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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sundials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sundials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient sundials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sundials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_sundials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_sundials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval sundials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_sundials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_dialing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_dialing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern dialing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_dialing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg/220px-Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg/330px-Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg/440px-Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>World's oldest known sundial, from Egypt's Valley of the Kings (c. 1500 BC), used to measure work hours.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a> is a device that indicates time by using a light spot or shadow cast by the <a href="/wiki/Position_of_the_Sun" title="Position of the Sun">position of the Sun</a> on a reference scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20051_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Earth turns on its <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">polar axis</a>, the sun appears to cross the sky from east to west, rising at sun-rise from beneath the horizon to a zenith at mid-day and falling again behind the horizon at sunset. Both the azimuth (direction) and the altitude (height) can be used to create time measuring devices. Sundials have been invented independently in every major culture and became more accurate and sophisticated as the culture developed. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sundial uses <a href="/wiki/Apparent_solar_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparent solar time">local time</a>. Before the coming of the railways in the 1840s, local time was displayed on a sundial and was used by the government and commerce. Before the <a href="/wiki/Clock#Fully_mechanical" title="Clock">invention of the clock</a> the sundial was the only way to measure time. After the invention of the clock, the sundial maintained its importance, as clocks needed to be reset regularly from a sundial, because the accuracy of early clocks was poor. A clock and a sundial were used together to measure <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>. Dials were laid out using straightedges and compasses. In the late nineteenth century sundials became objects of academic interest. The use of <a href="/wiki/Logarithm_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithm tables">logarithms</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebraic methods</a> of laying out dials to be employed and studied. No longer utilitarian, sundials remained as popular ornaments, and several popular books promoted that interest and gave constructional details. Affordable <a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">scientific calculators</a> made the algebraic methods as accessible as the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric construction">geometric constructions</a> and the use of computers made dial plate design trivial. The heritage of sundials was recognised and sundial societies were set up worldwide, and certain legislations made studying sundials part of their <a href="/wiki/National_curriculum" title="National curriculum">national school curriculums</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sundials">Ancient sundials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient sundials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg/170px-SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg/255px-SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg/340px-SunDialAiKhanoum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Hemispherical Greek sundial from <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a>, Afghanistan (3rd–2nd century BCE).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg/220px-Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg/330px-Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg/440px-Stone_sundial_with_Liubo_markings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>Chinese sundial of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> (2nd century CE).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_dial_stone,_Kilmalkedar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg/220px-Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg/330px-Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg/440px-Sun_dial_stone%2C_Kilmalkedar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Sundial stone, <a href="/wiki/Kilmalkedar" title="Kilmalkedar">Kilmalkedar</a>, Ireland (c. 7th century CE).</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>The earliest household clocks known, from the archaeological finds, are the <a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundials</a> (1500 BCE) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian astronomy">Ancient Egypt</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a>. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Analemmatic_sundial" title="Analemmatic sundial">analemmatic sundials</a> of the same era (about 1500 BCE) and their prototype have been discovered on the territory of modern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much earlier <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisks</a>, once thought to have been used also as sundials, placed at temples built in honor of a pharaoh, are now thought to serve only as a memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presumably, humans were telling time from shadow-lengths at an even earlier date, but this is hard to verify. In roughly 700 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> describes a sundial – the "dial of Ahaz" mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1038.htm#8">Isaiah 38:8</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b20.htm#9">2 Kings 20:9</a> (possibly the earliest account of a sundial that is anywhere to be found in history)—which was likely of Egyptian or Babylonian design. Sundials were also developed in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sundials existed in China since ancient times, but very little is known of their history. It is known that the ancient Chinese developed a form of sundials c. 800 BCE, and the sundials eventually evolved to very sophisticated water clocks by 1000 CE, and sometime in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (1000–1400 CE), a <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> would sometimes also be constructed on the sundial.