CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><title>Visual Abstracts | Thorax</title><meta property="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/><link rel="canonical" href="/pages/visual-abstracts" /><meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:title" content="Visual Abstracts | Thorax"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/visual-abstracts"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Thorax"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://thorax.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/07/BMJ_logo_400x400.jpeg"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="298"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="298"/><meta property="twitter:image" content="https://thorax.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/07/BMJ_logo_400x400.jpeg"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-09T15:59:26+00:00"/><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="16"/><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/next-resources/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="preload" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" as="script" /><link rel="preconnect dns-prefetch" href="https://analytics.bmj.com" /><link rel="preconnect dns-prefetch" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" /><link rel="preconnect dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn-eu.pagesense.io" /><link rel="preconnect dns-prefetch" href="https://popup.wisepops.com" /><link rel="preconnect dns-prefetch" href="https://www.medtargetsystem.com" /><link rel="preload" href="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" /><script async="" src="https://cookie-cdn.cookiepro.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charSet="UTF-8" data-domain-script="565e50dd-f6e9-46d6-91cd-5c40a270264f" id="cookie-pro-script"></script><script id="otb-ads-consent">function OnetrustAdsConsent() { if (window.googletag && window.googletag.apiReady) { googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().setPrivacySettings({nonPersonalizedAds:!!OptanonActiveGroups.match(/,4,/)}); googletag.pubads().refresh(); } else { setTimeout(OnetrustAdsConsent, 1000); } } function OptanonWrapper() { OnetrustAdsConsent(); }</script><link data-next-font="" rel="preconnect" href="/" crossorigin="anonymous" /><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/fd6206b880e066f8.css" as="style" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/fd6206b880e066f8.css" data-n-g="" /><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-8fa1640cc84ba8fe.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-6dd3bf7463386647.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-43412fd848361135.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-b16d98777b6e37c8.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/pages/%5Bslug%5D-3b31ebaee8915bb0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/QZm3MlULV2LFdQZW-Nweg/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/QZm3MlULV2LFdQZW-Nweg/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function parseCookies() { let cookieHeader = document.cookie || ""; let cookies = Object.fromEntries( cookieHeader.split("; ").map((c) => c.split("=")) ); for (let key in cookies) { if (cookies[key] === "undefined") { cookies[key] = undefined; } } return cookies; } function uuidv4() { var d = new Date().getTime(); //Timestamp var d2 = (typeof performance !== "undefined" && performance.now && performance.now() * 1000) || 0; //Time in microseconds since page-load or 0 if unsupported return "xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx".replace(/[xy]/g, function (c) { var r = Math.random() * 16; //random number between 0 and 16 if (d > 0) { //Use timestamp until depleted r = (d + r) % 16 | 0; d = Math.floor(d / 16); } else { //Use microseconds since page-load if supported r = (d2 + r) % 16 | 0; d2 = Math.floor(d2 / 16); } return (c === "x" ? r : (r & 0x3) | 0x8).toString(16); }); } function handleCookie() { let cookies = parseCookies(); let bmj_uuid = cookies.bmj_uuid; if (!bmj_uuid) { bmj_uuid = uuidv4(); cookies.bmj_uuid = bmj_uuid; } return { bmj_uuid }; } let { bmj_uuid } = handleCookie(); let bmj_ppid = parseCookies().bmj_ppid; const anonMailId = "e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"; let nonAnonMailId = window.dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail === anonMailId ? null : window.dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail; let userId = dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.