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<li id="toc-European_conquest_and_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_conquest_and_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>European conquest and colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_conquest_and_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint-Domingue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint-Domingue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Saint-Domingue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint-Domingue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haitian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Haitian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Haitians of predominant or full European descent</div> <p><b>White Haitians</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Blancs haïtiens</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[blɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>(s)aisjɛ̃]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>: <i>blan ayisyen</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-WarnerWittner_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarnerWittner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a> of predominant or full <a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were approximately 20,000 whites around the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, mainly French, in Saint-Domingue. They were divided into two main groups: The Planters and Petit Blancs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Europeans to settle in Haiti were the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish enslaved the indigenous Haitians to work on sugar plantations and in gold mines. European diseases such as measles and smallpox killed all but a few thousand of the indigenous Haitians. Many other indigenous Haitians died from overwork and harsh treatment in the mines from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Europeans who settled in Haiti were killed or fled during the Haitian Revolution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_conquest_and_colonization">European conquest and colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: European conquest and colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a></div> <p>The presence of whites in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> dates back to the founding of <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a>, the first European settlement in the Americas by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492. It was built from the timbers of his wrecked ship <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(ship)" title="Santa María (ship)">Santa María</a>, during his <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">first voyage</a> in December 1492. When he returned in 1493 on his second voyage he found the settlement had been destroyed and all 39 settlers killed. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> continued east and founded a new settlement at <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a> on the territory of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in 1493. The capital of the colony was moved to <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in 1496, on the south east coast of the island also in the territory of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. The Spanish returned to western <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in 1502, establishing a settlement at Yaguana, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a>. A second settlement was established on the north coast in 1504 called Puerto Real near modern <a href="/wiki/Fort-Libert%C3%A9" title="Fort-Liberté">Fort-Liberté</a> – which in 1578 was relocated to a nearby site and renamed Bayaha.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish began to enslave the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a> people soon after December 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settlement of Yacanagua was burnt to the ground three times in its just over a century long existence as a Spanish settlement, first by French pirates in 1543, again on 27 May 1592 by a 110 strong landing party from a 4 ship English naval squadron led by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a> in his flagship Golden Dragon, who destroyed all 150 houses in the settlement and finally by the Spanish themselves in 1605, for reasons set out below.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1595, the Spanish, frustrated by the twenty-year <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">rebellion of their Dutch subjects</a>, closed their home ports to rebel shipping from the Netherlands, cutting them off from the critical salt supplies necessary for their herring industry. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> responded by sourcing new salt supplies from <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish America</a> where colonists were more than happy to trade. So large numbers of Dutch traders/pirates joined their English and French brethren trading on the remote coasts of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. In 1605, Spain was infuriated that Spanish settlements on the northern and western coasts of the island persisted in carrying out large scale and illegal trade with the Dutch, who were at that time fighting a war of independence against Spain in Europe and the English, a very recent enemy state, and so decided to forcibly resettle their inhabitants closer to the city of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio" title="Devastations of Osorio">Devastaciones de Osorio</a></i>, proved disastrous; more than half of the resettled colonists died of starvation or disease, over 100,000 cattle were abandoned and many slaves escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the existing thirteen settlements on the island were brutally razed by Spanish troops including the two settlements on the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, La Yaguana and Bayaja. Many of the inhabitants fought, escaped to the jungle or fled to the safety of passing Dutch ships<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Spanish action was counterproductive as English, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> and French pirates were now free to establish bases on the island's abandoned northern and western coasts, where wild cattle were now plentiful, and thankfully and free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saint-Domingue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_1697-1795.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hispaniola_1697-1795.png/300px-Hispaniola_1697-1795.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hispaniola_1697-1795.png/450px-Hispaniola_1697-1795.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hispaniola_1697-1795.png/600px-Hispaniola_1697-1795.png 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in the West and Spanish colony of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in the East of Hispaniola island during colonial years.