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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandalay (poem)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(digt)" title="Mandalay (digt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mandalay (digt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(poema)" title="Mandalay (poema) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandalay (poema)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(po%C3%A8me)" title="Mandalay (poème) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandalay (poème)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC)" title="မန္တလေး (ကဗျာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန္တလေး (ကဗျာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(gedicht)" title="Mandalay (gedicht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mandalay (gedicht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(dikt)" title="Mandalay (dikt) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandalay (dikt)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diktet_Mandalay" title="Diktet Mandalay – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diktet Mandalay" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(pjesma)" title="Mandalay (pjesma) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandalay (pjesma)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(dikt)" title="Mandalay (dikt) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mandalay (dikt)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalay_(b%C3%A0i_th%C6%A1)" title="Mandalay (bài thơ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mandalay (bài thơ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1247778#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1890 poem by Rudyard Kipling</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG/300px-Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG/450px-Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG/600px-Moulmeinfromgreatpagoda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><i>Moulmein from the Great Pagoda</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bourne" title="Samuel Bourne">Samuel Bourne</a>, 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>"<b>Mandalay</b>" is a poem by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, written and published in 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first collected in <i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses</a></i> in 1892. The poem is set in colonial <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. The protagonist is a <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> working-class soldier, back in grey, restrictive London, recalling the time he felt free and had a Burmese girlfriend, now unattainably far away. </p><p>The poem became well known, especially after it was set to music by <a href="/wiki/Oley_Speaks" title="Oley Speaks">Oley Speaks</a> in 1907, and was admired by Kipling's contemporaries, though some of them objected to its muddled geography. It has been criticised as a "vehicle for imperial thought", but more recently has been defended by Kipling's biographer <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Gilmour,_4th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet">David Gilmour</a> and others. Other critics have identified a variety of themes in the poem, including exotic erotica, Victorian prudishness, romanticism, class, power, and gender. </p><p>The song, with Speaks's music, was sung by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> with alterations to the text, such as "broad" for "girl", which were disliked by Kipling's family. <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandalay Song">Mandalay Song</a>", set to music by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>, alludes to the poem. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG/220px-Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG/330px-Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG/440px-Viewpoint_pagoda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An "<a href="/wiki/Old_Moulmein_pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Moulmein pagoda">old Moulmein pagoda</a>", a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> on a hilltop at <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Mawlamyine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> referred to in this poem was the sometime capital city of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, which was part of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> from 1886 to 1937, and a separate British colony from 1937 to 1948. It mentions the "<a href="/wiki/Kyaikthanlan_Pagoda" title="Kyaikthanlan Pagoda">old Moulmein pagoda</a>", Moulmein being the <a href="/wiki/Anglicised" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicised">Anglicised</a> version of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Mawlamyine</a>, in South eastern <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a>. The British troops stationed in Burma travelled up and down the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle steamers">paddle steamers</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Flotilla_Company" title="Irrawaddy Flotilla Company">Irrawaddy Flotilla Company</a> (IFC). <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a> to Mandalay was a 700 km (435 mi) trip, and during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> of 1885, 9,000 British and Indian soldiers were transported by a fleet of paddle steamers ("the old flotilla" of the poem) and other boats to Mandalay from Rangoon. Guerrilla warfare followed the occupation of Mandalay, and British regiments remained in Burma for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-Chubb1973_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chubb1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Webb_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webb-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/220px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/330px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/440px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>"Where the old flotilla lay". British soldiers disembarking from paddle steamers in Mandalay on 28 November 1885 during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kipling mentions the Burmese royal family of the time: "An' 'er name was Supi-yaw-lat—jes' the same as Theebaw's Queen." <a href="/wiki/Thibaw_Min" title="Thibaw Min">Thibaw Min</a> (1859–1916, often spelt Theebaw at that time) was the last <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">reigning king of Burma</a>, with his palace in Mandalay. He married his half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Supayalat" title="Supayalat">Supayalat</a>, shortly before becoming king in 1878 in a bloody palace coup supposedly engineered by his mother-in-law. He introduced a number of reforms but, in 1885, made the mistake of attempting to regain control of Lower Burma from the British forces that had held it since 1824. The result was a British invasion that immediately sent Thibaw and Supayalat into exile in India. So, to the soldier in Kipling's poem, his and her names are familiar, as the last and very recent royalty of a British colony.