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<span>Technical design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequential_receiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequential_receiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sequential receiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequential_receiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dedicated_GNSS_navigation_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_GNSS_navigation_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dedicated GNSS navigation devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_GNSS_navigation_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_into_smartphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_into_smartphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Integration into smartphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_into_smartphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palm,_pocket_and_laptop_PC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palm,_pocket_and_laptop_PC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Palm, pocket and laptop PC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palm,_pocket_and_laptop_PC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPS_modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPS_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>GPS modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPS_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicle_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vehicle navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aviation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazards_of_relying_on_satnav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards_of_relying_on_satnav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hazards of relying on satnav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards_of_relying_on_satnav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Privacy concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المستقبل في نظم الملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المستقبل في نظم الملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="GPS-прыёмнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="GPS-прыёмнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_GPS" title="Receptor GPS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Receptor GPS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-navigationsenhed" title="GPS-navigationsenhed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="GPS-navigationsenhed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empf%C3%A4nger_(GNSS)" title="Empfänger (GNSS) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Empfänger (GNSS)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naviseade" title="Naviseade – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naviseade" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_GPS" title="Receptor GPS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor GPS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_hargailu" title="GPS hargailu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GPS hargailu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دستگاه ناوبری ماهواره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستگاه ناوبری ماهواره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_GPS" title="Récepteur GPS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur GPS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="GPS նավիգատոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="GPS նավիգատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerima_sinyal_Sistem_Pemosisi_Global" title="Penerima sinyal Sistem Pemosisi Global – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerima sinyal Sistem Pemosisi Global" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="מכשיר ניווט לווייני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכשיר ניווט לווייני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%A1-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="ГПС-приемник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ГПС-приемник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89GPS" title="ハンドヘルドGPS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンドヘルドGPS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_GPS" title="Receptor GPS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor GPS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Спутниковый навигатор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутниковый навигатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prij%C3%ADma%C4%8D_GPS" title="Prijímač GPS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prijímač GPS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-navigointilaite" title="GPS-navigointilaite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GPS-navigointilaite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-mottagare" title="GPS-mottagare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GPS-mottagare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-al%C4%9F%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="GPS-alğıç – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="GPS-alğıç" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_y%C3%B6n_bulma_cihaz%C4%B1" title="GPS yön bulma cihazı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GPS yön bulma cihazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="GPS-навігатор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GPS-навігатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1y_thu_GPS" title="Máy thu GPS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Máy thu GPS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE" title="全球定位系統導航裝置 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球定位系統導航裝置" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_navigation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation">GPS navigation</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that can calculate its geographical position based on satellite information</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg/220px-Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg/330px-Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg/440px-Garmin_N%C3%BCvi_200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Vehicle navigation on a <a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">personal navigation assistant</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garmin_eTrex10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Garmin_eTrex10.jpg/150px-Garmin_eTrex10.