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early seventeenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> ordered the evacuation of the northern and western coasts of the islands and forced the relocation of areas close to the city of <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, to prevent the pirates from other European nations. This ended up being counterproductive to Spain, because in 1625 the pirates and French <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> began to establish settlements on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> and in a strip north of Hispaniola surrounding <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a> and were soon joined by like-minded English and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a>, who formed a lawless international community that survived by preying on Spanish ships and hunting wild cattle. Although the Spanish destroyed the buccaneers' settlements in 1629, 1635, 1638 and 1654, on each occasion they returned. In 1655, the newly established English administration on <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> sponsored the re-occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> under Elias Watts as governor. In 1660, the English made the mistake of replacing Watts as governor by a Frenchman Jeremie Deschamps,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on condition he defended English interests. Deschamps on taking control of the island proclaimed for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island. It is from this point in 1660 that unbroken French rule in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> begins.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1663, Deschamps founded a French settlement <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9og%C3%A2ne" title="Léogâne">Léogâne</a> on the western coast of the island on the abandoned site of the former Spanish town of Yaguana. </p><p>In 1664, the newly established <a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a> took control of the new colony and France formally claimed control of the western portion of the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. In 1665, they established a French settlement on the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> opposite Tortuga at <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a>. In 1670, the headland of Cap-Français (now <a href="/wiki/Cap-Ha%C3%AFtien" title="Cap-Haïtien">Cap-Haïtien</a>), was settled further to the east along the northern coast. In 1676, the colonial capital was moved from Tortuga to <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a>. In 1684, the French and Spanish signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ratisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ratisbon">Treaty of Ratisbon</a> that included provisions to suppress the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>, which effectively ended the era of the buccaneers on Tortuga, many being employed by the French Crown to hunt down any of their former comrades who preferred to turn outright pirate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1697 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a>, Spain officially ceded the western third of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to France which renamed the colony <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. By that time, planters outnumbered buccaneers and, with the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, they had begun to grow tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, cotton and <a href="/wiki/Cacao_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacao bean">cacao</a> on the fertile northern plain, thus prompting the importation of African slaves. </p><p>In 1777, France and Spain signed a border treaty, in which the western and northwestern coast of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> would be French and the rest of the island would be Spanish. By 1780 <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> was the richest colony in the world, even than all the British <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> together. The French established an economy based on the production and export of sugar sustained on the forced labor of black slaves imported from West and Central Africa. Slavery of blacks was characterized as one of the most ruthless in which terror and severe punishments were applied to slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1789, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Dominicans">Saint Dominican</a> population was composed as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuKienAdrianaSang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>40,000 <i>Grand-blancs</i> (literally "Great whites" in French) and <i>Petit-blancs</i> ("Little whites")</li> <li>28,000 <i>Sang-melés</i> (French for: "Mixed blood") or <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>.</li> <li>452,000 slaves</li></ul> <p>The white population were 8% of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>’s population, but they owned 70% of the wealth and 75% of the slaves in the colony. The mulatto population were 5% of the population and had the 30% of the wealth. The slaves were 87% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuKienAdrianaSang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haitian_Revolution">Haitian Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Haitian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg/220px-Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg/330px-Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg/440px-Incendie_de_la_Plaine_du_Cap._-_Massacre_des_Blancs_par_les_Noirs._FRANCE_MILITAIRE._-_Martinet_del._-_Masson_Sculp_-_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Burning of the Plaine du Cap in 1791, France Militaire, 1833</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> started, the ideas of freedom among men spread in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Blacks</a> and the majority <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African</a> descendants such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a>, rebelled against their white French masters. The rebels killed more than a thousand French people in 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuKienAdrianaSang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To preserve their lives, they fled <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. The wealthy <i>grand-blancs</i> returned to France or went to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, but the <i>petit-blancs</i> who did not have many resources were compelled to move to the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, there were many <i>sang-melés</i> — some of which fled from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> — who settled in neighboring islands (mostly <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>). </p><p>Most French colonists died or fled <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> and the surviving remainder were either killed in the <a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 Haiti massacre</a> or were thought to be of some use to the country's development, such as doctors, teachers and engineers. These colonists were considered valuable and were not to be harmed in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Ritter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Ritter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the US occupation of 1915 it was hard for white foreigners to become Haitian citizens due to restrictions on owning land in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. Exceptions were made for Germans, Poles and Frenchmen who had fought with the rebels against France in the war and their descendants. White foreigners could become citizens only by marrying Haitians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Haitian Revolution, Haitians were categorized under three major categories: white, black and mulatto. But these were far more complex in practice, involving the coarseness of one's hair, nose measurements and assessments of other facial features.