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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Nurse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بول نرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول نرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پائول نرس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پائول نرس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="পল নার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পল নার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Пол Нерс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пол Нерс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81" title="Пол Нърс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пол Нърс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._Nurse" title="Paul M. Nurse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul M. Nurse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maxime_Nurse" title="Paul Maxime Nurse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Maxime Nurse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پائول نرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پائول نرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maxime_Nurse" title="Paul Maxime Nurse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paul Maxime Nurse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4_%EB%84%88%EC%8A%A4" title="폴 너스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴 너스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maxime_Nurse" title="Paul Maxime Nurse – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Maxime Nurse" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maxime_Nurse" title="Paul Maxime Nurse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul Maxime Nurse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="פול נרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פול נרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Пол Нерс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пол Нерс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Nurse" title="Paulus Nurse – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Nurse" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بول نرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول نرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پائول نرس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پائول نرس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ポール・ナース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポール・ナース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پال نرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال نرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maxime_Nurse" title="Paul Maxime Nurse – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paul Maxime Nurse" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Нерс, Пол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нерс, Пол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Пол Нерс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пол Нерс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پاول نرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاول نرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Paul Nurse" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·纳斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保罗·纳斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English geneticist and Nobel laureate (born 1949)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Paul Nurse</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">HonFREng</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the British Academy">HonFBA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Academia_Europaea" title="Member of the Academia Europaea">MAE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/220px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/330px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg/440px-Paul_Nurse_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2172" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br />2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(academic)" title="Hugh Brady (academic)">Hugh Brady</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Baroness_Hale_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baroness Hale of Richmond">The Baroness Hale of Richmond</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">61st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 2010 – 1 December 2015</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">The Lord Rees of Ludlow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th President of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2003–2011</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Levine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Levine">Arnold Levine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne" title="Marc Tessier-Lavigne">Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Paul Maxime Nurse</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1949-01-25</span>) </span>25 January 1949<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 75)</span><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Anne Teresa Talbott</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1971)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 daughters<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crick.ac.uk/research/a-z-researchers/researchers-k-o/paul-nurse/">Francis Crick Institute - Paul Nurse</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> (BSc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> (PhD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMBO_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBO Member">EMBO Member</a> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-membo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstiel_Award" title="Rosenstiel Award">Rosenstiel Award</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Prize_for_Medicine" title="Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine">Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine</a> (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-Jeantet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeantet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Lasker Award</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">Cell cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linacre_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Linacre College">Linacre College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Cancer_Research_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Cancer Research Fund">Imperial Cancer Research Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.467339">The spatial and temporal organisation of amino acid pools in Candida utilis</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anthony P. Sims<sup id="cite_ref-nursephd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursephd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Woollard" title="Alison Woollard">Alison Woollard</a><sup id="cite_ref-woollardphd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woollardphd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Paul Maxime Nurse</b> (born 25 January 1949) is an English <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">geneticist</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> and Chief Executive and Director of the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scopus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Leland_Hartwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Leland Hartwell">Leland Hartwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a>, for their discoveries of protein molecules that control the division of cells in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobelmedicine2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelmedicine2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nurse's mother went from London to <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> and lived with relatives while awaiting Paul's birth (at the age of 18)<sup id="cite_ref-mother_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to hide <a href="/wiki/Illegitimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimacy">illegitimacy</a>. For the rest of their lives, his maternal grandmother pretended to be his mother, and his mother pretended to be his sister.