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id="toc-Religious_involvement_in_North-East_India_militancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_involvement_in_North-East_India_militancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Religious involvement in North-East India militancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_involvement_in_North-East_India_militancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Hindu_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Hindu_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Anti-Hindu violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Hindu_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Muslim_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Muslim_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Anti-Muslim violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Muslim_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Christian_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Christian_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Anti-Christian violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Christian_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-atheist_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-atheist_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Anti-atheist violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-atheist_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_human_rights_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ভারতে ধর্মীয় সহিংসতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে ধর্মীয় সহিংসতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencia_religiosa_en_India" title="Violencia religiosa en India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violencia religiosa en India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflits_intercommunautaires_en_Inde" title="Conflits intercommunautaires en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflits intercommunautaires en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrontamentos_relixiosos_na_India" title="Enfrontamentos relixiosos na India – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enfrontamentos relixiosos na India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="भारत में धार्मिक हिंसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में धार्मिक हिंसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Religious violence in India includes acts of violence by followers of one religious group against followers and institutions of another religious group, often in the form of rioting.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has generally involved <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Despite the secular and religiously tolerant <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, broad religious representation in various aspects of society including the government, the active role played by autonomous bodies such as <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">National Human Rights Commission of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Minorities" title="National Commission for Minorities">National Commission for Minorities</a>, and the ground-level work being done by non-governmental organisations, sporadic and sometimes serious acts of religious violence tend to occur as the root causes of religious violence often run deep in history, religious activities, and politics of India.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Along with domestic organizations, international human rights organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> publish reports<a href="#cite_note-India:Events_of_2007-8">[8]</a> on acts of religious violence in India. From 2005 to 2009, an average of 130 people died every year from communal violence,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or about 0.01 deaths per 100,000 population. The state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> reported the highest total number of religious violence related fatalities over that five-year period, while <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> experienced the highest fatality rate per year per 100,000 population between 2005 and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-prsindia-10">[10]</a> Over 2012, a total of 97 people died across India from various riots related to religious violence.<a href="#cite_note-toi2013-11">[11]</a> The US Commission on International Religious Freedom classified India as Tier-2 in persecuting religious minorities, the same as that of Iraq and Egypt. In a 2018 report, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom" title="United States Commission on International Religious Freedom">USCIRF</a> charged <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist</a> groups for their campaign to "<a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronize</a>" India through violence, intimidation, and harassment against non-Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-:02-12">[12]</a> Approximately one-third of state governments enforced anti-conversion and/or anti-<a href="/wiki/Cow_slaughter_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow slaughter in India">cattle slaughter</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> laws against non-Hindus, and mobs engaged in violence against Muslims whose families have been engaged in the dairy, leather, or beef trades for generations, and against Christians for proselytizing. "<a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Gau Rakshak</a>" (Cow Protection) lynch mobs killed at least 10 victims in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:02-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Many historians argue that religious violence in independent India is a legacy of the policy of <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> pursued by the British colonial authorities during the era of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Britain's control over the Indian subcontinent</a>, in which local administrators pitted Hindus and Muslims against one another, a tactic that eventually culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pulsipher20072-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></div> Ancient text <a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a>, mention a non-Buddhist in <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a> drew a picture showing the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a> bowing at the feet of <a href="/wiki/Nirgrantha_Jnatiputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgrantha Jnatiputra">Nirgrantha Jnatiputra</a> (identified with <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, 24th <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>). On complaint from a Buddhist devotee, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maurya_emperors" title="List of Maurya emperors">Maurya Emperor of India</a>, issued an order to arrest him, and subsequently, another order to kill all the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvikas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a>. Around 18,000 followers of the Ajivika sect were executed as a result of this order.<a href="#cite_note-John1989-17">[17]</a> Sometime later, another Nirgrantha follower in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> drew a similar picture. He was burnt alive with his entire family in their house under the orders of Ashoka.<a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-18">[18]</a> He also announced an award of one <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">dinara</a> (silver coin) for the head of a Nirgrantha. According to Ashokavadana, as a result of this order, his own brother, <a href="/wiki/Vitashoka" title="Vitashoka">Vitashoka</a>, was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd. Their ministers advised that "this is an example of the suffering that is being inflicted even on those who are free from desire" and that he "should guarantee the security of all beings". After this, Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions.<a href="#cite_note-John1989-17">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">K. T. S. Sarao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a>, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steven2010-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-LePhuoc2010-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a> (divine stories), an anthology of Buddhist mythical tales on morals and ethics, many using talking birds and animals, was written in about 2nd century AD. In one of the stories, the razing of <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viharas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viharas">viharas</a> is mentioned with Pushyamitra. This has been historically mapped to the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushyamitra">Pushyamitra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> about 400 years before Divyavadana was written. Archeological remains of stupas have been found in Deorkothar that suggest deliberate destruction, conjectured to be one mentioned in Divyavadana about Pushyamitra.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It is unclear when the Deorkothar stupas were destroyed, and by whom. The fictional tales of Divyavadana is considered by scholars<a href="#cite_note-rotman-22">[22]</a> as being of doubtful value as a historical record. <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Moriz Winternitz</a>, for example, stated, "these legends [in the Divyāvadāna] scarcely contain anything of much historical value".<a href="#cite_note-rotman-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_India">Medieval India</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_campaigns_in_India" title="Ghaznavid campaigns in India">Ghaznavid campaigns in India</a></div> There is a tendency among some historians to view the Muslim conquests and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_period_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim empires</a> as a prolonged period of violence against Hindu culture, with <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> calling the Muslim conquest of India "probably the bloodiest story in history."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Following his quest for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against the infidels of India, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> not only ruined the <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> and plundered its treasures but also killed every devotee present in the town.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h2></div> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (1658-1707) witnessed one of the strongest campaigns of religious violence in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire's</a> history. Aurangzeb is a controversial figure in modern India, often remembered as a "vile oppressor of Hindus".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> During his rule Aurangzeb expanded the Mughal Empire, conquering much of southern India through long bloody campaigns against non-Muslims. He forcibly converted Hindus to Islam and destroyed Hindu temples.