<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, a group of Haitians are direct descendants of the Frenchmen who were saved from the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Ritter_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Ritter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, people of solely European descent are a small minority in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. The combined population of whites and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> people constitutes 5% of the population, roughly half a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People born to foreigners on Haitian soil are not automatically Haitian citizens due to the <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> 'right of blood') principle of nationality law.<sup id="cite_ref-HaitiCitizenship_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaitiCitizenship-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to those of French descent, other White Haitians are of German, Polish, Italian, Spanish, Lebanese, Syrian, English, Dutch, Irish and American descent. Most white Haitians live in the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area, particularly the wealthy suburb of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tion-Ville" title="Pétion-Ville">Pétion-Ville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Haitian constitution since the time of independence, all citizens are to be referred to as <i>black,</i> where all races are considered equal to avoid prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-Zephir_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zephir-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> term <i>nèg</i> is derived from the French word <i>negre</i> (which means "black") and is used similarly to <i>dude</i> or <i>guy</i> in American English.<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Haitian man is always a nèg, even if he is of European descent where he would be called a <i>nèg blan</i> ("white guy") and his counterpart being nèg nwa ("black guy"); all with no racist overtones.<sup id="cite_ref-WarnerWittner_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarnerWittner-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreigners are always referred to as simply <i>blan</i> regardless of skin-tone, denoting a double meaning for the word.<sup id="cite_ref-Katz_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the countryside, it is common to hear a poor light-skinned person called <i>ti-wouj</i> (little red), <i>ti-blan</i> (little white) or simply "blan" rather than a <i>milat</i> (mulatto), which is commonly being used to exclude individuals at the bottom of the social ladder as the term "mulatto" historically coincides with people who were more privileged.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/32px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/48px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/64px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Haiti portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Haitians" title="Arab Haitians">Arab Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">French Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">German Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Italian Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Haitians" title="Lebanese Haitians">Lebanese Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Haitians" title="Syrian Haitians">Syrian Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Haitians" title="Polish Haitians">Polish Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">History of the Jews in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Caribbeans">White Caribbeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White Latin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">White Dominicans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Haitians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WarnerWittner-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WarnerWittner_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarnerWittner_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarner,_R._StephenWittner,_Judith_G.1998" class="citation book cs1">Warner, R. Stephen; Wittner, Judith G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhARf4jGcXYC&q=milat+ayisyen&pg=PA155"><i>Gatherings in Diaspora: Religious Communities and the New Immigration</i></a>. Temple University. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566396131" title="Special:BookSources/1566396131"><bdi>1566396131</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gatherings+in+Diaspora%3A+Religious+Communities+and+the+New+Immigration&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Temple+University&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1566396131&rft.au=Warner%2C+R.+Stephen&rft.au=Wittner%2C+Judith+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhARf4jGcXYC%26q%3Dmilat%2Bayisyen%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katz_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katz_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz,_Jonathan_M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Jonathan M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1R87u4GZ2ewC&q=neg+blan&pg=PA56"><i>The Big Truck That Went By: How the World Came to Save Haiti and Left Behind a Disaster</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230341876" title="Special:BookSources/9780230341876"><bdi>9780230341876</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Truck+That+Went+By%3A+How+the+World+Came+to+Save+Haiti+and+Left+Behind+a+Disaster&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780230341876&rft.au=Katz%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1R87u4GZ2ewC%26q%3Dneg%2Bblan%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution1.htm">"The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+of+1791-1803&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.webster.edu%2Fcorbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Frevolution%2Frevolution1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Cooks, Carlos A. (21 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggPc8Ejn3QEC&pg=PA94"><i>Carlos Cooks and Black Nationalism from Garvey to Malcolm</i></a>. The Majority Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780912469287" title="Special:BookSources/9780912469287"><bdi>9780912469287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+Cooks+and+Black+Nationalism+from+Garvey+to+Malcolm&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=The+Majority+Press&rft.date=1992-10-21&rft.isbn=9780912469287&rft.aulast=Cooks&rft.aufirst=Carlos+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggPc8Ejn3QEC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2023" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Kerry A. (21 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8b047XP92i4C&pg=PA22"><i>Haiti</i></a>. Capstone. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736810784" title="Special:BookSources/9780736810784"><bdi>9780736810784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haiti&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft.isbn=9780736810784&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Kerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8b047XP92i4C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028134351/http://www.haitiantreasures.com:80/HT_fort-liberte.htm">"Fort-Liberté: A captivating Site"</a>. Haitian Treasures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haitiantreasures.com/HT_fort-liberte.