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Garmin_eTrex10.jpg/225px-Garmin_eTrex10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Garmin_eTrex10.jpg/300px-Garmin_eTrex10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Garmin eTrex10 edition handheld</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>satellite navigation device</b> or <b>satnav device</b>, also known as a <b>satellite navigation receiver</b> or <b>satnav receiver</b> or simply a <b>GPS device</b>, is a user equipment that uses <a href="/wiki/Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) or similar <a href="/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite systems">global navigation satellite systems</a> (GNSS). A satnav device can <a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">determine</a> the user's <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinates">geographic coordinates</a> and may display the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical position">geographical position</a> on a map and offer routing directions (as in <a href="/wiki/Turn-by-turn_navigation" title="Turn-by-turn navigation">turn-by-turn navigation</a>). </p><p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, four GNSS systems are operational: the original United States' GPS, the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, Russia's <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and China's <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> Navigation Satellite System. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</a> (IRNSS) will follow and Japan's <a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a> (<a href="/wiki/QZSS" class="mw-redirect" title="QZSS">QZSS</a>) scheduled for 2023 will augment the accuracy of a number of GNSS. </p><p>A satellite navigation device can retrieve location and time information from one or more GNSS systems in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth's surface. Satnav reception requires an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GNSS satellites,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is subject to poor satellite signal conditions. In exceptionally poor signal conditions, for example in urban areas, satellite signals may exhibit <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a> where signals bounce off structures, or are <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation#Absorption" title="Radio propagation">weakened</a> by meteorological conditions. Obstructed lines of sight may arise from a tree canopy or inside a structure, such as in a building, garage or tunnel. Today, most standalone Satnav receivers are used in automobiles. The Satnav capability of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> may use <a href="/wiki/Assisted_GNSS" title="Assisted GNSS">assisted GNSS</a> (A-GNSS) technology, which can use the <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base station</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a> to provide a faster <a href="/wiki/Time_to_First_Fix" class="mw-redirect" title="Time to First Fix">Time to First Fix</a> (TTFF), especially when satellite signals are poor or unavailable. However, the mobile network part of the A-GNSS technology would not be available when the smartphone is outside the range of the mobile reception network, while the satnav aspect would otherwise continue to be available. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System#History" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System § History</a></div> <p>As with many other technological breakthroughs of the latter 20th century, the modern GNSS system can reasonably be argued to be a direct outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> of the latter 20th century. The multibillion-dollar<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> expense of the US and Russian programs was initially justified by military interest. In contrast, the European Galileo was conceived as purely civilian. </p><p>In 1960, the US Navy put into service its <a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a> satellite-based navigation system to aid in naval navigation. The US Navy in the mid-1960s conducted an experiment to track a submarine with missiles with six satellites and orbiting poles and was able to observe satellite changes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1960 and 1982, as the benefits were shown, the US military consistently improved and refined its satellite navigation technology and satellite system. In 1973, the US military began to plan for a comprehensive worldwide navigational system which eventually became known as the GPS (Global Positioning System). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg/170px-Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg/255px-Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg/340px-Magellan_Trailblazer_XL_GPS_Handheld_Receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="4804" /></a><figcaption>A 1993 Magellan Trailblazer XL GPS Handheld Receiver</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1983, in the wake of the tragedy of the downing of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a>, an aircraft which was shot down while in Soviet airspace due to a navigational error, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> made the navigation capabilities of the existing military GPS system available for dual civilian use. However, civilian use was initially only a slightly degraded "<a href="/wiki/Selective_Availability" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Availability">Selective Availability</a>" positioning signal. This new availability of the US military GPS system for civilian use required a certain technical collaboration with the private sector for some time, before it could become a commercial reality. <span class="anchor" id="Macrometer"></span>The <i>Macrometer Interferometric Surveyor</i> was the first commercial GNSS-based system for performing <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-Bock_Abbot_Counselman_Gourevitch_1984_pp._211–221_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bock_Abbot_Counselman_Gourevitch_1984_pp._211–221-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-National_Museum_of_American_History_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Museum_of_American_History_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Magellan_Navigation" title="Magellan Navigation">Magellan Navigation Inc.