<sup id="cite_ref-tls_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tls-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul was brought up by his grandparents (whom he took to be his parents) in North West London.<sup id="cite_ref-mother_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at Lyon Park school in <a href="/wiki/Alperton" title="Alperton">Alperton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrow_County_School_for_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow County School for Boys">Harrow County Grammar School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his <a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> in 1970 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degree in 1973 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a> for research on <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_utilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida utilis">Candida utilis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nursephd_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursephd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then pursued postdoctoral work at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>. </p><p>Nurse did not know that his "sister" was in fact his mother until he was in his 50s. His "parents" had both already died and his "sister" Miriam, eighteen years his senior, had died early of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>. His application for a <a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">green card</a> for US residency while president of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> was, to his surprise, rejected, despite his being a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner, president of a university and a knight; this was because he had submitted a short-form <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate#United_Kingdom" title="Birth certificate">UK birth certificate</a> which did not name his parents. When he applied for a full birth certificate he discovered the truth, to his astonishment.<sup id="cite_ref-mother_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nurse continued his <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Postdoctoral research">postdoctoral research</a> at the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Mitchison" title="Murdoch Mitchison">Murdoch Mitchison</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> for the next six years (1973–1979).<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27270696_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27270696-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1976, Nurse identified the gene <i><a href="/wiki/Cdc2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdc2">cdc2</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Fission_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission yeast">fission yeast</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></i>). This gene controls the progression of the cell cycle from <a href="/wiki/G1_phase" title="G1 phase">G1 phase</a> to <a href="/wiki/S_phase" title="S phase">S phase</a> and the transition from <a href="/wiki/G2_phase" title="G2 phase">G2 phase</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>. In 1987, Nurse identified the homologous gene in human, <i><a href="/wiki/Cdk1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cdk1">Cdk1</a></i>, which codes for a <a href="/wiki/Cyclin_dependent_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclin dependent kinase">cyclin dependent kinase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working in fission yeast, Nurse identified the gene cdc2, which controls the transition from G1 to S, when the cell grows in preparation for the duplication of DNA, and G2 to M, when the cell divides. With his postdoc <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Lee" title="Melanie Lee">Melanie Lee</a>, Nurse also found the corresponding gene, CDK1, in humans. These genes stop and start cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) by adding or removing phosphate groups.<sup id="cite_ref-illpres_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illpres-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, Nurse joined the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Cancer_Research_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Cancer Research Fund">Imperial Cancer Research Fund</a> (ICRF, now <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a>). He left in 1988 to chair the department of microbiology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. He then returned to the ICRF as Director of Research in 1993, and in 1996 was named Director General of the ICRF, which became Cancer Research UK in 2002. In 2003, he became president of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><sup id="cite_ref-tg-2003sep17_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg-2003sep17-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he continued work on the cell cycle of fission yeast. In 2011 Nurse became the first Director and Chief Executive of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Centre_for_Medical_Research_and_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation">UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a>. </p><p>On 30 November 2010, Nurse succeeded astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> for a five-year term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> until 2015. </p><p>Nurse has said good scientists must have passion "to know the answer to the questions" that interest them, along with good technical ability, and a set of attitudes including mental honesty, self-criticism, open-mindedness and scepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Nobel Prize, Nurse has received numerous awards and honours. He was elected an <a href="/wiki/EMBO_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="EMBO Member">EMBO Member</a> in 1987<sup id="cite_ref-membo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-membo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1989">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989</a><sup id="cite_ref-elected1989_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elected1989-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Founder Member of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a> in 1998. In 1995, he was awarded the Pezcoller-AACR International Award.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> and became a foreign associate of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>. He received the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker_Award_for_Basic_Medical_Research" title="Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research">Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research</a> in 1998. Nurse was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1999. He was awarded the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Honneur">Legion d'Honneur</a> and the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> in 2005. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> – one of the top honours – in April 2006. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Science_and_Engineering" title="Campaign for Science and Engineering">Campaign for Science and Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CaSE_Advisory_Council_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaSE_Advisory_Council-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurse is the 2007 recipient of the Hope Funds Award of Excellence in Basic Research. He is a Freeman of the London Borough of Harrow. In 2013, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Cultural_Council" title="World Cultural Council">World Cultural Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, he was elected a foreign academician of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won the 10th annual Henry G. Friesen International Prize in Health Research, in Ottawa, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH) in the <a href="/wiki/2022_New_Year_Honours" title="2022 New Year Honours">2022 New Year Honours</a> for services to science and medicine in the UK and abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2022 he was appointed to the Order of Merit.