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Era">Colonial Era</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goa_Inquisition_(1560–1774)">Goa Inquisition (1560–1774)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StFrancisXavier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/StFrancisXavier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a> who requested the Inquisition in 1545</figcaption></figure> The first inquisitors, Aleixo Dias Falcão and Francisco Marques, established themselves in what was formerly the king of Goa's palace, forcing the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Portuguese viceroy</a> to relocate to a smaller residence. The inquisitor's first act was forbidding Hindus from the public practice of their faith through fear of imprisonment. <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jews</a> living in Goa, many of whom had fled the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to escape the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> to begin with, were also targeted. During the <a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a>, described as "contrary to humanity" by <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> conversion efforts were practiced en masse and tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Goan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan people">Goan people</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> between 1561 and 1774.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer-30">[30]</a> The few records that have survived suggest that around 57 were executed for their religious crime, and another 64 were burned in <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> because they had already died in jail before sentencing.<a href="#cite_note-Saraiva_1975_p._107-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-parker292-32">[32]</a> The adverse effects of the inquisition forced hundreds of Hindus, Muslims and <a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholics" title="Mangalorean Catholics">Catholics</a> to escape Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> by migrating to other parts of the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Though officially repressed in 1774, it was nominally reinstated by <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a> in 1778. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Rebellion_of_1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></div> In 1813, the East India Company charter was amended to allow for government sponsored missionary activity across <a href="/wiki/Company_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Company Raj">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VijaySeth-34">[34]</a> The missionaries soon spread almost everywhere and started denigrating Hindu and Islamic practices like <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_India" title="Child marriage in India">child marriage</a>, as well as promoting Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Mahajan-35">[35]</a> Many officers of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Edwardes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Edwardes">Herbert Edwardes</a> and Colonel S.G. Wheeler, openly preached to the <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Such activities caused a great deal of resentment and a fear of forced conversions among Indian soldiers of the company and civilians alike.<a href="#cite_note-Mahajan-35">[35]</a> There was a perception that the company was trying to convert Hindus and Muslims to Christianity, which is often cited as one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">revolt</a>. The revolt is considered by some historians as a semi-national and semi-religious war seeking independence from British rule<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> though Saul David questions this interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The revolt started, among the Indian <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> of British East India Company, when the British introduced new rifle cartridges, rumoured to be greased with pig and cow fat—an abhorrent concept to Muslim and Hindu soldiers, respectively, for religious reasons. 150,000 Indians and 6,000 Britons were killed during the 1857 rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-google4-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall2001-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</h3></div> The British colonial era, since the 18th century, portrayed and treated Hindus and Muslims as two divided groups, both in cultural terms and for the purposes of governance.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The British favoured Muslims in the early period of colonial rule to gain influence in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal India">Mughal India</a>, but underwent a shift in policies after the 1857 rebellion. A series of religious riots in the late 19th century, such as those of 1891, 1896 and 1897 religious riots of Calcutta, raised concerns within <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser-43">[43]</a> The rising political movement for independence of India, and colonial government's administrative strategies to neutralize it, pressed the British to make the first attempt to partition the most populous province of India, <a href="/wiki/British_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bengal">Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gortvroom-44">[44]</a> Bengal was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partitioned</a> by the British colonial government, in 1905, along religious lines—a Muslim majority state of East Bengal and a Hindu majority state of West Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-gortvroom-44">[44]</a> The partition was deeply resented, seen by both groups as evidence of British favoritism to the other side. Waves of religious riots hit Bengal through 1907. The religious violence worsened, and the partition was reversed in 1911.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reversal did little to calm the religious violence in India, and Bengal alone witnessed at least nine violent riots, between Muslims and Hindus, in the 1910s through the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malabar_rebellion_(1921)">Malabar rebellion (1921)</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religious_violence_in_India##" title="Talk:Religious violence in India">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (February 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malabar_rebellion" title="Malabar rebellion">Malabar rebellion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Variyankunnath_Kunjahammad_Haji" title="Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji">Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></div> Moplah Rebellion was an anti-<a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a> rebellion conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Moplah</a> (Mappila) community of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar District</a> in 1921. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat movement">Khilafat movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> resolution; Moplahs murdered, pillaged, and forcibly converted thousands of Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> 100,000 Hindus<a href="#cite_note-besant-48">[48]</a> were driven away from their homes forcing to leave their property behind, which were later taken over by Moplahs. This greatly changed the demographics of the area, being the major cause behind today's <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a> being a Muslim majority district in Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated297-49">[49]</a> According to one view, the reasons for the Moplah rebellion was religious revivalism among the Muslim Moplahs, and hostility towards the landlord Hindu <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a> community and the British administration that supported the latter. Adhering to view, British records call it a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> revolt. The initial focus was on the government, but when the limited presence of the government was eliminated, Moplahs turned their full attention on attacking Hindus. <a href="/wiki/Variyan_Kunnathu_Kunjahammed_Haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji">Mohommed Haji</a> was proclaimed the Caliph of the Moplah Khilafat and flags of Islamic Caliphate were flown. Ernad and Walluvanad were declared Khilafat kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated297-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_British_India_(1947)">Partition of British India (1947)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:612px;max-width:612px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg/200px-More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg/300px-More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg/400px-More_victims_of_the_Calcutta_riots_of_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="814" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad,_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg/200px-Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg/300px-Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg/400px-Communal_trouble_also_erupts_in_Ahmedabad%2C_between_Muslims_and_Jains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="824" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/200px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/300px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg/400px-Emergency_trains_crowded_with_desperate_refugees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="424" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">As colonial rule in the Indian subcontinent was ending, there was large-scale religious violence.<a href="#cite_note-swsf-50">[50]</a> Corpses with vultures in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> after the 1946 riots (left), a Jain neighborhood and Hindu temple after arson attacks in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> in 1946 (middle) and Sikhs escaping violence across the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Indo-Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> border in 1947.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>, which started on 16 August 1946, left approximately 3,000 Hindus dead and 17,000 injured.<a href="#cite_note-swsf-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>, the British colonial government followed a <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide-and-rule</a> policy, exploiting existing differences between communities, to prevent similar revolts from taking place. In that respect, Indian Muslims were encouraged to forge a cultural and political identity separate from the Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the years leading up to Independence, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah">Mohammad Ali Jinnah</a> became increasingly concerned about minority position of Islam in an independent India largely composed of a Hindu majority.<a href="#cite_note-erols1-53">[53]</a> Although a partition plan was accepted, no large population movements were contemplated. As India and Pakistan become independent, 14.5 million people crossed borders to ensure their safety in an increasingly lawless and communal environment. With British authority gone, the newly formed governments were completely unequipped to deal with migrations of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the border along communal lines. Estimates of the number of deaths range around roughly 500,000, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at one million.<a href="#cite_note-erols1-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_India">Modern India</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_of_India">Partition of India</h3></div> Large-scale religious violence and riots have periodically occurred in India since its independence from British colonial rule. The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947 to create a separate Islamic state of Pakistan for Muslims, saw large scale <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a> and bloodshed throughout the nation. According to <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s estimates, Around 80 lakh <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> have moved from <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and around 75 lakh <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> have moved from India to Pakistan as refugees. An estimated one million people have been killed in the violence. Since then, India has witnessed sporadic large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of the Hindu and Muslim communities.