<sup id="cite_ref-cheung_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early reference to sundials from 104 BCE is in an assembly of calendar experts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Greeks developed many of the principles and forms of the sundial. Sundials are believed to have been introduced into Greece by <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander of Miletus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BCE</span>. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, Greek sundials were initially derived from their Babylonian counterparts. The Greeks were well-positioned to develop the science of sundials, having developed the science of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, and in particular discovering the <a href="/wiki/Conic_section" title="Conic section">conic sections</a> that are traced by a sundial nodus. The mathematician and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius of Bithynia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 160 BCE</span> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 BCE</span>) is said to have invented a universal sundial that could be used anywhere on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath1911771_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath1911771-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans adopted the Greek sundials, and the first record of a sundial in Rome is in 293 BCE according to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comic character in a play by <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a> complained about his day being "chopped into pieces" by the ubiquitous sundials. Writing in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25 BCE</span>, the Roman author <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vitruvius_Pollio" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Vitruvius Pollio">Vitruvius</a> listed all the known types of dials in Book IX of his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Architectura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Architectura">De Architectura</a></i>, together with their Greek inventors.<sup id="cite_ref-thayer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thayer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these are believed to be nodus-type sundials, differing mainly in the surface that receives the shadow of the nodus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>the <i>hemicyclium</i> of <a href="/wiki/Berosus_the_Chaldean" class="mw-redirect" title="Berosus the Chaldean">Berosus the Chaldean</a>: a truncated, concave, hemispherical surface</li> <li>the <i>hemispherium</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Scaphe" title="Scaphe">scaphe</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a>: a full, concave, hemispherical surface</li> <li>the <i>discus</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Disk_(mathematics)" title="Disk (mathematics)">disc</a> on a plane surface) of <a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus of Samos</a>: a fully circular equatorial dial with nodus</li> <li>the <i>arachne</i> (spiderweb) of <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius of Perga</a>: half a circular equatorial dial with nodus</li> <li>the <i>plinthium</i> or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture#Lacunar" title="Glossary of architecture">lacunar</a> of Scopinas of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>: an example in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Flaminius" title="Circus Flaminius">Circus Flaminius</a>)</li> <li>the <i>pros ta historoumena</i> (universal dial) of <a href="/wiki/Parmenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmenio">Parmenio</a></li> <li>the <i>pros pan klima</i> of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius of Bithynia</a> and Andreas</li> <li>the <i>pelekinon</i> of <a href="/wiki/Patrocles_(geographer)" title="Patrocles (geographer)">Patrocles</a>: the classic double-bladed axe design of hyperbolae on a planar surface</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus" title="Dionysodorus">Dionysodorus</a>: a concave, conical surface</li> <li>the <i>quiver</i> of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius of Perga</a></li> <li>the <i>conarachne</i></li> <li>the <i>conical plinthium</i></li> <li>the <i>antiboreum</i>: a hemispherium that faces North, with the sunlight entering through a small hole.</li></ul> <p>The Romans built a very large sundial in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10 BCE</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a>, which is a classic nodus-based obelisk casting a shadow on a planar <i>pelekinon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Globe_of_Matelica" title="Globe of Matelica">Globe of Matelica</a> is felt to have been part of an Ancient Roman sundial from the 1st or 2nd century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The custom of measuring time by one's shadow has persisted since ancient times. In <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' play <i>Assembly of Women</i>, Praxagora asks her husband to return when his shadow reaches 10 feet (3.0 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_sundials">Medieval sundials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval sundials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek dials were inherited and developed further by astronomers of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">Islamic Caliphates</a> and post-Renaissance Europeans. </p><p>The Venerable <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> is reported to have instructed his followers in the art of telling time by interpreting their shadow lengths, however, Bede's most important association with sundials is that he encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/Canonical_sundial" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical sundial">canonical sundials</a> to fix the times of prayers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The oldest sundial in England is a <a href="/wiki/Tide_dial" title="Tide dial">tide dial</a> incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Bewcastle_Cross" title="Bewcastle Cross">Bewcastle Cross</a>, Cumbria, and dates from the 7th or early 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Greek dials were nodus-based with straight hour-lines, they indicated <a href="/wiki/Unequal_hours" title="Unequal hours">unequal hours</a> that varied with the seasons, since every day was divided into twelve equal segments; hours were shorter in winter and longer in summer. Sundials with gnomons oriented towards the celestial pole are able to exploit the fact that the markings for the <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_hours" title="Equinoctial hours">equinoctial hours</a> are a family of straight-line segments, thereby allowing for the measure of equal hours. It is unclear when such sundials were first built. A polar-axis sundial was constructed by the 14th century Arabic engineer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a>, a replica of which still exists today, though he was not the inventor of the device. The concept may have been known for centuries before his time, and appeared in Western sundials from at least 1446.