["data-ics"] ?? (dataLayer.find((item) => item.user)?.user?.mail && nonAnonMailId) ?? bmj_ppid ?? bmj_uuid; document.cookie = "bmj_ppid=" + userId + "; domain=.bmj.com; path=/; max-age=31622400; SameSite=None; Secure"; document.cookie = "bmj_uuid=" + bmj_uuid + "; domain=.bmj.com; path=/; max-age=31622400; SameSite=None; Secure"; var googletag = googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(userId); googletag.enableServices(); }); window.dataLayer.push({ bmj_uuid: bmj_uuid, }); </script> </head><body><div id="__next"><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="border-b-bmj-silver-100 border-b bg-bmj-siver-30 flex items-center justify-center py-3 min-w-[auto] min-h-[100px] md:min-h-[250px]"><div id="div-gpt-ad-3321227-1" data-testid="top-ad-slot" class="flex items-center justify-center w-[auto] h-[100px] md:h-[250px]"></div></div><header class="mt-2 mb-2 hidden flex-wrap items-center justify-between px-4 md:flex md:flex-nowrap" data-testid="header-panel"><a href="https://journals.bmj.com" class="p-0 flex items-center"><img data-testid="bmj-journals-logo" alt="BMJ Journals logo" loading="lazy" width="154" height="42" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" src="/_next/static/media/logo-bmj-journals.c2a2899be06382c530c7bc1e5d61e633.svg" /></a><nav class="flex flex-wrap items-center justify-between md:flex-nowrap"><a href="/pages/subscribe/" data-testid="subscribe" class="bg-bmj-primary-brand p-2.5 text-white md:hidden lg:block py-1.2rem mr-2 px-2 font-bold leading-normal decoration-0">Subscribe</a><a href="/user" data-testid="login" class="text-bmj-silver-800 hover:bg-bmj-silver-10 py-[1.3rem] md:hidden lg:block py-1.2rem mr-2 px-2 font-bold leading-normal decoration-0">Login</a><div data-testid="search-box" class="flex w-72 flex-col bg-white/20 p-2 pr-4 md:w-[343px] md:flex-row md:items-start md:p-0 md:pr-0 undefined"><form role="search" method="post" action="/search" class="flex undefined"><input type="textbox" placeholder="search" name="keywords" title="Search for:" class="border-bmj-silver-100 rounded-0 h-[34px] w-[207px] appearance-none border p-[5px] pl-[10px] align-middle text-[14px] undefined"/><button type="submit" name="op" class="bg-bmj-siver-30 border-bmj-silver-100 rounded-0 ml-[-4px] h-[34px] appearance-none border py-[1px] pl-[10px] pr-[12px] text-[13.33px] undefined">Search</button><input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="highwire_search_quicksearch_form_1"/></form><div class="flex justify-start pl-[5px] pt-[3px] text-left md:justify-end undefined"><a href="/search" title="Advanced Search" class="decoration-none lg:text-bmj-blue-500 mt-2 flex flex-row text-[12.75px] leading-[normal] md:mt-0 md:flex-col [&>:first-of-type]:mr-1 undefined"><span>Advanced</span><span>search</span></a></div></div></nav></header><div data-testid="page-with-menu" class=" transition-margin-left relative m-0 mx-auto min-h-[512px] w-full min-w-0 duration-300 [&.panel-enter-active]:ml-[-15.625rem] [&.panel-enter-done]:ml-[-15.625rem] [&.panel-enter]:ml-0 [&.panel-exit-active]:ml-0 [&.panel-exit-done]:ml-0 [&.panel-exit]:ml-[-15.625rem]"><div class=""><div data-testid="top-menu-container" role="presentation" class="bg-bmj-primary-brand m-0 mx-auto h-[3.5625rem] w-full min-w-0 md:h-[4.375rem]"><nav role="navigation" class="relative m-0 mx-auto flex h-full w-full min-w-0 justify-between pl-4 pr-0"><div class="w-1/2 md:w-1/5 bg-bmj-primary-brand m-0 flex min-w-0 items-center"><a href="/" class="flex h-full w-full items-center"><img data-testid="top-menu-logo" src="/next-resources/logo.svg" alt="logo" class="h-auto w-full" /></a></div><div class=" bg-bmj-primary-brand m-0 flex min-w-0 items-center"><div class="hidden h-full lg:flex"><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/pages/thorax-education" data-testid="370">Thorax Education</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/content/early/recent" data-testid="10">Latest content</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/content/current" data-testid="11">Current issue</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/content/by/year" data-testid="12">Archive</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/pages/authors/" data-testid="13">Authors</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="https://thoraxbmj.podbean.com" data-testid="15">Podcasts</a><a class="decoration-none text-4.25 rounded-0 text-bmj-white [&:hover]:md:bg-bmj-white/20 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-0 bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 [&:focus-visible]:outline-none [&:last-child]:pr-4 [&.is-active]:bg-white/20" href="/pages/about/" data-testid="16">About</a></div><div class="flex h-full lg:hidden"><button class=" md:hidden decoration-none text-background rounded-0 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-none bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 text-[4.25] [&:focus-visible]:outline-0 [&:hover]:bg-transparent [&:hover]:md:bg-white/20 [&:last-child]:pr-4"><img src="/next-resources/search.svg" alt="Search" width="36" height="36" /></button><button class=" decoration-none text-background rounded-0 flex h-full cursor-pointer items-center whitespace-nowrap border-none bg-transparent px-2 py-4 font-sans leading-5 text-[4.25] [&:focus-visible]:outline-0 [&:hover]:bg-transparent [&:hover]:md:bg-white/20 [&:last-child]:pr-4"><img src="/next-resources/hamburger-menu.svg" alt="Menu" width="36" height="36" /></button></div></div></nav></div><div class="mb-[36px] flex justify-between px-4 pt-2"><div><div data-testid="breadcrumbs"><span class="text-bmj-silver-600 text-sm font-normal not-italic leading-4" data-testid="ancestor-wrapper"><a class="decoration-none text-bmj-blue-500 text-sm font-normal [&:hover]:underline" data-testid="home" href="/">Home</a><span class="m-2">/</span></span><span class="text-bmj-silver-600 text-sm font-normal not-italic leading-4" data-testid="visual abstracts">Visual Abstracts</span></div></div><a href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&corpusCode=thoraxjnl&fwdUrl=https://thorax.bmj.com/" class="decoration-none text-bmj-blue-500 [&:hover]:text-bmj-primary-brand hidden md:inline-block"><div class="flex"><div class="mr-2 flex"><svg class="text-bmj-primary-brand h-4 w-8" data-testid="envelope-icon" viewBox="0 0 33 22" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1 1H32V21H1V1Z" fill="white" stroke="currentColor"></path><path d="M31.9 20.8L21 9" stroke="currentColor"></path><path d="M1 20.5L11.8 9" stroke="currentColor"></path><mask id="path-4-inside-1" fill="white"><path d="M0.600098 0.700012L16.6001 13.4L32.4001 0.900012"></path></mask><path d="M16.6001 13.4L15.9784 14.1833L16.5991 14.6759L17.2205 14.1843L16.6001 13.4ZM-0.0216079 1.48326L15.9784 14.1833L17.2218 12.6168L1.2218 -0.0832389L-0.0216079 1.48326ZM17.2205 14.1843L33.0205 1.68426L31.7797 0.115765L15.9796 12.6158L17.2205 14.1843Z" fill="currentColor" mask="url(#path-4-inside-1)"></path></svg></div><span class="text-base leading-4" data-testid="email-alerts-link">Email alerts</span></div></a></div><main><div><section class="whitespace-pre-wrap pb-12 [&_p]:mb-4"><div class="VISUAL-ABSTRACTS content-page"><div class="m-0 mx-auto w-full min-w-0 max-w-[77rem] px-4"><h1 data-testid="sections-page-title" class="mb-5">Visual Abstracts</h1><div class="border-t-[1px] border-solid border-transparent" data-testid="sections-container-0"><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[100.00%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-0"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0">These visual abstracts were created by the authors of papers published in Thorax as a visual aid to understanding the findings of their research. Click on the images to view a high quality version of the abstract, and click the article title in order to read the full paper. 漏 Author(s) (or their employer(s)). All visual abstracts have the same copyright ownership and reuse and/or permission requirements as their linked article. For all information on this please see the relevant article to which it relates.</div></div></div><div class="border-t-[1px] border-solid border-bmj-silver-100 mt-4" data-testid="sections-container-1"><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-0"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2022-219622.png"><img class="" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2022-219622.png" width="301" height="216" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/content/78/11/1105">Five-year follow-up of phase II trial of stromal cells for bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></div></div><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-1"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220076.png"><img class="alignnone wp-image-316" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220076.png" alt="Phenotypic and genetically predicted leucocyte telomere length and lung cancer risk in the prospective UK Biobank " width="300" height="214" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><div