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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restless_legs_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Restless legs syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restless_legs_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep-disordered_breathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep-disordered_breathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sleep-disordered breathing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-disordered_breathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleeping_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleeping_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sleeping positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleeping_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dreams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dreams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dreams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dreams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Sleep during pregnancy</b> can be influenced by various physiological, hormonal, and psychological factors, leading to changes in <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a> duration and quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cai_Tan_Gluckman_Godfrey_2016_p._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cai_Tan_Gluckman_Godfrey_2016_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meers_Nowakowski_2022_pp._353–357_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meers_Nowakowski_2022_pp._353–357-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_Cameron_Madigan_Tomfohr-Madsen_2018_pp._168–176_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov_Cameron_Madigan_Tomfohr-Madsen_2018_pp._168–176-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, pregnant persons are more prone to experiencing sleep disorders like <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sleep-disordered_breathing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep-disordered breathing">sleep-disordered breathing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Su_Wang_Zhu_2018_pp._399–412_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Su_Wang_Zhu_2018_pp._399–412-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_Shi_Bao_Sun_2018_pp._43–54_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_Shi_Bao_Sun_2018_pp._43–54-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_Rawat_2020_pp._169–186_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_Rawat_2020_pp._169–186-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most women experience sleep disturbances during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interrupted sleep is recognized for its substantial impact on health and its association with a heightened risk of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aetiology">Aetiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aetiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomic_and_metabolic_changes">Anatomic and metabolic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomic and metabolic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pregnancy brings about significant and dynamic physiological changes that can impact sleep and contribute to <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a>. These changes encompass structural alterations that may affect the length and quality of sleep, disrupt <a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_breathing" title="Sleep and breathing">breathing during sleep</a>, and metabolic shifts that raise the risk of restless legs syndrome. For example, conditions like <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroesophageal reflux">gastroesophageal reflux</a> tend to worsen as pregnancy advances, affecting a substantial portion of pregnant individuals and potentially causing sleep disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Habr_Raker_Lin_Zouein_2013_pp._93–99_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habr_Raker_Lin_Zouein_2013_pp._93–99-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent nighttime urination due to increased sodium excretion can also fragment sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-Parboosingh_Doig_1973_pp._888–895_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parboosingh_Doig_1973_pp._888–895-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the musculoskeletal system undergoes stress as it readies itself for the expanding uterus and eventual delivery, which can lead to sleep disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-LT_G_BG_p._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT_G_BG_p.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alterations in iron and folate metabolism during pregnancy have been proposed as factors contributing to the higher prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a> among expectant mothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Zaffke_Baratte-Beebe_2001_pp._335–341_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Zaffke_Baratte-Beebe_2001_pp._335–341-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Massachusetts_Medical_Society_1977_pp._670–671_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massachusetts_Medical_Society_1977_pp._670–671-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormones">Hormones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hormones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secretion of sex hormones like <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a> increases significantly during pregnancy, influencing the regulation of sleep in terms of both <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian rhythms">circadian rhythms</a> and sleep need.<sup id="cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deurveilher_Rusak_Semba_2011_pp._519–530_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deurveilher_Rusak_Semba_2011_pp._519–530-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleep disruption can also occur due to nighttime <a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">uterine contractions</a>, which are a result of the nighttime surge in <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirst_Haluska_1991_pp._804–810_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirst_Haluska_1991_pp._804–810-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sleep_disorders">Sleep disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sleep disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorders</a> are frequently experienced during pregnancy, impacting over 50% of all pregnancies.<sup id="cite_ref-Facco_Chan_Patel_2022_pp._321–339_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facco_Chan_Patel_2022_pp._321–339-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These issues tend to become more prevalent as pregnancy advances. The most commonly observed sleep disorders in pregnant women include insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-Facco_Chan_Patel_2022_pp._321–339_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facco_Chan_Patel_2022_pp._321–339-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Sleep_Medicine" title="American Academy of Sleep Medicine">American Academy of Sleep Medicine</a> has officially recognized 'pregnancy-associated sleep disorder' as a distinct condition, encompassing both insomnia and <a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">increased daytime sleepiness</a> occurring during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bourjeily_2009_pp._100–106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourjeily_2009_pp._100–106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasomnias">Parasomnias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parasomnias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnias</a> represent a notable concern in pregnancy, with <a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">somnambulism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">night terrors</a>, and vivid dreams being frequent occurrences.