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> These conflicts also stem from the ideologies of hardline right-wing groups versus <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fundamentalists">Islamic fundamentalists</a> and prevalent in certain sections of the population. Since independence, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has always maintained a <a href="/wiki/Indian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian constitution">constitutional</a> commitment to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. The major incidences include the <a href="/wiki/1961_Jabalpur_riots" title="1961 Jabalpur riots">1961 Jabalpur riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 Sikh massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1989_Bhagalpur_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Bhagalpur riots">1989 Bhagalpur riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">1989 Kashmir violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">Godhra train burning</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Muzaffarnagar_riots" title="2013 Muzaffarnagar riots">2013 Muzaffarnagar riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jabalpur_riots_(1961)">Jabalpur riots (1961)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1961_Jabalpur_riots" title="1961 Jabalpur riots">1961 Jabalpur riots</a></div> The 1961 Jabalpur Riots were the first major-scale riots between Hindus and Muslims in post-Partition India, which erupted in the city of <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. This riot was linked to the emergence of a small class of successful Muslim entrepreneurs who created a new economic rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> These riots shook <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> as he never expected communal riots of such intensity in independent India. <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> organizations including <a href="/wiki/ABVP" class="mw-redirect" title="ABVP">ABVP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> played a major role in this riot. Officially 55 were killed, though according to unofficial accounts, 200 were killed. Nehru responded by lambasting the Bhopal Congress government which was being headed by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_Of_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister Of Madhya Pradesh">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a>. He angrily noted that Congress leaders were found to be 'sitting inside their houses like purdah ladies' during riots.<a href="#cite_note-Another_India:_The_Making_of_the_World's_Largest_Muslim_Minority,_1947–77_-_Pratinav_Anil_-_Google_Books-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gujarat_communal_riots_(1969)">Gujarat communal riots (1969)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1969_Gujarat_riots" title="1969 Gujarat riots">1969 Gujarat riots</a></div> Religious violence broke out between Hindus and Muslims during September–October 1969, in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCT2012_history-57">[57]</a> It was the most deadly Hindu-Muslim violence since the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christophe2010-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-LaurentChris2012-59">[59]</a> The violence included attacks on Muslim <a href="/wiki/Chawl" title="Chawl">chawls</a> by their <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-LaurentChris2012-59">[59]</a> The violence continued over a week, then the rioting restarted a month later.<a href="#cite_note-Richard1992-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subrata2006-61">[61]</a> Some 660 people were killed (430 Muslims, 230 Hindus), 1074 people were injured and over 48,000 lost their property.<a href="#cite_note-LaurentChris2012-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yasmeen2007-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Sikh_riots/massacre_(1984)">Anti-Sikh riots/massacre (1984)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></div> In the 1970s, Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> had <a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">sought autonomy</a> and complained about domination by the Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-63">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> government arrested thousands of Sikhs for their opposition and demands particularly during <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">Indian Emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In Indira Gandhi's attempt to "save democracy" through the Emergency, India's constitution was suspended, 140,000 people were arrested without due process, of which 40,000 were Sikhs.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> After the Emergency was lifted, during elections, she supported <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jathedar" title="Jathedar">Jathedar</a> (leader) of the <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a>, in an effort to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a>, the largest Sikh political party. However, Bhindranwale began to oppose the central government and moved his political base to the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Darbar Sahib</a> (Golden temple) in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar, Punjab">Amritsar</a>, demanding creation on Punjab as a new country.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-63">[63]</a> In June 1984, under orders from Indira Gandhi, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian army">Indian Army</a> attacked the Golden temple with <a href="/wiki/Vijayanta" title="Vijayanta">Vijayanta tanks</a> and armoured vehicles, due to the presence of Sikh <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistanis</a> armed with weapons inside. Thousands of Sikhs died during the attack.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-63">[63]</a> In retaliation for the storming of the Golden temple, Indira Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Indira Gandhi">assassinated</a> on 31 October 1984 by two Sikh bodyguards. The assassination provoked mass rioting against Sikh.<a href="#cite_note-Charny1999-63">[63]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 anti-Sikh pogroms">1984 anti-Sikh pogroms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, government and police officials aided <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> party worker gangs in "methodically and systematically" targeting Sikhs and Sikh homes.<a href="#cite_note-Ensaaf-66">[66]</a> As a result of the pogroms 10,000–17,000 were burned alive or otherwise killed, Sikh people suffered massive property damage, and at least 50,000 Sikhs were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-Mukhoty_1984-67">[67]</a> The 1984 riots fueled the Sikh insurgency movement. In the peak years of the insurgency, religious violence by separatists, government-sponsored groups, and the paramilitary arms of the government was endemic on all sides. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reports that separatists were responsible for "massacre of civilians, attacks upon Hindu minorities in the state, indiscriminate bomb attacks in crowded places, and the assassination of a number of political leaders".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Right_Watch-68">[68]</a> Human Rights Watch also stated that the Indian Government's response "led to the arbitrary detention, torture, extrajudicial execution, and enforced disappearance of thousands of Sikhs".<a href="#cite_note-Human_Right_Watch-68">[68]</a> The insurgency paralyzed <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab">Punjab's economy</a> until peace initiatives and elections were held in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Right_Watch-68">[68]</a> Allegations of coverup and shielding of political leaders of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> over their role in 1984 riot crimes, have been widespread.<a href="#cite_note-coverup-1-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leaders-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_involvement_in_North-East_India_militancy">Religious involvement in North-East India militancy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></div> Religion has begun to play an increasing role in reinforcing ethnic divides among the decades-old militant separatist movements in north-east India.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhaumik-2004-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Christian separatist group <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Tripura" title="National Liberation Front of Tripura">National Liberation Front of Tripura</a> (NLFT) has proclaimed bans on Hindu worship and has attacked animist <a href="/wiki/Reang" title="Reang">Reangs</a> and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Jamatia" title="Jamatia">Jamatia</a> tribesmen in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. Some resisting tribal leaders have been killed and some tribal women raped.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to The Government of Tripura, the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church of Tripura">Baptist Church of Tripura</a> is involved in supporting the NLFT and arrested two church officials in 2000, one of them for possessing explosives.<a href="#cite_note-Tripura-75">[75]</a> In late 2004, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Tripura" title="National Liberation Front of Tripura">National Liberation Front of Tripura</a> banned all <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Puja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Puja">Saraswati Puja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tripura-75">[75]</a> The Naga insurgency, militants have largely depended on their Christian ideological base for their cause.