</a> unveiled its Magellan NAV 1000, the world's first commercial handheld GPS receiver. These units initially sold for approximately US$2,900 each. In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eunos_Cosmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunos Cosmo">Eunos Cosmo</a> was the first production car in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">built-in Satnav system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> introduced Satnav car navigation on the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Debonair" title="Mitsubishi Debonair">Mitsubishi Debonair</a> (MMCS: Mitsubishi Multi Communication System).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, a navigation system using <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">Differential GPS</a> was developed as a factory-installed option on the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Clinton administration removed the military use signal restrictions, thus providing full commercial access to the US Satnav satellite system. </p><p>As GNSS navigation systems became more and more widespread and popular, the pricing of such systems began to fall, and their widespread availability steadily increased. Several additional manufacturers of these systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Twig_Com" title="Twig Com">Benefon</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Mio_Technology" title="Mio Technology">Mio</a> (2002) and <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> (2002) entered the market. Mitac Mio 168 was the first PocketPC to contain a built-in GPS receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefon's 1999 entry into the market also presented users with the world's first phone based GPS navigation system. Later, as smartphone technology developed, a GPS chip eventually became standard equipment for most smartphones. To date, ever more popular satellite navigation systems and devices continue to proliferate with newly developed software and hardware applications. It has been incorporated, for example, into cameras. </p><p>While the American GPS was the first <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> system to be deployed on a fully global scale, and to be made available for commercial use, this is not the only system of its type. Due to military and other concerns, similar global or regional systems have been, or will soon be deployed by Russia, the European Union, China, India, and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_design">Technical design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GNSS devices vary in sensitivity, speed, vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a>, and other performance parameters. High-sensitivity receivers use large banks of correlators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> to search for signals very quickly. This results in very fast <a href="/wiki/Time_to_first_fix" title="Time to first fix">times to first fix</a> when the signals are at their normal levels, for example, outdoors. When signals are weak, for example, indoors, the extra processing power can be used to integrate weak signals to the point where they can be used to provide a position or timing solution. </p><p>GNSS signals are already very weak when they arrive at the Earth's surface. The <a href="/wiki/GPS_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS satellite">GPS satellites</a> only transmit 27 W (14.3 dBW) from a distance of 20,200 km in <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> above the Earth. By the time the signals arrive at the user's receiver, they are typically as weak as −160 <a href="/wiki/DBW" class="mw-redirect" title="DBW">dBW</a>, equivalent to 100 attowatts (10<sup>−16</sup> W)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="received power is proportional to the effective area of the receiver antenna, which is not specified here (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This is well below the thermal noise level in its bandwidth. Outdoors, GPS signals are typically around the −155 dBW level (−125 <a href="/wiki/DBm" title="DBm">dBm</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity">Sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional GPS receivers integrate the received GPS signals for the same amount of time as the duration of a complete <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System#Navigation_signals" title="Global Positioning System">C/A code cycle</a> which is 1 ms. This results in the ability to acquire and track signals down to around the −160 dBW level. High-sensitivity GPS receivers are able to integrate the incoming signals for up to 1,000 times longer than this and therefore acquire signals up to 1,000 times weaker, resulting in an integration gain of 30 dB. A good high-sensitivity GPS receiver can acquire signals down to −185 dBW, and tracking can be continued down to levels approaching −190 dBW. </p><p>High-sensitivity GPS can provide positioning in many but not all <a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">indoor locations</a>. Signals are either heavily <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuated</a> by the building materials or reflected as in <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath</a>. Given that high-sensitivity GPS receivers may be up to 30 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> more sensitive, this is sufficient to track through 3 layers of dry bricks, or up to 20 cm (8 inches) of steel-reinforced concrete, for example.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples of high-sensitivity receiver chips include <a href="/wiki/SiRFstarIII" title="SiRFstarIII">SiRFstarIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MediaTek</a>ʼs MTK II.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In aviation, the GPS receivers can be "armed" to the approach mode for the destination airport, so that when the aircraft is within 30 nmi (56 km; 35 mi), the receiver sensitivity will automatically change from en route (±5 nm) and RAIM (±2 nm) to terminal (±1 nm), and change again to ±0.3 nm at 2 nmi (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) before reaching the final approach way point.<sup id="cite_ref-IFH_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFH-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequential_receiver">Sequential receiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sequential receiver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sequential GPS receiver tracks the necessary satellites by typically using one or two hardware channels.