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nurse has received over 60 Honorary Degrees and Fellowships, including from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a> in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> in 2012, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> (Doctor of Science)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Worcester" title="University of Worcester">University of Worcester</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Doctor of Science) in 2013, <a href="/wiki/City,_University_of_London" title="City, University of London">City, University of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-City-hondegree2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-City-hondegree2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Doctor of Science) in 2014 and <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Doctor of Science) in 2017. In 2020 he was awarded an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/Mendel_University_in_Brno" title="Mendel University in Brno">Mendel University in Brno</a> in the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was also appointed an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering</a> (HonFREng) in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-List_of_Fellows_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List_of_Fellows-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Honorary Fellow of the British Association (HonFBA) in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2016 it was announced that he will be the next Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Bristol_press_release_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Bristol_press_release-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bn-2017jan01_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bn-2017jan01-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is an Honorary Liveryman of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Scientific_Instrument_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers">Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WCSIM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCSIM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nurse married Anne Teresa (née Talbott) in 1971; they have two daughters – Sarah, who works for <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, and Emily,<sup id="cite_ref-emily_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emily-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a physicist based at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ObserverHomeTruths_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObserverHomeTruths-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He describes himself as a sceptical agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nurse has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> for nearly 40 years and is a patron of <a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_Labour" title="Scientists for Labour">Scientists for Labour</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> society affiliated to them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, he was a co-author on a letter in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> alongside the former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> highlighting the importance of <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> funding in the fight against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an undergraduate student at Birmingham, Nurse sold <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Worker" title="Socialist Worker">Socialist Worker</a></i>, and participated in an occupation of the vice-chancellor's office.<sup id="cite_ref-ObserverHomeTruths_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObserverHomeTruths-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSPaulNurse_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSPaulNurse-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a graduate student at East Anglia he continued to sell <i>Socialist Worker</i>, and was sympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Tendency" title="International Socialist Tendency">International Socialist Tendency</a> but never formally joined the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-THEGibson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEGibson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nurse has criticised potential <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> candidates for the US presidential nomination for opposing the teaching of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research_policy" title="Stem cell research policy">stem cell research</a> on cell lines from human embryos, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>, even partially blaming scientists for not speaking up.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was alarmed that this could happen in the US, a world leader in science, "the home of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_D._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. Watson">Jim Watson</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-politics_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One problem, Nurse said, was "treating scientific discussion as if it were political debate," using rhetorical tricks rather than logic. Another was the state of science teaching in the schools, which does not teach citizens how to discuss science – particularly in religious schools, even in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurse has written that "we need to emphasise why the scientific process is such a reliable generator of knowledge with its respect for evidence, for scepticism, for consistency of approach, for the constant testing of ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-politics_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Nurse feels that scientific leaders "have a responsibility to expose the bunkum". They should take on politicians, and expose nonsense during elections.<sup id="cite_ref-politics_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politics-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, Nurse was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">referendum on that issue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nurse believes that scientists should speak out about science in public affairs and challenge politicians who support policies based on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>What Is Life?: Five Great Ideas in Biology (2021), W. W. Norton & Company<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U29778">"NURSE, Sir Paul (Maxime)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i>. Vol. 2014 (online <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> ed.). A & C Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NURSE%2C+Sir+Paul+%28Maxime%29&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.edition=online+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU29778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-membo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-membo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-membo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.embo.org/profile/paul-nurse">"EMBO profile: Paul Nurse"</a>. <i>people.embo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=people.embo.org&rft.atitle=EMBO+profile%3A+Paul+Nurse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.embo.org%2Fprofile%2Fpaul-nurse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeantet-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jeantet_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeantet.ch/en/prix-louis-jeantet/laureats/1992-en/professeur-paul-nurse/">"Professor Paul NURSE"</a>. <i>Fondation Louis-Jeantet</i>. October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fondation+Louis-Jeantet&rft.atitle=Professor+Paul+NURSE&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeantet.ch%2Fen%2Fprix-louis-jeantet%2Flaureats%2F1992-en%2Fprofesseur-paul-nurse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nursephd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nursephd_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nursephd_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse1974" class="citation