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europe then saw an explosion of new designs. Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Padovani" title="Giovanni Padovani">Giovanni Padovani</a> published a treatise on the sundial in 1570, in which he included instructions for the manufacture and laying out of mural (vertical) and horizontal sundials. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancani" title="Giuseppe Biancani">Giuseppe Biancani</a>'s <i>Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria</i> (ca. 1620) discusses how to make a perfect sundial, with accompanying illustrations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The villages around <a href="/wiki/Brian%C3%A7on" title="Briançon">Briançon</a>, Hautes-Alpes, France were a major site of sundial production in the 18th and 19th centuries, with at least 400 painted dials in this one French department. Among the most famous sundial makers of this era was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Zarbula" title="Giovanni Francesco Zarbula">Giovanni Francesco Zarbula</a>, who created a hundred of them between 1833 and 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_dialing">Modern dialing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern dialing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designers of the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a>, the first record-setting skyscraper of the 21st century, brought the ancient tradition forward. The tower, tallest in the world when it opened in Taiwan in 2004, stands over 500 metres (1,600 ft) in height. The design of an adjoining park uses the tower as the style for a huge horizontal sundial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old sundial located in the Great Mosque of Kairouan also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia."><img alt="Old sundial located in the Great Mosque of Kairouan also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in Kairouan, Tunisia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg/120px-Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg/180px-Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg/240px-Cadran_solaire_Kairouan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old sundial located in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> also known as the Mosque of Uqba, in <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, Tunisia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Scottish gravestone bearing a sundial. The instrument has often doubled as a memento mori."><img alt="A Scottish gravestone bearing a sundial. The instrument has often doubled as a memento mori." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/90px-Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/135px-Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG/179px-Sundial_on_Gravestone_at_Kilbirnie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Scottish gravestone bearing a sundial. The instrument has often doubled as a <a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">memento mori</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A medieval mass dial (minus its gnomon) at St. Mary, Bibury; also known as a scratch dial, it was used to tell the times of Mass."><img alt="A medieval mass dial (minus its gnomon) at St. Mary, Bibury; also known as a scratch dial, it was used to tell the times of Mass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg/120px-Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg/180px-Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg/240px-Bibury_St._Mary_-_Mass_Dial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_365475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A medieval <a href="/wiki/Mass_dial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass dial">mass dial</a> (minus its <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>) at St. Mary, <a href="/wiki/Bibury" title="Bibury">Bibury</a>; also known as a <i>scratch dial</i>, it was used to tell the times of <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_Sundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This sundial displays a likeness of Father Time. Its motto quotes Robert Browning: "Grow old along with me; the best is yet to be.""><img alt="This sundial displays a likeness of Father Time. Its motto quotes Robert Browning: "Grow old along with me; the best is yet to be."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Death_Sundial.jpg/120px-Death_Sundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Death_Sundial.jpg/180px-Death_Sundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Death_Sundial.jpg/240px-Death_Sundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This sundial displays a likeness of <a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a>. Its motto quotes <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>: "Grow old along with me; the best is yet to be."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble equatorial sundial in the Europapark of Klagenfurt on Lake Woerth, Carinthia, Austria"><img alt="Marble equatorial sundial in the Europapark of Klagenfurt on Lake Woerth, Carinthia, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg/120px-Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg/180px-Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg/240px-Klagenfurt_Europapark_sundial_11102008_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble equatorial sundial in the Europapark of Klagenfurt on Lake Woerth, <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Giant Sundial of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur, India, stands 27m tall. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second. 26°55′29″N 75°49′29″E / 26.9247°N 75.8248°E / 26.9247; 75.8248 (The Giant Sundial of Jantar Mantar)"><img alt="The Giant Sundial of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur, India, stands 27m tall. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second. 26°55′29″N 75°49′29″E / 26.9247°N 75.8248°E / 26.9247; 75.8248 (The Giant Sundial of Jantar Mantar)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg/80px-Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg/120px-Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg/160px-Jantar_Mantar_in_Jaipur_giant_sundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Giant Sundial of <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaipur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur, India">Jaipur, India</a>, stands 27m tall. Its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second. <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_sundials&params=26.9247_N_75.8248_E_type:landmark&title=The+Giant+Sundial+of+Jantar+Mantar"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°55′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°49′29″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.9247°N 75.8248°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.9247; 75.8248</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">The Giant Sundial of Jantar Mantar</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Several sundials arrayed on the faces of a cube. The styles are all parallel and meant to be aligned with the Earth's rotation axis."