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Hindu_violence">Anti-Hindu violence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg/220px-Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg/330px-Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg/440px-Outside_wall_of_the_Maddur_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maddur,_Mandya" title="Maddur, Mandya">Maddur</a> Mosque inscription declaring that Muslims have agreed not to object to non-Muslim religious processions</figcaption></figure> There have been a number of attacks on Hindu temples and Hindus by Muslim militants and Christian evangelists. Prominent among them are the <a href="/wiki/1998_Chamba_massacre" title="1998 Chamba massacre">1998 Chamba massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2002_fidayeen_attacks_on_Raghunath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 fidayeen attacks on Raghunath temple">2002 fidayeen attacks on Raghunath temple</a>, the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Akshardham_Temple_attack" title="Akshardham Temple attack">Akshardham Temple attack</a> by Islamic terrorist outfit <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2006_Varanasi_bombings" title="2006 Varanasi bombings">2006 Varanasi bombings</a> (also by Lashkar-e-Toiba), resulting in many deaths and injuries. Recent attacks on Hindus by Muslim mobs include <a href="/wiki/Marad_massacre" title="Marad massacre">Marad massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">Godhra train burning</a>. In August 2000, <a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">Swami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shanti_Kali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanti Kali">Shanti Kali</a>, a popular Hindu priest, was shot to death inside his ashram in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. Police reports regarding the incident identified ten members of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian terrorist">Christian terrorist</a> organisation <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Tripura" title="National Liberation Front of Tripura">NLFT</a>, as being responsible for the murder. On 4 Dec 2000, nearly three months after his death, an ashram set up by Shanti Kali at Chachu Bazar near the Sidhai police station was raided by Christian militants belonging to the NLFT. Eleven of the priest's <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashrams</a>, schools, and orphanages around the state were burned down by the NLFT. In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Laxmanananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Laxmanananda">Swami Laxmanananda</a>, a popular regional Hindu Guru was murdered along with four of his disciples by unknown assailants (though a <a href="/wiki/Maoism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism in India">Maoist</a> organisation later claimed responsibility for that<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>). Later the police arrested three Christians in connection with the murder.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Congress <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Radhakant_Nayak" title="Radhakant Nayak">Radhakant Nayak</a> has also been named as a suspected person in the murder, with some Hindu leaders calling for his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Lesser incidents of religious violence happen in many towns and villages in India. In October 2005, five people were killed in <a href="/wiki/Mau,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mau, Uttar Pradesh">Mau</a> in Uttar Pradesh during Muslim rioting, which was triggered by the proposed celebration of a Hindu festival.<a href="#cite_note-HRWWR-82">[82]</a> On 3 and 4 January 2002, eight <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> were killed in Marad, near <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> due to scuffles between two groups that began after a dispute over drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITM-84">[84]</a> On 2 May 2003, eight <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> were killed by a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> mob, in what is believed to be a sequel to the earlier incident.<a href="#cite_note-ITM-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> One of the attackers, Mohammed Ashker was killed during the chaos. The <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Front" title="National Development Front">National Development Front</a> (NDF), a right-wing militant <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> organisation, was suspected as the perpetrator of the <a href="/wiki/Marad_massacre" title="Marad massacre">Marad massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HINDUMARAD-86">[86]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Deganga_riots" title="2010 Deganga riots">2010 Deganga riots</a> after hundreds of Hindu business establishments and residences were looted, destroyed and burnt, dozens of Hindus were killed or severely injured and several Hindu temples desecrated and vandalised by the <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> mobs allegedly led by <a href="/wiki/Trinamul_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinamul Congress">Trinamul Congress</a> MP Haji Nurul Islam.<a href="#cite_note-express2-87">[87]</a> Three years later, during the <a href="/wiki/2013_Canning_riots" title="2013 Canning riots">2013 Canning riots</a>, several hundred Hindu businesses were targeted and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> mobs in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TOI_Ceasar_20130220-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-oneindia21022013-89">[89]</a> Religious violence has led to the death, injuries and damage to numerous Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-indianexpress-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes2-91">[91]</a> For example, 254 Hindus were killed in 2002 Gujarat riots out of which half were killed in police firing and rest by rioters.<a href="#cite_note-sify-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatimes4-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday-94">[94]</a> During 1992 Bombay riots, 275 Hindus died.<a href="#cite_note-in-95">[95]</a> In October, 2018, a Christian personal security officer of an additional sessions judge assassinated his 38-year-old wife and his 18-year-old son for not converting to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In October 2020, a 20-year old <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Nikita_Tomar" title="Murder of Nikita Tomar">Nikita Tomar</a> was shot by Tausif, a <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, for not converting to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and marrying to him. Tausif was imprisoned for life.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some cases of murder because of blasphemy have also taken place. <a href="/wiki/Kamlesh_Tiwari" title="Kamlesh Tiwari">Kamlesh Tiwari</a> was murdered for his allegedly blasphemous comments on <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A similar case took place in Gujrat in January 2022 where <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Kishan_Bharvad" title="Murder of Kishan Bharvad">Kishan Bharvad</a> was murdered for making an allegedly blasphemous social media post on <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> on the directive of a Muslim cleric.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> A Hindu man named Nagaraju was murdered by a Muslim man for marrying a Muslim woman.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <dl><dt>Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region, approximately 300 <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> were killed between September 1989 to 1990 in various incidents.<a href="#cite_note-Pandits-102">[102]</a> In early 1990, local Urdu newspapers Aftab and Al Safa called upon Kashmiris to wage <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against India and ordered the expulsion of all Hindus choosing to remain in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Pandits-102">[102]</a> Notices were placed on the houses of all Hindus, telling them to leave within 24 hours or die.<a href="#cite_note-Pandits-102">[102]</a> Since March 1990, estimates of between 300,000 and 500,000 pandits have migrated outside Kashmir<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> due to persecution by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fundamentalists">Islamic fundamentalists</a> in the largest case of ethnic cleansing since the partition of India.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandit">Kashmiri Pandits</a> have been killed by <a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorism">Islamist militants</a> in incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/Wandhama_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandhama massacre">Wandhama massacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The incidents of massacring and forced eviction have been termed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> by some observers.<a href="#cite_note-Pandits-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Muslim_violence">Anti-Muslim violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Muslims in India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></div> The history of modern India has many incidents of communal violence. During the 1947 partition there was religious violence between Muslim-Hindu, Muslim-Sikhs and Muslim-Jains on a gigantic scale.<a href="#cite_note-mgat-110">[110]</a> Hundreds of religious riots have been recorded since then, in every decade of independent India. In these riots, the victims have included many Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Christians and Buddhists. On 6 December 1992, members of the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> destroyed the 430-year-old <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWCACV-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>—it was claimed by the Hindus that the mosque was built over the birthplace of the deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> (and a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> ruled that the site was indeed a Hindu monument before the mosque was built there, based on evidence submitted by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>). The resulting religious riots caused at least 1200 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-nyt92-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-time92-115">[115]</a> Since then the Government of India has blocked off or heavily increased security at these disputed sites while encouraging attempts to resolve these disputes through court cases and negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In the aftermath of the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalists</a> on 6 December 1992, riots took place between Hindus and Muslims in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Four people died in a fire in the <a href="/wiki/Asalfa" title="Asalfa">Asalpha</a> timber mart at <a href="/wiki/Ghatkopar" title="Ghatkopar">Ghatkopar</a>, five were killed in the burning of <a href="/wiki/Baiganwadi" title="Baiganwadi">Baiganwadi</a>; shacks along the harbour line track between <a href="/wiki/Sewri" title="Sewri">Sewri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Green" title="Cotton Green">Cotton Green</a> stations were gutted; and a couple was pulled out of a rickshaw in Asalpha village and burnt to death.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The riots changed the demographics of Mumbai greatly, as Hindus moved to Hindu-majority areas and Muslims moved to Muslim-majority areas. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg/220px-Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg/330px-Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg/440px-Ahmedabad_riots1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Many of <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>'s buildings were set on fire during <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat violence</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">Godhra train burning</a> incident in which Hindus were burned alive allegedly by Muslims by closing door of train, led to the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> in which mostly Muslims were killed. According to the death toll given to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a> on 11 May 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliance" title="United Progressive Alliance">United Progressive Alliance</a> government, 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed, and another 2,548 injured. 223 people are missing. The report placed the number of riot widows at 919 and 606 children were declared orphaned.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> According to hone advocacy group, the death tolls were up to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, up to 2000 people were killed in the violence.