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem <i>Mandalay</i> was written between March and April 1890, when the British poet was 24 years old. He had arrived in England in October the previous year, after seven years in India. He had taken an eastward route home, travelling by steamship from <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> to Japan, then to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, then across the United States, in company with his friends Alex and "Ted" (Edmonia) Hill. Rangoon had been the first port of call after Calcutta; then there was an unplanned stop at Moulmein.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kipling was struck by the beauty of the Burmese girls, writing at the time:<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I love the Burman with the blind favouritism born of first impression. When I die I will be a Burman … and I will always walk about with a pretty almond-coloured girl who shall laugh and jest too, as a young maiden ought. She shall not pull a <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> over her head when a man looks at her and glare suggestively from behind it, nor shall she tramp behind me when I walk: for these are the customs of India. She shall look all the world between the eyes, in honesty and good fellowship, and I will teach her not to defile her pretty mouth with chopped tobacco in a cabbage leaf, but to inhale good cigarettes of Egypt's best brand.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kipling claimed that when in Moulmein, he had paid no attention to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Moulmein_pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Moulmein pagoda">pagoda</a> his poem later made famous, because he was so struck by a Burmese beauty on the steps. Many Westerners of the era remarked on the beauty of Burmese women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth201624_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth201624-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mandalay</i> first appeared in the <i>Scots Observer</i> on 21 June 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first collected into a book in <i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses</a></i> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It subsequently appeared in several collections of Kipling's verse, including <i>Early Verse</i> in 1900, <i>Inclusive Verse</i> in 1919, and <i>Definitive Verse</i> in 1940. It appears also in the 1936 <i>A Kipling Pageant</i>, and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s 1941 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The poem has the <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyming scheme">rhyming scheme</a> AABB traditional for ballad verse. However, Kipling begins the poem with the "stunningly memorable" AABBBBBBBB, the A being <i>sea - me</i>, and the B including <i>say - lay - Mandalay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ballad-like feature is the use of stanzas and refrains, distinguished both typographically and by the triple end rhymes of the refrains. The poem's ending closely echoes its beginning, again in the circular manner of a traditional ballad, making it convenient to memorise, to recite, and to sing.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a> in which the poem is written is <a href="/wiki/Trochaic_octameter" title="Trochaic octameter">trochaic octameters</a>, meaning there are eight feet, each except the last on the line consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. The last <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">foot</a> is <a href="/wiki/Catalectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalectic">catalectic</a>, consisting only of the stressed syllable:<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fenton_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenton_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ship me / somewheres / east of / Suez, / where the / best is / like the / worst,<br />Where there / aren't no / Ten Com/mandments / an' a / man can / raise a / thirst;<br />For the / temple/-bells are / callin', / and it's / there that / I would / be—<br />By the / old Moul/mein Pa/goda, / looking / lazy / at the / sea.</p></blockquote> <p>In Kipling's time, the poem's metre and rhythm were admired; in <i>The Art of Verse Making</i> (1915), Modeste Hannis Jordan wrote: "Kipling has a wonderful 'ear' for metre, for rhythm. His accents fall just right, his measure is never halting or uncertain. His 'Mandalay' may be quoted as an excellent example of rhythm, as easy and flowing as has ever been done".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet and critic <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, writing in 1941, called the variety of forms Kipling devised for his ballads "remarkable: each is distinct, and perfectly fitted to the content and the mood which the poem has to convey."<sup id="cite_ref-Eliot_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism">Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg/170px-Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg/255px-Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>The British at the palace in Mandalay in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>, 1887</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For">For</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: For"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary critic Sharon Hamilton, writing in 1998, called the 1890 "Mandalay" "an appropriate vehicle for imperial thought".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argued that Kipling "cued the Victorian reader to see it as a 'song of the Empire<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" by putting it in the "border ballad" song tradition, where fighting men sang of their own deeds, lending it emotional weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She further suggested that, since Kipling assembled his 1892 <i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a></i> (including "Mandalay") in that tradition during a time of "intense scrutiny" of the history of the British ballad, he was probably well aware that "Mandalay" would carry "the message of...submission of a woman, and by extension her city, to a white conqueror".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that the soldier is grammatically active while the "native girl" is grammatically passive, indicating "her willing servitude".