Scientists discover new form of superhard carbon

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}); </script> </div> <div id="content" class="narrow_content"> <div id="article_top" class="summary_details">  <div class="sd_top"> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ var mobile = (/iphone|ipad|ipod|android|blackberry|mini|windows\sce|palm/i.test(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase())); if (mobile) { var mob_link = "<img src='https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/cellphone.png'/><a id='article_mobile_link' class='small' href='https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://m.gizmag.com/article/20145'>View on mobile site</a>"; $jqr('.sd_top').append(mob_link); } // ]]></script> <a class="small" href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/researchwatch/" style="float: left; ">RESEARCH WATCH</a> </div> <h2>Scientists discover new form of superhard carbon</h2> <div class="summary_details_left"> <p>By <a href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/author/darren-quick/" rel="author">Darren Quick</a></p> <p><em>04:29 October 13, 2011</em></p> </div> <div class="summary_details_right"> <p><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comments.png" alt=""/> <a href="#comments">10 Comments</a> </p> <p></p> </div> </div> <div id="hero_box" style="width: 530px;"> <a id="hero_link" href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/new-superhard-form-of-carbon/20145/picture/144689/"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/hero/diamonds.jpg" title="A new form of superhard carbon discovered by scientists could have advantages over diamond..." width="530" height="297" alt="A new form of superhard carbon discovered by scientists could have advantages over diamond..." border="0"/></a><div class="pic_caption"> <p>A new form of superhard carbon discovered by scientists could have advantages over diamonds (Image: Swamibu via <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://www.flickr.com/photos/25182307@N00/1182138940" target="_blank">Flickr</a>)</p> </div> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div class="article_body"> <div id="top_unit"></div> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script> <p>Carbon is the fourth-most-abundant element in the universe and comes in a wide variety of forms, called allotropes, including graphite, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/graphene/" target="_blank">graphene</a>, and the hardest natural material known to man, diamonds. Now scientists have discovered a new form of carbon that is capable of withstanding extreme pressure stresses previously only observed in diamond. Unlike crystalline forms of carbon such as diamonds, whose hardness is highly dependent upon the direction in which the crystal is formed, the new form of carbon is amorphous meaning it could be equally strong in all directions.</p> <p>A team including scientists from Stanford University and the Carnegie Institution for Science started with a form of carbon called glassy carbon. Glassy carbon was first synthesized in the 1950s and was found to combine glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite, including high temperature resistance, hardness, low density, low electrical resistance, low friction and low thermal resistance. To create the new carbon allotrope, the team compressed glassy carbon to above 400,000 times normal atmospheric pressure.</p> <p>The resultant new form of carbon was capable of withstanding the types of pressure stress that no other substance other than diamond had been able to withstand. It was able to withstand 1.3 million times normal atmospheric pressure in one direction while confined under a pressure of 600,000 times atmospheric levels in another direction.</p> <p>Because, unlike diamonds, the structure of the new allotrope is not organized in repeating atomic units, it may hold potential advantages over diamonds. Whereas a diamond's hardness is highly dependent on the orientation of its crystalline structure, the new material is amorphous, meaning its structure lacks the long-range order of crystals offering the prospect that the new material could be isotropic - that is, having equally strong hardness in all directions. If this turns out to be the case, it could be better suited to certain applications than diamonds.</p> <p>"These findings open up possibilities for potential applications, including super hard anvils for high-pressure research and could lead to new classes of ultradense and strong materials," said Russell Hemley, director of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://carnegiescience.edu/" target="_blank">Carnegie</a>'s Geophysical Laboratory.</p> <p>The team's discovery will be published in <em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://prl.aps.org/" target="_blank">Physical Review Letters</a></em>.</p>  <div id="bottom_unit"> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script> </div> </div>  <span class="title">Share</span> <div id="article_share" class="dotsontop"> <span class="as_button"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904/http://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-count="horizontal" data-via="gizmag">Tweet</a><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> twttr.events.bind('tweet', function(event) { if (event) { var targetUrl; if (event.target && event.target.nodeName == 'IFRAME') { targetUrl = extractParamFromUri(event.target.src, 'url'); } _gaq.push(['_trackSocial', 'twitter', 'tweet', targetUrl]); } }); twttr.events.bind('retweet', function(){ var targetUrl; if (event.target && event.target.nodeName == 'IFRAME') { targetUrl = extractParamFromUri(event.target.src, 'url'); } _gaq.push(['_trackSocial', 'twitter', 'retweet', targetUrl]); }); function extractParamFromUri(uri, paramName){ if(!uri){ return; } var uri = uri.split('#')[0]; //remove anchor var parts = uri.split('?'); //check for query params if(parts.length == 1){ return; //no params } var query = decodeURI(parts[1]); //find the url param paramName += '='; var params = query.split('&'); for(var i = 0, param; param = params[i]; ++i){ if(param.indexOf(paramName) === 0){ return unescape(param.split('=')[1]); } } } </script> </span> <span class="as_button"><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://www.stumbleupon.com/hostedbadge.php?s=1"></script></span> <span class="as_button"><g:plusone size="medium" count="true" href="http://www.gizmag.com/new-superhard-form-of-carbon/20145/"></g:plusone></span> <span class="as_button"><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://platform.linkedin.com/in.js"></script><script type="in/share" data-counter="right"></script></span> <span class="as_button"><script type="text/javascript">reddit_newwindow='1'</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904js_/http://www.reddit.com/static/button/button1.js"></script></span> <fb:like href="http://www.gizmag.com/new-superhard-form-of-carbon/20145/" send="false" width="450" show_faces="false" font="" id="facebook_like"></fb:like><script type="text/javascript">_ga.trackFacebook();</script> </div>   <div id="tags"> <span class="title">Tags</span> <div class="dotsontop"> <ul> <li>» <a href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/carbon/" rel="tag">Carbon</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/diamonds/" rel="tag">Diamonds</a></li> <li>» <a href="/web/20111219230904/http://www.gizmag.com/tag/stanford+university/" rel="tag">Stanford University</a></li> <li class="clear_both"></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="bing_unit"></div>  <span class="title" id="comments">User Comments (10)</span> <div class="dotsontop" id="comment_dots">  <div id="comment-85354" class="a_comment"> <p>Carbon Fiber is popular in high-end bicycle building because of the control a frame designer has over how the bike rides and handles. Since carbon fiber material is more or less like wood, with the grain running one way, much can be done to improve the stiffness of the bike while keeping the ride soft. Stiffness in a frame can assist the pedal pressure to transfer directly to the chain/drive and not be lost as in soft, bendy frame materials such as chromoly steel, a commonly used bike frame material. </p> <p>If this new product is workable into affordable fiber materials, then the bicycle industry would have it's "perfect" frame material. </p> <p>And, this is only one of thousands of applications for products such as this. </p> <p>Keep going, researchers, and get this to market! </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">capn_jack@bellsouth.net</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 09:39 am PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85378" class="a_comment"> <p>i see the use of such a material piston and sleeve application for fossil fuels.it could be run at extreamly high temps. therefore having zero emissions. </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Cowfy Kaufman</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 10:19 am PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85393" class="a_comment"> <p>Wow this is actually impressive and definitely will find millions of applications! </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Kirill Belousov</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 10:28 am PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85402" class="a_comment"> <p>Transparent aluminum? </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Racqia Dvorak</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 11:32 am PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85423" class="a_comment"> <p>I would love to see Cutting tools based on this material. </p> <p>Imagine cutting D2 like it was aluminum... </p> <p></p> <p>I just wonder what type of device can comperes carbon to 400,000 atmosphere's </p> <p></p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Captain Danger</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 12:27 pm PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85510" class="a_comment"> <p>"To create the new carbon allotrope, the team compressed glassy carbon to above 400,000 times normal atmospheric pressure." </p> <p></p> <p>Somehow I can't see that going into wide scale production anytime soon. It's probably only seen in minute granules visible only in a microscope. </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Wombat56</span> <span class="date">- October 13, 2011 @ 06:14 pm PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85636" class="a_comment"> <p>Obsidian? </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">Bob Humbly</span> <span class="date">- October 14, 2011 @ 06:26 am PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85921" class="a_comment"> <p>Does this hardest carbon have a name? </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">glassfiberoptics</span> <span class="date">- October 16, 2011 @ 03:46 pm PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-85927" class="a_comment"> <p>It sounds like a quasicrystal structure which Dan Shechtman recently won the Nobel prize for, his discovery caused a paradigm shift in chemistry and has led to a new category of solids and caused all chemistry books to be updated. </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">iLikeIt</span> <span class="date">- October 16, 2011 @ 05:56 pm PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> <div id="comment-87019" class="a_comment"> <p>I wonder what the thermal conductivity is of this. </p> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219230904im_/http://images.gizmag.com/layout/icons/comment.png" alt="comment"> <span class="name">EllisGL</span> <span class="date">- October 21, 2011 @ 08:12 pm PDT</span> <div class="clear_both"></div> </div> </div> <span class="title">Post a Comment</span> <div class="dotsontop" id="comment_form_div"> <div 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