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The set will track one satellite at a time, time tag the measurements and combine them when all four satellite <a href="/wiki/Pseudorange" title="Pseudorange">pseudoranges</a> have been measured. These <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(information_theory)" title="Receiver (information theory)">receivers</a> are among the least expensive available, but they cannot operate under high dynamics and have the slowest <a href="/wiki/Time_to_first_fix" title="Time to first fix">time-to-first-fix (TTFF)</a> performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consumer GNSS navigation devices include: </p> <ul><li>Dedicated GNSS navigation devices</li> <li>modules that need to be connected to a computer to be used</li> <li>loggers that record trip information for download. Such <a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">GPS tracking</a> is useful for trailblazing, mapping by hikers and cyclists, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Geocoded_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocoded photograph">geocoded photographs</a>.</li> <li>Converged devices, including Satnav phones and <a href="/wiki/Auto-geotagging" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-geotagging">geotagging cameras</a>, in which GNSS is a feature rather than the main purpose of the device. The majority of GNSS devices are now converged devices, and may use <a href="/wiki/Assisted_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted GPS">assisted GPS</a> or standalone (not network dependent) or both. The vulnerability of consumer GNSS to radio frequency interference from <a href="/wiki/LightSquared#Interference_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="LightSquared">planned wireless data services</a> is controversial.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_GNSS_navigation_devices">Dedicated GNSS navigation devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dedicated GNSS navigation devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">automotive navigation system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">personal navigation assistant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg/220px-GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg/330px-GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg/440px-GPS_Receivers_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>Hand-held receivers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KyotoTaxiRide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KyotoTaxiRide.jpg/220px-KyotoTaxiRide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KyotoTaxiRide.jpg/330px-KyotoTaxiRide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/KyotoTaxiRide.jpg/440px-KyotoTaxiRide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxi</a> equipped with GPS</figcaption></figure> <p>Dedicated devices have various degrees of mobility. <i>Hand-held</i>, <i>outdoor</i>, or <i>sport</i> receivers have replaceable batteries that can run them for several hours, making them suitable for <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">bicycle touring</a> and other activities far from an electric power source. Their design is <a href="/wiki/Ergonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomy">ergonomical</a>, their screens are small, and some do not show color, in part to save power. Some use <a href="/wiki/Transflective_liquid-crystal_display" title="Transflective liquid-crystal display">transflective liquid-crystal displays</a>, allowing use in bright sunlight. Cases are rugged and some are water-resistant. </p><p>Other receivers, often called <i>mobile</i> are intended primarily for use in a car, but have a small rechargeable internal battery that can power them <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">for an hour or two</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> away from the car. Special purpose devices for use in a car may be permanently installed and depend entirely on the automotive electrical system. Many of them have <a href="/wiki/Touch-sensitive_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch-sensitive screen">touch-sensitive screens</a> as input method. Maps may be stored on a <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a>. Some offer additional functionality such as a rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Media_player_software" title="Media player software">music player</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_viewer" title="Image viewer">image viewer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Video player">video player</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-installed embedded software of early receivers did not display maps; 21st-century ones commonly show interactive street maps (of certain regions) that may also show <a href="/wiki/Point_of_interest" title="Point of interest">points of interest</a>, route information and step-by-step routing directions, often in spoken form with a feature called "<a href="/wiki/Text_to_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text to speech">text to speech</a>". </p><p>Manufacturers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navman#Products" title="Navman">Navman products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TomTom#Products" title="TomTom">TomTom products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmin#Products_and_brands" title="Garmin">Garmin products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mio_Technology" title="Mio Technology">Mio products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigon#Products" title="Navigon">Navigon products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Navigation#Consumer_products" title="Magellan Navigation">Magellan Navigation consumer products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmap#Active_12" title="Satmap">Satmap Systems Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleType_Co.