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Tens of thousands were displaced from their homes because of the violence. According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Celia_W._Dugger" title="Celia W. Dugger">Celia Williams Dugger</a>, witnesses were dismayed by the lack of intervention from local police, who often watched the events taking place and took no action against the attacks on Muslims and their property.<a href="#cite_note-Dugger_60-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh leaders</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> as well as the Gujarat government<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-19-Mar-02-127">[127]</a> maintain that the violence was rioting or inter-communal clashes—spontaneous and uncontrollable reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Godhra_train_burning" title="Godhra train burning">Godhra train burning</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sachar_Committee_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachar Committee Report">Sachar Committee Report</a> was setup by the then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> to study the socio-economic condition of Muslims in India.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a>, which left more than 40 dead and hundreds injured, were triggered by protests against a <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019</a> seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and part of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s Hindu nationalist agenda.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In recent years, anti-Muslim violence in India has increased seriously due to the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> where citizens with other religious beliefs are tolerated but have <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second‐class status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Christian_violence">Anti-Christian violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Violence against Christians in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/220px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/330px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg/440px-Orissa_violence_destroyedbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a church property burnt down during the <a href="/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence" title="2008 Kandhamal violence">anti-Christian violence in Orissa</a> in August 2008</figcaption></figure> A 1999 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report states increasing levels of religious violence on Christians in India, perpetrated by Hindu organizations.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPFVM167-136">[136]</a> In 2000, acts of religious violence against Christians included forcible reconversion of converted Christians to Hinduism, distribution of threatening literature and destruction of Christian cemeteries.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-135">[135]</a> According to a 2008 report by <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, "extremist Hindus have increased their attacks on Christians, until there are now several hundred per year. But this did not make news in the U.S. until a foreigner was attacked."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Orissa_religious_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa religious violence">Odisha</a>, starting December 2007, Christians have been attacked in <a href="/wiki/Kandhamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandhamal">Kandhamal</a> and other districts, resulting in the deaths of two Hindus and one Christian, and the destruction of houses and churches. Hindus claim that Christians killed a Hindu saint Laxmananand, and the attacks on Christians were in retaliation. However, there was no conclusive proof to support this claim.<a href="#cite_note-TimesOrissa-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRWORISSA-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindustan-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDTVChristian-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FinancialExpressChristian-142">[142]</a> Twenty people were arrested following the attacks on churches.<a href="#cite_note-NDTVChristian-141">[141]</a> Similarly, starting 14 September 2008, there were numerous incidents of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka_religious_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka religious violence">violence against the Christian community in Karnataka</a>. Graham Stuart Staines (1941 – 23 January 1999) an <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> who, along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death by a gang of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> fundamentalists while sleeping in his station wagon at <a href="/wiki/Manoharpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Manoharpur">Manoharpur</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Kendujhar" title="Kendujhar">Kendujhar</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> on 23 January 1999. In 2003, a <a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a> activist, <a href="/wiki/Dara_Singh_(Hindu_nationalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Singh (Hindu nationalist)">Dara Singh</a>, was convicted of leading the gang that murdered <a href="/wiki/Graham_Staines" title="Graham Staines">Graham Staines</a> and his sons, and was sentenced to life in prison.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-frontline-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes-146">[146]</a> In its annual human rights reports for 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> criticised India for "increasing societal violence against Christians."<a href="#cite_note-Expressindia-147">[147]</a> The report listed over 90 incidents of anti-Christian violence, ranging from damage of religious property to violence against Christian pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-Expressindia-147">[147]</a> In Madhya Pradesh, unidentified persons set two statues inside St Peter and Paul Church in <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a> on fire.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, religious violence was targeted against Christians in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-thaindian-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-atheist_violence">Anti-atheist violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Discrimination against atheists</a></div> According to Jaswant Zirakh of the <a href="/wiki/Tarksheel_Society" title="Tarksheel Society">Tarksheel Society</a>, Indians are usually comfortable with atheist concepts, but usually it's popular religious leadership and <a href="/wiki/Godman_(India)" title="Godman (India)">godmen</a> tend to attack atheism since they tend to worry about losing their power and income.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[150]</a> Among Indian Muslim communities, atheists worry of backlash, they and their families may face social boycott and ostracism including stopping them in participation of funerary rites of their dear ones.<a href="#cite_note-:3-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Nayak" title="Narendra Nayak">Narendra Nayak</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Rationalist_Associations" title="Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations">Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations</a> (FIRA) and an advocate of atheism, has claimed to have been attacked three times and had his scooter damaged twice, with one of the attacks leaving him with head injuries. This compelled him to take self-defence lessons and carry a <a href="/wiki/Nunchaku" title="Nunchaku">nunchaku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nunchaku1-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tarksheel_Society" title="Tarksheel Society">Megh Raj Mitter</a>'s house was surrounded by a mob after he debunked the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_milk_miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu milk miracle">Hindu milk miracle</a>, forcing him to call the police.<a href="#cite_note-Twilight-152">[152]</a> On 15 March 2007, a bounty of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>700,000 (equivalent to ₹2.1 million or US$25,000 in 2023) was announced on atheist<a href="#cite_note-Theocracy-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a> author <a href="/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin" title="Taslima Nasrin">Taslima Nasrin</a>, while living in India, by a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cleric named <a href="/wiki/Maulana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana">Maulana</a> Tauqeer Raza Khan for allegedly writing derogatory statements about Muhammad in her work.<a href="#cite_note-TaslimaHead-154">[154]</a> In December 2013, an <a href="/wiki/First_Information_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="First Information Report">FIR</a> was filed against Nasrin in <a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a> by a cleric named Hasan Raza Khan, for hurting religious sentiments. Nasrin had allegedly tweeted on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> that "In India, criminals who issue <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a> against women don't get punished." Raza Khan said that by accusing clerics of being criminals, Nasrin had hurt religious sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-AntiFatwaTweet-155">[155]</a> On 2 July 2011, the house of U. Kalanathan, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Yukthivadi_Sangham" title="Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham">Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham</a>, was attacked in <a href="/wiki/Vallikunnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallikunnu">Vallikunnu</a> after he suggested on television that the temple treasures of <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhaswamy_Temple" title="Padmanabhaswamy Temple">Padmanabhaswamy Temple</a> should be used for public welfare.<a href="#cite_note-kalanathan-156">[156]</a> On 20 August 2013, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Dabholkar" title="Narendra Dabholkar">Narendra Dabholkar</a>, a rationalist and anti-superstition campaigner, was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On 16 February 2015, rationalist <a href="/wiki/Govind_Pansare" title="Govind Pansare">Govind Pansare</a> and his wife were attacked by unknown gunmen. He later died from the wounds on 20 February.<a href="#cite_note-Pansare-158">[158]</a> On 30 August 2015, <a href="/wiki/M._M._Kalburgi" title="M. M. Kalburgi">M. M. Kalburgi</a>, a scholar and rationalist, was shot dead at his home. He was known for his criticism of superstition and idol worship.<a href="#cite_note-Kalburgi-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Time-kalburgi-160">[160]</a> Soon afterwards, another rationalist and author, <a href="/wiki/K._S._Bhagwan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Bhagwan">K. S. Bhagwan</a>, received a threatening letter. He had offended religious groups by criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Gita">Gita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BhagwanWriter-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThreatLetter-162">[162]</a> In March 2017, 31-year-old A Farooq, an Indian Muslim youth from <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> who became an atheist, was killed by members of a Muslim radical group.