class="highwire-cite-title"><a href="/content/79/3/274">Phenotypic and genetically predicted leucocyte telomere length and lung cancer risk in the prospective UK Biobank</a></div></div></div><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-2"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/04/Visual-Abstract-10.1136thorax-2023-220819.png"><img class="" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/04/Visual-Abstract-10.1136thorax-2023-220819.png" width="300" height="225" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><div class="highwire-cite-title" style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2023-220819">Human mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit Mycobacterium avium replication in clinically relevant models of lung infection</a></div></div></div><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-3"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220352.png"><img class="alignnone wp-image-354" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220352.png" alt="Epigenome-wide association study of lung cancer among never smokers in two prospective cohorts in Shanghai, China" width="300" height="209" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/content/early/2024/05/03/thorax-2023-220352">Epigenome-wide association study of lung cancer among never smokers in two prospective cohorts in Shanghai, China</a></div></div><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-4"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/content/early/2024/05/03/thorax-2023-220352"><img class="alignnone wp-image-352" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220559.png" alt="Impact of age at ivacaftor initiation on pulmonary outcomes among people with cystic fibrosis" width="300" height="201" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/content/early/2024/05/06/thorax-2023-220559">Impact of age at ivacaftor initiation on pulmonary outcomes among people with cystic fibrosis </a></div></div><div class=" text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre-wrap font-normal leading-[1.625rem] mt-0 flex flex-col md:mt-4 md:flex-row [&>div:last-of-type]:pr-0 [&>div]:mt-6 [&>div]:pr-0 [&>div]:md:mt-0 [&>div]:md:pr-4 [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(1)]:md:w-[33.33%] [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:w-full [&>div:nth-of-type(2)]:md:w-[66.67%] " data-testid="sections-subsection-content-container-5"><div data-testid="sections-column-0" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220887.jpg"><img class="alignnone wp-image-358" src="/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220887.jpg" alt="Incidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in England from 2008 to 2018: a cohort study" width="300" height="208" /></a></div><div data-testid="sections-column-1" class="inline md:inline [&_h2]:mt-0"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2023-220887">Incidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in England from 2008 to 2018: a cohort study</a></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></main></div></div><footer><div class="border-bmj-silver-100 border-t-solid m-0 ml-auto mr-auto flex w-full min-w-0 flex-wrap gap-4 border border-b-0 border-l-0 border-r-0 pl-4 pr-4"><a class="my-4" href="https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/" data-testid="association-logo-1-link" aria-label="BRIT-THORACIC"><img data-testid="association-logo-1" title="BRIT-THORACIC" alt="BTS logo" loading="lazy" width="90" height="90" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthorax.bmj.com%2Fthorax%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F15%2F2022%2F06%2Fsociety-logo-bts.png&w=96&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthorax.bmj.com%2Fthorax%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F15%2F2022%2F06%2Fsociety-logo-bts.png&w=256&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fthorax.bmj.com%2Fthorax%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F15%2F2022%2F06%2Fsociety-logo-bts.png&w=256&q=75" /></a></div><div class="bg-bmj-primary-brand text-bmj-white m-0 mx-auto flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col px-4 md:flex-row"><div data-testid="footer-content" class="md:border-b-none [&:last-child]:border-b-none m-0 ml-auto mr-auto w-full min-w-0 border-b-[1px] border-b-white/50 pr-6 pt-5 pb-4 md:pt-8 md:pb-8"><span class="mt-0 mb-5 block text-base font-normal uppercase leading-4">CONTENT</span><ul class="ml-0 mb-4 pl-0"><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/content/early/recent">Latest