><img alt="Several sundials arrayed on the faces of a cube. The styles are all parallel and meant to be aligned with the Earth's rotation axis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG/63px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG/95px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG/127px-G%C3%B6ttingen_Cubic_Sundial_cropped_smaller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Several sundials arrayed on the faces of a cube. The styles are all parallel and meant to be aligned with the Earth's rotation axis. </div> </li> </ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin Bernhardt created a special gnomon for an equatorial sundial which adjusts for the equation of time and that allows one to read the time without knowing the date, to a precision of less than a minute."><img alt="Martin Bernhardt created a special gnomon for an equatorial sundial which adjusts for the equation of time and that allows one to read the time without knowing the date, to a precision of less than a minute." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg/120px-Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg/180px-Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg/240px-Pr%C3%A4zissions-Sonnenuhr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Martin Bernhardt created a special gnomon for an equatorial sundial which adjusts for the equation of time and that allows one to read the time without knowing the date, to a precision of less than a minute.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern hemispherium in Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, South Korea. 37°34′43″N 126°58′38″E / 37.578611°N 126.977222°E / 37.578611; 126.977222 (Gyeongbok Palace hemispherium) The pointer tip acts as the nodus; the height of the nodus-shadow gives the time of the year."><img alt="A modern hemispherium in Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, South Korea. 37°34′43″N 126°58′38″E / 37.578611°N 126.977222°E / 37.578611; 126.977222 (Gyeongbok Palace hemispherium) The pointer tip acts as the nodus; the height of the nodus-shadow gives the time of the year." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg/120px-Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg/180px-Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg/240px-Seoul-Gyeongbokgung-Sundial-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern hemispherium in <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbok_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongbok Palace">Gyeongbok Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea. <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=History_of_sundials&params=37.578611_N_126.977222_E_type:landmark&title=Gyeongbok+Palace+hemispherium"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°34′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°58′38″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.578611°N 126.977222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.578611; 126.977222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Gyeongbok Palace hemispherium</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> The pointer tip acts as the nodus; the height of the nodus-shadow gives the time of the year. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High precision (±30 seconds) sundial in Belgium (Google Earth)"><img alt="High precision (±30 seconds) sundial in Belgium (Google Earth)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg/120px-Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg/180px-Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg/240px-Precision_sundial_in_B%C3%BCtgenbach-Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High precision (±30 seconds) sundial in Belgium <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~para/GeoCommons/earth.php?latdegdec=50.4231&londegdec=6.2017&scale=10000&amp&commons=1/">(Google Earth)</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foucault_pendulum" title="Foucault pendulum">Foucault pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Bianchini" title="Francesco Bianchini">Francesco Bianchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_sundial" title="Scottish sundial">Scottish sundial</a> — the ancient renaissance sundials of Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_dial" title="Tide dial">Tide dial</a> — early sundials which show the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> ("tides") of the day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace#The_sundial" title="Wilanów Palace">Wilanów Palace Sundial</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a> in about 1684.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195941/https://aegyptologie.unibas.ch/forschung/projekte/university-of-basel-kings-valley-project/report-2013/">"Preliminary Report on the Work carried out during the season 2013"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aegyptologie.unibas.ch/forschung/projekte/university-of-basel-kings-valley-project/report-2013/">the original</a> on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Report+on+the+Work+carried+out+during+the+season+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faegyptologie.unibas.ch%2Fforschung%2Fprojekte%2Funiversity-of-basel-kings-valley-project%2Freport-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaes-2014-0001/html">Bickel, S.; Gautschy, R. Eine ramessidische Sonnenuhr im Tal der Könige. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 2014, Volume 96, Issue 1, pp. 3–14.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaatec.org/documents/article/vl4.pdf">Vodolazhskaya, L.N. Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian sundials. Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2014, 2(2), 1–18.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20051-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20051_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2005">Jones 2005</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2005_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2005">Jones 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaatec.org/documents/article/vl5.pdf">Vodolazhskaya, L.N.; Larenok, P.A.; Nevsky, M.Yu.The ancient astronomical instrument from Srubna burial of kurgan field Tavriya-1 (Northern Black Sea Coast). 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Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies 2016, 4(1), 96–116.