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort-Libert%C3%A9%3A+A+captivating+Site&rft.pub=Haitian+Treasures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haitiantreasures.com%2FHT_fort-liberte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClammerMichael_GrosbergJens_Porup2008" class="citation book cs1">Clammer, Paul; Michael Grosberg; Jens Porup (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kjde3Fmwb7IC&q=Fort-Libert%C3%A9%2C+Haiti&pg=PA340"><i>Dominican Republic and Haiti</i></a>. Lonely Planet. pp. 339, 330–333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-292-4"><bdi>978-1-74104-292-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominican+Republic+and+Haiti&rft.pages=339%2C+330-333&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-292-4&rft.aulast=Clammer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Michael+Grosberg&rft.au=Jens+Porup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKjde3Fmwb7IC%26q%3DFort-Libert%25C3%25A9%252C%2BHaiti%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://population.mongabay.com/population/haiti/3725170/fort-liberte">"Population of Fort Liberté, Haiti"</a>. Mongabay.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Fort+Libert%C3%A9%2C+Haiti&rft.pub=Mongabay.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.mongabay.com%2Fpopulation%2Fhaiti%2F3725170%2Ffort-liberte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Haitian Revolution | Causes, Summary, & Facts Haitian Revolution | Causes, Summary, & Facts]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i> (2005). David Marley. Page 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Franklin, <i>The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism</i>, 3rd ed. p. 54 New York, Oxford University Press 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rough Guide to the Dominican Republic</i>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Peasants and Religion: A Socioeconomic Study of Dios Olivorio and the Palma Sola Movement in the Dominican Republic</i>. Jan Lundius & Mats Lundah. Routledge 2000, p. 397.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Saint-Méry1797" class="citation book cs1">de Saint-Méry, Moreau (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiontopog00more"><i>Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'isle Saint-Domingue</i></a> (réédition, 3 volumes, Paris, Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 1984 ed.). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descriptiontopog00more/page/667">667</a>–670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+topographique%2C+physique%2C+civile%2C+politique+et+historique+de+la+partie+fran%C3%A7aise+de+l%27isle+Saint-Domingue&rft.pages=667-670&rft.edition=r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition%2C+3+volumes%2C+Paris%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27histoire+d%27outre-mer%2C+1984&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=de+Saint-M%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=Moreau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptiontopog00more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepirateking.com/books/books_buccaneersintewestindies_ch04.htm">The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeerovery.nl/history/tortuga.htm">Short History of Tortuga, 1625–1688</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hein, <i>Written in Blood: The History of the Haitian People</i> (University Press of America: Lantham, Md., 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyburn" class="citation book cs1">Leyburn, James. <i>El pueblo haitiano</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+pueblo+haitiano&rft.aulast=Leyburn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation news cs1">James, C.L.R. "The Black Jacobins". p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Black+Jacobins&rft.pages=55&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuKienAdrianaSang-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuKienAdrianaSang_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Mu-Kien_Adriana_Sang1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr. Mu-Kien Adriana Sang (1999). Dr. Mu-Kien Adriana Sang (ed.). <i>Historia Dominicana: Ayer y Hoy</i> (in Spanish). SUSAETA Ediciones Dominicanas. pp. 78–79, 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Dominicana%3A+Ayer+y+Hoy&rft.pages=78-79%2C+81&rft.pub=SUSAETA+Ediciones+Dominicanas&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Dr.+Mu-Kien+Adriana+Sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuba/French-in-Cuba.pdf">French colonization in Cuba, 1791–1809</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Ritter-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Ritter_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Ritter_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">David Ritter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6HU8MMPXpY"><i>Forgotten faces of Haiti (Part 1)</i></a>. Haiti: Carib Productions. Event occurs at 06:30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+faces+of+Haiti+%28Part+1%29&rft.place=Haiti&rft.pub=Carib+Productions&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF6HU8MMPXpY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Girard 2011 pg 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Averill-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Averill_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Averill_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAverill,_Gabe1997" class="citation book cs1">Averill, Gabe (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwEL9mUcVA8C&q=milat+blan+haiti&pg=PA5"><i>A Day for the Hunter, a Day for the Prey: Popular Music and Power in Haiti</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226032914" title="Special:BookSources/0226032914"><bdi>0226032914</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Day+for+the+Hunter%2C+a+Day+for+the+Prey%3A+Popular+Music+and+Power+in+Haiti&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0226032914&rft.au=Averill%2C+Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwEL9mUcVA8C%26q%3Dmilat%2Bblan%2Bhaiti%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/">"CIA – The World Factbook – Haiti"</a>. CIA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Haiti&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaitiCitizenship-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaitiCitizenship_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParaison2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paraison, Edwin (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elnacional.com.do/doble-nacionalidad-la-constitucion-haitiana-en-la-diaspora/">"Doble nacionalidad; La Constitución haitiana en la diáspora"</a> (in Spanish). Hoy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doble+nacionalidad%3B+La+Constituci%C3%B3n+haitiana+en+la+di%C3%A1spora&rft.pub=Hoy&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Paraison&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felnacional.com.do%2Fdoble-nacionalidad-la-constitucion-haitiana-en-la-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubois 2012 pgs 142-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zephir-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zephir_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZéphir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flore_Z%C3%A9phir" title="Flore Zéphir">Zéphir, Flore</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gr58kE2T8NQC&pg=PA54"><i>Haitian Immigrants in Black America: A Sociological and Sociolinguistic Portrait</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89789-451-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89789-451-0"><bdi>0-89789-451-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haitian+Immigrants+in+Black+America%3A+A+Sociological+and+Sociolinguistic+Portrait&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89789-451-0&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A9phir&rft.aufirst=Flore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgr58kE2T8NQC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory,_Steven1996" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Steven (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROuqj_xIRMoC&q=milat+blan+haiti&pg=PA172"><i>Race</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813521092" title="Special:BookSources/0813521092"><bdi>0813521092</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0813521092&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROuqj_xIRMoC%26q%3Dmilat%2Bblan%2Bhaiti%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Haitians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Haiti&#124;link=Haiti_Haitians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_of_Haiti" title="Template:People of Haiti"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_of_Haiti" title="Template talk:People of Haiti"><abbr title="Discuss this 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Haiti" title="Americans in Haiti">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">African American</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Haiti" title="Canadians in Haiti">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Haitians" title="Indo-Haitians">Indian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Haitians" title="Arab Haitians">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Haitians" title="Lebanese Haitians">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Haitians" title="Palestinian Haitians">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Haitians" title="Syrian Haitians">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Haitians" title="Polish Haitians">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal:Haiti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics of Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European emigration</a><br />by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Angolans" title="White Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Botswana" title="White people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Kenya" title="White people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Malawians" title="White Malawians">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Moroccans" title="European Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Tunisians" title="European Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zambia" title="White people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Pakistanis" title="European Pakistanis">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Bahamian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Bahamian">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Barbadians" title="White Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bermudians" title="White Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">Canada</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caribbean_people" title="White Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Caymanians" title="White Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica#European_Costa_Ricans" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cubans#European" title="Cubans">Cuba</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominican_(Dominica)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Dominican (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Dominicans" title="White Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadorans#White_and_Mestizo_Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans#Criollo_and_other_European_descendants" title="Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras#European" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Jamaicans" title="White Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama#European_Panamanians" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="White Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">United States</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_San_Francisco#European_Americans" title="Demographics of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_White_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of White Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">Southern United States</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Puerto_Ricans" title="White Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="White Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Argentines_of_European_descent" title="Argentines of European descent">Argentina</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chileans#European_and_neighboring_immigrants" title="Chileans">Chile</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Colombians" title="White Colombians">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Paraguayans" title="White Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_of_European_descent" title="Peruvians of European descent">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Surinamese" title="White Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans#Europeans_or_whites" title="Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelans_of_European_descent" title="Venezuelans of European descent">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">Australia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollos</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_the_white_man" title="Play the white man">Play the white man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_gods" title="White gods">White gods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological<br />phenomena and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_white" title="Acting white">Acting white</a> (<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing as white</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_whitening" title="Skin whitening">Skin whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_guilt" title="White guilt">White guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">White privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_art" title="Whitewashing in art">Whitewashing in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">Whitewashing in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_demographic_decline" title="White demographic decline">White demographic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_people_terms" title="Template:White people terms">White people terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative stereotypes of Whites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_white_Americans" title="Stereotypes of white Americans">In the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_stereotypes" title="Appalachian stereotypes">Appalachian stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_white" title="Mountain white">Mountain whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_White" title="Poor White">Poor Whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redlegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Rednecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_white_male" title="Angry white male">Angry white male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_(slang)" title="Basic (slang)">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monkey" title="White monkey">White monkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_whiteness_in_the_United_States" title="Definitions of whiteness in the United States">US definitions of whiteness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li>Old Stock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Americans" title="Old Stock Americans">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stock_Canadians" title="Old Stock Canadians">Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_laine" title="Pure laine">Quebeckers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_identity" title="White identity">White identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_pride" title="White pride">White pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" 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