#Product_line" title="TeleType Co.">TeleType products</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_into_smartphones">Integration into smartphones<span class="anchor" id="Mobile_phones_with_GPS_capability"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Integration into smartphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> now incorporate <a href="/wiki/GNSS_software-defined_receiver" title="GNSS software-defined receiver">GNSS receivers</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This has been driven both by consumer demand and by service suppliers. There are now many phone apps that depend on location services, such as navigational aids, and multiple commercial opportunities, such as localised advertising. In its early development, access to user location services was driven by European and American emergency services to help locate callers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All smartphone operating systems offer <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_off-line_satellite_navigation_software" title="Comparison of free off-line satellite navigation software">free mapping and navigational services</a> that require a data connection; some allow the pre-purchase and downloading of maps but the demand for this is diminishing as data connection reliant maps can generally be cached anyway. There are many navigation applications and new versions are constantly being introduced. Major apps include <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation" title="Google Maps Navigation">Google Maps Navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Apple Maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a>, which require data connections, <a href="/wiki/IGO_(software)" title="IGO (software)">iGo</a> for Android, Maverick and <a href="/wiki/Here_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Here (company)">HERE</a> for Windows Phone, which use cached maps and can operate without a data connection. Consequently, almost any smartphone now qualifies as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">personal navigation assistant</a>. </p><p>The use of mobile phones as navigational devices has outstripped the use of standalone GNSS devices. In 2009, independent analyst firm Berg Insight found that GNSS-enabled GSM/WCDMA handsets in the USA alone numbered 150 million units,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against the sale of only 40 million standalone GNSS receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Assisted_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted GPS">Assisted GPS</a> (A-GPS) uses a combination of satellite data and cell tower data to shorten the <a href="/wiki/Time_to_first_fix" title="Time to first fix">time to first fix</a>, reduce the need to download a satellite almanac periodically and to help resolve a location when satellite signals are disturbed by the proximity of large buildings. When out of range of a cell tower the location performance of a phone using A-GPS may be reduced. Phones with an A-GPS based <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid positioning system">hybrid positioning system</a> can maintain a location fix when GPS signals are inadequate by cell tower triangulation and WiFi hotspot locations. Most smartphones download a satellite almanac when online to accelerate a GPS fix when out of cell tower range.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some, older, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>-enabled phones lacking integrated GPS may still use external GPS receivers via <a href="/wiki/Serial_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial communications">serial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>) connections, but the need for this is now rare. </p><p>By <a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">tethering</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a>, some phones can provide localisation services to a laptop as well.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palm,_pocket_and_laptop_PC"><span id="Palm.2C_pocket_and_laptop_PC"></span>Palm, pocket and laptop PC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palm, pocket and laptop PC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For manufacturers of commercial software, see <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation_software#Software" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation software">GPS navigation software § Software</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_GPS_software_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Comparison of GPS software (disambiguation)">Comparison of GPS software</a></div> <p>Software companies have made available <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation software">GPS navigation software</a> programs for in-vehicle use on laptop computers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benefits of GPS on a laptop include larger map overview, ability to use the keyboard to control GPS functions, and some GPS software for laptops offers advanced trip-planning features not available on other platforms, such as midway stops, capability of finding alternative scenic routes as well as only highway option. </p><p>Palms<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pocket_PC" title="Pocket PC">Pocket PC</a>'s can also be equipped with GPS navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pocket PC differs from a dedicated navigation device as it has an own operating system and can also run other applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS_modules">GPS modules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: GPS modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPS_receiver_(mouse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg/220px-GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg/330px-GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg/440px-GPS_receiver_%28mouse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A modern SiRFstarIII chip based 20-channel GPS receiver with WAAS/EGNOS support</figcaption></figure> <p>Other GPS devices need to be connected to a computer in order to work. This computer can be a <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. Depending on the type of computer and available connectors, connections can be made through a <a href="/wiki/Serial_cable" title="Serial cable">serial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> cable, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital card">SD</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PCMCIA</a> and the newer <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some PCMCIA/ExpressCard GPS units also include a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless modem">wireless modem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devices usually do not come with pre-installed <a href="/wiki/GPS_navigation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS navigation software">GPS navigation software</a>, thus, once purchased, the user must install or write their own software. As the user can choose which software to use, it can be better matched to their personal taste. It is very common for a PC-based GPS receiver to come bundled with a navigation software suite. Also, software modules are significantly cheaper than complete stand-alone systems (around <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>50 to €100). The software may include maps only for a particular region, or the entire world, if software such as Google Maps are used. </p><p>Some hobbyists have also made some Satnav devices and open-sourced the plans. Examples include the Elektor GPS units.