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Communal violence in India<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Incidents </th> <th>Deaths </th> <th>Injured </th></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>779 </td> <td>124 </td> <td>2066 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>698 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>2170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>761 </td> <td>99 </td> <td>2227 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>943 </td> <td>167 </td> <td>2354 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>849 </td> <td>125 </td> <td>2461 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>701 </td> <td>116 </td> <td>2138 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>580 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>668 </td> <td>94 </td> <td>2117 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>823 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>2269 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>644 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>751 </td> <td>97 </td> <td>2264 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>703 </td> <td>86 </td> <td>2321 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>822 </td> <td>111 </td> <td>2384 </td></tr></tbody></table> From 2005 to 2009, an average of 130 people died every year from communal riots, and 2,200 were injured.<a href="#cite_note-prsindia-10">[10]</a> In pre-partitioned India, over the 1920–1940 period, numerous communal violence incidents were recorded, an average of 381 people died per year during religious violence, and thousands were injured.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> According to PRS India,<a href="#cite_note-prsindia-10">[10]</a> 24 out of 35 states and union territories of India reported instances of religious riots over the five years from 2005 to 2009. However, most religious riots resulted in property damage but no injuries or fatalities. The highest incidences of communal violence in the five-year period were reported from Maharashtra (700). The other three states with high counts of communal violence over the same five-year period were Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Together, these four states accounted for 64% of all deaths from communal violence. Adjusted for widely different population per state, the highest rate of communal violence fatalities were reported by Madhya Pradesh, at 0.14 death per 100,000 people over five years, or 0.03 deaths per 100,000 people per year.<a href="#cite_note-prsindia-10">[10]</a> There was a wide regional variation in rate of death caused by communal violence per 100,000 people. The India-wide average communal violence fatality rate per year was 0.01 person per 100,000 people per year. The world's average annual death rate from intentional violence, in recent years, has been 7.9 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-gede-172">[172]</a> For 2012,<a href="#cite_note-toi2013-11">[11]</a> there were 93 deaths in India from many incidences of communal violence (or 0.007 fatalities per 100,000 people). Of these, 48 were Muslims, 44 Hindus and one police official. The riots also injured 2,067 people, of which 1,010 were Hindus, 787 Muslims, 222 police officials and 48 others. Over 2013, 107 people were killed during religious riots (or 0.008 total fatalities per 100,000 people), of which 66 were Muslims, 41 were Hindus. The various riots in 2013 also injured 1,647 people including 794 Hindus, 703 Muslims and 200 policemen.<a href="#cite_note-toi2013-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_human_rights_reports">International human rights reports</h2></div> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> International Religious Freedom Report noted The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the National Government generally respected this right in practice. However, some state and local governments limited this freedom in practice.<a href="#cite_note-state.gov-174">[174]</a> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report notes: India claims an abiding commitment to human rights, but its record is marred by continuing violations by security forces in counterinsurgency operations and by government failure to rigorously implement laws and policies to protect marginalised communities. A vibrant media and civil society continue to press for improvements, but without tangible signs of success in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-India:Events_of_2007-8">[8]</a> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> report listed several issues concern in India and noted Justice and rehabilitation continued to evade most victims of the 2002 Gujarat communal violence.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The 2007 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> Human Rights Report<a href="#cite_note-http-176">[176]</a> noted that the government generally respected the rights of its citizens; however, numerous serious problems remained. The report which has received a lot of controversy internationally,<a href="#cite_note-fas.org-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-ANDRES_OPPENHEIMER-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Age-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-180">[180]</a> as it does not include human rights violations of United States and its allies, has generally been rejected by political parties in India as interference in internal affairs,<a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes.com-181">[181]</a> including in the Lower House of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-expressindia.com-182">[182]</a> In a 2018 report, United Nations Human Rights office expressed concerns over attacks directed at minorities and Dalits in India. The statement came in an annual report to the United Nations Human Rights Council's March 2018 session where Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein said, <blockquote>"In India, I am increasingly disturbed by discrimination and violence directed at minorities, including Dalits and other scheduled castes, and religious minorities such as Muslims. In some cases this injustice appears actively endorsed by local or religious officials. I am concerned that criticism of government policies is frequently met by claims that it constitutes sedition or a threat to national security. I am deeply concerned by efforts to limit critical voices through the cancellation or suspension of registration of thousands of NGOs, including groups advocating for human rights and even public health groups."<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film_and_literature">In film and literature</h2></div> Religious violence in India have been a topic of various films and novels. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firaaq" title="Firaaq">Firaaq</a>, a film set in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_Hawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Garam Hawa">Garam Hawa</a>, a film by <a href="/wiki/M._S._Sathyu" title="M. S. Sathyu">M. S. Sathyu</a> based on a story on partition written by <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chugtai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismat Chugtai">Ismat Chugtai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a>, a 1982 film which included portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(film)" title="Tamas (film)">Tamas</a>, a film on partition based on a book by <a href="/wiki/Bhisham_Sahni" title="Bhisham Sahni">Bhisham Sahni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_(film)" title="Bombay (film)">Bombay</a>, a 1995 film centred on events during the period of December 1992 to January 1993 in India, and the controversy surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> in Ayodhya<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maachis" title="Maachis">Maachis</a>, a film by <a href="/wiki/Gulzar_(lyricist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzar (lyricist)">Gulzar</a> about Punjab terrorism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(1998_film)" title="Earth (1998 film)">Earth</a>, a 1998 film<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> portraying Partition violence in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiza" title="Fiza">Fiza</a>, a 2000 film<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> set amidst the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">Bombay riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a>, a 2002 film<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> with a semi-fictional plot centred around Partition of India and related religious violence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Iyer" title="Mr. and Mrs. Iyer">Mr. and Mrs. Iyer</a>, a 2002 film<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> about the relationship between two lead characters Meenakshi Iyer and Raja amidst Hindu-Muslim riots in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_(2003_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Solution (2003 film)">Final Solution</a>, a 2003 documentary film about the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat violence</a>, banned in India<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawayein_(2003_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawayein (2003 film)">Hawayein</a>, a 2003 film about the struggles of Sikhs during the 1984 anti-<a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> riots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(2004_film)" title="Black Friday (2004 film)">Black Friday</a>, a Hindi film on the 1993 serial bomb blasts in Mumbai, directed by Anurag Kashyap<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_(film)" title="Amu (film)">Amu</a>, a film about a girl orphaned during the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parzania" title="Parzania">Parzania</a>, a 2007 film about the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">riots in Gujarat in 2002</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> The film was purposely not released in Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Cinema owners and distributors in Gujarat refused to screen the film out of fear of retaliation by Hindu activists.<a href="#cite_note-USREPORT2007-194">[194]</a> Hindutva groups in Gujarat threatened to attack theatres that showed the film.<a href="#cite_note-USREPORT2007-194">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumdog_Millionaire" title="Slumdog Millionaire">Slumdog Millionaire</a>, a 2008 British <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama film</a> that is a loose adaptation of the novel <a href="/wiki/Q_%26_A_(novel)" title="Q & A (novel)">Q & A</a> (2005) by <a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian author</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikas_Swarup" title="Vikas Swarup">Vikas Swarup</a>, telling the story of 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Malik_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal Malik (character)">Jamal Malik</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Juhu" title="Juhu">Juhu</a> <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. The violence of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">Bombay riots</a> is an instrumental part of the plot of the film as the protagonist, Jamal Malik's mother is among those killed in the riots, and he later remarks "If it wasn't for <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, we'd still have a mother."