thesis cs1">Nurse, Paul Maxime (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.467339"><i>The spatial and temporal organisation of amino acid pools in </i>Candida utilis<i><span></span></i></a> (PhD thesis). University of East Anglia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500529574">500529574</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.467339">uk.bl.ethos.467339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+spatial+and+temporal+organisation+of+amino+acid+pools+in+Candida+utilis&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+East+Anglia&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500529574&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul+Maxime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.467339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woollardphd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woollardphd_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollard1995" class="citation thesis cs1">Woollard, Alison (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/OXVU1:LSCOP_OX:oxfaleph013717690"><i>Cell cycle control in fission yeast</i></a>. <i>bodleian.ox.ac.uk</i> (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43404640">43404640</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318479">uk.bl.ethos.318479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Cell+cycle+control+in+fission+yeast&rft.degree=DPhil&rft.inst=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43404640&rft.aulast=Woollard&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2FOXVU1%3ALSCOP_OX%3Aoxfaleph013717690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nurse, P (2012). "In answer to questions about the Francis Crick Institute". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>379</b> (9835): 2427–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961066-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61066-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22748588">22748588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37007507">37007507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=In+answer+to+questions+about+the+Francis+Crick+Institute&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=9835&rft.pages=2427-8&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37007507%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22748588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961066-6&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurseTreismanSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nurse, Paul; Treisman, Richard; <a href="/wiki/James_Cuthbert_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cuthbert Smith">Smith, Jim</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242307">"Building better institutions"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>341</b> (6141): 10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341...10N">2013Sci...341...10N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1242307">10.1126/science.1242307</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23828914">23828914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Building+better+institutions&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6141&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23828914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1242307&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341...10N&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Treisman%2C+Richard&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1242307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scopus_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7101733795">Paul Nurse's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelmedicine2001-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelmedicine2001_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2001/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fmedicine%2F2001%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mother-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mother_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mother_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mother_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/aug/09/paul-nurse-birth-certificate-not-mothers-name">"Sir Paul Nurse: 'I looked at my birth certificate. That was not my mother's name'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Paul+Nurse%3A+%27I+looked+at+my+birth+certificate.+That+was+not+my+mother%27s+name%27&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2014%2Faug%2F09%2Fpaul-nurse-birth-certificate-not-mothers-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tls-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tls_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Khalili" class="citation web cs1">Al-Khalili, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015n3b7">"Paul Nurse - life and work"</a>. <i>The Life Scientific</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Life+Scientific&rft.atitle=Paul+Nurse+-+life+and+work&rft.aulast=Al-Khalili&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb015n3b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/alumni/ouralumni/Our-alumni.aspx">Our Alumni</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421034854/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/alumni/ouralumni/Our-alumni.aspx">Archived</a> 21 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – website of the University of Birmingham</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Anthony2020" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Anthony (15 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/aug/15/sir-paul-nurse-the-uk-has-taken-a-leap-several-decades-into-the-past">"Sir Paul Nurse: 'The UK has taken a leap several decades into the past'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sir+Paul+Nurse%3A+%27The+UK+has+taken+a+leap+several+decades+into+the+past%27&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft.au=Andrew+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2020%2Faug%2F15%2Fsir-paul-nurse-the-uk-has-taken-a-leap-several-decades-into-the-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/737">Paul Nurse</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, accessed 28 April 2020 including the Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture 9 December 2001 <i>Controlling the Cell Cycle</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27270696-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27270696_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantes_PAHoffman_CS2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fantes PA; Hoffman CS (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4896181">"A Brief History of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Research: A Perspective Over the Past 70 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genetics_(journal)" title="Genetics (journal)">Genetics</a></i>. <b>203</b> (2): 621–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.116.189407">10.1534/genetics.116.189407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4896181">4896181</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27270696">27270696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Schizosaccharomyces+pombe+Research%3A+A+Perspective+Over+the+Past+70+Years.&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=621-9&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4896181%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27270696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.116.189407&rft.au=Fantes+PA&rft.au=Hoffman+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4896181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurseThuriauxNasmyth1976" class="citation journal cs1">Nurse, P.; Thuriaux, P.; Nasmyth, K. (1976). "Genetic control of the cell division cycle in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe". <i>Molecular & General Genetics</i>. <b>146</b> (2): 167–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00268085">10.1007/BF00268085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/958201">958201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24156567">24156567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+%26+General+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+control+of+the+cell+division+cycle+in+the+fission+yeast+Schizosaccharomyces+pombe&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-178&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24156567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F958201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00268085&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Thuriaux%2C+P.