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are based around a <a href="/wiki/SiRFstarIII" title="SiRFstarIII">SiRFstarIII</a> chip and are comparable to their commercial counterparts. Other chips and software implementations are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle_navigation">Vehicle navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vehicle navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">automotive navigation system</a> takes its location from a GNSS system and, depending on the installed software, may offer the following services: </p> <ul><li>Mapping, including street maps, text or in a graphical format,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-by-turn_navigation" title="Turn-by-turn navigation">Turn-by-turn navigation</a> directions via text or speech,</li> <li>Directions fed directly to a <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">self-driving car</a>,</li> <li>Traffic congestion maps, historical or real-time data, and suggested alternative directions,</li> <li>Information on nearby amenities such as restaurants, fueling stations, and tourist attractions,</li> <li>Alternative routes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">Aviators</a> use Satnav to navigate and to improve safety and the efficiency of the flight. This may allow pilots to be independent of ground-based navigational aids, enable more efficient routes and provide navigation into airports that lack ground-based navigation and surveillance equipment. There are now some GPS units that allow aviators to get a clearer look in areas where the satellite is augmented to be able to have safe landings in bad visibility conditions. There have now been two new signals made for GPS, the first being made to help in critical conditions in the sky and the other will make GPS more of a robust navigation service. Many aviator services have now made it a required service to use a GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial aviation applications include GNSS devices that calculate location and feed that information to large multi-input navigational computers for <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a>, course information and correction displays to the pilots, and course tracking and recording devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military applications include devices similar to consumer sport products for foot soldiers (commanders and regular soldiers), small vehicles and ships, and devices similar to commercial aviation applications for aircraft and missiles. Examples are the United States military's <b>Commander's Digital Assistant</b> and the <b>Soldier Digital Assistant</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to May 2000 only the military had access to the full accuracy of GPS. Consumer devices were restricted by <a href="/wiki/Error_analysis_for_the_Global_Positioning_System#Selective_availability" title="Error analysis for the Global Positioning System">selective availability</a> (SA), which was scheduled to be phased out but was removed abruptly by President Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">Differential GPS</a> is a method of cancelling out the error of SA and improving GPS accuracy, and has been routinely available in commercial applications such as for golf carts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPS is limited to about 15 meter accuracy even without SA. DGPS can be within a few centimeters.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards_of_relying_on_satnav">Hazards of relying on satnav</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hazards of relying on satnav"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg/220px-Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg/330px-Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg/440px-Your_GPS_Is_Wrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="2803" /></a><figcaption>Satnav may suggest an impossible route because it fails to take all conditions into account.</figcaption></figure> <p>GPS maps and directions are occasionally imprecise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some people have gotten lost by asking for the shortest route, like a couple in the United States who were looking for the shortest route from South Oregon to <a href="/wiki/Jackpot,_Nevada" title="Jackpot, Nevada">Jackpot, Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2009 a young mother and her six-year-old son became stranded in <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> after following Satnav directions that led her up an unpaved dead-end road. When they were found five days later, her son had died from the effects of heat and <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2012, Japanese tourists in Australia were stranded when traveling to <a href="/wiki/North_Stradbroke_Island" title="North Stradbroke Island">North Stradbroke Island</a> and their satnav instructed them to drive into <a href="/wiki/Moreton_Bay" title="Moreton Bay">Moreton Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 Satnav routed a softball team bus into a 9 ft tunnel, which sliced off the top of the bus and hospitalized the whole team.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brad Preston, Oregon claims that people are routed into his driveway five to eight times a week because their Satnav shows a street through his property.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John and Starry Rhodes, a couple from Reno, Nevada were driving home from Oregon when they started to see there was a lot of snow in the area but decided to keep going because they were already 30 miles down the road. But the Satnav led them to a road in the Oregon forest that was not plowed and they were stuck for 3 days.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mary Davis was driving in an unfamiliar place when her Satnav told her to make a right turn onto a train track while there was a train coming down. Mary was lucky there was a local police officer who noticed the situation and urged her quickly to get out of the car as fast as she could. Mary was lucky enough to get out of the car leaving it for the train to hit and total it. The officer commented that there was a very good chance that they could have had a fatality on their hands.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other hazards involve an alley being listed as a street, a lane being identified as a road,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or rail tracks as a road.