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_to_Pakistan" title="Train to Pakistan">Train to Pakistan</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a> set during the Partition of India, and a <a href="/wiki/Train_to_Pakistan_(film)" title="Train to Pakistan (film)">movie by the same name</a>, based on the book</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_(short_story)" title="Toba Tek Singh (short story)">Toba Tek Singh</a>", a satirical story by <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Hasan_Manto" title="Saadat Hasan Manto">Saadat Hasan Manto</a> set during the Partition of India</li> <li>Muzaffarnagar Abhi Baki Hai, a documentary on the 2013 Muzaffarnagar riot<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_1984" title="Punjab 1984">Punjab 1984</a>, a 2014 Indian Punjabi period drama film based on the 1984–86 Punjab insurgency's impact on social life</li> <li>Man with the White Beard, 2018 fiction by Dr Shah Alam Khan set in the backdrop of three major riots of India: the anti Sikh riots of 1984, the anti Muslim riots of Gujarat in 2002 and the anti Christian riots of Kandhamal in 2008<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism (South Asia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hindu–Islamic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Migrants_(Determination_by_Tribunals)_Act,_1983" title="Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983">Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act, 1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic terrorism in India">Islamic terrorism in India during 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhe_Sahaba_Agitation" title="Madhe Sahaba Agitation">Madhe Sahaba Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">List of massacres in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_India" title="List of riots in India">List of riots in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Mumbai" title="List of riots in Mumbai">List of riots in Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of atheists">Persecution of atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Saffron terror">Saffron terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against Muslims in India">Violence against Muslims in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Indian_riots" title="1925 Indian riots">1925 Indian riots</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 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World Regional Geography. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7792-2"><bdi>978-0-7167-7792-2</bdi></a>. <q>Many historians argue that the Partition could have been avoided had it not been for the "divide-and-rule" tactics the British used throughout the colonial era to heighten tensions between South Asian Muslims and Hindus, thus creating a role for themselves as indispensable and benevolent mediators. For example, British local administrators commonly favored the interests of minority communities in order to weaken the power of majorities that could have threatened British authority. The legacy of these "divide-and-rule" tactics includes not only the Partition, but also the repeated wars and skirmishes, strained relations, and ongoing arms race between India and Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7792-2&rft.aulast=Pulsipher&rft.aufirst=Lydia+Mihelic&rft.au=Pulsipher%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John1989_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John1989_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232">The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beni2010-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeni_Madhab_Barua2010" class="citation book cs1">Beni Madhab Barua (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich">The Ajivikas</a>. General Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2"><bdi>978-1-152-74433-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajivikas&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-152-74433-2&rft.au=Beni+Madhab+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajivikas00barurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven2010-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Steven2010_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Danver2010" class="citation book cs1">Steven L. Danver, ed. (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99">Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-078-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Controversies+in+World+History%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-078-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslVobUjdzGMC%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LePhuoc2010-20"><a href="#cite_ref-LePhuoc2010_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Phuoc2010" class="citation book cs1">Le Phuoc (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32">Buddhist Architecture</a>. Grafikol. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9844043-0-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8&rft.au=Le+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/deorkothar/index.html">"Article on Deorkothar Stupas possibly being targeted by Pushyamitra"</a>. Archaeology.org. 4 April 2001. Retrieved 27 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+Deorkothar+Stupas+possibly+being+targeted+by+Pushyamitra&rft.pub=Archaeology.org&rft.date=2001-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fonline%2Fnews%2Fdeorkothar%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotman-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotman_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotman_22-1">b</a> Andy Rotman (Translator), Paul Harrison et al (Editors), Divine Stories - The Divyāvadāna Part 1, Wisdom Publications, Boston, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-295-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-295-1">0-86171-295-1</a>, Introduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Divine%20Stories%20Book%20Preview_0.pdf">Preview summary of book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101928/http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Divine%20Stories%20Book%20Preview_0.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant2014" class="citation cs2">Durant, Will (2014) [first published 1935], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT458">The Complete Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage</a>, Simon and Schuster, pp. 458–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-7971-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-7971-3"><bdi>978-1-4767-7971-3</bdi></a>, <q>The Mohammedan Conquest of India is probably the bloodiest story in history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Story+of+Civilization%3A+Our+Oriental+Heritage&rft.pages=458-&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-7971-3&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfGPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruschke2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Truschke" title="Audrey Truschke">Truschke, Audrey</a> (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. pp. 2–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0257-1"><bdi>978-1-5036-0257-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangzeb%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%27s+Most+Controversial+King&rft.pages=2-9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0257-1&rft.aulast=Truschke&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyalon1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ayalon" title="David Ayalon">Ayalon, David</a> (1986). Studies in Islamic History and Civilisation. Brill. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-264-014-7"><bdi>978-965-264-014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+History+and+Civilisation&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-965-264-014-7&rft.aulast=Ayalon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aurangzeb.info">"Aurangzeb, as he was according to Mughal Records"</a>. FACT. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FACT&rft.atitle=Aurangzeb%2C+as+he+was+according+to+Mughal+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aurangzeb.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> More links at the bottom of that page. For a record of major Hindu temple destruction campaigns, from 1193 to 1729 CE, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Eaton, Richard (2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283">10.1093/jis/11.3.283</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26198197">26198197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Temple+Desecration+and+Indo-Muslim+States&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-319&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26198197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Voltaire, Lettres sur l'origine des sciences et sur celle des peuples de l'Asie (first published Paris, 1777), letter of 15 December 1775 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Salomon, H.P. and Sassoon, I.S.D., in Saraiva, Antonio Jose. The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill, 2001), pp. 345–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gazetteer-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Gazetteer_30-0">^</a> Hunter, William W., The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Trubner & Co, 1886 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saraiva_1975_p._107-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Saraiva_1975_p._107_31-0">^</a> ANTÓNIO JOSÉ SARAIVA (1985), Salomon, H. P. and Sassoon, I. S. D. (Translators, 2001), The Marrano Factory. The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536–1765 (Brill Academic), pp. 107, 345-351 </li> <li id="cite_note-parker292-32"><a href="#cite_ref-parker292_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_H._ParkerGretchen_Starr-LeBeau2017" class="citation book cs1">Charles H. Parker; Gretchen Starr-LeBeau (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dVxEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Judging Faith, Punishing Sin</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14024-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14024-0"><bdi>978-1-107-14024-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judging+Faith%2C+Punishing+Sin&rft.pages=292-293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14024-0&rft.au=Charles+H.+Parker&rft.au=Gretchen+Starr-LeBeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdVxEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Shirodhkar, P P., Socio-Cultural life in Goa during the 16th century, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-VijaySeth-34"><a href="#cite_ref-VijaySeth_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth" class="citation web cs1">Seth, Vijay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilng.in/pdf/educ_soc.pdf">"Secular Enlightenment and Christian Conversion: Missionaries and Education in Colonial India"</a> (PDF). p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secular+Enlightenment+and+Christian+Conversion%3A+Missionaries+and+Education+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=28&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilng.in%2Fpdf%2Feduc_soc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahajan-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahajan_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahajan_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dhar_Mahajan" title="Vidya Dhar Mahajan">Mahajan, V.D.</a> (2001). Modern Indian History. S Chand & Company Limited. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0935-8"><bdi>978-81-219-0935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Indian+History&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=S+Chand+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0935-8&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.N._Wilson2003" class="citation book cs1">A.N. Wilson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorians00wils/page/202">The Victorians</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorians00wils/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04974-9"><bdi>978-0-393-04974-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorians&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04974-9&rft.au=A.N.