content</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/content/current">Current issue</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/content/by/year">Archive</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/browse-by-topic/">Browse by collection</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/VISUAL-ABSTRACTS">Visual Abstracts</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/thorax-education">Thorax Education</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/most-read-articles/">Most read articles</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/top-cited-articles/">Top Cited Articles</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/eletters">Responses</a></li></ul><div class="flex"><a href="/pages/rss-feeds" data-testid="rss" class="[&>img]:m-[2px] [&>img]:p-[4px] [&>img]:hover:bg-white/20"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/social-media/rss.svg" alt="rss-icon" width="35" height="35" /></a><a href="https://twitter.com/ThoraxBMJ" data-testid="x" class="[&>img]:m-[2px] [&>img]:p-[4px] [&>img]:hover:bg-white/20"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/social-media/x.svg" alt="x-icon" width="35" height="35" /></a><a href="https://facebook.com/Thorax.BMJ/" data-testid="facebook" class="[&>img]:m-[2px] [&>img]:p-[4px] [&>img]:hover:bg-white/20"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/social-media/facebook.svg" alt="facebook-icon" width="35" height="35" /></a><a href="http://blogs.bmj.com/thorax?_gl=1*q6e9hn*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.." data-testid="social-blogs" class="[&>img]:m-[2px] [&>img]:p-[4px] [&>img]:hover:bg-white/20"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/social-media/social-blogs.svg" alt="social-blogs-icon" width="35" height="35" /></a><a href="https://thoraxbmj.podbean.com" data-testid="soundcloud" class="[&>img]:m-[2px] [&>img]:p-[4px] [&>img]:hover:bg-white/20"><img src="https://resources.bmj.com/repository/journals-network-project/images/social-media/soundcloud.svg" alt="soundcloud-icon" width="35" height="35" /></a></div></div><div data-testid="footer-journal" class="md:border-b-none [&:last-child]:border-b-none m-0 ml-auto mr-auto w-full min-w-0 border-b-[1px] border-b-white/50 pr-6 pt-5 pb-4 md:pt-8 md:pb-8"><span class="mt-0 mb-5 block text-base font-normal uppercase leading-4">JOURNAL</span><ul class="ml-0 mb-4 pl-0"><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/about/">About</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/editorial-board/">Editorial board</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts&corpusCode=thoraxjnl&fwdUrl=https://thorax.bmj.com/&_gl=1*qikrlk*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Sign up for email alerts</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/subscribe/">Subscribe</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/thank-you-to-our-reviewers/">Thank you to our reviewers</a></li></ul><div class="flex"></div></div><div data-testid="footer-authors" class="md:border-b-none [&:last-child]:border-b-none m-0 ml-auto mr-auto w-full min-w-0 border-b-[1px] border-b-white/50 pr-6 pt-5 pb-4 md:pt-8 md:pb-8"><span class="mt-0 mb-5 block text-base font-normal uppercase leading-4">AUTHORS</span><ul class="ml-0 mb-4 pl-0"><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/authors/">Instructions for authors</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thorax?_gl=1*lgixlu*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Submit an article</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://authors.bmj.com/policies/?_gl=1*lgixlu*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Editorial policies</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://openaccess.bmj.com/?_gl=1*5w9xib*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Open access at BMJ</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://authors.bmj.com/?_gl=1*5w9xib*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">BMJ Author Hub</a></li></ul><div class="flex"></div></div><div data-testid="footer-help" class="md:border-b-none [&:last-child]:border-b-none m-0 ml-auto mr-auto w-full min-w-0 border-b-[1px] border-b-white/50 pr-6 pt-5 pb-4 md:pt-8 md:pb-8"><span class="mt-0 mb-5 block text-base font-normal uppercase leading-4">HELP</span><ul class="ml-0 mb-4 pl-0"><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="/pages/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Reprints</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/permissions?