&rft.au=Nasmyth%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nurse, P. 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G.; Nurse, P. (1987). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Somehow%2C+I+knew+I%27d+see+you+again%2C+you+bastard&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fsomehow-i-knew-id-see-you-again-you-bastard%2F177668.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politics-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-politics_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politics_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politics_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politics_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-politics_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128302.900-stamp-out-antiscience-in-us-politics.html">Stamp out anti-science; it's time to reject political movements that turn their backs on science</a>, Paul Nurse, New Scientist, 17 September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/celebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text">"Celebrities' open letter to Scotland – full text and list of signatories"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 7 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Celebrities%27+open+letter+to+Scotland+%E2%80%93+full+text+and+list+of+signatories&rft.date=2014-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2Faug%2F07%2Fcelebrities-open-letter-scotland-independence-full-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse" class="citation web cs1">Nurse, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128302.900-stamp-out-antiscience-in-us-politics.html">"Stamp out anti-science in US politics"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Stamp+out+anti-science+in+US+politics&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg21128302.900-stamp-out-antiscience-in-us-politics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurse2021" class="citation book cs1">Nurse, Paul (2 February 2021). <i>What Is Life?</i>. National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393541151" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393541151"><bdi>978-0393541151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Life%3F&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0393541151&rft.aulast=Nurse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Nurse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Nurse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paul_Nurse" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/737">Paul Nurse</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture 9 December 2001 <i>Controlling the Cell Cycle</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themoth.org/storytellers/paul-nurse-hoffman">Stories told by Paul Nurse</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Moth" title="The Moth">The Moth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b015n3b7">Paul Nurse on the premiere episode of <i>The Life Scientific</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>), originally aired: 11 Oct 2011, 30 minutes in length</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>61st President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> </b><br />2010–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Levine" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Levine">Arnold Levine</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>9th President of <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_University" title="Rockefeller University">Rockefeller University</a> </b><br />2003–2011 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Tessier-Lavigne" title="Marc Tessier-Lavigne">Marc Tessier-Lavigne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Baroness_Hale_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baroness Hale of Richmond">The Baroness Hale of Richmond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> </b><br />2017–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Incumbent</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(2001–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (2001–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Robert May</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Paul_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Paul Winter">Gregory Paul Winter</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2001_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2001_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2001 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Standish Knowles</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryōji Noyori</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a> (Trinidad & Tobago/United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> (Ghana)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George Akerlof</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">Michael Spence</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><b>2001 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2006_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2006 Nobel Prize winners">2006</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science_Laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Bressani" title="Ricardo Bressani">Ricardo Bressani</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stumm" title="Werner Stumm">Werner Stumm</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Monokombu Sambasivan Swaminathan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burbidge" title="Margaret Burbidge">Margaret Burbidge</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kamen" title="Martin Kamen">Martin Kamen</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Gustav Nossal</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fleckenstein" title="Albrecht Fleckenstein">Albrecht Fleckenstein</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_U._Lemieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond U. Lemieux">Raymond U. Lemieux</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwood Rowland">Sherwood Rowland</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Jasper" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert H. Jasper">Herbert H. Jasper</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Ghuysen" title="Jean-Marie Ghuysen">Jean-Marie Ghuysen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Goldman" title="Charles R. Goldman">Charles R. Goldman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Birbaumer" title="Niels Birbaumer">Niels Birbaumer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Janzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Janzen">Daniel H. Janzen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph J. Cicerone">Ralph J. Cicerone</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Houghton">John T. Houghton</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Montaner" title="Julio Montaner">Julio Montaner</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ozin" title="Geoffrey Ozin">Geoffrey Ozin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel" title="Michael Grätzel">Michael Grätzel</a> (2012)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)" title="Philip Cohen (British biochemist)">Philip Cohen</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewine_van_Dishoeck" title="Ewine van Dishoeck">Ewine van Dishoeck</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Lin_Wang" title="Zhong Lin Wang">Zhong Lin Wang</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francis_Crick_Institute" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Template:Francis Crick Institute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Template talk:Francis Crick Institute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis Crick Institute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francis_Crick_Institute" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Funded by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Senior staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boulton" title="Simon Boulton">Simon Boulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Cantrell" title="Doreen Cantrell">Doreen Cantrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cooksey" title="David Cooksey">David Cooksey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Downward" title="Julian Downward">Julian Downward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Farrar" title="Jeremy Farrar">Jeremy Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166090" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166090">Steve Gamblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gruss" title="Peter Gruss">Peter Gruss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Hayday" title="Adrian Hayday">Adrian Hayday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_S._Hill" title="Caroline S. Hill">Caroline S. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166615" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166615">Malcolm Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpal_Kumar" title="Harpal Kumar">Harpal Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lovell-Badge" title="Robin Lovell-Badge">Robin Lovell-Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassilis_Pachnis" title="Vassilis Pachnis">Vassilis Pachnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_O%27Garra" title="Anne O'Garra">Anne O'Garra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Peters_(physician)" title="Keith Peters (physician)">Keith Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint_Rees" title="Geraint Rees">Geraint Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skehel" title="John Skehel">John Skehel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cuthbert_Smith" title="Jim Cuthbert Smith">Jim Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Swanton" title="Charles Swanton">Charles Swanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Treisman" title="Richard Treisman">Richard Treisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Uhlmann" title="Frank Uhlmann">Frank Uhlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Vincent" title="Jean-Paul Vincent">Jean-Paul Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">David Willetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yea" title="Philip Yea">Philip Yea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Incorporating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="National Institute for Medical Research">National Institute for Medical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Research_Institute" title="London Research Institute">London Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heineken_Prizes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heineken_Prizes" title="Template talk:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heineken Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heineken_Prizes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heineken_Prizes" title="Heineken Prizes">Heineken Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biochemistry and Biophysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Chargaff" title="Erwin Chargaff">Chargaff</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Brachet" title="Jean Brachet">Brachet</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britton_Chance" title="Britton Chance">Chance</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">De Duve</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laurens_van_Deenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laurens van Deenen (page does not exist)">Van Deenen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Weissmann" title="Charles Weissmann">Weissmann</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Julesz" title="Béla Julesz">Julesz</a> & <a href="/wiki/Werner_E._Reichardt" title="Werner E. Reichardt">Reichardt</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Leder" title="Philip Leder">Leder</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Borst" title="Piet Borst">Borst</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Berridge</a> (1994)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nurse</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)">Pawson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">Rothman</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Tsien</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Fire</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Jeffreys</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Szostak</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Hartl</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titia_de_Lange" title="Titia de Lange">De Lange</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dobson" title="Chris Dobson">Dobson</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaowei_Zhuang" title="Xiaowei Zhuang">Zhuang</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_William_Stillman" title="Bruce William Stillman">Stillman</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Lauterbur</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_van_Rood" title="Jon van Rood">Van Rood</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Moncada</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Montagnier</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_de_Wied" title="David de Wied">De Wied</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Marshall</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Kandel</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_J._Selkoe" title="Dennis J. Selkoe">Selkoe</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">King</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Peto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Steinman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Clevers" title="Hans Clevers">Clevers</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kari_Alitalo" title="Kari Alitalo">Alitalo</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jackson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Jackson (scientist)">Jackson</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carmeliet" title="Peter Carmeliet">Carmeliet</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Deisseroth</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">Lovelock</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Branica" title="Marko Branica">Branica</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daly" title="Herman Daly">Daly</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poul_Harremo%C3%ABs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poul Harremoës (page does not exist)">Harremoës</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Thompson" title="Lonnie Thompson">Thompson</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_A._Levin" title="Simon A. Levin">Levin</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Pimm" title="Stuart Pimm">Pimm</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Brunekreef&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Brunekreef (page does not exist)">Brunekreef</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._David_Tilman" title="G. David Tilman">Tilman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Laurance" title="William F. Laurance">Laurance</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaap_Sinninghe_Damst%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaap Sinninghe Damsté (page does not exist)">Sinninghe Damsté</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Mace" title="Georgina Mace">Mace</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._N._Hebert" title="Paul D. N. Hebert">Hebert</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Le_Qu%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Corinne Le Quéré">Le Quéré</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Gay</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" title="Herman Van der Wee">Van der Wee</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiko_Oberman" title="Heiko Oberman">Oberman</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Ozouf</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(historian)" title="Jan de