<sup id="cite_ref-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schredl_Gilles_Wolf_Peus_2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schredl_Gilles_Wolf_Peus_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disrupted sleep experienced during pregnancy, along with sleep disorders like sleep-disordered breathing and movement disorders, can act as substantial triggers for parasomnias, leading to an elevated likelihood of experiencing such episodes during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bušková_Miletínová_Králová_Dvořáková_2023_p._357-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insomnia">Insomnia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Insomnia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pregnancy-related <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> is quite common.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhry_Susser_2018_pp._341–348_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhry_Susser_2018_pp._341–348-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As pregnancy advances, both subjective and objective assessments reveal a notable increase in sleep disruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p._5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_Münch_Biedermann_Huch_1994_pp._576–582_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner_Münch_Biedermann_Huch_1994_pp._576–582-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maasilta_Bachour_Teramo_Polo_2001_pp._1448–1454_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maasilta_Bachour_Teramo_Polo_2001_pp._1448–1454-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tomfohr_Buliga_Letourneau_Campbell_2015_pp._1237–1245_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomfohr_Buliga_Letourneau_Campbell_2015_pp._1237–1245-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers who have used <a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">polysomnography</a> to study sleep in pregnant women have observed distinct patterns. These patterns include more wakefulness after initially falling asleep, reduced <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">rapid eye movement sleep</a>, and a greater amount of time spent in lighter sleep stages compared to non-pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p._5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov_Anderson_Dhillon_Tomfohr‐Madsen_2020_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hertz_Fast_Feinsilver_Albertario_1992_pp._246–251_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertz_Fast_Feinsilver_Albertario_1992_pp._246–251-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WILSON_BARNES_ELLETT_PERMEZEL_2010_pp._38–46_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WILSON_BARNES_ELLETT_PERMEZEL_2010_pp._38–46-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, as pregnancy progresses, women tend to experience less total sleep time, increased wakefulness after falling asleep, more time in lighter sleep stages, decreased periods of deep and rapid eye movement sleep, and more frequent awakenings compared to earlier stages of pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunner_Münch_Biedermann_Huch_1994_pp._576–582_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunner_Münch_Biedermann_Huch_1994_pp._576–582-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Izci-Balserak_Keenan_Corbitt_Staley_2018_pp._1161–1168_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izci-Balserak_Keenan_Corbitt_Staley_2018_pp._1161–1168-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it's common for pregnant persons to express dissatisfaction with the quality of their sleep, with almost half reporting poor subjective sleep experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_Cameron_Madigan_Tomfohr-Madsen_2018_pp._168–176_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov_Cameron_Madigan_Tomfohr-Madsen_2018_pp._168–176-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restless_legs_syndrome">Restless legs syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Restless legs syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs syndrome</a> is a condition characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, particularly during periods of rest or inactivity. </p><p>The condition is more common among pregnant women than in the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_Shi_Bao_Sun_2018_pp._43–54_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_Shi_Bao_Sun_2018_pp._43–54-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research studies have reported varying prevalence rates, with estimates ranging from 10% to 34% of pregnant individuals experiencing RLS symptoms at some point during their pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_Dhyani_Kendzerska_Pandi-Perumal_2015_pp._320–329_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_Dhyani_Kendzerska_Pandi-Perumal_2015_pp._320–329-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep-disordered_breathing">Sleep-disordered breathing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sleep-disordered breathing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a> and sleep-disordered breathing are significantly more common in pregnant women, being 2–3 times more prevalent than in nonpregnant females.<sup id="cite_ref-Izci_2006_pp._321–327_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izci_2006_pp._321–327-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These changes are associated with alterations in upper airway anatomy and tend to return to nonpregnant levels after <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Izci_2006_pp._321–327_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izci_2006_pp._321–327-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> is a condition where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep due to the collapse of the upper airway, often leading to a decrease in oxygen levels. It is a prevalent health concern among pregnant women and is linked to various pregnancy-related health consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Su_Wang_Zhu_2018_pp._399–412_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Su_Wang_Zhu_2018_pp._399–412-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sahin_Koken_Cosar_Saylan_2007_pp._141–146_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahin_Koken_Cosar_Saylan_2007_pp._141–146-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condition is more prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Parental_obesity" title="Parental obesity">pregnant women who are obese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Auckley_Sokol_Mercer_2010_pp._261.e1–261.e5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Auckley_Sokol_Mercer_2010_pp._261.e1–261.e5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olivarez_Ferres_Antony_Mattewal_2011_pp._651–658_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olivarez_Ferres_Antony_Mattewal_2011_pp._651–658-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnancies where obstructive sleep apnea is a complicating factor face a higher risk of developing conditions like <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">intrauterine growth restriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Auckley_Sokol_Mercer_2010_pp._261.e1–261.e5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Auckley_Sokol_Mercer_2010_pp._261.e1–261.e5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The management of sleep disorders during pregnancy may require the use of psychopharmacological drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Mehta_Clark-Bilodeau_Bourjeily_2020_pp._184–197_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Mehta_Clark-Bilodeau_Bourjeily_2020_pp._184–197-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary insomnia can be managed with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> and medication, while secondary insomnia should primarily target the underlying medical issue.<sup id="cite_ref-McLafferty_Spada_Gopalan_2022_pp._445–452_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLafferty_Spada_Gopalan_2022_pp._445–452-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When dealing with restless legs syndrome, treatment includes medication use and minimizing exposure to triggers like <a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffeine and pregnancy">caffeine</a>, and specific medications.