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Permissions</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/for-advertisers-and-sponsor/?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Advertising</a></li><li class="mb-4 list-none leading-none [&:last-child]:mb-0"><a class="text-bmj-white leading-none no-underline [&:hover]:underline" href="https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/customerservice/salesforce-form.html?_gl=1*djf847*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA..">Feedback form</a></li></ul><div class="flex"></div></div></div><div class="justify-normal m-0 mx-auto flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col px-4 pt-4 md:flex-row md:justify-between"><div class="relative h-[35px] w-[60px]"><a data-testid="bmj-footer-logo-link" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/"><img alt="bmj-footer-logo" loading="lazy" width="60" height="35" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" src="/_next/static/media/bmj-footer-logo.c6e1ad28003cb22dbd978555514ed05c.svg" /></a></div><div data-testid="copyright-data-wrapper" class="flex flex-col items-start md:items-end [&>:first-of-type]:mt-0 [&>span:nth-of-type(2)]:whitespace-normal"><a data-testid="website-terms-and-conditions" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/" class="decoration-none text-bmj-normal text-bmj-blue-500 [&:hover]:decoration-none [&:hover]:text-bmj-primary-brand mb-2 [&&&]:mt-2 [&&&]:md:mt-0">Website Terms & Conditions</a><a data-testid="privacy-and-cookies" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/your-privacy/" class="decoration-none text-bmj-normal text-bmj-blue-500 [&:hover]:decoration-none [&:hover]:text-bmj-primary-brand mb-2 [&&&]:mt-2 [&&&]:md:mt-0">Privacy & Cookies</a><a data-testid="contact-bmj" href="https://www.bmj.com/company/contact-us/" class="decoration-none text-bmj-normal text-bmj-blue-500 [&:hover]:decoration-none [&:hover]:text-bmj-primary-brand mb-2 [&&&]:mt-2 [&&&]:md:mt-0">Contact BMJ</a><a href="#!" data-testid="cookie-settings" id="ot-sdk-btn" class="ot-sdk-show-settings decoration-none !mt:0 mb-2 cursor-pointer !border !border-[#43791A] !bg-transparent px-2 py-1 !text-[0.875rem] !text-[#43791A] duration-100 ease-linear md:mb-0 [&:hover]:!bg-[#43791A] [&:hover]:!text-white">Cookie settings</a><span data-testid="online-issn" class="text-bmj-silver-800 whitespace-pre text-sm leading-normal [&&&]:mt-2">Online ISSN: 1468-3296 Print ISSN: 0040-6376</span><span data-testid="copyright" class="text-bmj-silver-800 mb-2 mt-2 whitespace-pre text-[0.875rem]">Copyright 漏 2024 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Thoracic Society. All rights reserved.</span></div></div></footer><div class="border-t-divider border-t bg-bmj-siver-30 flex items-center justify-center py-3 min-w-[auto] min-h-[100px] md:min-h-[250px]"><div id="div-gpt-ad-3321227-2" data-testid="bottom-ad-slot" class="flex items-center justify-center w-[auto] h-[100px] md:h-[250px]"></div></div></div></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"navigationalFooter":{"navigationItems":{"items":[{"id":128,"title":"CONTENT","child_items":[{"id":129,"title":"Latest content","url":"/content/early/recent"},{"id":130,"title":"Current issue","url":"/content/current"},{"id":131,"title":"Archive","url":"/content/by/year"},{"id":132,"title":"Browse by collection","url":"/pages/browse-by-topic/"},{"id":317,"title":"Visual Abstracts","url":"https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/VISUAL-ABSTRACTS"},{"id":371,"title":"Thorax Education","url":"https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/thorax-education"},{"id":133,"title":"Most read articles","url":"/pages/most-read-articles/"},{"id":134,"title":"Top Cited Articles","url":"/pages/top-cited-articles/"},{"id":135,"title":"Responses","url":"/eletters"}],"hasSocialBar":true},{"id":136,"title":"JOURNAL","child_items":[{"id":137,"title":"About","url":"/pages/about/"},{"id":138,"title":"Editorial board","url":"/pages/editorial-board/"},{"id":153,"title":"Sign up for email alerts","url":"https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts\u0026corpusCode=thoraxjnl\u0026fwdUrl=https://thorax.bmj.com/\u0026_gl=1*qikrlk*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":154,"title":"Subscribe","url":"/pages/subscribe/"},{"id":155,"title":"Thank you to our reviewers","url":"/pages/thank-you-to-our-reviewers/"}]},{"id":156,"title":"AUTHORS","child_items":[{"id":157,"title":"Instructions for authors","url":"/pages/authors/"},{"id":158,"title":"Submit an article","url":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/thorax?