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton sees the fact that the girl was named Supayalat, "jes' the same as Theebaw's Queen", as a sign that Kipling meant that winning her mirrored the British overthrow of the Burmese monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Against">Against</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Against"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andrew Selth commented of Hamilton's analysis that "It is debatable whether any of Kipling's contemporaries, or indeed many people since, saw the ballad in such esoteric terms, but even so it met with an enthusiastic reception."<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, David Gilmour argued in his book <i>The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling</i> that Kipling's view of empire was far from jingoistic colonialism, and that he was certainly not racist. Instead, Gilmour called "Mandalay" "a poem of great charm and striking inaccuracy",<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmour_2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmour_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view with which Selth concurs. Selth notes that contemporary readers soon noticed Kipling's inaccurate geography, such as that Moulmein is 61 kilometres (38 miles) from the sea, which is far out of sight, and that the sea is to the west of the town, not east.<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ian Jack, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, wrote that Kipling was not praising colonialism and empire in "Mandalay". He explained that Kipling did write verse that was pro-colonial, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that "Mandalay" was not of that kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar point was made by the political scientist Igor Burnashov in an article for the Kipling Society, where he writes that "the moving love of the Burmese girl and British soldier is described in a picturesque way. The fact that the Burmese girl represented the inferior and the British soldier superior races is secondary, because Kipling makes here a stress on human but not imperial relations."<sup id="cite_ref-Burnashov_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnashov-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanticism">Romanticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/170px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/255px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg/340px-Collier_1891_rudyard-kipling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Rudyard Kipling in 1891, by <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(painter)" title="John Collier (painter)">John Collier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hamilton noted, too, that Kipling wrote the poem soon after his return from India to London, where he worked near a <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a>. Music hall songs were "standardized" for a mass audience, with "catchiness" a key quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton argued that, in the manner of music hall songs, Kipling contrasts the exotic of the "neater, sweeter maiden" with the mundane, mentioning the "beefy face an' grubby 'and" of the British <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'ousemaids".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is paralleled, in her view, with the breaking of the rhyming scheme to ABBA in the single stanza set in London, complete with slightly discordant rhymes (<i>tells - else</i>; <i>else - smells</i>) and minor dissonance, as in "blasted English drizzle", a gritty realism very different, she argues, from the fantasizing "airy nothings" of the Burma stanzas with their "mist, sunshine, bells, and kisses".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She suggests, too, that there is a hint of "<a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrelsy</a>" in <i>Mandalay</i>, again in the music hall tradition, as Kipling mentions a banjo, the instrument of "escapist sentimentality".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted with the well-ordered Western musical structure (such as stanzas and refrains) which mirrored the ordered, systematic nature of European music.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Wesley, reviewing Andrew Selth's book on "The Riff from Mandalay", wrote that Selth explores why the poem so effectively caught the national mood. Wesley argues that the poem "says more about the writer and his audience than the subject of their beguilement."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that the poem provides a romantic trigger, not accurate geography; that the name Mandalay has a "falling cadence ... the lovely word has gathered about itself the <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> of romance." The name conjures for Wesley "images of lost oriental kingdoms and tropical splendour."<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he argues, the name's romance derives "solely" from the poem, with couplets like<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the wind is in the palm-trees, and the temple-bells they say:<br />'Come you back, you British soldier; come you back to Mandalay!'</p></blockquote> <p>The literary critic Steven Moore wrote that in the "once-popular" poem, the lower-class <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> soldier extols the tropical paradise of Burma, drawn both to an exotic lover and to a state of "lawless freedom" without the "Ten Commandments". That lover was, however, now way out of reach, "far removed from...real needs and social obligations."<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selth identified several interwoven themes in the poem: exotic erotica; prudish Victorian Britain, and its horror at mixed marriages; the idea that colonialism could uplift "oppressed heathen women"; the conflicting missionary desire to limit the behaviour of women in non-prudish societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Selth's view, <i>Mandalay</i> avoids the "austere morality, hard finance, [and] high geopolitics" of British imperialism, opting instead for "pure romanticism", or — in Wesley's words — "imperial romanticism".<sup id="cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_common_touch">A common touch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: A common touch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_page,_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg/170px-Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg/255px-Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg/340px-Cover_page%2C_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Sheet music of <a href="/wiki/Oley_Speaks" title="Oley Speaks">Oley Speaks</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_(song)" title="On the Road to Mandalay (song)">On the Road to Mandalay</a>", 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection <i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a></i>, stating that Kipling's poems "are best when read aloud...the ear requires no training to follow them easily. With this simplicity of purpose goes a consummate gift of word, phrase, and rhythm."