Vries (historian)">De Vries</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Schilling" title="Heinz Schilling">Schilling</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" title="Jacques Le Goff">Le Goff</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleida_Assmann" title="Aleida Assmann">Assmann</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Herrin" title="Judith Herrin">Herrin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._McNeill" title="J. R. McNeill">McNeill</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Daston" title="Lorraine Daston">Daston</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cognitive Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">Anderson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas_Dehaene" title="Stanislas Dehaene">Dehaene</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Tomasello</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncan_(neuroscientist)" title="John Duncan (neuroscientist)">Duncan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McClelland_(psychologist)" title="James McClelland (psychologist)">McClelland</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Spelke" title="Elizabeth Spelke">Spelke</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kanwisher" title="Nancy Kanwisher">Kanwisher</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Zatorre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Zatorre (page does not exist)">Zatorre</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toon_Verhoef" title="Toon Verhoef">Verhoef</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrie_Bot" title="Marrie Bot">Bot</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_Visser" title="Carel Visser">C. Visser</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthijs_R%C3%B6ling" title="Matthijs Röling">Röling</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Martens" title="Karel Martens">Martens</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_de_Pavert" title="Jan van de Pavert">Van de Pavert</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Geelen" title="Guido Geelen">Geelen</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aernout_Mik" title="Aernout Mik">Mik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daan_van_Golden" title="Daan van Golden">Van Golden</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Koelewijn" title="Job Koelewijn">Koelewijn</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Visser_(artist)" title="Barbara Visser (artist)">B. Visser</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Manders" title="Mark Manders">Manders</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Struycken" title="Peter Struycken">Struycken</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelien_van_Oldenborgh" title="Wendelien van Oldenborgh">Van Oldenborgh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Dr%C3%B6ge_Wendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yvonne Dröge Wendel (page does not exist)">Dröge Wendel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_van_Lieshout" title="Erik van Lieshout">Van Lieshout</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansuya_Blom" title="Ansuya Blom">Blom</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1989" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1989" title="Template:FRS 1989"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1989" title="Template talk:FRS 1989"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1989" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1989"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1989">in 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Anderson_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Anderson (academic)">Brian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bagshawe" title="Kenneth Bagshawe">Kenneth Bagshawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Ball" title="John M. Ball">John M. Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Bird" title="Adrian Bird">Adrian Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blandford" title="Roger Blandford">Roger Blandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cain" title="Arthur Cain">Arthur Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Child" title="Mark Child">Mark Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Davies" title="Alwyn Davies">Alwyn Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Goddard_(physicist)" title="Peter Goddard (physicist)">Peter Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Michael Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Heap" title="Brian Heap">Brian Heap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hewitt" title="Geoffrey Hewitt">Geoffrey Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hull" title="Derek Hull">Derek Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt_of_Chesterton" title="Julian Hunt, Baron Hunt of Chesterton">Julian Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hynes" title="Richard Hynes">Richard Hynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._G._James" title="Michael N. G. James">Michael James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kelly_(mathematician)" title="Frank Kelly (mathematician)">Francis Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawton_(biologist)" title="John Lawton (biologist)">John Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_George_Lonzarich" title="Gilbert George Lonzarich">Gilbert George Lonzarich</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165172" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165172">Andrew David McLachlan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore_(physicist)" title="Michael Moore (physicist)">Michael A. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Nasmyth" title="Kim Nasmyth">Kim Nasmyth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ladislav_Parker" title="Robert Ladislav Parker">Robert Ladislav Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Parker" title="Geoff Parker">Geoff Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Peto" title="Richard Peto">Richard Peto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Roper_(chemist)" title="Warren Roper (chemist)">Warren Roper</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2735928" class="extiw" title="d:Q2735928">John Martin Rowell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165117" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165117">Ian John Russell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simons_(chemist)" title="John Simons (chemist)">John Philip Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Slack" title="Roger Slack">Roger Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Stoneham" title="Marshall Stoneham">Marshall Stoneham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_C._Thomas" title="Roger C. Thomas">Roger C. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Treisman" title="Anne Treisman">Anne Treisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wade" title="Kenneth Wade">Kenneth Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_D._Wall_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick D. Wall (scientist)">Pat Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Webster_(virologist)" title="Robert Webster (virologist)">Rob Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Summers_West" title="Thomas Summers West">Thomas Summers West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Robert_Young" title="Ian Robert Young">Ian Robert Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statute 12</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Marthe_Le_Douarin" title="Nicole Marthe Le Douarin">Nicole Marthe Le Douarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Erd%C5%91s" title="Paul Erdős">Paul Erdős</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Bristol" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Bristol" title="Template:University of Bristol"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Bristol" title="Template talk:University of Bristol"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Bristol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Bristol"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Bristol" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">University of