_gl=1*lgixlu*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":159,"title":"Editorial policies","url":"https://authors.bmj.com/policies/?_gl=1*lgixlu*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":160,"title":"Open access at BMJ","url":"https://openaccess.bmj.com/?_gl=1*5w9xib*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":161,"title":"BMJ Author Hub","url":"https://authors.bmj.com/?_gl=1*5w9xib*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."}]},{"id":162,"title":"HELP","child_items":[{"id":163,"title":"Contact us","url":"/pages/contact-us/"},{"id":164,"title":"Reprints","url":"https://journals.bmj.com/cgi/reprintform?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":165,"title":"Permissions","url":"https://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/permissions?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":166,"title":"Advertising","url":"https://www.bmj.com/company/for-advertisers-and-sponsor/?_gl=1*235vjt*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"id":167,"title":"Feedback form","url":"https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/customerservice/salesforce-form.html?_gl=1*djf847*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."}]}]},"navigationIcons":[{"name":"rss","url":"/pages/rss-feeds"},{"name":"x","url":"https://twitter.com/ThoraxBMJ"},{"name":"facebook","url":"https://facebook.com/Thorax.BMJ/"},{"name":"social-blogs","url":"http://blogs.bmj.com/thorax?_gl=1*q6e9hn*_ga*MTQ5ODI0MTg2LjE2NTMzNzYyMjM.*_ga_EXTSVLH45V*MTY1NjYwMDE5NC42MS4xLjE2NTY2MDA4MzEuNjA.*_fplc*RnJjeHVxbHNBdTFkSThGMmVacnA0aktoZ1BDaGdwRk1vbllQJTJCNXgyUm5WSGFDbldybTNUVXd4bE9UQlhIV1lXVTU2Z2p5QVpoVGRidEdabiUyRmFCNkRhYm1OdlMzR0gwc0pyejlYSHp4NXFtTzAyVHduSjRZT1hJUlptOVZ2ZyUzRCUzRA.."},{"name":"soundcloud","url":"https://thoraxbmj.podbean.com"}]},"menuData":{"navData":[{"key":370,"displayName":"Thorax Education","link":"https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/thorax-education"},{"key":10,"displayName":"Latest content","link":"/content/early/recent"},{"key":11,"displayName":"Current issue","link":"/content/current"},{"key":12,"displayName":"Archive","link":"/content/by/year"},{"key":13,"displayName":"Authors","link":"/pages/authors/"},{"key":15,"displayName":"Podcasts","link":"https://thoraxbmj.podbean.com"},{"key":16,"displayName":"About","link":"/pages/about/"}]},"className":"VISUAL-ABSTRACTS content-page","sections":[{"sectionTitle":null,"subsections":[{"columnsContent":["These visual abstracts were created by the authors of papers published in Thorax as a visual aid to understanding the findings of their research. Click on the images to view a high quality version of the abstract, and click the article title in order to read the full paper.\r\n\r\n漏 Author(s) (or their employer(s)). All visual abstracts have the same copyright ownership and reuse and/or permission requirements as their linked article. For all information on this please see the relevant article to which it relates."],"layoutType":"A"}]},{"sectionTitle":null,"subsections":[{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2022-219622.png\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2022-219622.png\" width=\"301\" height=\"216\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003ca href=\"https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/11/1105\"\u003eFive-year follow-up of phase II trial of stromal cells for bronchopulmonary dysplasia\u003c/a\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"},{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220076.png\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-316\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/03/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220076.png\" alt=\"Phenotypic and genetically predicted leucocyte telomere length and lung cancer risk in the prospective UK Biobank \" width=\"300\" height=\"214\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003cdiv class=\"highwire-cite-title\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://thorax.bmj.com/content/79/3/274\"\u003ePhenotypic and genetically predicted leucocyte telomere length and lung cancer risk in the prospective UK Biobank\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"},{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/04/Visual-Abstract-10.1136thorax-2023-220819.png\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/04/Visual-Abstract-10.1136thorax-2023-220819.png\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003cdiv