<sup id="cite_ref-Eliot_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jack's view, the poem evoked the effect of <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">empire</a> on individuals. He argued that Kipling was speaking in the voice of a <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> soldier with a Burmese girlfriend, now unattainably far away. He argued that the poem's 51 lines cover "race, class, power, gender, the erotic, the exotic and what anthropologists and historians call 'colonial desire'."<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack noted that Kipling's contemporaries objected not to these issues but to Kipling's distortions of geography, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> being to Burma's west not east, so that China was not across the Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Selth, <i>Mandalay</i> had a significant impact on popular Western perception of Burma and the far East. It was well known in Britain, America, and the English-speaking colonies of the British Empire. The poem was widely adapted and imitated in verse and in music, and the musical settings appeared in several films. The ballad style "lent itself easily to parody and adaption", resulting in half-a-dozen soldiers' songs, starting as early as the 1896 campaign in Sudan:<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> By the old Soudani Railway, looking southward from the sea,<br />There's a camel sits a'swearin' – and, worse luck, belongs to me:<br />I hate the shadeless palm-tree, but the telegraphs they say,<br />'Get you on, you '<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Gippy</a> soldier, get you on to <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongolay</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Selth noted that the poem's name became commercially valuable; some 30 books have titles based directly on the poem, with names such as <i>The Road from Mandalay</i> and <i>Red Roads to Mandalay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, <a href="/wiki/H._J._Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Heinz">H. J. Heinz</a> produced a suitably spicy "Mandalay Sauce", while a rum and fruit juice cocktail was named "A Night in Old Mandalay".<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg/170px-Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg/255px-Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg/340px-Oley_Speaks_On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_first_sheet_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>First sheet of Oley Speaks's setting of "On the Road to Mandalay", 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Kipling's text was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Oley_Speaks" title="Oley Speaks">Oley Speaks</a><sup id="cite_ref-Speaks_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaks-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for what became his best-known song "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_(song)" title="On the Road to Mandalay (song)">On the Road to Mandalay</a>", which was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dawson_(bass-baritone)" title="Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)">Peter Dawson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaks sets the poem to music in <a href="/wiki/4/4_time" class="mw-redirect" title="4/4 time"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time</a>, marked <i>Alla Marcia</i>; the key is B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, with the refrain in major and the verses in minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Speaks_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speaks-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version largely replaced six earlier musical settings of <i>Mandalay</i> (by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Cobb">Gerard Cobb</a> (1892), Arthur Thayer (1892), Henry Trevannion (1898), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a> (1898), Walter Hedgcock (1899), and Arthur Whiting (1900); <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a> composed another in 1898, but did not publish it).<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of settings is now at least 24, spanning <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>; most of them use only the first two and the last two stanzas, with the chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Versions also exist in French, Danish, German, and Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arranged and conducted by <a href="/wiki/Billy_May" title="Billy May">Billy May</a>, Speaks's setting appears in <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Come_Fly_with_Me_(Frank_Sinatra_album)" title="Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)">Come Fly with Me</a></i>. Kipling's daughter and heiress objected to this version, which turned Kipling's <i>Burma girl</i> into a <i>Burma broad</i>, the <i>temple-bells</i> into <i>crazy bells</i>, and the <i>man</i>, who east of Suez can raise a thirst, into a <i>cat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinatra sang the song in Australia in 1959 and relayed the story of the Kipling family's objections to the song.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> referred to Kipling's poem in his <i><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandalay Song">Mandalay Song</a></i>, which was set to music by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)" title="Happy End (musical)">Happy End</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weill_1929_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weill_1929-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Selth79_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selth79-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016109_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth2016109-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mandalay" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Mandalay">Mandalay</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_poetry" title="1890 in poetry">1890 in poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_literature" title="1890 in literature">1890 in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_of_the_Copybook_Headings" title="The Gods of the Copybook Headings">The Gods of the Copybook Headings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It appeared in the <i>Scots Observer</i> on 21 June 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, the line in question may be read as describing the dawn coming out of China (sun rises in the east) as the sunrise moves across the bay (east to west), not that Kipling is saying China is to the west of Burma.