CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91340c9e3a929c2c',cH: 'dxKnyKZydCuGoRsXLnwcE7JJernTi5Mwl0uhwOWOdkw-1739777187-1.2.1.1-U6AukkxDG_7EJYofrrcBvRAZnyGtgd4v599QcYfI6s75s.1kT5l5ilibreefNgsX',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hubble%20constants&__cf_chl_tk=5SCK12j64D2RHD33AyY3zZLkpNbF44JT7VGyt4yy4t8-1739777187-1.0.1.1-ZRn4SVl816s6yuw2mX61H34clXVp7pVS_GnENIh76wE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739777187',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=hubble%20constants&__cf_chl_f_tk=5SCK12j64D2RHD33AyY3zZLkpNbF44JT7VGyt4yy4t8-1739777187-1.0.1.1-ZRn4SVl816s6yuw2mX61H34clXVp7pVS_GnENIh76wE",md: "RegMIZ1ZULovr2IFCWomzxarbzDHT1ln5eak8QeR.ow-1739777187-1.2.1.1-RW3hC8tJ6GxgdIIkq20ON1w7dD5aTTGh7_uED.tLlILBSOAIamUXfND8xr2HgsZg0OQn8IgpfyIp1fYn6nNmNowy5WfAOnru4wFORxihQQDKY8g6SmqYt2ylpxlkEsOvpMvBTNzk16Pbo6unMIMfe0fZbQr73styfFiGeb_w6dhwygF8kq9Tw.hfBNpm3XWzCwQGlh3HPdCs8XOdC5rhDu7rLg3BCuEm__V9e9.R79uBB_n1OB.QjRlEDfQBqfmXeWWsT2h44pTj99Ieg8bSPB2kR.ZUHNBSXgLmHXUoNO2hLmZunPmeS_wjodWy37dRkDubz_1YrDZaWkVDsnH4HQXGZTaUXL1BVpFXT5RBpGbQ2YAcw0LtGqmoiK6NpzkHAMu2Hvkw.LTNJilkvEitMnFI2JHtxUIBRgGxtISSqBk0Fl_LrMLcRJEntp1sKkZEYQgHlOJhAUQm57_l3jnM_ifv_ipm0hfP5E9dNvVztuSzrTktCoiggRasHxvQDP4b3BDftYSFTTmXztNbX4ayA5qz0x61rQXxRyfWLI3_Luk2noarUxj3c_RZ8F9kNtEl7xJOFHzObtvzn9Rh7a9ghEVpDSimQPGCdNoxCigPqdcixNefSappwEitVcdUDxY0SgPgj8xSC67LCRDsOZtkKVSY3TYY3IyPc8Id9MzJDbf6HfAXLXnczL5dfkmBfOu823R46vS1dCa.imH16EVij.37itFYx9pIfGSVP8VjkvmzA4YAfPp97LJ_nebJY7GxLJlIrw_TgXEOqKlwUE8E9SF_xfwyuXICCV.RukqXEWkp3aPxWEcLls8q56YeGc1LODh0e_UhbU_sXIG6Z.Y3kZWcjwEyrGSoTF_6hlg0hVuqFiSKoTUzvb5okrYRcVxhNVUvNXhGdfNDLH8sujyGfhf6rCwaOodDhE6D8lTOEvIveE0VUeo1bQo.7mRSgZ_Wnx4lHHayE3vRUFRePT5uQLYWtu6YyMgWIRLwKkuyzgkLRzMu8MSuA_kqjNreio4LScOdxMDnuWWjIO8UIfh.5IpktLcgH3RfOvF4LO2VWldsovPjSwYai3droENGENUDMiZyuCx17JxN1r.xMKfkire31E1N5ntdEnPfaMkkE9p8GC4Puq91q2tyQt.uYJx2UVleke11mDDyl97pQI7E8b.zUJKRHimxKmVmAWdUreuXGxKWL_EWpSwVcPpvL1PQuEeHGkff2DQPhEfzbZs2scOZ7n4sfJyy6KThLxEWOAoHtMnWTTQ9c6QyRtYHABbSTOSUwA3Ul5nTWi7qR6hAe1NsrOgkoGjj4GKyXbZpI.Q6m.s7RGO5kRA7iH.pwePXOX_gBHqhTkQtZH9jpM4oicsW_0LJfwl6uUhBxVPNaRtRssX9Wehho8.TXEf.lKGuXaPIqCKoB7jkU8p.5oYAdR3IFgFxK.Obj5o5LS_gWCtlXxGdUfqAOjVKKDWyYt77u5Adp4kOA1AoBj0iOnjwk47w1llHN8gZZOZgasTfMmeB_UA553Qd6Lo7ONInbfaHcvYCuoHZ65nYb.TwNSEu7srHS96IcPWevHi0BBPB8GTiFAbppDJKimOzhyj2zeyynFfb9FwL9qJnpPM4O9J4t6Ptb9dO3mD3c9GkSGsnZoFuAxQLUuXrkimIOW8HKfFiAoLHrs0W8RoBbqM4NwABsnxvL6dRJuTrLneVDytkGELVuT4mznHhimHun0sRG_6hGnm46tQeKtFhNhF83nkSBCXukdyXw5m.bChTAASgKm0aRp1753ZGaqaN5Lp1m0upCvYOTF3iWP4KjWDyIdcS.fto92hd0QVW5a7b9_qTIUz_Qrb99rVEYzIg9j6wXR0juGT4yl1DWdv5TVSRmzuYW57OkROY7LqAr8AmTeupkjCXLJO67qQS9wucyaP1CNvFwX580_bERRz.Q7UAFKfFJ.f6nlSJ6VH1RvtPt91fHm8",mdrd: "BOPL.yx59edfxN_SPZMNPj2zXk27tbx9OuRO.ue6v8M-1739777187-1.2.1.1-SFoS5cRiQXs6bvxvPFVKf3dy_iaZMsPsqp9siwhk0Jvdjgs7rQy4NOuKTqsBV0IQIRS3I9I.vjZ.l9pYsi2dpqJwY5KebQ_IOlPvaLFCsa_j6fuT.90GnPLq2DXgSgACaL_gzeGbR4gAqJVUvbZoRDxJ8L3uIDSoBlZsrry4iJe_EFe63wAnqXVmu8iCSTMipPO43DEsEzlKy8FEQQn1qHSUOOkqC9BwAbfq0_or2w3XcX3HGGta.f1gAeUm31akBgAO9o9r_zMrHuIeU3VPHKT_.3MSOlWJZhkps9jcTLWNMARaQgyldEv4NtR9IytCefNG6lQfJ2ltZ_G2gkLMnBkD_Gx6xTLs8bUIYT.8ilbbJbOfPY6vBu6fm2ayzE.GFexNV5SerUXhxHP.THrb7RxeNKt4I50.yUCwkaQKY3_sGdRhgvZKOdYiCr19U1LEArt33Ay.ItDjDzYR_WzSC75bKm12x1y.4hDOJnutyXppPbInYI6sM1QE7w3AAc7O1EJFg8Hr7TylLNz7l9ytXwi1ymFaJpFZM4_n1196Rr6LVy1OePiQD.uhOA7QxOiaOl6EIM.LFJzLxRSELsKKhJAJEtnLYe48xVg0QclHww4gUpHknIVUR_sGF5nAwBqezWqdkWja_ChrSbjEKYF6aGmQLaZcbCe2YkaECVWFiqSM8JyMjCa50jT1b6cQ1G3rDiQ3RM3VJSIOaNGuRf4MKDxpP3Jj44afxTzpGTSrbHcTjIjtn7m3OM4oOD9y45eSNnXegh7n_t4zFOyslciKRsQSJEtYfE9cK0NNrTziCHbwuOCoZqQh7DSpTtAIe60lGH5W1r3Z88.yn7m9CJ24w0HspCxNJUgHXOzjJJLp_tNoZRFn2RLeMTFJhKBeLGNb4KZ1p74Tg_Aij1M8h7VQ1ULBDguWN0zw4.awIDKxOAfoQSxzxoBu0At7_dpZ7wjKh7F2.RTYgTnf8HAdbb_oGkr4f_EGwS4UKeWbV8gx8Ot4OyG8fA9dY_2w791gesJ4RegBFm4I.97uTHM3fgkJM.quMEIrr9ZKJIaCI5.BIZ9nmmELYO9rUPZkh0AdI5_ut0J4ti3ufASoQ4VbgHSM9iEewU50kvGqRdSBZ8sNMJzZUY1FSNWdQ7n_x.XMunSmd_JIH1Acj4OA.uSbCONLmUKqRAPLhhPUlJOJvHJ0j3iKo.CXSBkrgFxU2hWvbXK_ulO982DONO4AGp9u8ucD8R6Y37Hwo0xhXKAyUuNe.AF6PSFl6B7MmmMXj.nIYECETxYU7STKZ0DATu.MBniLpzxT7T7x7Ht.tOQyFizxGNl.6J1rHeSUOrxwCgPxo9xsoxBDf84Cu3k4xaRzxEzjlEqbeVnOTfCLMLvkBRJ.4gePcMKTcN5aI6.ycFtefmJSi8rYhhn.UQ0kuqtbc13H1jQCejOWA03.XW3g0AIGvY4SXtvn7TIe0gXls1ot4dmWzqMhmqPRjRtxn2R7YpqpWncwFtpS1asnPiZr4sflrBk3MLe4u_.gPevJnobAW4aqVlYu.sw3B9Ex2XfOZSnShhX2QNcn8DqHUGOsH1dmv0gVTjDSpKtGFWus5xV8G9al3INBNPqscEGgP6WME63pGV27snwlVeEYT7nNItNg3f40Z.ZDkCjR5bsSwUq6dE7Owf6rWf_1zK9ZfSgLsQNh0UVqfWjEI_lSafEqA6zcJMyjNQ1mgamuhwgllRbhJHPFIEiBlbqvEdretU0S5QOf0Aavwjs21768xEi6Yaz3hebWNG.CRtH_qDj1KD9C_WFRS3DlHneo24eqkbqqrPRZYtOvFe5bn5QxDxdNavfvO0TNcYV7_pfXN10Yy5Y.ud3O8yQzw2GiJJPNEW4cIK89JC80FobwhzfMqlnTOl0J1giyE2R6t0kn8OLRAtN0kYxb_5KXN7YZOPaD4l.aFKMLxDaCWOa2fU5NNBtmOz_U.FxmWVl9mk8X5k.l_mh9wfBHheEe7.zy7UCtw3pvQuNCaA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91340c9e3a929c2c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=hubble%20constants&__cf_chl_rt_tk=5SCK12j64D2RHD33AyY3zZLkpNbF44JT7VGyt4yy4t8-1739777187-1.0.1.1-ZRn4SVl816s6yuw2mX61H34clXVp7pVS_GnENIh76wE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>