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vodolazhskaya, L.N.; Larenok, P.A.; Nevsky, M.Yu. Solnechnye chasy epokhi bronzy is srubnogo pogrebeniya mogil'nika Tavriya-1. [Sundial of Bronze Age from the Srubna burial of kurgan field Tavriya-1]. Istoriko-arkheologicheskiy al'manakh. [Historical-Archaeological Almanac]. Vol. 13, Armavir, Krasnodar, Moscow, 2015, p. 4-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014013/http://www.wijzerweb.be/egypteengels.html">"The oldest surviving sundial"</a>. 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Brill. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004450738" title="Special:BookSources/9789004450738"><bdi>9789004450738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World-maps+for+Finding+the+Direction+and+Distance+to+Mecca&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789004450738&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010044606/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.353">"History of the sundial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.353">the original</a> on 2007-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+sundial&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavoie2022" class="citation book cs1">Savoie, Dennis (2022). Anthony Turner; James Nye; Jonathan Betts (eds.). <i>A General History of Horology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192609366" title="Special:BookSources/9780192609366"><bdi>9780192609366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+General+History+of+Horology&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780192609366&rft.aulast=Savoie&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle_AM1971" class="citation book cs1">Earle AM (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundialsrosesofy0000earl"><i>Sundials and Roses of Yesterday</i></a></span>. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-0968-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-0968-2"><bdi>0-8048-0968-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74142763">74142763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials+and+Roses+of+Yesterday&rft.place=Rutland%2C+VT&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74142763&rft.isbn=0-8048-0968-2&rft.au=Earle+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundialsrosesofy0000earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint of the 1902 book published by Macmillan (New York).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Little_Heath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Little Heath">Heath, Thomas Little</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodosius of Tripolis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Theodosius_of_Tripolis">"Theodosius of Tripolis" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 771–772.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodosius+of+Tripolis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=771-772&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Little&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Herbert" title="A. P. Herbert">A. P. Herbert</a>, <i>Sundials Old and New</i>, Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Lawrence (December 2005). "The Sundial And Geometry". <i>North American Sundial Society</i>. <b>12</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Sundial+Society&rft.atitle=The+Sundial+And+Geometry&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayall_RN,_Mayall_MW1994" class="citation book cs1">Mayall RN, Mayall MW (1994). <i>Sundials: Their Construction and Use</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-71-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-71-9"><bdi>0-933346-71-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials%3A+Their+Construction+and+Use&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sky+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-933346-71-9&rft.au=Mayall+RN%2C+Mayall+MW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hugo Michnik, <i>Theorie einer Bifilar-Sonnenuhr</i>, Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217(5190), p. 81-90, 1923</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohr_RRJ1996" class="citation book cs1">Rohr RRJ (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundialshistoryt0000rohr"><i>Sundials: History, Theory, and Practice</i></a></span> (translated by G. Godin ed.). New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-29139-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-29139-1"><bdi>0-486-29139-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=translated+by+G.+Godin&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-486-29139-1&rft.au=Rohr+RRJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundialshistoryt0000rohr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span> Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title <i>Les Cadrans solaires</i> by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).</li> <li>Frederick W. Sawyer, <i>Bifilar gnomonics</i>, JBAA (Journal of the British Astronomical association), 88(4):334–351, 1978</li> <li>Gerard L'E. Turner, <i>Antique Scientific Instruments</i>, Blandford Press Ltd. 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1068-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1068-3">0-7137-1068-3</a></li> <li>J.L. Heilbron, <i>The sun in the church: cathedrals as solar observatories,</i> Harvard University Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00536-5">978-0-674-00536-5</a>.</li> <li><i>Make A Sundial</i>, (The Education Group British Sundial Society) Editors Jane Walker and David Brown, British Sundial Society 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518404-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9518404-0-1">0-9518404-0-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh_AE1973" class="citation book cs1">Waugh AE (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sundialstheirthe00albe"><i>Sundials: Their Theory and Construction</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22947-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22947-5"><bdi>0-486-22947-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundials%3A+Their+Theory+and+Construction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-486-22947-5&rft.au=Waugh+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsundialstheirthe00albe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+sundials" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Illustrating Shadows", Simon Wheaton-Smith, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9765286-8-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9765286-8-1">0-9765286-8-1</a>, LCN: 2005900674</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sundials&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sundials" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sundials">Sundials</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/">British Sundial Society</a>- Time line and register</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedicastro.com/astronomy5.asp">The Ancient Vedic Sun Dial</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a 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