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Jack noted that it was insensitive of the then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, to quote Kipling in a former British colony in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KiplingSocietyMandalay-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingSocietyMandalay_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_mandalay1.htm">"Mandalay"</a>. The Kipling Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandalay&rft.pub=The+Kipling+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiplingsociety.co.uk%2Frg_mandalay1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chubb1973-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chubb1973_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChubbDuckworth1973" class="citation book cs1">Chubb, Capt H. J.; Duckworth, C. L. D. (1973). <i>The Irrawaddy Flotilla Company 1865-1950</i>. National Maritime Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irrawaddy+Flotilla+Company+1865-1950&rft.pub=National+Maritime+Museum&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chubb&rft.aufirst=Capt+H.+J.&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+C.+L.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webb-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Webb_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1983" class="citation web cs1">Webb, George (16 June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_webb_burma.htm">"Kipling's Burma: A Literary and Historical Review | An address to the Royal Society for Asian Affairs"</a>. The Kipling Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=synge&book=growth&story=burma">"The Annexation of Burma"</a>. <i>The Growth of the British Empire</i>. The Baldwin Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Growth+of+the+British+Empire&rft.atitle=The+Annexation+of+Burma&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Synge&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainlesson.com%2Fdisplay.php%3Fauthor%3Dsynge%26book%3Dgrowth%26story%3Dburma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian1944" class="citation journal cs1">Christian, John LeRoy (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049030?searchText=Thebaw+Last+King+of+Burma&searchUri=/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Thebaw%253A+Last+King+of+Burma&so=rel&ab_segments=0/basic_search_gsv2/control&refreqid=fastly-default:6dcdb2e9fa7c09a23d33cf41a6709ebf">"Thebaw: Last King of Burma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Far_Eastern_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Far Eastern Quarterly">The Far Eastern Quarterly</a></i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049030">10.2307/2049030</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6917">0363-6917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Far+Eastern+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thebaw%3A+Last+King+of+Burma&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049030&rft.issn=0363-6917&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=John+LeRoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049030%3FsearchText%3DThebaw%2BLast%2BKing%2Bof%2BBurma%26searchUri%3D%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DThebaw%25253A%2BLast%2BKing%2Bof%2BBurma%26so%3Drel%26ab_segments%3D0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol%26refreqid%3Dfastly-default%3A6dcdb2e9fa7c09a23d33cf41a6709ebf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThant,_Myint_U2001" class="citation book cs1">Thant, Myint U (26 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/80216/excerpt/9780521780216_excerpt.pdf"><i>The Making of Modern Burma</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79914-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79914-0"><bdi>978-0-521-79914-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Burma&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-03-26&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79914-0&rft.au=Thant%2C+Myint+U&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.cambridge.org%2F97805217%2F80216%2Fexcerpt%2F9780521780216_excerpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KiplingFromSeaToSea1899_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From Sea to Sea (1899) Volume 2 Chapter 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telelib.com/authors/K/KiplingRudyard/prose/FromSeaToSea/seatosea_II.html">telelib.com</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth201624-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth201624_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelth2016">Selth 2016</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_1998_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Sharon (June 1998). "Musicology as Propaganda in Victorian Theory and Practice". <i>Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44029771">44029771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Critical+Journal&rft.atitle=Musicology+as+Propaganda+in+Victorian+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44029771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2015_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_2015_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2015" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Steven (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H9_IBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115"><i>William Gaddis: Expanded Edition</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62892-646-0"><bdi>978-1-62892-646-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Gaddis%3A+Expanded+Edition&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62892-646-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH9_IBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fenton_2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fenton_2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fenton" title="James Fenton">Fenton, James</a> (2003). <i>An Introduction to English Poetry</i>. Penguin. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100439-6"><bdi>978-0-14-100439-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59331807">59331807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+English+Poetry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59331807&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100439-6&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannis_Jordan1915" class="citation book cs1">Hannis Jordan, Modeste (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artversemaking00jordgoog"><i>The Art of Verse Making</i></a>. New York: The Hannis Jordan Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artversemaking00jordgoog/page/n30">26</a>–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Verse+Making&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=The+Hannis+Jordan+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Hannis+Jordan&rft.aufirst=Modeste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartversemaking00jordgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliot-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eliot_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eliot_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot, T. S.</a> (1963) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/choiceofkiplings0000kipl_u7a2/page/11"><i>A Choice of Kipling's Verse</i></a> (Paperback ed.). Faber. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/choiceofkiplings0000kipl_u7a2/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-05444-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-05444-7"><bdi>0-571-05444-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Choice+of+Kipling%27s+Verse&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-571-05444-7&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=T.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchoiceofkiplings0000kipl_u7a2%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selth_2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selth_2015_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelth2015" class="citation journal cs1">Selth, Andrew (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11300468">"Kipling, 'Mandalay' and Burma In The Popular Imagination"</a>. <i>Southeast Asia Research Centre Working Paper Series</i> (161).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asia+Research+Centre+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Kipling%2C+%27Mandalay%27+and+Burma+In+The+Popular+Imagination&rft.issue=161&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Selth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11300468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmour_2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilmour_2003_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmour2003" class="citation book cs1">Gilmour, David (2003). <i>The long recessional : the imperial life of Rudyard Kipling</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6518-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6518-6"><bdi>978-0-7126-6518-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59367512">59367512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+long+recessional+%3A+the+imperial+life+of+Rudyard+Kipling&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59367512&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6518-6&rft.aulast=Gilmour&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_2003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2003_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (13 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3591241/At-last-Kipling-is-saved-from-the-ravages-of-political-correctness.html">"At last, Kipling is saved from the ravages of political correctness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=At+last%2C+Kipling+is+saved+from+the+ravages+of+political+correctness&rft.date=2003-05-13&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2Fpersonal-view%2F3591241%2FAt-last-Kipling-is-saved-from-the-ravages-of-political-correctness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jack_2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_2017_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2017" class="citation news cs1">Jack, Ian (7 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/07/boris-johnson-kipling-myanmar-mandalay-colonialism">"Boris Johnson was unwise to quote Kipling. But he wasn't praising empire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Boris+Johnson+was+unwise+to+quote+Kipling.+But+he+wasn%27t+praising+empire&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Foct%2F07%2Fboris-johnson-kipling-myanmar-mandalay-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnashov-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burnashov_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnashov2001" class="citation web cs1">Burnashov, Igor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518131955/http://kiplingsociety.co.uk/facts_burnashov.htm">"Rudyard Kipling and the British Empire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Kipling_Society" title="The Kipling Society">The Kipling Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/facts_burnashov.htm">the original</a> on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rudyard+Kipling+and+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=The+Kipling+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Burnashov&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiplingsociety.co.uk%2Ffacts_burnashov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/burnashov_notes.htm">Notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008035443/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/burnashov_notes.htm">Archived</a> 8 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wesley_2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wesley_2017_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley2017" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, Michael (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmandala.org/poem-politics-high-imperialism/">"A poem and the politics of high imperialism"</a>. <i>New Mandala</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Mandala&rft.atitle=A+poem+and+the+politics+of+high+imperialism&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Fpoem-politics-high-imperialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speaks-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Speaks_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Speaks_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/On_the_Road_to_Mandalay_(Speaks,_Oley)">"On the Road to Mandalay (Speaks, Oley)"</a>. IMSLP Petrucci Music Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Road+to+Mandalay+%28Speaks%2C+Oley%29&rft.pub=IMSLP+Petrucci+Music+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FOn_the_Road_to_Mandalay_%28Speaks%2C_Oley%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016112_and_throughout_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelth2016">Selth 2016</a>, pp. 112 and throughout.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/hasm_n1184/">"On the road to Mandalay"</a>. Duke University Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+road+to+Mandalay&rft.pub=Duke+University+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fdigitalcollections%2Fhasm_n1184%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedwaldBennett2018" class="citation book cs1">Friedwald, Will; Bennett, Tony (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT563"><i>Sinatra! The Song Is You: A Singer's Art</i></a>. Chicago Review Press. p. 563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61373-773-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61373-773-6"><bdi>978-1-61373-773-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinatra%21+The+Song+Is+You%3A+A+Singer%27s+Art&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-61373-773-6&rft.aulast=Friedwald&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNM2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weill_1929-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weill_1929_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kwf.org/pages/ww-happy-end.html">"Happy End (1929)"</a>. The Kurt Weill Foundation for