bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_bed" title="Polish bed">Polish bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleigh_bed" title="Sleigh bed">Sleigh bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofa_bed" title="Sofa bed">Sofa bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trundle_bed" title="Trundle bed">Trundle bed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant beds<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassinet" title="Bassinet">Bassinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_(bed)" title="Cradle (bed)">Cradle (bed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bed" title="Infant bed">Infant bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler_bed" title="Toddler bed">Toddler bed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bed components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_frame" title="Bed frame">Bed frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_sheet" title="Bed sheet">Bed sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_skirt" title="Bed skirt">Bed skirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cot_side" title="Cot side">Cot side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_frame" title="Bed frame">Footboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headboard_(furniture)" title="Headboard (furniture)">Headboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">Mattresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_mattress" title="Air mattress">Air mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_mat" title="Cambodian mat">Cambodian mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick_mattress" title="Tick mattress">Tick mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahjong_mat" title="Mahjong mat">Mahjong mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattress_pad" title="Mattress pad">Mattress pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattress_protector" title="Mattress protector">Mattress protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_foam" title="Memory foam">Memory foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_mattress" title="Orthopedic mattress">Orthopedic mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbed" title="Waterbed">Waterbed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bed_base" title="Bed base">Bed bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box-spring" title="Box-spring">Box-spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunkie_board" title="Bunkie board">Bunkie board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_bed" title="Storage bed">Storage bed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">Blankets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(blanket)" title="Afghan (blanket)">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comforter" title="Comforter">Comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvet" title="Duvet">Duvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvet_cover" title="Duvet cover">Duvet cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blanket" title="Electric blanket">Electric blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Hudson's Bay point blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizhnyk" title="Lizhnyk">Lizhnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork_quilt" title="Patchwork quilt">Patchwork quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_blanket" title="Photo blanket">Photo blanket</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quilt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Razai" title="Razai">Razai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_object" title="Comfort object">Security blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_comforter" title="Silk comforter">Silk comforter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bag" title="Sleeping bag">Sleeping bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeved_blanket" title="Sleeved blanket">Sleeved blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighted_blanket" title="Weighted blanket">Weighted blanket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pillow" title="Pillow">Pillows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_wife" title="Bamboo wife">Bamboo wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolster" title="Bolster">Bolster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contour_leg_pillow" title="Contour leg pillow">Contour leg pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushion" title="Cushion">Cushion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dakimakura" title="Dakimakura">Dakimakura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_pillow" title="Eye pillow">Eye pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_pillow" title="Orthopedic pillow">Orthopedic pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillow#Sex_pillows" title="Pillow">Sex pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_pillow" title="Speaker pillow">Speaker pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_pillow" title="Throw pillow">Throw pillow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed_warmer" title="Bed warmer">Bed warmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couch" title="Couch">Couch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightstand" title="Nightstand">Nightstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_fort" title="Blanket fort">Blanket fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bedding" title="Category:Bedding">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bedding" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bedding">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Layered_textiles_and_quilts140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Template:Layered textiles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Layered_textiles" title="Template talk:Layered textiles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Layered textiles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Layered_textiles_and_quilts140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Layered textiles and quilts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quilting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_album_quilts" title="Baltimore album quilts">Baltimore album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_quilting" title="Corded quilting">Corded quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_quilting" title="Crazy quilting">Crazy quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_quilt" title="Hawaiian quilt">Hawaiian quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork_quilt" title="Patchwork quilt">Patchwork quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_quilts" title="Provençal quilts">Provençal quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_art" title="Quilt art">Quilt art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_quilt" title="Ralli quilt">Ralli quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashiko_stitching" class="mw-redirect" title="Sashiko stitching">Sashiko quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapunto_quilting" title="Trapunto quilting">Trapunto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilt03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Quilt03.jpg/120px-Quilt03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Quilt03.jpg/180px-Quilt03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Quilt03.jpg/240px-Quilt03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patchwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_paper_piecing" title="English paper piecing">English paper piecing‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_piecing" title="Foundation piecing">Foundation piecing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_pieced_quilt_patterns" title="List of North American pieced quilt patterns">List of North American pieced quilt patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_(quilt_block)" title="Log Cabin (quilt block)">Log Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">Possum-skin cloak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broderie_perse" title="Broderie perse">Broderie perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayamiya" title="Khayamiya">Khayamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mola_(art_form)" title="Mola (art form)">Mola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_rug" title="Penny rug">Penny rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">History of quilting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Quilts_of_Gee%27s_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quilts of Gee's Bend">Gee's Bend quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Quilt" title="Rajah Quilt">Rajah Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Quilt" title="Tristan Quilt">Tristan Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad quilts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable modern works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilt_of_Belonging" title="Quilt of Belonging">Quilt of Belonging</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Souls#2" title="Chinese Souls">Chinese Souls #2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Honor_Quilt" title="International Honor Quilt">International Honor Quilt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bonsib" title="Sandy Bonsib">Sandy Bonsib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Budd" title="Jo Budd">Jo Budd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Chiaverini" title="Jennifer Chiaverini">Jennifer Chiaverini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cozens-Walker" title="Mary Cozens-Walker">Mary Cozens-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Dietrich" title="Mimi Dietrich">Mimi Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radka_Donnell" title="Radka Donnell">Radka Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_James_(quilt_artist)" title="Michael James (quilt artist)">Michael James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Powers" title="Harriet Powers">Harriet Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holice_Turnbow" title="Holice Turnbow">Holice Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Upton" title="Molly Upton">Molly Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Webster" title="Marie Webster">Marie Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br /> museums, and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Quilt_Center" title="Great Lakes Quilt Center">Great Lakes Quilt Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Quilt_Study_Center_%26_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Quilt Study Center & Museum">International Quilt Study Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Quilt_Museum" title="National Quilt Museum">Museum of the American Quilter's Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_Index" title="Quilt Index">Quilt Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilters_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilters Hall of Fame">Quilters Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_National" title="Quilt National">Quilt National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilt_Treasures" title="Quilt Treasures">Quilt Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles" title="San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles">San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_Restoration_of_Quilts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and Restoration of Quilts">Conservation and Restoration of Quilts</a></li> <li>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.gov.au/collections/highlights/autograph_quilt">National Museum of Australia - 1894 Autograph Quilt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Textile_arts205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_arts" title="Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_arts" title="Template talk:Textile arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_arts205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Template:Layered textiles">Layering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">Plying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpackaull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/165px-Alpackaull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/220px-Alpackaull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">Silk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_textiles" title="African textiles">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_textiles" title="Kuba textiles">Kuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li>Burmese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_textile_art" title="Hmong textile art">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico" title="Textiles of Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca" title="Textiles of Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Sumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)" title="Blocking (textile arts)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art" title="Wearable art">wearable fiber art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement" title="Units of textile measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Sewing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/15px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/23px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/30px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1490" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064538#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064538#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quilts"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109863">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942934z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942934z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="prošívané přikrývky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124690&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="quilty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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