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsolete maps sometimes cause the unit to lead a user on an indirect, time-wasting route, because roads may change over time. Smartphone Satnav information is usually updated automatically, and free of additional charge. Manufacturers of separate Satnav devices also offer map update services for their merchandise, usually for a fee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_concerns">Privacy concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Privacy concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>User <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> may be compromised if Satnav equipped handheld devices such as mobile phones upload user geo-location data through associated software installed on the device. User geo-location is currently the basis for navigational apps such as Google Maps, <a href="/wiki/Location-based_advertising" title="Location-based advertising">location-based advertising</a>, which can promote nearby shops and may allow an <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">advertising agency</a> to track user movements and habits for future use. Regulatory bodies differ between countries regarding the treatment of geo-location data as privileged or not. Privileged data cannot be stored, or otherwise used, without the user's consent.<sup id="cite_ref-Messmer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messmer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_tracking_system" title="Vehicle tracking system">Vehicle tracking systems</a> allow employers to track their employees' location raising questions regarding violation of employee privacy. There are cases where employers continued to collect geo-location data when an employee was off duty in private time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rental_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rental car">Rental car</a> services may use the same technique to geo-fence their customers to the areas they have paid for, charging additional fees for violations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="New York Civil Liberties Union">New York Civil Liberties Union</a> filed a case against the Labor Department for firing Michael Cunningham after tracking his daily activity and locations using a Satnav device attached to his car.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigators</a> use planted GPS devices to provide information to their clients on a target's movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/GPS_navigation#Q1486497" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:GPS navigation">GPS navigation</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GPS_receivers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:GPS receivers">GPS receivers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_map_services" title="Comparison of web map services">Comparison of web map services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcam" title="Dashcam">Dashcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_GPS_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced GPS Receiver">Defense Advanced GPS Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Head unit">Head unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_map_display" title="Moving map display">Moving map display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">GPS watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Lightweight_GPS_Receiver" title="Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver">Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-by-turn_navigation" title="Turn-by-turn navigation">Turn-by-turn navigation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation_device&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpsinformation.org&rft.atitle=Navigation+with+Palm+OS&rft.au=Dale+DePriest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsinformation.org%2Fdale%2FPalm%2Fpilotgps.htm%23soft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpss.force9.co.uk/navi.htm">"GPS Navigation with the GPS Software"</a>. <i>force9.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413074122/http://www.gpss.force9.co.uk/navi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ELEKTOR INTERNATIONAL MEDIA BV. 1 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716103558/https://www.elektormagazine.com/magazine/elektor-200810/18921">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326205547/https://www.gps.gov/applications/aviation/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou#BeiDou-1" title="BeiDou">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Positioning_System" title="Korean Positioning System">Korean Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">Personal navigation assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit#Data_loggers" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS logger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chipsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SiRFstarIII" title="SiRFstarIII">SiRFstarIII</a></li> <li>SiRFatlasIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MTK</a></li> <li>CellGuide ACLYS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_precision_approach_and_landing_system" title="Joint precision approach and landing system">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local-area_augmentation_system" title="Local-area augmentation system">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMEA_0183" title="NMEA 0183">NMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_GNSS" title="Assisted GNSS">A-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-GPS" title="S-GPS">S-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_kinematic_positioning" title="Real-time kinematic positioning">RTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Apple Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Maps" title="Baidu Maps">Baidu Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_WeGo" title="Here WeGo">Here WeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCPN" title="OpenCPN">OpenCPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_WorldWind" title="NASA WorldWind">NASA WorldWind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViaMichelin" title="ViaMichelin">ViaMichelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Maps">Yahoo! Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Maps" title="Yandex Maps">Yandex Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">Geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_geocoding" title="Address geocoding">Geocoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_animal_tracking" title="GPS animal tracking">GPS animal tracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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