Bristol</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%">University</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Bristol" title="University College, Bristol">University College, Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="History of the University of Bristol">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Governance of the University of Bristol">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Academic dress of the University of Bristol">Academic dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol_admissions_controversy" title="University of Bristol admissions controversy">2003 admissions controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol"><img alt="Wills Memorial Building, University of Bristol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg/120px-University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg/180px-University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg/240px-University_of_bristol_tower_after_cleaning_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chancellor: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Paul Nurse</a></li> <li>Vice-Chancellor: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Welch" title="Evelyn Welch">Evelyn Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Bristol_people" title="List of University of Bristol people">List of University of Bristol people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Departments and<br />buildings</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol_Botanic_Garden" title="University of Bristol Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Deaf_Studies,_Bristol" title="Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol">Centre for Deaf Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Device_Thermography_and_Reliability" title="Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability">Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Nanoscience_and_Quantum_Information" title="Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information">Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Computer_Science,_University_of_Bristol" title="Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol">Department of Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fry_Building" title="Fry Building">Fry Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Medical_School" title="Bristol Medical School">Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Fort_House" title="Royal Fort House">Royal Fort House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rooms,_Bristol" title="Victoria Rooms, Bristol">Victoria Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Memorial_Building" title="Wills Memorial Building">Wills Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Theatre" title="Winston Theatre">Winston Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol_Students%27_Union" title="University of Bristol Students' Union">Students' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_Radio" title="Burst Radio">Burst Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram_(newspaper)" title="Epigram (newspaper)"><i>Epigram</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(newspaper)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halls_of_residence_at_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Halls of residence at the University of Bristol">Halls of residence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldney_Hall" title="Goldney Hall">Goldney Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hill_House" title="Clifton Hill House">Clifton Hill House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hall" title="Wills Hall">Wills Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_Hall,_Bristol" title="Manor Hall, Bristol">Manor Hall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%">Clubs and societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol_Society_of_Change_Ringers" title="University of Bristol Society of Change Ringers">Society of Change Ringers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol_Spel%C3%A6ological_Society" title="University of Bristol Spelæological Society">Spelæological Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white;width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Category:Academics of the University of Bristol">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Category:Chancellors of the University of Bristol">Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Bristol_halls_of_residence" title="Category:University of Bristol halls of residence">Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Category:People associated with the University of Bristol">Associated people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#b01c2e; color:white"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Bristol" title="Category:University of Bristol"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:University_of_Bristol" class="extiw" title="commons:category:University of Bristol"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Commons</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United24_ambassadors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United24" title="Template:United24"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United24" title="Template talk:United24"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United24" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United24"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United24_ambassadors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United24" title="United24">United24</a> ambassadors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Shevchenko" title="Andriy Shevchenko">Andriy Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elina_Svitolina" title="Elina Svitolina">Elina Svitolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Dragons" title="Imagine Dragons">Imagine Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liev_Schreiber" title="Liev Schreiber">Liev Schreiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demna_(designer)" title="Demna (designer)">Demna Gvasalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Shakhtar_Donetsk" title="FC Shakhtar Donetsk">FC Shakhtar Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hamill" title="Mark Hamill">Mark Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Usyk" title="Oleksandr Usyk">Oleksandr Usyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natus_Vincere" title="Natus Vincere">NAVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Paisley" title="Brad Paisley">Brad Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katheryn_Winnick" title="Katheryn Winnick">Katheryn Winnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Grylls" title="Bear Grylls">Bear Grylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanna_Sakhno" title="Ivanna Sakhno">Ivanna Sakhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Zinchenko_(footballer)" title="Oleksandr Zinchenko (footballer)">Oleksandr Zinchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Collins" title="Misha Collins">Misha Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Strong" title="Mark Strong">Mark Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Milano" title="Alyssa Milano">Alyssa Milano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Swank" title="Hilary Swank">Hilary Swank</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNITED24_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United24 Logo"><img alt="United24 Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UNITED24_logo.svg/89px-UNITED24_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UNITED24_logo.svg/134px-UNITED24_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/UNITED24_logo.svg/178px-UNITED24_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219716#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089863764">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83210976">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00924863">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36348819">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nurse, Paul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0260854&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p159809975">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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