<sup id="cite_ref-McLafferty_Spada_Gopalan_2022_pp._445–452_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLafferty_Spada_Gopalan_2022_pp._445–452-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sleeping_positions">Sleeping positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sleeping positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) advises pregnant individuals to sleep on their side, either the left or right, for optimal safety during pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_2023_k497_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk_2023_k497-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that beyond the 28th week, assuming a supine (back) sleeping position can result in a twofold increase in the risk of <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_2023_k497_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk_2023_k497-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increased risk may be attributed to potential disruptions in fetal blood circulation and oxygen supply.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs.uk_2023_k497_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs.uk_2023_k497-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleeping on the back can also give rise to various complications, including <a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">back pain</a>, respiratory issues, <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">hemorrhoidal problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, gastrointestinal discomfort, and reduced blood flow to both the maternal heart and the developing fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Pregnancy_Association_2021_u987_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Pregnancy_Association_2021_u987-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the weight gain associated with pregnancy may heighten the likelihood of developing <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a> when sleeping on the back.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Pregnancy_Association_2021_u987_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Pregnancy_Association_2021_u987-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dreams">Dreams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dreams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During pregnancy, a significant period of emotional adjustment occurs, involving thoughts, feelings, and relationships regarding oneself and the unborn child, which often find expression in <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreams</a>. Pregnant women often describe their dreams as exceptionally vivid and realistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Raphael-Leff_Trevarthen_Klaus_2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raphael-Leff_Trevarthen_Klaus_2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systematic studies suggest that the majority of pregnant women (67–88%) report experiencing at least one dream related to topics like pregnancy, childbirth, or babies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Cage_Shannon_2004_pp._284–292_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Cage_Shannon_2004_pp._284–292-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RL_J_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL_J-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_Paquette_2007_pp._1162–1169_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_Paquette_2007_pp._1162–1169-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some other studies indicate that 30–62% of these dreams include maternal elements, and their frequency tends to increase as pregnancy progresses.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ser̀ed_Abramovitch_1992_pp._1405–1411_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ser̀ed_Abramovitch_1992_pp._1405–1411-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillman_1968_pp._688–692_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillman_1968_pp._688–692-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winget_Kapp_1972_pp._313–320_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winget_Kapp_1972_pp._313–320-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RL_J_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL_J-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dreams typically touch upon the mother's physical well-being and the baby's sex, but may also feature elements of danger or harm to the baby, mother, father, as well as issues within the family and marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnant individuals tend to have better dream recall, and notably, the content of their dreams tends to be more disturbing compared to other life stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raphael-Leff_Trevarthen_Klaus_2018_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raphael-Leff_Trevarthen_Klaus_2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SL_p._46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SL_p.-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparative research suggests that pregnant persons recall more dreams centered around pregnancy-related themes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>, their own body, the baby's body) and more elements involving potential risks to the fetus and themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dagan_Lapidot_Eisenstein_2001_pp._13–20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dagan_Lapidot_Eisenstein_2001_pp._13–20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_Paquette_2007_pp._1162–1169_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen_Paquette_2007_pp._1162–1169-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnancy can influence dream patterns, leading to an increased likelihood of experiencing <a href="/wiki/Bad_dreams" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad dreams">bad dreams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2014_pp._694–700-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnant women's dreams tend to be more <a href="/wiki/Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Masochism">masochistic</a> and include more elements where they experience misfortune, harm, or face environmental threats, although they do not necessarily involve more aggressive actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lara-Carrasco_Simard_Saint-Onge_Lamoureux-Tremblay_2013_Dreams-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pengo_Won_Bourjeily_2018_pp._196–206_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPengoWonBourjeily2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pengo, Martino F.; Won, Christine H.; Bourjeily, Ghada (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6045782">"Sleep in Women Across the Life Span"</a>. <i>Chest</i>. <b>154</b> (1). 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"Women's dreams reported during first pregnancy". <i>Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</i>. <b>55</b> (1). Wiley: 13–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1819.2001.00778.x">10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00778.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1323-1316">1323-1316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11235851">11235851</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38486273">38486273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+and+Clinical+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Women%27s+dreams+reported+during+first+pregnancy&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-20&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1323-1316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38486273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11235851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-1819.2001.00778.x&rft.aulast=Dagan&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft.au=Lapidot%2C+Anat&rft.au=Eisenstein%2C+Michal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APregnancy+and+sleep" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pregnancy_and_sleep&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/related-conditions/common-symptoms/tiredness/">"Pregnancy: Tiredness and sleep problems"</a>. <i>nhs.uk</i>. 