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aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਫੋਂਟ ਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ, ਚੌਡ਼ਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਰੰਗ ਦੀ ਦਿੱਖ ਨੂੰ ਬਦਲੋ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਕਾਰਕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਕਾਰਕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਕਾਰਕ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਕਾਰਕ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਕਾਰਕ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਕਾਰਕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਅਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਅਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>ਅਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਅਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜਿਆਂ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜਿਆਂ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜਿਆਂ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜਿਆਂ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 176 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аекологиа – ਅਬਖਾਜ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аекологиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="ਅਬਖਾਜ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ (ਸਵਿਸ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ስነ ምህዳር – ਅਮਹਾਰਿਕ" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስነ ምህዳር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ਅਮਹਾਰਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoloch%C3%ADa" title="Ecolochía – ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ecolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਾਗੋਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="परिस्थिति-विज्ञान – ਅੰਗਿਕਾ" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="परिस्थिति-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਿਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="علم البيئة – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم البيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايكولوجيا – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান – ਅਸਾਮੀ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰিস্থিতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolox%C3%ADa" title="Ecoloxía – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="اکولوژی – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اکولوژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਵੇਰੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuoluog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Ekuoluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ekuoluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਬਿਕਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Экалогія – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Экалёгія – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Екология – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलॉजी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इकोलॉजी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဂေဟဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂေဟဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungodon" title="Kungodon – ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kungodon" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਬਾਰਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বাস্তুবিজ্ঞান – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তুবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiezh" title="Ekologiezh – ਬਰੇਟਨ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ekologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ਬਰੇਟਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ਬੋਸਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ਰੂਸ ਬੁਰਿਆਤ" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸ ਬੁਰਿਆਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-t%C3%A1i" title="Sĕng-tái – ਚੀਨੀ (ਮਿਨ ਡੌਂਗ)" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-tái" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ (ਮਿਨ ਡੌਂਗ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ਚੇਚਨ" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ਚੇਚਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – ਸੀਬੂਆਨੋ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ਸੀਬੂਆਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B6%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎡᎧᎶᎩ – ਚੇਰੋਕੀ" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᎧᎶᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ਚੇਰੋਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ژینگەناسی – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eculugia" title="Eculugia – ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eculugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰਸੀਕਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ਚੁਵਾਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoleg" title="Ecoleg – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ecoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolociye" title="Ekolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ekolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AE%DE%96%DE%A9" title="އިކޮލޮޖީ – ਦਿਵੇਹੀ" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިކޮލޮޖީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ਦਿਵੇਹੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Οικολογία – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologio" title="Ekologio – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolog%C3%ADa" title="Ecología – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koloogia" title="Ökoloogia – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بوم‌شناسی – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96koloogia" title="Ökoloogia – ਵੋਰੋ" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ökoloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਰੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Vistfrøði – ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vistfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ੇਰੋਸੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cologie" title="Écologie – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologjie" title="Ecologjie – ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ecologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="ਫਰੀਉਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekology" title="Ekology – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ekology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89iceola%C3%ADocht" title="Éiceolaíocht – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éiceolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89koloji" title="Ékoloji – ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ékoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eag-e%C3%B2las" title="Eag-eòlas – ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eag-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਿਸ਼ ਗੇਲਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolox%C3%ADa" title="Ecoloxía – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekohakuaa" title="Tekohakuaa – ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekohakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – ਗੋਰੋਂਤਾਲੋ" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="ਗੋਰੋਂਤਾਲੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggoaylleeaght" title="Eggoaylleeaght – ਮੈਂਕਸ" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Eggoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਂਕਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – ਹੌਸਾ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ਹੌਸਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Sâng-thai-ho̍k – ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਹਾਕਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laikaiaola" title="Kālaikaiaola – ਹਵਾਈ" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaikaiaola" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="ਹਵਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אקולוגיה – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पारिस्थितिकी – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारिस्थितिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – ਫਿਜੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਜੀ ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji" title="Ekoloji – ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ਹੈਤੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kol%C3%B3gia" title="Ökológia – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ökológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էկոլոգիա – ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਟਰਲਿੰਗੂਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohia" title="Ekolohia – ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ekolohia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ਇਲੋਕਾਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ਇੰਗੁਸ਼" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਗੁਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologio" title="Ekologio – ਇਡੂ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ਇਡੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Vistfræði – ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vistfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ਆਈਸਲੈਂਡਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="生態学 – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生態学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalaji" title="Ikalaji – ਜਾਮਾਈਕਨ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ikalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਮਾਈਕਨ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kologi" title="Ékologi – ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਵਾਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეკოლოგია – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – ਕਰਾਕਲਪਾਕ" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="ਕਰਾਕਲਪਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnazdu%C9%A3t" title="Tusnazduɣt – ਕਬਾਇਲ" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnazduɣt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="ਕਬਾਇਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%C9%A9ja%C9%A3y%C9%9B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ – ਕਾਬੀਏ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖɩjaɣyɛ kpɛlɛkʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="ਕਾਬੀਏ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – ਕਲਾਅੱਲੀਸੁਟ" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="ਕਲਾਅੱਲੀਸੁਟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា – ਖਮੇਰ" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បរិស្ថានវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="ਖਮੇਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%ED%95%99" title="생태학 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloj%C3%AE" title="Ekolojî – ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ekolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologieth" title="Ekologieth – ਕੋਰਨਿਸ਼" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ekologieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecologia" title="Oecologia – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojiya" title="Ekolojiya – ਲੈਡੀਨੋ" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ekolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ਲੈਡੀਨੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologie" title="Ekologie – ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ekologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਲੈਜ਼ਗੀ" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ਲੈਜ਼ਗੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolojia" title="Ecolojia – ਲਿੰਗੂਆ ਫਰਾਂਸਾ ਨੋਵਾ" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ecolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="ਲਿੰਗੂਆ ਫਰਾਂਸਾ ਨੋਵਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entababutonde" title="Entababutonde – ਗਾਂਡਾ" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Entababutonde" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ਗਾਂਡਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eculugia" title="Eculugia – ਇਟਾਲੀਅਨ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eculugia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ਇਟਾਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ນິເວດສາດ – ਲਾਓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິເວດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apleiczineiba" title="Apleiczineiba – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Apleiczineiba" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ekoloģija – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ekoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – ਮੈਥਲੀ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਥਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Экологиясь – ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Экологиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojia" title="Ekolojia – ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ekolojia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Экологий – ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Экологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="ਪੂਰਬੀ ਮੈਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tauranga_taupuhi_kaiao" title="Mātauranga taupuhi kaiao – ਮਾਉਰੀ" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mātauranga taupuhi kaiao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਉਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Екологија – ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Екологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ആവാസ വിജ്ഞാനം – ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആവാസ വിജ്ഞാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਿਆਲਮ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Экологи – ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolo%C4%A1ija" title="Ekoloġija – ਮਾਲਟੀਜ਼" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ekoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਟੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဂေဟဗေဒ – ਬਰਮੀ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေဟဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ਬਰਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kologie" title="Ökologie – ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ökologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ਲੋ ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekology" title="Ekology – ਲੋ ਸੈਕਸਨ" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ekology" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="ਲੋ ਸੈਕਸਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="इकोलोजी – ਨੇਵਾਰੀ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इकोलोजी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਵਾਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Økologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="ਨੋਵੀਅਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Acologie" title="Êcologie – ਨੌਰਮਨ" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êcologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="ਨੌਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinnaannoo" title="Xiinnaannoo – ਓਰੋਮੋ" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinnaannoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ਓਰੋਮੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojii" title="Ekolojii – ਪਿਟਕਰਨ-ਨੋਰਫਕ" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Ekolojii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="ਪਿਟਕਰਨ-ਨੋਰਫਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologia" title="Ekologia – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ایکولوجی – ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکولوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="چاپېريالپوهنه – ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاپېريالپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologia" title="Ecologia – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_pacha_yachay" title="Kawsay pacha yachay – ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay pacha yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Еколоґія – ਰੁਸਿਨ" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Еколоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ਰੁਸਿਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="परिसरविज्ञानम् – ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परिसरविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ਸੰਸਕ੍ਰਿਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਸਾਖਾ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ਸਾਖਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolugg%C3%ACa" title="Ecoluggìa – ਸਿਸੀਲੀਅਨ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ecoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ਸਿਸੀਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie – ਸਕਾਟਸ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ماحوليات – ਸਿੰਧੀ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماحوليات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਧੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පරිසර විද්‍යාව – ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පරිසර විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ecology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekol%C3%B3gia" title="Ekológia – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ekológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologija" title="Ekologija – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambanhanga" title="Ruambanhanga – ਸ਼ੋਨਾ" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambanhanga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ਸ਼ੋਨਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologjia" title="Ekologjia – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Екологија – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89kologi" title="Ékologi – ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ékologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="ਸੂੰਡਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolojia" title="Ekolojia – ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ekolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ਸਵਾਹਿਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சூழலியல் – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூழலியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="జీవావరణ శాస్త్రము – ਤੇਲਗੂ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవావరణ శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ਤੇਲਗੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਤਾਜਿਕ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ਤਾਜਿਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="นิเวศวิทยา – ਥਾਈ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิเวศวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ਥਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi%C3%BDa" title="Ekologiýa – ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ekologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolosi" title="Ekolosi – ਟੋਕ ਪਿਸਿਨ" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ekolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ਟੋਕ ਪਿਸਿਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoloji" title="Ekoloji – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Экология – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Екологія – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA(%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="ماحولیات(نظام) – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماحولیات(نظام)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya" title="Ekologiya – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologii" title="Ekologii – ਵੇਪਸ" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ekologii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="ਵੇਪਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_th%C3%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sinh thái học – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh thái học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6olog" title="Köolog – ਵੋਲਾਪੂਕ" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Köolog" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ਵੋਲਾਪੂਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolodjeye" title="Ecolodjeye – ਵਲੂਨ" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ecolodjeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ਵਲੂਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekolohiya" title="Ekolohiya – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ekolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生态学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-ecology" title="I-ecology – ਖੋਸਾ" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-ecology" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ਖੋਸਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეკოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეკოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עקאלאגיע – ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עקאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生态学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-th%C3%A0i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Seng-thài-ha̍k – ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-thài-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="生態學 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生態學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7150#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ਅੰਤਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਕੜੀਆਂ ਸੋਧੋ" class="wbc-editpage">ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ਨਾਂ-ਥਾਂ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ਾ ਵੇਖੋ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" rel="discussion" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਚਰਚਾ [t]" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A8_%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%25A8"><span>QR ਕੋਡ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/s/1fd" title="ਸਾਂਝਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇਸ ਛੋਟੀ ਕੜੀ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰੋ"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਛਾਪੋ / ਬਰਾਮਦ ਕਰੋ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8+%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8"><span>ਇੱਕ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ਵਜੋਂ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&printable=yes" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਰੂਪ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਸੰਸਕਰਣ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਹੋਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਜੈਕਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecology" hreflang="en"><span>ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7150" title="ਡਾਟਾ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਕੜੀ ਜੋੜੋ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ ਆਈਟਮ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਦਿੱਖ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><p><b>ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ">ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ</a>: Echology <i>ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ</i>) <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ">ਜੀਵ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ</a> ਦੀ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਾਖਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ਜੀਵ">ਜੀਵ</a> ਭਾਈਚਾਰਿਆਂ ਦਾ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਮਾਹੌਲ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਆਪਸੀ ਸਬੰਧਾਂ ਦੀ ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਹਰ ਇੱਕ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ">ਜੰਤੂ</a> ਜਾਂ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਬਨਸਪਤੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਬਨਸਪਤੀ</a> ਇੱਕ ਖ਼ਾਸ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਮਾਹੌਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਮਾਹੌਲ</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ ਦੇ ਮਾਹਿਰ ਇਸ ਸਚਾਈ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਜੀਵ ਆਪਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਤੇ ਪਰਿਆਵਰਣ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਪਸੀ ਵਿਹਾਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਉਹ ਧਰਤੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਜੀਵਨ ਦੀ ਮੁਸ਼ਕਲ ਸੰਰਚਨਾ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ ਨੂੰ (ਇਨਵਾਇਰਨਮੇਂਟਲ ਬਾਇਆਲੋਜੀ) ਵੀ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਇਸ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਿਅਕਤੀ, ਜਨਸੰਖਿਆ, ਸਮੁਦਾਇਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਈਕੋਸਿਸਟਮ ਦਾ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ। ਈਕੋਲਾਜੀ (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ਜਰਮਨ">ਜਰਮਨ</a>: Oekologie) ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਪ੍ਰਯੋਗ 1866 ਵਿੱਚ ਜੈਮਨ ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਅਰਨੇਸਟ ਹੈਕਲ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਅਰਨੇਸਟ ਹੈਕਲ</a> ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ <i>ਜਨਰੇਲ ਮੋਰਪੋਲਾਜੀ ਦੇਰ ਆਰਗੈਨਿਜਮੇਨ</i> ਵਿੱਚ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ। ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਮਾਹੌਲ ਬੇਹੱਦ ਜਟਿਲ ਹੈ ਇਸ ਲਈ ਖੋਜਕਾਰ ਆਮ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਕਿਸੇ ਇੱਕ ਕਿਸਮ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਣੀਆਂ ਜਾਂ ਬੂਟਿਆਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਜਾਂਚ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਉਦਾਹਰਨ ਲਈ ਮਾਨਵਜਾਤੀ ਧਰਤੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਨਿਰਮਾਣ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਉੱਤੇ ਵੀ ਅਸਰ ਪਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਮਨੁੱਖ ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਦਾ ਕੁੱਝ ਭਾਗ ਸੇਵਨ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ, ਅਤੇ ਕੁੱਝ ਭਾਗ ਬਿਲਕੁੱਲ ਹੀ ਅਣਗੌਲਿਆ ਛੱਡ ਦਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। ਉਹ ਬੂਟੇ ਲਗਾਤਾਰ ਆਪਣਾ ਫੈਲਾਓ ਕਰਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਹਨ। </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ਵੀਹਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">ਵੀਹਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ</a> ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਪਤਾ ਲੱਗਾ ਕਿ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਦੇ ਅਮਲਾਂ ਦਾ ਅਸਰ ਧਰਤੀ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਦਰਤ ‘ਤੇ ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਰਿਹਾ। ਤਦ ਮਨੁੱਖ ਵਾਤਾਵਰਨ ਉੱਤੇ ਪੈਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਡੂੰਘੇ ਅਸਰ ਪ੍ਰਤੀ ਜਾਗਰੂਕ ਹੋਇਆ। ਨਦੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜ਼ਹਿਰੀਲੇ ਸਨਅਤੀ ਕੂੜੇ ਦਾ ਨਿਕਾਸ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਦੂਸ਼ਿਤ ਕਰ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸੀ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਜੰਗਲ ਕੱਟਣ ਨਾਲ ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਰਹਿਣ ਦਾ ਸਥਾਨ ਖ਼ਤਮ ਹੋ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਧਰਤੀ ਦੇ ਹਰ ਇੱਕ ਇਕੋਸਿਸਟਮ ਵਿੱਚ ਅਨੇਕ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੂਟੇ ਅਤੇ ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਪਾਈਆਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ, ਜਿਹਨਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਤੋਂ ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਕਿਸੇ ਸਥਾਨ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ ਦੇ ਈਕੋਸਿਸਟਮ ਦੇ ਇਤਹਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਗਠਨ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਲਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ ਦਾ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਪਰਿਵੇਸ਼ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ। ਉਂਜ ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ ਦਾ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਧਰਤੀ ਦੀ ਸਤ੍ਹਾ ਤੱਕ ਹੀ ਸੀਮਿਤ ਨਹੀਂ, ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਜਨਜੀਵਨ, ਅਤੇ ਜਲਸਰੋਤਾਂ ਆਦਿ ਬਾਰੇ ਵੀ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ। ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਜਨਜੀਵਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਅਜੇ ਤੱਕ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਬਹੁਤ ਘੱਟ ਹੋਇਆ ਹੈ, ਕਿਉਂਕਿ ਵੀਹਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਮੁੰਦਰੀ ਡੂੰਘਾਈਆਂ ਦੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਨਵੀਆਂ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ ਕਈ ਪੁਰਾਣੇ ਮਿੱਥ ਟੁੱਟੇ ਅਤੇ ਗਹਿਰਾਈ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਿਆਦਾ ਦਬਾਅ ਅਤੇ ਘੱਟ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਕਸੀਜਨ">ਆਕਸੀਜਨ</a> ‘ਤੇ ਰਹਿਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਜੀਵਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਤਾ ਚੱਲਿਆ ਸੀ। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਕਾਰਕ"><span id=".E0.A8.95.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.95"></span>ਕਾਰਕ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਕਾਰਕ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ਇਕਾਲੋਜੀ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਦੋ ਕਾਰਕ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ- </p> <ul><li>ਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</li> <li>ਅਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ"><span id=".E0.A8.9C.E0.A9.88.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.95_.E0.A8.95.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.95"></span>ਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਜੰਤੂ">ਜੰਤੂ ਸਮੁਦਾਏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="ਪੌਦੇ">ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਸਮੁਦਾਏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ਸੂਖਮਜੀਵ">ਸੂਖਮਜੀਵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ">ਮਨੁੱਖ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਅਜੈਵਿਕ_ਕਾਰਕ"><span id=".E0.A8.85.E0.A8.9C.E0.A9.88.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.95_.E0.A8.95.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B0.E0.A8.95"></span>ਅਜੈਵਿਕ ਕਾਰਕ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਅਜੈਵਿਕ 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id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Wayback Machine</a>.। ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨ ਲਾਇਵ। 2 ਮਈ, 2010।</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਬਾਹਰੀ_ਕੜਿਆਂ"><span id=".E0.A8.AC.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.80_.E0.A8.95.E0.A9.9C.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.86.E0.A8.82"></span>ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜਿਆਂ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜਿਆਂ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r648841">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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