class=\"highwire-cite-title\" style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2023-220819\"\u003eHuman mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit Mycobacterium avium replication in clinically relevant models of lung infection\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"},{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220352.png\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-354\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220352.png\" alt=\"Epigenome-wide association study of lung cancer among never smokers in two prospective cohorts in Shanghai, China\" width=\"300\" height=\"209\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003ca href=\"https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2024/05/03/thorax-2023-220352\"\u003eEpigenome-wide association study of lung cancer among never smokers in two prospective cohorts in Shanghai, China\u003c/a\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"},{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2024/05/03/thorax-2023-220352\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-352\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220559.png\" alt=\"Impact of age at ivacaftor initiation on pulmonary outcomes among people with cystic fibrosis\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003ca href=\"https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2024/05/06/thorax-2023-220559\"\u003eImpact of age at ivacaftor initiation on pulmonary outcomes among people with cystic fibrosis \u003c/a\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"},{"columnsContent":["\u003ca href=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220887.jpg\"\u003e\u003cimg class=\"alignnone wp-image-358\" src=\"https://bmjjournals-chicken.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2024/07/VA-httpsdoi.org10.1136thorax-2023-220887.jpg\" alt=\"Incidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in England from 2008 to 2018: a cohort study\" width=\"300\" height=\"208\" /\u003e\u003c/a\u003e","\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2023-220887\"\u003eIncidence, prevalence and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in England from 2008 to 2018: a cohort study\u003c/a\u003e"],"layoutType":"D"}]}],"seoMetadata":[{"key":"title","property":"title","content":"Visual Abstracts | Thorax"},{"key":"robots","property":"robots","content":"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"},{"key":"canonical","property":"canonical","content":"https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/visual-abstracts"},{"key":"og_locale","property":"og:locale","content":"en_GB"},{"key":"og_type","property":"og:type","content":"article"},{"key":"og_title","property":"og:title","content":"Visual Abstracts | Thorax"},{"key":"og_url","property":"og:url","content":"https://thorax.bmj.com/pages/visual-abstracts"},{"key":"og_site_name","property":"og:site_name","content":"Thorax"},{"key":"og_image","property":"og:image","content":"https://thorax.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/07/BMJ_logo_400x400.jpeg"},{"key":"og_image_width","property":"og:image:width","content":298},{"key":"og_image_height","property":"og:image:height","content":298},{"key":"twitter_image","property":"twitter:image","content":"https://thorax.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/07/BMJ_logo_400x400.jpeg"},{"key":"article_modified_time","property":"article:modified_time","content":"2024-07-09T15:59:26+00:00"},{"key":"twitter_card","property":"twitter:card","content":"summary_large_image"}],"title":"Visual Abstracts","breadcrumbsBarData":{"breadcrumbs":[{"pageName":"Home","url":"/"},{"pageName":"Visual Abstracts"}],"emailAlertsLink":"https://myaccount.bmj.com/myaccount/signup.html?regService=etoc-alerts\u0026corpusCode=thoraxjnl\u0026fwdUrl=https://thorax.bmj.com/"},"adSlots":null,"gtmContainerCode":"GTM-5NN54W","adsLazyLoad":true,"pageBuildInfo":null,"isPreview":false,"baiduCode":"","associationLogos":[{"title":"BRIT-THORACIC","link":"https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/","src":"https://thorax.bmj.com/thorax/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2022/06/society-logo-bts.png","alt":"BTS logo","width":90,"height":90}]},"__N_SSG":true},"page":"/pages/[slug]","query":{"slug":"VISUAL-ABSTRACTS"},"buildId":"QZm3MlULV2LFdQZW-Nweg","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gsp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>