Music<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+End+%281929%29&rft.pub=The+Kurt+Weill+Foundation+for+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwf.org%2Fpages%2Fww-happy-end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span> A recording is linked from the synopsis and song list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selth79-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selth79_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_mandalay1.htm">"Mandalay"</a>. The Kipling Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandalay&rft.pub=The+Kipling+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiplingsociety.co.uk%2Frg_mandalay1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelth2016109-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelth2016109_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelth2016">Selth 2016</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelth2016" class="citation book cs1">Selth, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkQlDwAAQBAJ"><i>Burma, Kipling and Western Music: The Riff from Mandalay</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317298908" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317298908"><bdi>978-1317298908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%2C+Kipling+and+Western+Music%3A+The+Riff+from+Mandalay&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317298908&rft.aulast=Selth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkQlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandalay+%28poem%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandalay_(poem)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mandalay" class="extiw" title="s:Mandalay">Full text of the poem at Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mRt50wyaLg">Full poem read by Charles Dance (YouTube)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFjPNmLedw8">Full poem read by Fred Proud (YouTube)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rudyard_Kipling67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template talk:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rudyard_Kipling67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_That_Failed" title="The Light That Failed">The Light That Failed</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naulahka:_A_Story_of_West_and_East" title="The Naulahka: A Story of West and East">The Naulahka: A Story of West and East</a></i> (co-author, <a href="/wiki/Wolcott_Balestier" title="Wolcott Balestier">Wolcott Balestier</a>, 1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous" title="Captains Courageous">Captains Courageous</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></i> (1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plain_Tales_from_the_Hills" title="Plain Tales from the Hills">Plain Tales from the Hills</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Three" title="Soldiers Three">Soldiers Three</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Gadsbys" title="The Story of the Gadsbys">The Story of the Gadsbys</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Black_and_White_(short_story_collection)" title="In Black and White (short story collection)">In Black and White</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_%27Rickshaw_and_Other_Tales" title="The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales">The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Deodars" title="Under the Deodars">Under the Deodars</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_and_Other_Child_Stories" title="Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories">Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Sea_to_Sea_and_Other_Sketches,_Letters_of_Travel" title="From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel">From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a></i> (1892, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Many_Inventions" title="Many Inventions">Many Inventions</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i> (1894) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mowgli%27s_Brothers" title="Mowgli's Brothers">Mowgli's Brothers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaa%27s_Hunting" title="Kaa's Hunting">Kaa's Hunting</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger!_Tiger!_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)">Tiger! Tiger!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" title="Rikki-Tikki-Tavi">Rikki-Tikki-Tavi</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book" title="The Second Jungle Book">The Second Jungle Book</a></i> (1895) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Letting_in_the_Jungle" title="Letting in the Jungle">Letting in the Jungle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Red Dog (Kipling short story)">Red Dog</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Mowgli_Stories" title="All the Mowgli Stories">All the Mowgli Stories</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Seas_(poetry_collection)" title="The Seven Seas (poetry collection)">The Seven Seas</a></i> (1896, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day%27s_Work" title="The Day's Work">The Day's Work</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co." title="Stalky & Co.">Stalky & Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Nations" title="The Five Nations">The Five Nations</a></i> (1903, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rewards_and_Fairies" title="Rewards and Fairies">Rewards and Fairies</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fringes_of_the_Fleet" title="The Fringes of the Fleet">The Fringes of the Fleet</a></i> (1915, non-fiction)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debits_and_Credits_(book)" title="Debits and Credits (book)">Debits and Credits</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limits_and_Renewals" title="Limits and Renewals">Limits and Renewals</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Verse:_Definitive_Edition" title="Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition">Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a></i> (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Beggar" title="The Absent-Minded Beggar">The Absent-Minded Beggar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_%22Clampherdown%22" title="The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"">The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_East_and_West" title="The Ballad of East and West">The Ballad of East and West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Beginnings" title="The Beginnings">The Beginnings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Buoy" title="The Bell Buoy">The Bell Buoy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(poem)" title="The Betrothed (poem)">The Betrothed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Steamers" title="Big Steamers">Big Steamers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boots_(poem)" title="Boots (poem)">Boots</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cold_Iron_(poem)" title="Cold Iron (poem)">Cold