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorians00wils%2Fpage%2F202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHukum_Chand" class="citation book cs1">Hukum Chand. History of Medieval India. Anmol Publications PVT LTD. pp. 424, 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2313-1"><bdi>978-81-261-2313-1</bdi></a>. <q>"It was a semi-national and a religious war which had for its object freedom from English bondage and establishment of Mughal Empire with Emperor Bahadur Shah as the head although the latter objective was not so common as the former.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=424%2C+433&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT+LTD.&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2313-1&rft.au=Hukum+Chand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Neill2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Neill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historychristian00neil">A history of Christianity in India</a>. 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Marshall (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge University Press, p. 50, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00254-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00254-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1783%E2%80%931870%3A+An+expanding+empire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00254-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2EXN8JTwAEC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Richard C. 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Columbia University Press. pp. 53–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70308-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70308-6"><bdi>978-0-231-70308-6</bdi></a>. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94086-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94086-7"><bdi>978-0-275-94086-7</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Violence+in+Gujarat%3A+Rethinking+the+Role+of+Communalism+and+Institutionalized+Injustices+in+India&rft.pages=103-104&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-51753-5&rft.au=Yasmeen+Peer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0J4T6Rt-90C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Charny1999-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charny1999_63-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1">Charny, Israel W. 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Retrieved 30 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Justice+delayed%2C+justice+denied&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.aulast=Agal&rft.aufirst=Renu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4141524.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaders-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Leaders_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4130962.stm">"Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots"</a>. BBC News. 8 August 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Leaders+%27incited%27+anti-Sikh+riots&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F4130962.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2006" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, Edna (2006). "Part II: The Crusaders, Chapter 11: 'Nagaland for Christ'". Holy Warriors: A Journey Into the Heart of Indian Fundamentalism. Penguin Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-05870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-05870-9"><bdi>978-0-670-05870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+The+Crusaders%2C+Chapter+11%3A+%27Nagaland+for+Christ%27&rft.btitle=Holy+Warriors%3A+A+Journey+Into+the+Heart+of+Indian+Fundamentalism&rft.pub=Penguin+Global&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-05870-9&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhaumik-2004-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhaumik-2004_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubir_Bhaumik2004" class="citation book cs1">Subir Bhaumik (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/ReligiousRadicalism/PagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf">"Chapter 10 Ethnicity, Ideology and Religion: Separatist Movements in India's Northeast"</a> (PDF). Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971941663" title="Special:BookSources/978-0971941663"><bdi>978-0971941663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10+Ethnicity%2C+Ideology+and+Religion%3A+Separatist+Movements+in+India%E2%80%99s+Northeast&rft.btitle=Religious+Radicalism+and+Security+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Asia-Pacific+Center+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2004-05&rft.isbn=978-0971941663&rft.au=Subir+Bhaumik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apcss.org%2FPublications%2FEdited%2520Volumes%2FReligiousRadicalism%2FPagesfromReligiousRadicalismandSecurityinSouthAsiach10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume3/Fault3-GenPillaiF.htm">"Anatomy of an Insurgency Ethnicity & Identity in Nagaland"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 March 2008. <q>... it is clear that the Naga insurgency movements in India ... have to a degree a Christian ideological base... In the earlier days of the movement (Phanjoubam 1993:125) volunteer gospel teams preached under armed guard (one might almost say gun in one hand Bible in the other), and the conduct of the jungle camps was (and to some extent remains, like those in Myanmar) ordered by Christian spiritual activities. As with the non-Christian Meitei movements, the NSCN tended towards a puritanical life style, banning of alcohol and drugs, and discouraging sexual immorality. 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The BJP has been associated with hundreds of violent Hindu‐Muslim riots over the decades, the latest being in Delhi in February 2020, which claimed 54 lives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Despite+Modi%2C+India+Has+Not+Yet+Become+a+Hindu+Authoritarian+State&rft.pub=CATO+Institute&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft.au=Swaminathan+S.+Anklesaria+Aiyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fdespite-modi-india-has-not-yet-become-hindu-authoritarian-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/09/30/india1626.htm">"Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India"</a>. 30 September 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Christian+Violence+on+the+Rise+in+India&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F1999%2F09%2F30%2Findia1626.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPFVM167-136"><a href="#cite_ref-CPFVM167_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Puniyani2003" class="citation book cs1">Ram Puniyani (2003). 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violence in India">Religiously motivated violence in India</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hri.ca/partners/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF25.htm">Violence against Christians continues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518043805/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main37.asp?filename=Ne190108next_stop.asp">Next Stop Orissa</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G06/111/75/PDF/G0611175.pdf?OpenElement">"Religious intolerance in India"</a> (PDF).</cite><span 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on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India, 1950–1995</a>, Version 2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927012719/http://www.pucl.org/index-subject/religion.htm">Religion based violence and communalism</a>, People's Union for Civil Liberties</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationguru.in/2013/07/Communal-Riots-History-Congress-India.html">Communal History of India</a>, From 1947 to 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/4342">Varshney-Wilkinson Dataset on Hindu-Muslim Violence in India, 1950–1995, Version 2 (ICPSR 4342)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking_in_India" title="Child trafficking in India">Child trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide_in_India" title="Female infanticide in India">Female infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_India" title="Street children in India">Street children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">Devadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_India" title="Women's health in India">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Menstrual taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_India" title="Prostitution in India">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Sexism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics" title="Caste politics">Caste politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">Caste-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">Separatist movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_kidnapping" title="Groom kidnapping">Groom kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_India" title="Human trafficking in India">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_housing_in_India" title="Illegal housing in India">Illegal housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_scams_in_India" title="Mining scams in India">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India" title="Organised crime in India">Organised crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism#India" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police#India" title="Internet police">Cybercrime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_in_India" title="Diabetes in India">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epidemics_in_India" title="Category:Epidemics in India">Epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_in_India" title="Leprosy in India">Leprosy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_India" title="Obesity in India">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_India" title="Suicide in India">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_in_India" title="Tuberculosis in India">Tuberculosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_India" title="Internet censorship in India">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_social_issues_in_India" title="Category:Films about social issues in India">Films about social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_India" title="Freedom of expression in India">Freedom of expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_television_drama#Social_impact" title="Indian television drama">Social impact of Indian television drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_in_India" title="Fake news in India">Fake news</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone#India" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Colourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_India" title="Homosexuality in India">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_India" title="Disability in India">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Police brutality in India">Police brutality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template talk:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criticism_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Template:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Template talk:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">South India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in India">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_India" title="Sufism in India">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya in India">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li>Meena ethnic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India" title="Religious thinkers of India">Religious thinkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a></li></ul> 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