2023-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Pregnancy%3A+Tiredness+and+sleep+problems&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fpregnancy%2Frelated-conditions%2Fcommon-symptoms%2Ftiredness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APregnancy+and+sleep" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric ultrasonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Pregnancy test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HCG_pregnancy_strip_test" class="mw-redirect" title="HCG pregnancy strip test">home testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_testing" title="Prenatal testing">Prenatal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Medical imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_pregnancy" title="Cryptic pregnancy">Cryptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_pregnancy" title="Unintended pregnancy">Unintended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_method_of_natural_childbirth" title="Bradley method of natural childbirth">Bradley method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy_in_childbirth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnotherapy in childbirth">Hypnobirthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaze_technique" title="Lamaze technique">Lamaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Nesting instinct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Newborn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_attendant" title="Birth attendant">Birth attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_role_in_childbirth" title="Men's role in childbirth">Men's roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_nurse_midwife" title="Auxiliary nurse midwife">Auxiliary nurse midwife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_nursing" title="Obstetrical nursing">Perinatal nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_birth_attendant" title="Traditional birth attendant">Traditional birth attendant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">Pelvimetry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bishop_score" title="Bishop score">Bishop score</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_dilation" title="Cervical dilation">cervical dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_effacement" title="Cervical effacement">cervical effacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_(obstetrics)" title="Position (obstetrics)">position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_show" title="Bloody show">Bloody show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">Uterine contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_delivery" title="Vaginal delivery">Vaginal delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">Presentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_presentation" title="Cephalic presentation">cephalic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">shoulder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupture_of_membranes" title="Rupture of membranes">Rupture of membranes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_positions" title="Childbirth positions">Childbirth positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">Home birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_induction" title="Labor induction">Labor induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_birth" title="Multiple birth">Multiple birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_childbirth" title="Natural childbirth">Natural childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unassisted_childbirth" title="Unassisted childbirth">Unassisted childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_birth" title="Water birth">Water birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_expulsion" title="Placental expulsion">Placental expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prenatal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">Amniotic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_sac" title="Amniotic sac">Amniotic sac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundal_height" title="Fundal height">Fundal height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age" title="Gestational age">Gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_physiological_changes_in_pregnancy" title="Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy">Maternal physiological changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">Care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li>Nutrition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicants_and_fetal_development" title="Environmental toxicants and fetal development">environmental toxicants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_and_pregnancy" title="Nutrition and pregnancy">in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_nutrition" title="Prenatal nutrition">prenatal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenatal_depression" title="Antenatal depression">Prenatal depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy" title="Immunization during pregnancy">Immunization</a></li> <li>Concomitant conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_in_pregnancy" title="Anemia in pregnancy">Anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">Hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Hypercoagulability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Substance use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol and pregnancy">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioids_and_pregnancy" title="Opioids and pregnancy">Opioids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Endocrine diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disease</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liver diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Infections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCV_in_children_and_pregnancy" title="HCV in children and pregnancy">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria" title="Pregnancy-associated malaria">Malaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Skin diseases <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">Dermatoses</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_pregnancy" title="Drugs in pregnancy">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora_in_pregnancy" title="Vaginal flora in pregnancy">Vaginal flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions_and_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy">Motor vehicle emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Pre-existing disease</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniocentesis" title="Amniocentesis">Amniocentesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_villus_sampling" title="Chorionic villus sampling">Chorionic villus sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonstress_test" title="Nonstress test">Nonstress test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lochia" title="Lochia">Lochia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_care" title="Postpartum care">Postpartum care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_confinement" title="Postpartum confinement">Postpartum confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_after_pregnancy" title="Sex after pregnancy">Sex after pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Psychiatric disorders of childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_physiological_changes" title="Postpartum physiological changes">Postpartum physiological changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doula" title="Doula">Doula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">Health visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_nurse" title="Monthly nurse">Monthly nurse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny#Maternity_nurse_/_newborn_care_specialists_/_confinement_nanny" title="Nanny">Confinement nanny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life" title="Adaptation to extrauterine life">Adaptation to extrauterine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apgar_score" title="Apgar score">Apgar score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">Congenital disorders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstetric history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravidity_and_parity" title="Gravidity and parity">Gravidity and parity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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