Iron</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dane-geld_(poem)" title="Dane-geld (poem)">Dane-geld</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Danny_Deever" title="Danny Deever">Danny Deever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Death-Bed" title="A Death-Bed">A Death-Bed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Female_of_the_Species_(poem)" title="The Female of the Species (poem)">The Female of the Species</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-Wuzzy" title="Fuzzy-Wuzzy">Fuzzy-Wuzzy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_ranker" title="Gentleman ranker">Gentleman ranker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gods_of_the_Copybook_Headings" title="The Gods of the Copybook Headings">The Gods of the Copybook Headings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hymn_Before_Action" title="Hymn Before Action">Hymn Before Action</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Neolithic_Age" title="In the Neolithic Age">In the Neolithic Age</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Pilgrimage" title="The King's Pilgrimage">The King's Pilgrimage</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="The Last of the Light Brigade">The Last of the Light Brigade</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lowestoft_Boat" title="The Lowestoft Boat">The Lowestoft Boat</a>"</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandalay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Gloster" title="The Mary Gloster">The <i>Mary Gloster</i></a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/McAndrew%27s_Hymn" title="McAndrew's Hymn">McAndrew's Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(poem)" title="My Boy Jack (poem)">My Boy Jack</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Song_in_Storm" title="A Song in Storm">A Song in Storm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Martha" title="The Sons of Martha">The Sons of Martha</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Submarines_(poem)" title="Submarines (poem)">Submarines</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sweepers_(poem)" title="The Sweepers (poem)">The Sweepers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tommy_(Kipling_poem)" title="Tommy (Kipling poem)">Tommy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ubique_(poem)" title="Ubique (poem)">Ubique</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/.007" title=".007">.007</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Arrest_of_Lieutenant_Golightly" title="The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly">The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa,_Black_Sheep_(short_story)" title="Baa Baa, Black Sheep (short story)">Baa Baa, Black Sheep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bread_upon_the_Waters" title="Bread upon the Waters">Bread upon the Waters</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Broken-Link_Handicap" title="The Broken-Link Handicap">The Broken-Link Handicap</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_that_Stamped" title="The Butterfly that Stamped">The Butterfly that Stamped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consequences_(Kipling_story)" title="Consequences (Kipling story)">Consequences</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Aurelian_McGoggin" title="The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin">The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_Arrows" title="Cupid's Arrows">Cupid's Arrows</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Deep_Sea" title="The Devil and the Deep Sea">The Devil and the Deep Sea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Drums_of_the_Fore_and_Aft" title="The Drums of the Fore and Aft">The Drums of the Fore and Aft</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fairy-Kist" title="Fairy-Kist">Fairy-Kist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/False_Dawn_(short_story)" title="False Dawn (short story)">False Dawn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Germ-Destroyer" title="A Germ-Destroyer">A Germ-Destroyer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Chance_in_Life" title="His Chance in Life">His Chance in Life</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Wedded_Wife" title="His Wedded Wife">His Wedded Wife</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_House_of_Suddhoo" title="In the House of Suddhoo">In the House of Suddhoo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(short_story)" title="Kidnapped (short story)">Kidnapped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Learoyd,_Mulvaney_and_Ortheris" title="Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris">Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lispeth" title="Lispeth">Lispeth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Fact" title="A Matter of Fact">A Matter of Fact</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Miss_Youghal%27s_Sais" title="Miss Youghal's Sais">Miss Youghal's Sais</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mother_Hive" title="The Mother Hive">The Mother Hive</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Man_(short_story)" title="The Other Man (short story)">The Other Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rescue_of_Pluffles" title="The Rescue of Pluffles">The Rescue of Pluffles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ship_that_Found_Herself" title="The Ship that Found Herself">The Ship that Found Herself</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sing-Song_of_Old_Man_Kangaroo" title="The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo">The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Lungtungpen" title="The Taking of Lungtungpen">The Taking of Lungtungpen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_and_%E2%80%93_an_Extra" title="Three and – an Extra">Three and – an Extra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(short_story)" title="The Three Musketeers (short story)">The Three Musketeers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thrown_Away" title="Thrown Away">Thrown Away</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants" title="Toomai of the Elephants">Toomai of the Elephants</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Watches_of_the_Night" title="Watches of the Night">Watches of the Night</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wireless_(short_story)" title="Wireless (short story)">Wireless</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yoked_with_an_Unbeliever" title="Yoked with an Unbeliever">Yoked with an Unbeliever</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling_bibliography" title="Rudyard Kipling bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" 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Burne-Jones</a> <small>(aunt)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones</a> <small>(cousin)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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